UNIT- 2

Unit No. Lecture

Topics to be Covered
Hours
Ground Breaking Operation 2-3
Ripping operation – Applicability, Selection, Productivity and limitation. etc.
Drill and Blast Operations – Concept, Application, Selection, and limitation.
2 (2.1.)
Aspects of Drilling – Size, type, productivity etc.
Aspects of blast design and Explosive Selection.
Economics of drill and blast operations.
 Ripping Operation
Ripping can replace drilling and blasting in soft to medium rocks, relatively thin overburden < 4 meters, and where rock strength is amenable
to Ripping. Ripping is a method of loosening rocks using steel tynes attached to the rear of bulldozers. These tynes are lowered into the ground
which displaces the soil or blocks of rocks as the whole unit moves forward. Track dozer tines, the machine’s mass and hydraulic force are
used to break the rock into a manageable size.

Hydraulic Force

Draw bar

Styne

The main advantage of Ripping is that the operation is more environment friendly than blasting as the problems of noise and dust pollution, fly
rock and the ground vibration is completely eliminated.
 Rippability Characteristics of Rock

• Nature of formation of the rock: Igneous & metamorphic rocks are difficult to rip due to absence of substantial fractures or weak
planes, sedimentary rocks are more amenable to ripping due to presence of clear planes of stratification. Brittleness and crystalline rock
can be ripped easily.
• Degree of consolidation of rock: More consolidated rocks are difficult to rip.
• Degree of stratification and lamination of rock: Presence of well defined fracture plane favors ripping operation.
• Moisture content: Presence of moisture reduces the shear strength of rock and makes it suitable for ripping.
• Physico-mechanical properties of rocks: Compressive strength, tensile strength, shear strength, Abrasiveness etc. affects the
rippability of rock. Rocks having higher compressive strength require high power ripper for breaking them.
• Geological disturbances like faults, joints, fractures and planes of weakness favors rippability.
• Grain size: Coarser grain-size is suitable for ripping.
 Application of Ripping
Ripping operation is highly sensitive to ground / rock strength. Ripping is not Ripper-Dozer Selection Parameters
recommended for hard rocks, due to lower productivity and increased down time
(wear and tear of stynes leading to higher cost of operation). If the ripping
becomes harder and large volume of excavation is involved, drilling and blasting Rock Mass
Characteristics
becomes more economical and productive than Ripping Operation. However,
with evolution of high powered Ripper, Ripping and Dozing are posing
competition to drilling and blasting in productivity and cost.

Highest capacity Ripper-Dozer available in mining operation is weighing about Ripper

Application
92965 kg being pulled by over > 800 H.P. engines. Many operations around the
world use Ripper-Dozer in place of Drilling & Blasting, where Blasting is
Production
Mine Layout
prohibited. Requirement

Selection of Ripper depends on degree of rippability of rock. Primarily, three

factors determine the choice of Ripper- Dozer in Surface Mining;
 Excavation Characteristics of Rock
Rock Hardness Identification Criteria Un-consolidated Seismic Wave (p- Excavation
Description Compressive Strength (MPa) wave) Velocity (m/s) Characteristics
Very Soft Rock Material crumbles under firm blows with 1.70 – 3.00 450 - 1200 Easy Ripping
sharp and geological picks.
Soft Rock Can just be scrapped with knife, but can’t 3.00 – 10.00 1200 - 1500 Hard Ripping
cut.
Hard Rock Can’t be scrapped with knife, but can be 10.00 – 20.00 1500 – 1850 Very Hard Ripping
broken by the blow of a hammer.
Very Hard Rock Hard specimen breaks with geological 20.00 – 70.00 1850 - 2150 Extremely Hard
picks after more than one blow; rock rings Ripping OR Blasting
under hammer.
Extremely Hard Specimen requires many blows with More than 70.00 More than 2150 Blasting
Rock geological picks to break through impact
material; rock rings under hammer.

Source: Rock Excavation Techniques, MnE-415 – University of Arizona, Mining and Geological Engineering
 Ripper Productivity
The ripper productivity may be defined as the hourly production rate while in Cross sectional area can be calculated by considering
operation. Ripper productivity can be determined by the following formula: following triangular cross section cut by ripper on
the ground.
Hourly production rate (cum/hour), Qh = Qc x 60/t x E (Basarir and Karpuz, 2004).

Where, Qh – Production per hour, m3/hour (on bank volume) Cross sectional area, A = DW/2

Where, D – ripping depth (m.) – D/2

Qc – Production per cycle, m3/cycle (on bank volume)
W – ripping width, (m.)
E – Operator’s efficiency

t – Cycle time (minutes) (This includes ripping time (tr) and maneuvering
time (tm)).

Qc can be determined by the following formula;

Qc = A x L

A – Cross sectional area, (m2)

L – Ripping length, (m)

 Estimation of Ripper Productivity

Length of the face (L) = 500 meters,

Optimum Ripping Speed = 1.5 km/hour,

Assume Operator’s Efficiency at 100%

1.0m
Optimum Ripping depth = 1m.

Annual hours of Ripper = 5000 hours

Annual Productivity of Ripper = 5000 * Qh = 11.3*10^6 Million Cum Per Year

 Factors Affecting the Ripper Productivity
Ripping speed: Proper gear and speed plays important role in maximization of ripping production. Generally first gear with a speed of 1-1.5mph gives
the economical production with maximum drawbar pull. Excessive speed causes track slippage and rapid undercarriage wear as well as tip wear.
Excessive speed heats up the tip thereby decreasing the life of the tip. Following speed chart is recommended for a particular capacity of Ripper –
Dozer (P.K.Panda and S.K. Mishra, 1989);
*Speed (MPH) Drawbar Power (HP)
0.5 324.00
1.0 466.00
1.5 510.00
2.0 410.00
2.5 490.00
3.0 480.00
5.0 550.00
Ripping depth: Ripping depth is a function of the working conditions, material hardness, lamination thickness, and degree of fracturing. Ripping
should be done at maximum depth allowable for the ripper. When considerable stratification is encountered it is preferable to rip at partial depth and
remove the material in its natural layer rather than to take out a full ripped layer.
Where scrapers are used for production, it is advisable to rip to a uniform depth.
 Factors Affecting the Ripper Productivity
Spacing between the passes: Optimum spacing between the passes helps in maximizing the production. Closer the spacing, smaller is the chunk
size. When full penetration occurs, pass spacing of one-half the tractor width allows the track to move over the material just ripped and
increasing the crushing of the same.

Ripping direction: The ripping direction is decided by the mine layout. When scrapers are used to remove material, ripping should be done in
the direction scraper loading in order to increasing the scraper loading efficiency. When vertical laminations or fractures are found on the rock
formations ripping is done across the cuts. Downhill ripping is preferred as it takes the advantage of both, the tractor weight and horsepower.

Rippability of Rocks: Ripper productivity depends heavily on the Rippabilty of rocks. Rocks with high rippability can produce at much faster
rate than the low rippability rocks.
Ripper – Dozer Productivity
Ease of Ripping Productivity (m3/hour)
Very Difficult 0 - 250
Difficult 250 - 750
Medium 750 - 1500
Easy 1500 - 3000
Very Easy 3000 - 7000
 Modes of Penetration by Rippers*
During the process of ripping, the ripper tip is lowered in to the ground by means of hydraulic forces which continues till initial bit penetration is
achieved. The initial penetration of the tip or tyne is either occurred through the rock mass, defect planes or combination of both as shown in the
figure: Through rock mass

Through defect planes

Combination of both
 Ripping Methods

Fiona Mac Gregor, 1971

 Open Questions on Ripper ?

• Continuous or Non-continuous ?

• Loading Equipment - Shovel – Dumper ? Dragline ? FEL-Truck ? Surface Miner ? Dozer ? Scrapper
? Or a combination.

• Hauling Equipment – Truck ? Conveyor ? Dozer ? Scrapper ? Or a combination.

• Dumping - ?

• Reclamation - ?
 Drilling and Blasting
• Drilling and Blasting is an important unit operation, and the most common method of rock breaking for medium and hard rock excavation.
• Blast hole drilling machines are usually truck or crawler mounted and are powered either by a diesel engine or an electric drive. Pull-down
and hoist forces are applied by either hydraulic or chain hoist systems.
• Selection of the most suitable hole size and drill type for a particular mining operation is a function of production requirement, fragmentation
(size of excavator), safety factors (wall stability), grade control, and the balancing of operating and capital costs.
• Production drill rigs are classified into rotary, top hammer, and down-the-hole (DTH) hammer drill rigs.
❑Rotary drill rigs rely on a pull-down force transmitted through a rotating drill string usually with a tri-cone bit for the cutting action.
Rotary drill rigs are generally most efficient in medium to hard rock and in holes with a diameter larger than approximately 170 mm. Hole
depths can extend up to 80 m.
❑Top hammer drill rigs transmit the hammering force from the drill rig through the drill string down the hole. They are designed for
drilling 22 to 152 mm (¾ to 6") blastholes up to 30 meters deep (source: Sandvik). However, they are preferred for hole diameters up to
140 mm, depths down 10 – 15 meters, and mostly used in small scale operations.
❑DTH hammer drill rigs rely on compressed air for operating a piston at the end of the drill string to provide the hammering action. DTH
hammer drill rigs are the most efficient drill rig type in hard to very hard rock. Drill-hole diameters for DTH hammer drill rigs commonly
lie between 140 and 170 mm, and depths of up to 40 m are feasible.
DTH Drill Machine Rotary Drill
Machine

Top Hammer
Drill Machine
 Drilling Performance
Performance of Drill machines depends on the following factors;

• Rock Characteristics or the Drillability of Rocks.

❑ Factors affecting the drillability of rocks ? Assignment.

• Drill Machine – Rotary, DTH, Top Hammer

• Capacity of the Prime Mover – Engine or Electrical Motor. Torque, Rotation Speed, Pull down pressure etc.

• Capacity of Compressor – Bailing air volume and air flow. The air flow should be sufficient to clear rock chippings out of the hole,
still not so high as to cause excessive fugitive dust generation, wear on the drill string, and excessive fuel/electricity consumption.
 Blasting Operation in Surface Mine
• Each hole is loaded with explosives, an explosive booster tied to a detonating cord is placed within the explosives near the bottom of the hole. The top 5m
or so of the hole is filled with stemming to prevent the blast energy from escaping at the top of the hole and instead direct the blast energy into the rock
mass to fracture it or in some applications to actually move it in a particular direction (casting). After all the blast holes in the area to be blasted is loaded
with explosives, the shot firer will connect each hole with detonating cord and time delays. A lead in detonating cord is run out to a position of safety and,
with guards in place and the area confirmed as safe to blast, the shot firer will initiate the blast.
• Electrically initiated detonators with milli-second delays is to be used when ground vibration control is required. A good blast outcome is determined by
an absence of fly-rock, no excessive sound and/or vibration, no misfired holes, and good visible fragmentation with the rock mass traveling in the desired
direction (muck pile shape).
• CAST BLAST: In strip mining operations, blasting can be used to move a part of the overburden into the adjacent mined out void. Cast blasting utilizes
the blast energy and gravity to cast overburden from the high-wall into the pit and onto the spoils. Cast blasting is widely practiced with dragline
operation to increase overburden production capacity of draglines at less cost. However, effective control of blasting is important to prevent loss of
the underlying resource, particularly in multi- seam operations.
Cast blast requires certain pit configurations and operating methods (Dragline or Stripping Shovels) to lend themselves to cast blasting. In cast blast,
powder factor (cum. of rock broken by 1 kg of explosive) and delay design is selected to purposely cause the fractured rock mass to heave in the direction
of the mined-out void with large quantities of overburden, up to 30%, resting in final position. It requires no further handling by mining equipment. This
is a particularly a highly economical method of overburden removal.
Cast Blasting in Strip Mining with Draglines
 Blast Design Considerations
• Blast design is the first and most crucial step of blasting. Important considerations for design of blast are the rock’s physico-
mechanical characteristics, explosive type, drill hole diameter, bench geometry, fragmentation, muck pile shape, and the
environmental impacts of blasting.
• Drill holes are laid out in a regular pattern, either square or offset (staggered), the spacing of which is determined by the diameter
of holes being drilled and the desired explosives density per volume of rock to be broken, or powder factor.
• In a surface coal mine drill holes are drilled to either the roof of the target coal seam or to an operational depth to match the waste
removal operating methodology.
• Where the valuable material (i.e., coal) is variable in depth, the driller may drill into the coal to ensure correct hole depth and then put
a short length of stemming into the bottom of the hole to protect the relatively soft coal from damage when the overburden is blasted.
Poor depth control will lead to uneven pit floors and inefficient waste removal.
• Pre-split may practiced where a line of holes at a tighter spacing is drilled along the line of the next strip’s highwall and is blasted
separately from the main pattern. The intention is to deliver a smooth wall that is productive to excavate the waste back to and safe
for personnel and equipment to work under during coal mining.
 Blast Design Considerations
• Blast design is an iterative process, where important factors such as the fragmentation and muck pile shape are used as a starting
point for determining optimal design such as the drill hole diameter, depth, inclination, sub grade drilling, explosives type, and
detonation time sequence etc.
• Mine operating costs and the cost of ore processing are directly related to the fragmentation achieved during blasting.
• Drill hole depth is determined by bench height and sub grade drilling requirements.
• Sub grad drilling is the term used for the length a blast-hole extends beyond the excavation level. This is done to reduce the risk of
equipment damage due to poor floor conditions (Toe-problem), which in turn is governed by geological and geotechnical features of
rock.
• Bench height is generally fixed by ore-body characteristics, equipment size and geotechnical considerations. Starting point for blast
design.
• Selection of a suitable drill-hole diameter is a complex process taking into account a number of factors related to production, rock
mass characteristics, environmental considerations, and the equipment type.
• Generally, larger drill-hole diameters require larger burdens and spacings which in turn results in larger fragments compared to
smaller-diameter holes and smaller burden and spacings.
 Blast Design Parameters
• Blast hole dia. – A good indication of hole diameter, D, is given by Bhandari (1997) as D = H/120, where H is the bench height in meter. Dyno Nobel
gives a formula as Blast hole dia. in mm = 15*Bench Height in meters. Typical bore hole dia. in a surface mine range from 83 to 350 mm depending
on the scale of the operation.
• Burden and Spacing: Burden and Spacing of blast vary substantially with site conditions. There are many ways of calculating spacing (S) and burden
(B ), most of which are based on hole diameter. The following rules are considered a good starting point for the estimation of the spacing and burden
(Hustrulid 1999):
B = K *D, where K is a constant and D denotes hole diameter in meters, and
S = 1.15 *B, where B denotes burden in meters.

❑ The constant K is dependent on the strength and density of the explosive, as well as rock “blastability.” It ranges from 20 in dense rock with low
explosives to 40 in light rock with heavy explosives, but typically it lies between 25 and 35 (Hustrulid 1999). In strong or blocky rock, to achieve
optimal fragmentation, conservative values should be considered when calculating the burden. Typical values for the burden range from 3 m in
small-scale operations to 10 m in very large-scale operations.
❑ The relationship between burden and spacing (burden/spacing ratio) can be varied according to the chosen blasting pattern. Square patterns (S = B)
are easy to lay out but result in poor charge distribution (Bhandari 1997).
❑ Elongated patterns (S > B) are preferred in hard-breaking rock and when there are problems with back break (Hustrulid 1999).

Source: Bhandari 1997 & Hustruilid 1999 (SME Hand Book – 3rd Editions
 Blast Design Parameters
• Stemming: Placed on top of the explosive column, stemming is to ensure efficient use of the explosive energy and to reduce air overpressure. Drill
cuttings are often used as a cheap alternative to inserting specialized stemming material, but it is less efficient at containing blast energy, possibly
resulting in unsatisfactory blasting results (e.g., vertical fly-rock and oversize blocks). Therefore, angular material should be preferred. Appropriate
stemming-chip size lies in the range of 10% of the blast-hole diameter. A good approximation of stemming depth is 0.7–1.2*B, and is commonly
between 2 and 10 m.
• Drilling Pattern: Drilling pattern could be Square or Staggered. Staggered pattern though complicates the blast layout but provides superior blast
energy distribution, and results in better fragmentation.
• Blasting patterns:
o Chevron pattern (V-pattern) is recommended with one free face. The angle of the V can be varied according to the local geological conditions and
the desired blasting result. Sometimes a row- by- row pattern can also be used (Bhandari 1997).
o Echelon pattern usually produces the best results when there are two free faces. When there are no free faces available (e.g., a box cut or sump blast),
o Diamond pattern is used when there is no free face when the rock is to be displaced upward.
• Delay Sequence: A delay sequence is required to be fitted in the pattern. The first consideration in determining delay intervals is the availability of free
faces. A blast should be initiated at the free face and aim at maximizing the use of the free face throughout the blast. When there are no free faces
available (e.g., a box cut or sump blast), a diamond pattern is used.
• Delay Timing: For good fragmentation, delay intervals in the range of is 3–6 ms/m of effective burden is recommended.
Blast Design Parameters
 Environmental Impacts of Blasting
Blast Induced Ground Vibration: In blasting explosive energy is distributed into two forms – i) Shock energy, and ii) Heave (h=gas energy). While the shock
energy is responsible for fragmentation, the heave energy causes the movement. The distribution of explosive energy into the two component depends on the
rock mass characteristics. The energy released at the blast site is sufficient to cause permanent changes to the rock mass - Typically the area equivalent to 35
times the hole diameters are damaged by explosive energy. For example, a 3-inch diameter blast holes would cause fracturing that extends out approximately
105 inches or almost 9 feet. Beyond this, the energy takes the elastic form, i.e. the particles of the earth are not permanently deformed or displaced. The
particles return to their original resting position, as the energy is passed through it. These particles impact other particles which in turn impacts other particles,
and so on. The energy is transmitted away from the blast site in the wave form. The effect is like dropping of stone into a pool of water. At the point of impact,
the water is displaced sufficiently to produce individual droplets that separate. Past the impact point, the energy can be seen travelling away as waves.

As the energy travels outward from the source, it diminishes or attenuates. With increasing
distance, the affected area greatly increases and the energy becomes widely dispersed. In
general, the amplitude of the vibration can be expected to decrease by approximately two-thirds
for every doubling of the distance. PPV due to blasting is expressed by the following formula;

V = K (D/Q½)-B
Where, V = Peak Particle Velocity, D = The distance of the measuring transducer (ppv), and Q =
The maximum charge per delay.
 Environmental Impacts of Blasting
Air-blast & Fly-Rocks: An air-blast is an air born shock wave that results from the detonation of explosives. Severity of air blast is
dependent on explosive charge, distance and the explosive confinement. It may be expressed by the following formula:

P = K (R/Q0.33)-1.2 , Where, P = Pressure (KPa), K = State of Confinement, Q = Maximum Instantaneous Charge (kg.),
R = Distance from Charge (m).

Conditions that may cause the air blast and fly rocks are the followings:
1. Inadequate stemming,
2. Venting from weak zones,
3. Inadequate burden confinement,
4. Poor blasting time sequence ,
5. Wind or Temperature conditions,
6. Overloading.
 Controlled Blasting
Controlled blasting techniques are used to efficiently distribute explosive charges in a
rock mass, thereby minimizing the fracturing of rock beyond the crestline of the new
highwall or designed boundary of main excavation areas. Such over-fracturing,
commonly called overbreak, is typically more of a problem in soft or unconsolidated,
incompetent overburden formations.

There are several techniques that can be used to minimize overbreak, but trials should be
conducted to determine whether any given technique can be applied successfully, as well
as to determine the proper hole spacing for the given geology. Controlled blasting
techniques can be grouped into four categories:
• Presplitting,
• Smooth blasting,
• Line drilling, and
• Cushion blasting.
 Controlled Blasting
Pre-splitting is a technique that involves loading a single row of holes that have been drilled along the proposed highwall crest or excavation
line with small decoupled charges. Such charges reduce the crushing effect around the borehole and are shot before the main production shot.
The idea is to minimize or eliminate overbreak from the primary blast and to produce a smooth rock wall as well as propogation of energy
waves causing ground vibrations. Presplitting will add to the drilling cost.
• Borehole Diameters: Normally, the diameter of a borehole is limited by the capabilities of the drill used to create it. As a rule, open-pit and
coal strip mines using large drills will drill presplit holes that range from 9 to 12-¼inches in diameter. Quarry and construction presplits are
much smaller, generally ranging from 2 to 4 inches in diameter. Presplit holes may be drilled on an angle if the geology and drill allow for
it.
• Spacing: Presplit spacing will vary, depending upon rock characteristics, size of the operation, and bench height. Trials should be
conducted to determine the optimal borehole spacing. On average, Western coal strip-mine operations use presplit spacings of from 10 to
12-½feet, whereas soft-weathered formations at small projects may require presplit spacings of 15 inches or less.
• Explosive Charge: Depending upon the rock characteristics and spacing used for the presplit, charge loads will vary; however, powder
factors will normally range from 0.1 to 0.3 lbs./ft3. Many times, detonating cord is used either as the primary charge in a presplit hole or in
conjunction with a small primer. This decoupled charge reduces the amount of explosive energy that is transferred to the rock mass.
 Controlled Blasting
Smooth blasting: The term refers to lightly loaded holes that have been drilled along excavation limits and are shot after the main excavation is
removed. Typically, such holes are shot instantaneously or with little delay, leaving a smooth wall with minimum overbreak. Smooth blasting
is the most widely accepted method for controlling overbreak in underground headings and stopes; however, it is not widely preferred over
pre-splitting in surface mining.

Line drilling: Provides a plane of weakness to which a primary blast may break it may also protect a highwall by reflecting some of the shock
wave created by a blast. This plane of weakness is created by drilling a line of closely spaced (3 to 12 inches), small-diameter (1.5 to 3 inches)
holes along the excavation line. The distance from the back row to the line drill is normally 50 to 75 percent of the production burden. Line
drilling is normally limited to construction projects, dimension stone quarries, and rock sculpting where any over break at all can be considered
detrimental.

Cushion blasting: Also called Trim blasting, is similar to smooth blasting in which the holes are shot after the main production shot. Cushion
blasting involves backfilling the entire borehole with crushed stone to cushion the shock from the finished wall. This technique is rarely used
today, because air decking with good quality gas bags or hole plugs can achieve the same results will less loading time.
 Measures of Blast Performances
1. Muck-Pile Shape: The shape of the muck pile is an important consideration for measuring the success of a blast design. High and compact muck piles
are generally preferred for Rope shovels and Hydraulic excavators. Low, flat muck pile is preferred for FE loaders. The delay pattern, point of initiation,
and number of rows are the main influences on muck pile shape. The higher the number of rows in a blast, the larger the vertical component of
rock movement and the higher the resulting muck pile.
2. Fragmentation: Size of blasted rock should not be too big or too low. Achieving good fragmentation have a positive impact on the efficiency and costs
of loading and transportation.
3. Cost: Quantity of explosive consumed to break unit volume of rock.
4. Environmental Impacts: A good blast must reduce the environmental impacts of blasting such as ground vibration, air blast, dust etc. Blast should be
designed in such a manner that the frequency of blast induced vibration (ppv) does not match with the natural frequency of the object.

Computer application in blasting operation:

• Computer aided blast design and simulation can optimize blasting operation with better accuracy and precision.
• Introduction of imaging software that can analyse the fragmentation of blasted material.
• High precision GPS system, accurate drilling guidance and monitoring have made it possible to drill blast-holes with very little deviation.
• The use of electronic detonators, have made it possible to control the initiation sequence of blast to have greater control on fragmentation, muck pile and
environmental impacts.
Impacts of Blasting on Mining Cost and Productivity
Tyre
Management
(Increased Tyre
Failure)

Wear and Tear

of Excavator Ore Losses
Buckets (Loss of
(Maintenance Revenue)
Cost) Impacts of
Poor Blasting

Impact on Mine Safety -

Excavator’s High Wall
Productivity Failures etc.
(Increased Cycle (Loss of
Time) Production)
 Measurement of Blast
A surface coal mine plans to undertake blasting with ANFO loading of 0.8 g/cm3 density. Relevant parameters with respect to the proposed
blast are:
• Burden = 9 meters,
• Spacing = 11 meters,
• Bench height (or hole depth) = 45 meters,
• Hole diameter = 300 mm.
• Stemming = 10 meters,
• No. of holes = 200.

Calculate,
1. The total quantity of explosive in the blast, and
2. Powder factor in kg of explosive per cum. of rock blasted.
 Measurement of Blast
Parameters Value Unit
300 mm
Drill hole dia.
0.3 m
Burden 9 m
Spacing 11 m
Bench Height 45 m
Stemming 10 m
No. of holes 200 #
Explosice type ANFO
0.8 gm/cu.cm
Explosive density
800 kg/cum.
Explosive charge length 35 m
Volume of explosive per hole 2.475 cum.
Weigtht of explosive per hole 1980 kg
Volume of rock broken by one hole 4455 cum.
Specific charge 0.44 kg/cum.
Total quantity of explosive in the blast 396000 kg