1 Electrostatics

ELECTRIC FLUX Electric Flux Through a circular Disc:

Electric flux is a measure of 'flow' of electric field
lines through a surface. It is equal to the product of
an area element and the perpendicular component
of E , integrated over a surface.
Area as a Vector:
Till now we have considered
area of a surface as a scalar
quantity but for further analysis we Figure shows a point charge q placed at a
treat area of a surface as a vector distance l from a disc of radius R. Here we wish to
quantity whose direction is along the normal to the find the electric flux through the disc surface due to
surface. The area vector A of a surface which has the point charge q. We know a point charge q
surface area A can be written as A = A nˆ originates electric flux in radially outward direction.
Where n̂ is the unit vector in the direction along The flux of q which is originated in cone shown in
normal to the surface. figure passes through the disc surface.
If a surface is three
dimensional we consider a small
elemental area dA on this surface
and direction of this elemental
area vector is along the local normal of the surface at
the point where elemental area is chosen as shown.
Thus dA = dA â To calculate this flux, we consider an elemental
ring on disc surface of radius x and width dx as
Here â is the unit vector in the direction along the shown.
normal at elemental area dA. Area of this ring (strip) is ds = 2πxdx
Electric Field Strength in Terms of Electric Flux: The electric field due to q at this elemental ring is
Earlier we’ve defined that the density of electric kq
given as E = 2 2
lines gives the magnitude of electric field strength. x +l  
Mathematically the numerical value of electric
field strength at a point in the region of electric field If dφ is the flux passing through this elemental
can be give as the electric flux passing through a unit ring, we have dφ = EdScosθ
normal area at that point.
kq l 2πkqlxdx
Thus electric flux φ =  E .dA  d = × 2πxdx × =
If E is constant, φ = E .A

x 2
+ l2 
3
x2 + l 2 x 2
+ l2  2

dA
or φ = E.Acosθ Total flux through the disc surface can be given
by integrating this expression over the whole area of
(1) Flux of uniform electric field E through any
disc thus total flux can be given as
area A is defined as. R
φ = E.Acosθ  
R xdx ql  1 
or φ = E .A φ = 2πkql  =
 x 2 + l 2  2 2ε0   x + l  2 0

0 3 1
2 2
(2) In case of variable
electric field or curved area.  
φ =  E .dA φ=
ql  1
-
1   q 1- l 
 
2ε0  l R 2 + l 2 2  2ε0 
   
1

2 2
(3) It’s S.I. Unit is l + R
2
(Volt  m) or N - m Electric Flux through the Lateral Surface of
C a Cylinder due to a Point Charge:
(4) For a closed
body outward flux
is taken to be A
A E
positive while  E 

E
inward flux is A
90°

taken to be Negative flux Zero flux Positive flux

negative.
2 Electrostatics
Fig. shows a cylindrical surface of length L and Thus total flux, the charge q originates is q/ ε0 .
radius R. On its axis at its centre a point charge q is Similarly a charge –q absorbs q/ ε0 electric lines
placed. Here we wish to find the flux coming out
(flux) into it.
from the lateral surface of this cylinder due to the Figure shows a charge q
point charge q. enclosed in a closed surface S
For this we consider an elemental strip of width of random shape. Here we
dx on the surface of cylinder as shown. The area of can say that the total electric
this strip is ds = 2πRdx flux emerging out from the
The electric field due to the point charge on the surface S is the complete flux
kq which charge q is originating,
strip can be given as E = 2
x + R2   hence flux emerging from
surface is q/ ε0 .
If dφ is the electric flux through the strip, we can
write dφ =EdScosθ The above result is independent of the shape of
kq R 2πkqR dx
2 surface it only depends on the amount of charge
 d = 2 × 2πRdx × = enclosed by the surface.
 x + R2  x 2 + R2 x 2 + R2 2
3
 
CONCEPT OF SOLID ANGLE:
Total flux through the lateral surface of cylinder can r dA
It is a 3D angle substance by a
be given by integrating the above result for the conical surface at the vertex or r
O dΩ
complete lateral surface, which can be given as apex.
It is denoted by ω or Ω omega  .
L
2  
L dx qR 2  1  Measurement unit of solid angle is Steradian (sr).
φ = 2πkR  =
2 2

2ε0 x 2 + R 2 2 

x + R2      - L
-L 3 1
2 2 normal surface area dA
 2
2
solid angle [dω or dΩ ] =
 radius 
2
2 r
q L  r 2 sinθdθd 0θ π
φ= 2   d =  sinθdθd
ε0  L + 4R 2  r 2
0    2π
Electric flux Produced by a Point Charge: Where r,θ &  are the spherical polar co-ordinates.
The fig. shows a Otherwise O
point charge placed at
Solid angle is the 3D
the centre of a spherical dΩ
angle substaned by a
surface of radius R
surface at a point by dAcos
from which electric lines r
joining its periphery
are originated and
coming out of the
points to that point. dA
dAcos
surface of sphere. For  solid angle [dω or dΩ ] 
clarity and convenience r2
only lower half of General Expression of solid angle:
sphere is drawn in the picture. As the charge q is Solid angle is the Small
dAcos
inside the sphere, whatever flux it originates will comesurface area substaned by
out from the spherical surface. a surface at a point by r
joining its periphery N
To find the total flux, we consider elemental area dS P r
on surface. The electric field on the points on surface points to that point O
kq when 1cm soild 1 cm
of sphere can be given as E = 2 sphere drawn at that
R
point.
The electric flux coming out from the surface dS is
In the above fig. dω is the solid angle of surface
dφ =EdScos00 = EdS
dAcos at point O. [from definition OP=1cm]
kq
 dφ = dS r : Distance between point O and surface dA .
R2 2

2
 πR 2
Total flux coming out from the spherical surface is Therefore,  OP  =  R1   12 = 12 = dΩ
 0N   R2  r πR2 dAcosθ
kq q q
φ = 2  dS = × 4πR 2
= Using trigonometry
R 4πε0 R 2 ε0 d  dAcosθ dAcosθ
= 2
 d =
1 r r2
3 Electrostatics
Relation in Half Angle of cone and Solid Ex.1 Find the electric flux coming out from one
Angle at Vertex: face of a cube of edge a, centre of which a point charge
Consider a spherical q is placed.
section M of radius R, Ex.2 A point
which subtend a half light source of 100
angle φ (radian) at the W is placed at a
centre of curvature. To
distance x from the
find the area of this
section, we consider an centre of a hole of
elemental strip on this radius R in a sheet as shown in figure. Find the power
section of radius R sinθ passing through the hole in sheet.
and angular width dθ as shown in figure. GAUSS'S LAW
The surface area of this strip can be given as This law is the mathematical analysis of the
dS = 2πR sinθ × Rdθ relation between total electric flux from a closed
The total area of spherical section can be given by surface and its enclosed charge.
integrating the area of this elemental strip within (1) According to this law, the total flux linked
limits from 0 to φ. with a closed surface called Gaussian surface. (The

Total area of spherical section is S = 2πR  sinθdθ surface need not be a real physical surface, it can
2
0
also be an hypothetical one) is (1/o) times the
 S = 2πR  -cosθ 0 = 2πR  1 - cos 
2  2
charge enclosed by the closed surface i.e.,
If solid angle subtended by this section at its
φ =  s E .dA =
 Qencl
2
centre O is Ω then its area can be given as S = ΩR εo
 R = 2πR  1 - cos 
2 2
Let us consider a surface S shown in figure which
  = 2π  1 - cos  encloses three charges q1, –q3 and q5. For the
surface S if we find surface integral of electric field
This is the relation in half angle of a cone φ and
the solid angle enclosed by the lateral surface of 
E .dA , it gives the total electric flux coming out
cone at its vertex. from the surface, which can be given as
Electric Flux Calculation due to a Point Charge q – q3 + q5
φ =  s E .dA = 1
Using solid Angle: εo
Fig. shows a point charge q placed at a distance Here electric field E is the net electric field at the
l from the centre of a circular disc of radius R. Now points on the surface of S. Remember that the
we wish to find the electric flux passing through the electric field we use to find the flux must be the net
disc surface due to the charge q. electric field of the system due to all the charges but
the total flux coming out from the surface is the flux
originated by the charges enclosed in the closed
surface. However if there is no charge enclosed in
the Gaussian surface, then  E .dA = 0 .
(2) Using Gauss law we can find electric field
We know from a point charge q, total flux strength due to some symmetrical distribution of
originated is q/ ε0 in all directions or we can say that charges.
from a point charge q, q/ ε0 flux is originated is 4π (3) Gauss Law can be used to calculate electric field
solid angle. strength, for this we first choose a proper Gaussian
Here the solid angle enclosed by cone subtended surface on which the electric field strength is to be
by disc at the point charge can be given as calculated.
 l  Sometimes a random Gaussian surface is chosen
Ω = 2π  1 - cos  = 2π  1 -  then the integral  E .dA involves complex calculatN.
 l 2 + R2 
Now we can easily calculate the flux of q which To make these calculations easier, we choose a
as passing through the disc surface as Gaussian surface keeping following points in mind.
(i) The Gaussian surface should be chosen in such
q ε0 q  l 
a way that at every point of surface the magnitude of
disc = = 1 - 2 
4π 2ε0  l + R2  electric field is either uniform or zero.
4 Electrostatics
(ii) The surface should be chosen in such a way (7) If charge is kept at the centre of a face:
that at every point of surface electric field strength is First we should enclose the charge by assuming a
either parallel or perpendicular to the surface. Gaussian surface (an identical imaginary cube)
 Basically flux counts the number of lines of
electric field normally crossing an area.
Q
 For open surface we choose one direction as a
area vector & stick to it for the whole problem
Application of Gauss's law: (A) (B)
Q
See flux emergence in the following cases Total flux emerges from 2 cube system φtotal =
ε0
(1) If a dipole is enclosed by a surface
Q
Qencl = 0 Flux from given cube (i.e. from 5 face only) φcube =
2ε0
–Q +Q
 φ=0 (8) If a charge is kept at the corner of a cube
(2) The net charge Qencl is the
algebraic sum of all the enclosed
+Q1
positive and negative charges. If
+Q2
Qencl is positive the net flux is
– Q3
outward; if Qencl is negative, the
net flux is inward.
(A) (B)
1
φ = (Q1 + Q2 - Q3 ) For enclosing the charge seven more cubes are
ε0
required.
(3) If a closed body (not enclosing any charge) is Q
placed in an electric field (either uniform or non- So total flux from the 8 cube system is T = .
ε0
uniform) total flux linked with it will be zero
Q
Flux from given cube φcube = .
y 8ε0
Flux from one face opposite to change, of the
Q / 8ε0 Q
Sphere given cube φ face = = (Because only
x
3 24ε0
a
z a three faces are seen).
(9) A long straight wire of + + + + + +
(A) (B)
charge density  penetrates a
(4) If a hemispherical body is placed in uniform hollow body as shown. The
electric field then flux linked with the curved surface flux emerges from the body is given by
calculated as follows λ
 =  Length of the wire inside the body 
φCurved + φCircular = 0 ε0
φCurved = -φCircular Ex.3 In figure (a) a charge q is placed just outside
R the centre of a closed hemisphere. In
= - (E × πR2 cos180°)
figure (b) the same charge q is placed
= +πR2 E R
just inside the centre of the closed
(5) If a hemispherical body is placed in non-
uniform electric field as shown below. Then flux hemisphere and in figure (c) the charge is placed at the
linked with the circular surface calculated as follows centre of hemisphere open from the base. Find the
φCircular = -φCurved electric flux passing through the hemisphere in all the
three cases.
φCircular = - (E × 2πR2 cos0°) Ex.4 A charge q is placed
R
= - 2πR2 E at point D of the cube. Find
the electric flux passing
(6) If charge is kept at the centre of cube
through the face EFGH and
Q Q
φtotal = φ face = face AEHD.
ε0 6ε0
Q Q Q
φcorner = φedge =
8ε0 12ε0
5 Electrostatics
APPLICATION OF GAUSS'S LAW Case - I: Conducting Cylinder
(1) Electric field due to a point charge Fig. shows a long
The electric field due to a point charge is every cylinder of radius R
where radial. We wish to which is uniformly
find the electric field at a charged on its surface
distance r from the charge with surface charge
q. We select Gaussian density σ coul/m2
surface, a sphere at We know at interior
distance r from the charge. points of a metal body
At every point of this electric field strength is
sphere the electric field has zero.
the same magnitude E and it is perpendicular to the For finding electric field strength at outer points at a
surface itself. distance x from the axis of the cylinder, we consider
qin a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius x and length
Hence we can apply the Gauss law, ES = l as shown in figure.
ε 0
Here, S = area of sphere = 4πr2 Now we apply Gauss’s Law on this surface we have
qin = net charge enclosing the Gaussian surface = q qencl
q q
φ=  s
E .dA =
εo
...(1)
 E × 4πr 2 =  E=
ε0 4πε0 r 2 Here enclosed charge in the cylindrical Gaussian
(2) Electric field due to a Long Charged Wire: surface can be given qencl = σ. 2π Rl
If we wish to find electric Here also similar to previous case the electric flux
field strength due to a long through the circular faces is zero, hence according to
charged wire having a linear Gauss law, we have
charge density λ coul/m at a 2πRσl 2πRσl σR
point P situated at a distance x E  ds =  E= =
II ε0 2πxlε0 xε0
from the wire.
For this we consider a Case II: Uniformly Charged Non-conducting Cylinder
cylindrical Gaussian surface of Fig. shows a long cylinder of radius R, charged
length l and radius x as in fig. uniformly with volume charge density ρ coul/m3.
To find electric field strength at a distance x from
If we apply Gauss’s Law on this surface, we have the cylinder axis we again consider a cylindrical
qencl Gaussian surface shown in figure.
φ=  s
E .dA =
εo
...(1)
If we apply Gauss Law on this surface, we have
Here the closed Gaussian surface is made of qencl
three parts, I, II and III, two flat circular faces and
φ=  s
E .dA =
εo
...(1)

one cylindrical lateral surface. Here we split the πR 2 ρl

closed surface integration in three parts as  E  ds = [As qencl = ρ.πR2]
II ε0
 s E .dA =  I E .dA+  II E .dA +  III E .dA πR 2 ρl R2 ρ
Here we know for part I and III, electric field strength  E × 2πxl =  E=
ε0 2xε0
vector is perpendicular to the area vector as shown
in figure hence no flux will come out of these parts. Inside the cylinder:
To find electric field inside the
Thus, we have  I E .dA =  III E .dA = 0
cylinder at a distance x from the axis,
Now from equation (1) we have we consider a small cylindrical
λl Gaussian surface of radius x and
For lateral surface, E  ds =
II ε0 length l. If we apply Gauss Law for this
[As enclosed charged is qencl = λ l ] surface, we have
λl λ 2kλ πx 2 ρl
 E × 2πxl =  E= 
 II
qencl
ε0 2πxε0 x φ =  s E .dA =  E ds =
εo ε0
(3) Electric Field Strength due to a Long [As qencl = ρ.πx2]
Uniformly Charged Cylinder: πx 2 ρl xρ
 E × 2πxl =  E=
ε0 2ε0
6 Electrostatics
(4) Electric field Strength due to a large
ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO SPHERICAL BODIES
Uniformly Charged Sheet:
Case - I: Non-conducting Uniformly Charged Sheet
To find the
Conducting sphere Non Conducting sphere
electric field strength at
a point P in front of Solid CON sphere Solid NC sphere
the charged sheet we Hollow CON sphere
Hollow NC sphere
consider a cylindrical
All the above three spheres have same charge distribution.
Gaussian surface as
(1) Electric field due to a Conducting (solid
shown in figure of face area S.
and hollow) Sphere, Non conducting hollow sphere
If we apply Gauss law for this surface, we have
For the above mentioned bodies, any excess
q
φ = sE .dA = encl [As here qencl = σS] charge given to body gets distributed uniformly over
εo
its outer surface. Since the charge lines must point
σS
  I E .dS +  II E .dS +  III E .dS  radially outward & also the field strength will have
εo the same value at all points on any imaginary
In this case  II E .dS = 0 , As the lateral surface of spherical surface concentric with the charged
cylinder is parallel to the direction of electric field conducting sphere or the shell which leads us to
strength, no flux is coming out from the lateral choose the Gaussian surface to be a sphere.
surface, hence we have Any arbitrary element of area dS is parallel to the
σS local E so E.dS = EdS at all points on the surface.
 E .dS + +  III E .dS =
I εo Case I: x > R
[As electric field is uniform on both sides] To find electric field at an outer point at a
σS σ distance x from the centre of sphere, we consider a
 2ES =  E=
εo 2εo spherical Gaussian surface of radius x. If electric
Case II: Uniformly Charged Conducting Sheet field strength at every point of this surface is E, using
Fig. show a large charged conducting sheet, charged Gauss’s law we have
on both the surfaces with surface charge density σ. q
φ =  s E .dS = encl [As here qencl = Q]
As we know in the metal sheet there is no εo
charge within the volume of the sheet and also the Q
electric field inside the metal sheet is zero.  E  dS =
ε0
To find electric field strength Q
at a point P in front of the sheet  E × 4πx 2 =
ε0
we consider a cylindrical Q
Gaussian surface having one  E=
4πε0 x 2
face at point P where electric
field is required and other face is Case II: x = R
within the volume of sheet. Similarly for surface points we can consider
If we apply Gauss’s Law on this surface, we have a spherical Gaussian surface of radius R which gives
q electric field strength on the sphere surface as
φ =  s E .dA = encl [As here qencl = σS] Q
εo E=
σS 4πε0 R 2
  I E .dS +  II E .dS +  III E .dS  Case III: x < R
εo
To find electric field
Here on surface I of the Gaussian surface E =0
strength at an interior point of
hence  I E .dS = 0 and  II E .dS = 0 as no electric the sphere, we consider an
flux is coming out from the lateral surface of cylinder inner spherical Gaussian
( E is perpendicular to area vector of curved surface). surface of radius x (x < R).
Hence we have total flux coming out is Using Gauss’s law we have
σS
 E .dS = qencl
εo φ=  E .dA = =0 [As all charge is on surface]
III
s εo
σS σ
 ES =  E=  E = 0 [As dS ≠ 0]
εo εo
7 Electrostatics
 For points outside the sphere, the field is same
as that of a point charge at the centre of sphere.
(2) Electric field due to a Non conducting
Uniformly Charged solid sphere
For outer and surface points the electric field
strength can be calculated by using Gauss Law
similar to the previous case of conducting sphere.
For interior points of sphere, we consider a
spherical Gaussian surface of radius x as shown. If
we apply Gauss Law for this surface, we have
qencl
φ=  E .dS =
εo
s
4 x
[As here qencl = ρ× πx 3 ]
3 kQ kQ
ρ× 4πx 3
 E × 4πx 2 =
3ε0
ρx 1 Qx
 E= = .
3ε0 4πε0 R 3
Electric Potential inside a Metal Body:
As we've already discussed whenever charge
is given to a metal body, it is distributed on its outer
surface in such a way that net electric field at every
interior point of body is zero. Thus if inside a metal
body, a charge is displaced, no work is done in the
process as electric field at every point is zero.
Hence we can say that the whole metal body is
equipotential
On the basis of above explanation we can state that
a region in which at every point electric field is zero,
can be regarded as equipotential region.
Electric Potential due to a Charged Sphere:
Case I: Conducting Sphere
As we know for outer points of a charged
sphere we can assume whole charge is concentrated
at its centre thus electric potential at a distance x
from the centre of sphere outside can be given as
kQ
Vout =
x
At the points on surface of sphere, the potential
kQ
can be given as Vsurface =
R
At the interior points of sphere as at every point
electric field is zero, we can state that this is an
equipotential region thus at every interior point
potential is same as that of its surface. Thus we have
kQ
Vin =
R
Case II: Non-conducting Uniformly Charged Sphere
For outer and surface points here also we can
say that the potential remains same as that of a
conducting sphere as
kQ
Vout = (For x > R)
x associated with the body, we known inside the body
kQ
Vsurface = (For x = R)
R
For an interior point potential will not remain
uniform as electric field exists inside region. We
know inside a uniformly charged sphere electric field
is in radially outward direction thus as we move
away from centre, in the direction of electric field
potential decreases.
As shown in figure if there is a point P at a
distance x from the centre of sphere, the potential
difference between points P and S can be given as
R kQx
VP -VS = 
dx
R3
3 
R2 - x 2 
VP -=
R 2R
 VP = 3  R - x    VP = 3  3R 2 - x 2 
kQ 2 2 kQ kQ
2R R 2R
Here at x=0, we have potential at centre of sphere is
3kQ 3
Vcentre = = Vsurface
2R 2
Thus at centre, potential is maximum and is equal
to 3/2 times that on the surface.
FIELD ENERGY OF ELECTROSTATIC FIELD
Consider a situation shown in figure. A small body of
mass m and charge q placed
in an electric field E. When
the body is released it starts
moving in the direction of
electric field due to the
electric force qE acting on it.
The body will gain some kinetic energy due to its
motion. Who is giving energy to this particle? Answer
is simple-electric field. This shows that electric field
must possess some energy in the region where field
exist due to which it can do work on any charged
body placed in it. This energy we call field energy of
electric field. Wherever electric field exists, field energy
also exists in space. Let us calculate the amount of
energy stored in the space where electric field exists.
(1) Field Energy Density of Electric field:
Consider a charged conducting body shown in
figure. Its surface M is having a charge distributed on
it. We know the electric field just outside the surface
σ
M at a point can be given as E =
ε0
We also know that on the surface of metal body
experience an outward electric pressure which is
σ2 1
given as Pe = = ε0 E 2
2ε0 2
Now if we consider that the metal surface M is
flexible and allowed to expand due to electric pressure
upto a small limit to M′. Here if we check electric field
8 Electrostatics
there is no electric field. Initially electric fields only exist kq
dW = dq ×V = dq
from surface M to infinity. R
When the surface expand Total work done in charging the sphere is given as
to M′ then in the final stage Q kq kQ 2
the electric field as well as W =  dW =  dq W = ...(i)
0 R 2R
field energy exist from
Above equation gives the total work done in
surface M′ to infinity. This
charging the sphere of radius R.
implies that during
expansion of surface field energy in the shaded
We’ve discussed that in space wherever electric
volume (say dV) vanishes as before expansion there field exist, there must be some field energy stored
was electric field in this region. 1
which has energy density, given as u = ε0 E 2
2
We also know that the expansion is done by
Here we can see that when the sphere was
electric force in the body (electric pressure) hence
uncharged, there was no electric field in its
the work done by electric field during expansion is
surroundings. But when the sphere is fully charged,
equal to the loss in field energy in the shaded
electric field exists in its surrounding from its surface
volume dv.
to infinity. Let us calculate the field energy
If Pe is the electric pressure on the body surface
associated with this charged conducting sphere.
then in the small expansion in body volume dV, We know electric field due to a sphere at outer
work done can be given as dW = Pe dV
kQ 2
And if dU the field energy stored in this volume dV points varies with distance from centre as E = 2
x
then we can use dU = dW = PedV To find the total field energy due to this sphere,

dU 1
= Pe  ε0 E 2 we consider an elemental spherical shell of radius x
dV 2 and width dx as shown in figure. The volume
dU 1 dV = 4πx 2 .dx
 u= = ε0 E 2 is the field energy stored per unit enclosed in this shell is
dV 2
Thus the field energy stored in the volume of
volume in the space where electric field E exist and
this elemental shell is
is called field energy density of electric field. 2
1 1  kQ 2  kQ 2
If in a region electric field is uniform, the total field dU = ε0 E 2 × dV = ε0  2  .4πx 2 dx = dx
2 2  x  2x 2
energy stored in a given volume V of space can be
1 Thus total field energy associated with the sphere
given as U = ε0 E 2 ×V can be calculated by integrating this expression from
2
surface of sphere to infinity as electric field inside the
If electric field in a region is non-uniform, the total sphere is zero.
field energy stored in a given volume of space can Total field energy in the surrounding of sphere is
be calculated by integrating the field energy in an  kQ
2
elemental volume dV of space as U =  dU =  dx
R 2x 2
1
dU = ε0 E 2 × dV kQ 2  1

kQ 2
2 U =  - x   2R ...(ii)
And total field energy in a given volume can be 2 R

1 Here we can see that this result is same as

given as U =  dU =  ε0 E 2 dV
2 equation (i). We can conclude by this total whatever
(2) Self energy of a hollow conducting, solid
conducting & hollow non conducting sphere:
we consider a charged conducting sphere of
radius R. In the process of charging we bring charge
to the sphere from infinity in steps of elemental
charges dq. The charge on sphere opposes the
elemental charge being brought to it.
Let us assume that at an instant sphere has
charge q, due to which it has a potential given as
kq
V=
R
If now a charge dq is brought to its surface from
infinity work done in this process can be given as
work is done in charging a body is stored in its
surrounding in the form of its field energy and can
be regarded as self-energy of that body. Once a
body is charge in a given configuration, its self-
energy is fixed, if the body is now displaced or
moved in any manner keeping its shape and charge
distribution constant, its self-energy does not charge.
“Self-energy of a charged body is the total field
energy, associated with the electric field due to this
body in its surrounding.”
(3) Self Energy of a Uniformly Charged solid
Non-conducting Sphere:
9 Electrostatics
We know in outside region of a non-conducting
uniformly charged sphere, every point is same as
that of a conducting sphere of same radius. Thus
field energy in the surrounding of this sphere from
surface to infinity can be given as
kQ 2
U R = ...(i)
2R
Unlike to the case of conducting sphere, in non-
conducting sphere at interior point E ≠ 0. Thus field
energy also exists in the interior region.
(1) Whenever a charge is placed inside a metal cavity,
an equal and opposite charge is induced on the inner
surface of cavity.
(2) A similar charge is induced on the outer surface of
body with surface charge density inversely
proportional to radius of curvature of body.
(3) When the charge inside is displaced, the induced
charge distribution on inner surface of body changes

This can be calculated by

considering an elemental shell in such a way that its centre of charge can be assumed
inside the sphere as shown. to be at the point charge so as to nullify the electric
Here field energy in the field in outer region.
volume of this elemental shell (4) Due to movement in the point charge inside the
can be given as body. The charge distribution on outer surface of body
does not change as shown in figure.
2
1 1  kQx  kQ 2 4
dU = ε0 E × dV = ε0  2  .4πx 2 dx =
2
x dx
2 2  R  2R6 (5) If another charge is brought to the body from
Total field energy inside the sphere can be given as outside, it will only affect the outer distribution of
 kQ
2 charges not on the charge distribution inside the cavity.
U =  dU =  x 4 dx Now consider the situation
R 2R6
R
shown in figure. Inside a
kQ 2  x 5  kQ 2 kQ 2 conducting spherical shell of
U =  
2R6  5  0 10R
U 0 R = ...(ii)
10R inner radius R1 and outer
Thus total self-energy of this sphere can be given as radius R2, a point charge q
kQ 2 kQ 2 is placed at a distance r
U self = U 0 R + U R =
10R 2R
+ from the centre as shown.
The electric potential at
3 kQ 2
 U self = .....(iii) centre due to this system can be given as
5 R
kq kq kq
CHARGE INDUCTION IN METAL CAVITIES: VC = - +
We've discussed that there can never be any r R1 R2
electric field inside a conductor due to static charges. If we find electric field & potential at a distance
Hence no electric line of force can enter into a r from the centre outside the shell, it will be only due
conducting body. Consider a point charge +q inside a to the charge on outer surface as induced charge on
spherical cavity at centre within a metal body shown in inner surface of cavity always nullifies the effect of
figure. point charge inside it. Thus it can be given as
The total electric flux originated by +q is q . kq kq
ε0 Eout = 2 and VC =
r r
Due to this charge at the inner surface of cavity a (1) Cavity in a conducting Material
charge –q is induced on which this complete flux will Consider the system shown
terminate and no electric line of force exists into the in figure. As we know that
metal body. A point, A inside the metal volume we
when a charge is given to a
know net electric field is zero. Thus the electric field at
conductor it resides on its outer
A due to the point charge +q is nullified by the electric
surface.
field due to the negative induced charges on the inner
surface of cavity and the positive charge induced on Let us find E at a point distanced r
outer surface is automatically distributed on the
surface in such a way that it does not produce any Case I: when r < R1
electric field with in the metal body. E = 0 [because net charge within this region = 0]
From the above analysis we can conclude some Case II: When R1< r < R2
points about the charge induction when a charge is  q 
E = 0 qnet = 0;  = net  E = 0 
placed inside the cavity of a metal body. These are  ε0 
10 Electrostatics
Case III: When r > R2 At point C, net E due to S1 & Q is zero. E at C
E = 2 [It is similar to case of hollow charged sphere] is only due to outside charge (S2). If we place an
kQ
r external charge at point C, then effect of S1 & Q on
Now we consider a case when external charge is zero Or we can say charge placed
charge is placed inside a inside the conductor & the charge induced on the
conductor. For such case charge inner surface of the conductor does not get affected
distribution will be as follows by any external electric field this is known as
electrostatic shielding that is why, equipment
For simplicity in the calculation, we could bifurcated sensitive towards electric field are placed inside a
the above system as conductor. External electric field only affects the
• A point charge charge distributed on the surface of conductor.
• A hollow sphere S1 with charge –Q
• A hollow sphere S2 with charge +Q CAVITY IN A NON CONDUCTING SPHERE

Let us find E & V at a point distanced r (1) Electric field due to a Non-uniformly
Radially Charged Solid Non-conducting Sphere:
Case I: when r < R1 i.e. electric field at A If a sphere of radius R is charged with a non-
kQ uniform charge density which varies with the
Due to Q = E = 2 
r distance x from centre as
Due to S1= 0 [∵ Point lies inside the hollow sphere] ρ
Due to S2= 0 [∵ Point lies inside the hollow sphere] ρ= 0
x
kQ Here if we wish to find electric
 Enet at A = 2 
r field strength at a point
Potential at A situated at a distance r from
kQ kQ centre of sphere outside it, at
Due to Q = V = ; Due to S1= V = -
r R1 point P shown in figure. This can be given as
kQ kQ kQ kQ kQ
Due to S2= V =  Vnet at A = - + E P = 2 (Where Q is the total charge)
R2 r R1 R2 r
For outer points we can assume whole charge
Case II: When R1< r < R2 i.e. electric field at B of sphere to be at its centre. Now Q can be
kQ kQ calculated by integrating the charge of an elemental
Due to Q = E = 2  Due to S1= E = 2 
r r shell of radius x and width dx as shown in figure.
Due to S2= 0 [∵ Point lies inside the hollow sphere] The charge dq in this shell can be given as
 Enet at A = 0 ρ
dq = ρ.4πx 2 dx = 0 .4πx 2 dx = 4πρ0 xdx
Potential at B x
Due to Q = V =
kQ
; Due to S1= V = -
kQ Total charge of sphere can be given as
R
Q =  dq =  4πρ0 xdx = 4πρ0  x2  = 2πρ0 R 2
r r R 2
kQ kQ 0  0
Due to S2= V =  Vnet at B =
R2 R2 Thus electric field strength at outer points can be
k  2πρ0 R 2  ρ0 R 2
Case III: When r > R2 i.e. electric field at C given as EP = =
kQ kQ r2 2 0 r 2
Due to Q = E = 2  Due to S1= E = 2 
r r To find electric field strength at an interior
kQ kQ point at a distance r from the centre of sphere, we
Due to S2= E = 2   Enet at C = 2  first find the charge enclosed within the inner sphere
r r
Potential at C of radius r of which point P is on the surface. Thus
kQ kQ enclosed charge can be given as
Due to Q = V = ; Due to S1= V = - r ρ r
Qencl =  0 .4πx 2 dx = 4πρ0  x2  = 2πρ0 r 2
2
r r
kQ kQ 0 x  0
Due to S2= V =  Vnet at B = Here electric field strength at point P can be given as
r r
kQencl k  2πρ0 R  ρ0
2
While writing potential at various points is EP = =
case of cavity in a conducting material first distribute r2 r2 2ε0
charge on various surfaces & then the potential due Here we can see that the above expression is
to induced charges is also considered. independent of distance from centre.
11 Electrostatics
(2) Electric Field inside a Cavity of Non- Find out the following:
conducting Charged Body: (i) Force acting on the point charge q due to the
Consider the sphere shown in figure charged sphere.
uniformly with charge density ρ coul/m3. Inside the (ii) Force acting on the sphere due to the point charge.
sphere a spherical cavity is created with centre at C. Ex.6 Figure shows a uniformly
Now we wish to find electric field strength charged thin sphere of total charge
inside the cavity. For Q and radius R. A point charge q is
also situated at the centre of the
this we consider a point
sphere. Find out the following:
P in the cavity at a
(i) Force on charge q
position vector x from
(ii) Electric field intensity at A.
the centre of sphere and (iii) Electric field intensity at B.
at a position vector y Ex.7 Two concentric uniformly
from the centre of cavity charged spherical shells of radius R1
as shown. and R2 (R2 > R1) have total charges
If E1 be the electric field strength at P due to Q1 and Q2 respectively Derive an
the complete charge of the sphere (inside cavity expression of electric field as a
also) then electric field strength inside a uniformly function of r for following positions.
ρ x
charged sphere is given as E1 = 0 (i) r < R1 (ii) R1 ≤ r < R2 (iii) r ≥ R2
3ε0
Ex.8 A solid non conducting sphere of radius R
Similarly if we assume charge is only there in and uniform volume charge density ρ has its centre at
the region of cavity, this will also be a uniformly
origin. Find out electric field intensity in vector form at
charged small sphere. If E 2 be the E.F only due to
following positions:
ρ y
the cavity charge, it can be given as E 2 = 0 R   R R 
3ε0 (i)  ,0,0  (ii)  , ,0  (iii)  R, R,0 
2   2 2 
Now the electric field due to the charged sphere in
(3) Some other important results for a closed
the cavity at point P can be given as
conductor:
Enet = E2  E2 [As now charge of cavity is removed] (i) If a charge q is kept in the
ρ x ρ y ρa cavity then –q will be induced on
Enet = 0 - 0 = 0 [where a = x - y ]
3ε0 3ε0 3ε0 the inner surface and +q will be
This shows that the net electric field inside the cavity induced on the outer surface of
is uniform and in the direction of a i.e. along the the conductor (it can be proved
line joining the centre of spheres and cavity. using gauss theorem)
(ii) If a charge q is kept inside the
Similarly we can find
cavity of a conductor and conductor
the electric field
is given a charge Q then –q charge
strength inside a
will be induced on inner surface
cylindrical cavity of a
and total charge on the outer
long uniformly charged
surface will be [q+ Q]. (it can be
cylinder. If cavity axis is
proved using gauss theorem)
displaced from axis of
(iii) Resultant field, due to q
cylinder by a
(which is inside the cavity) and
displacement vector a ,
induced charge on S1, at any
by the analysis we've done for a sphere, we can say
point outside S1 (like B, C) is
that the electric field strength inside the cavity is also
zero. Resultant field due to [q +
uniform and can be given as
Q] on S2 and any other charge
ρ0 a
Enet = outside S2, at any point inside of
3ε0
surface S2 (like A, B) is zero.
Ex.5 Fig. shows a uniformly (iv) Resultant field inside a charge
charged sphere of radius R and free cavity for closed conductor is
total charge Q. A point charge q
zero. There can be charges outside
is situated outside the sphere at a
the conductor and on the surface
distance r from centre of sphere.
also. Then also this result is true.
12 Electrostatics
No charge will be induced on the inner most surface Ex.9 An uncharged conductor of inner radius R1
of the conductor. and outer radius R2 contains a point charge q placed at
(v) Charge distribution for different types of cavities point P (not at the centre) as shown in figure?
in conductors Find out the following:
(i) VC (ii) VA (iii) VB (iv) EA (v) EB
(vi) Force on charge Q if it is placed at B
POTENTIAL DUE TO CONCENTRIC
CONDUCTING SPHERES:
(see the previous section)
Charge is at the Charge is not at the CONNECTION OF TWO CONDUCTING MATERIAL:
common centre common centre Two conducting hollow spherical shells of radii
(S1,S2 → spherical) (S1,S2 → spherical) R1 and R2 having charges Q1 and Q2 respectively
and placed separately by large distance, are joined
by a conducting wire

Let final charges on spheres are q1 and q2

Charge is at the Charge is not at the respectively. Potential on both spherical shell
centre of S2 centre of S2 become equal after joining, therefore
(S2 → spherical) (S2 → spherical) kq1 kq2 q q
=  1 = 2 .....(i)
R1 R2 R1 R2
And by charge conservation,
q1+ q2= Q1+ Q2 ....(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
 Q1 + Q2  R1 q1 =
 Q1 + Q2  R2
q1 =
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Charge is at the Charge is not at the Also from equation (i)
centre of S1 centre of S1 q1 R1
(S1 → spherical) (S1 → spherical) = i.e. Ratio of final charges.
q2 R2
σ1 4πR12 R1 σ R
 =  1 = 2
σ 2 4πR2 R2
2
σ 2 R1
Ratio of final surface charge densities.
Note:  If two concentric hollow spheres are
connected by a wire then all the charge from inner
Charge is at the Charge is at the sphere will reside to the outer sphere.
geometrical centre geometrical centre Ex.10 The two conducting
spherical shells are joined by a
Using the result that Eresult in the conducting
conducting wire and cut after some
material should be zero and using result (iii) We can time when charge stops flowing.
say that Find out the charge on each sphere
after that.
case A B C D E F
Sol. Let the charge on the inner
S1 Uniform Non Non Non Uniform Non
Uniform Uniform Uniform Uniform sphere be x & by charge conservatN,
S2 Uniform Uniform Uniform Uniform Non Non
the charge on the outer sphere will
Uniform Uniform
be (-2Q -x)
In all cases charge on inner surface S1= –q and
on outer surface S2= q. The distribution of charge After cutting the wire, the potential of both the shells
on 'S1' will not change even if some charges are kept is equal.
outside the conductor (i.e. outside the surface S2). Thus, potential of inner shell
But the charge distribution on 'S2' may change if kx k  -2Q - x  k  x - 2Q 
some charges(s) is/are kept outside the conductor. Vin = + =
R 2R 2R
13 Electrostatics
and potential of outer shell resistance wire. After a long time what is the amount of
kx k  -2Q - x  -k  2Q  heat loss?
Vout = + =
2R 2R 2R Sol. When two conducting spheres of equal radius
k  x - 2Q  -k  2Q  are connected charge is equally distributed on them.
As Vin  Vout   So we can say that heat loss of system
2R 2R
H = U i - U f [U: self-energy]
  x - 2Q     2Q   x0
 Q2 Q2 
 Q 
- 0  +  4  Q
2 2
So charge on inner spherical shell = 0 = 4 +

and outer spherical shell = – 2Q.  8πε0 R   8πε0 R 8πε0 R  16πε0 R
 
Ex.11 Find charge on each EARTHING OF CHARGED OR UNCHARGED
spherical shell after joining the inner METAL BODIES:
most shell and outer most shell by a In electrical analysis, earth is assumed to be a very
conducting wire. Also find charges on large conducting sphere of radius 6400 km. If some
each surface. charge Q is given to earth, its potential becomes
Sol. Let the charge on the kQ
Ve =
innermost sphere be x. Re
Finally potential of shell 1 As Re is very large Ve comes out to be a
= Potential of shell 3 negligible value. Thus for very small bodies whose
dimensions are negligible as compared to earth if
kx k  -2Q  k  6Q - x  kx k  -2Q  k  6Q - x  connected to the earth we can assume that earth is
+ + = + 
R 2R 3R 3R 3R 3R always at zero potential.
 3x - 3Q + 6Q - x = 4Q  x =
Q Keeping the above fact in mind if we connect a
2 small body to earth, charge flow takes place
So charge on innermost spherical shell x =
Q between earth and the body till both will be at same
2 potential, zero potential as potential of earth will
Charge on Middle shell spherical shell = – 2Q. always remain zero, no matter if charge flows into
Charge on outermost spherical shell  6Q - x  =
5Q earth or from earth.
2 This implies that if a body at some positive
Ex.12 Two conducting hollow potential is connected to earth, earth will supply
spherical shells of radii R and 2R some negative charge to this body so that the final
carry charges –Q and 3Q potential of body will become zero and vice versa.
respectively. How much charge Consider a
will flow into the earth if inner solid uncharged
shell is grounded? conducting sphere
shown in figure. A
Sol. When inner shell is grounded to the Earth then
point charge q is
the potential of inner shell will become zero because
placed in front of
potential of the Earth is taken to be zero.
the sphere centre
We have potential of inner shell
at a distance x as shown. Here due to q, the
kx k  3Q 
Vin  + potential at sphere is V =
kq
R 2R x
kx k  3Q  Here we
i.e. + 0
R 2R ignore induced
 x=
-3Q charges due to q
2 because potential
The charge that has increased
-3Q
- (-Q) =
-Q due to induced
2 2 charges on sphere
Hence charge flows into the Earth = 
Q is zero. If we close
2 the switch S, earth supplies a charge qe on to the
Ex.13 An isolated conducting sphere of charge Q sphere to make its final potential zero. Thus the final
and radius R is connected to a similar uncharged potential on sphere can be taken as
sphere (kept at a large distance) by using a high kq kqe qR
V=  0  qe = -
x R x
14 Electrostatics
Here it is obvious that earth has supplied a (viii) When a conductor is
negative charge to develop a negative potential on grounded its potential becomes zero.
sphere to nullify the initial positive potential on it (ix) When an isolated conductor is
due to q. grounded then its charge becomes 0.
Note:  Always remember whenever a metal body (x) When two conductors are connected there
is connected to earth, we consider that earth will be charge flow till their potential becomes equal.
supplies a charge to it (say qe) to make its final (xi) Electric pressure: Electric pressure at the
potential zero due to all the charges including the surface of a conductor is given by formula
charge on body and the charges in its surrounding. σ2
P= [σ : the local surface charge density.]
Ex.14 There are 4 concentric shells A, B, C and D of 2ε0
radius of a, 2a, 3a, 4a respectively. Shells B and D are
COMBINATION OF CONDUCTING PLATES:
given charges +q and –q respectively. Shell C in now
Let us consider two conducting plates placed
earthed. Find the potential difference VA – VC
parallel to each other. I plate
Sol. Let shell C acquires charge 'q' which will be is given a charge Q & II
1
such that final potential of C is zero. plate is given a charge Q2
kq kq k  -q  which distributes itself as
i.e. VC = + + =0
3a 3a 4a shown in figure.
kq kq kq Where q1 + q2 = Q1
 + =
3a 3a 4a q3 + q4 = Q2
1 1 q
 q = 3q  -  = - Now we take a rectangular Gaussian surface ABCD.
4 3 4
Among the four faces, two faces AD & BC of
this closed surfaces lie completely inside the
As VC = 0  VA – VC = VA
conductor where the electric field is zero. The flux
Now calculating VA we get
through these faces is, therefore, zero. The other

VA =
kq

 
k q
4 k  -q 
-  VA =
kq parts of the closed surface AB & CD which are
outside the conductor are parallel to the electric field
2a 3a 4a 6a
kq i.e. their area vector is perpendicular to E & hence
 VA  VC  the flux through these parts is also zero. The total
6a
flux of the electric field through the closed surface is
CONDUCTOR AND IT'S PROPERTIES [FOR
ELECTROSTATIC CONDITION]:
therefore zero.
From gauss's law, the total charge inside the
(i) Conductors are materials which contains
closed surface should be zero. The charge on the
large number of free electrons which can move
inner surface of I should be equal & opposite to that
freely inside the conductor.
on the inner surface of II.
(ii) In electrostatics conductors are always
Therefore, q2 = -q3 …..(i)
equipotential surfaces.
Now to find further relations between the
(iii) Charge always resides on outer surface of
charges distributed we find electric field at point P
conductor.
Electric field at point P [lies inside the conductor]
(iv) If there is a cavity inside the conductor q
having no charge then charge will always reside only Due to q1 charge layer = E1 = 1 (towards right)
2Aε0
on outer surface of conductor.
(v) Electric field is always perpendicular to As E due to a single layer of charge is E =   q1
conducting surface. 2ε0 2Aε0
(vi) Electric lines of force never enter into q
Due to q2 charge layer = E2 = 2 (towards left)
conductors. 2Aε0
(vii) Electric field intensity near the conducting q
Due to q3 charge layer = E3 = 3 (towards left)
surface is given by formula 2Aε0
σ
E = nˆ q
Due to q4 charge layer = E4 = 4 (towards left)
ε0 2Aε0
σA σB σC
EA = nˆ E B = nˆ EC = nˆ q q
Enet at P = 1  2  3  4
q q
ε0 ε0 ε0 2Aε0 2Aε0 2Aε0 2Aε0
15 Electrostatics
As the point P lies inside the conductor the field We see that
should be zero charges on the
q1 q  q3  q4 facing surfaces of
Hence  2
2Aε0 2Aε0 the plates are of
q1 = q2  q3  q4 ........(ii) equal magnitude
Using equation (i) and (ii) we get q1 = q4 and opposite sign.
Q + Q2
Putting in equation above we get q1 = q4 = 1 This can be in general proved by gauss theorem
2
Ex.15 Two large parallel also. Remember this it is important result. Thus the
conducting sheets (placed at finite final charge distribution on the entire surface is as
distance) are given charges Q and 2Q shown in figure:
respectively. Find out charges Ex.17 An isolated
appearing on all the surfaces. conducting sheet of area A and
carrying a charge Q is placed in a
Sol. Let there is x amount of charge on left side of uniform electric field E, such that
first plate, so on its right side charge will be (Q – x), electric field is perpendicular to sheet and covers the
similarly for second plate there is y charge on left
entire sheet. Find out charges appearing on its two
side and (2Q–y) charge is on right side of second
surfaces.
plate
Ep = 0 (By property of conductor) Sol. Let there is x charge on left side of plate and (Q
– x) charge on right side of plate
x   Q - x  + y +  2Q - y  
 - =0
2Aε0  2Aε0 Now the resultant field at P

We can also say that charge on left side of P is equal EP = 0
to charge on right side of P x Q - x 
i.e. x =  Q - x  + y +  2Q - y   +E=
2Aε0 2Aε0
3Q Q
x= ; Q - x  = - Q Q
2 2  x = - Aε0 E and  Q - x  =  Aε0 E
2 2
Similarly for point Q:
(1) Earthing of a System of Parallel Plates:
x +  Q - x  + y =  2Q - y  Consider a large plate shown in figure charged
Q
 y = ;  2Q - y  =
3Q with a charge Q. This is connected to earth with a
2 2 switch S as shown. If switch S is closed, whole
So final charge distribution of charge will flow to earth and the plate will become
plates is: neutral as in the surrounding of a single earthed
Ex.16 Figure shows three body no electric field exist.
large metallic plates with charges –
Q, 3Q and Q respectively.
Determine the final charges on all
the surfaces.
Sol. We assume that
charge on surface 2 is x.
Following conservation of
charge, we see that
surfaces 1 has charge (–Q – x). The electric field Now consider the system of two plates A and B
shown here. Plate A is given a charge Q and plate B is
inside the metal plate is zero so field at P is zero.
neutral the charge distribution on plates is as shown in
Resultant field at P - E P = 0 figure. If the switch S is now closed the total charge on
 -Q - x  -  x + 3Q + Q  = 0 outer surface of the system of plates after earthing
   should become zero hence whole charge on plate A
2Aε0  2Aε0 
will transfer to its inner surface and hence on the inner
  -Q - x  + y = x + 4Q  x = -
5Q surface of plate B an equal and opposite charge –Q is
2 developed which is given by earth as shown in fig.
16 Electrostatics
W
If area of plates is A, the electric field between bet plates A & B
Q q
the system of plates can be given as E f = E1 = 1
Aε0 Aε0
W
Q E f Bet plates B & C
Before earthing this electric field was Ei =  q
2Aε0 2 E2 = 2
Thus just after earthing the electric field Aε0
between the plates is doubled and the potential Now we have
difference between the two plates will also be VB -VA = VB -VC i.e. VBA  VBC
doubled as plate B is earthed, its potential is zero.  E1d1 = E2 d 2
The potential of plate A can be given as qd qd
Qd Qd  1 1= 2 2  q1d 1  q2 d 2
VA -VB = E f × d =  VA  Aε0 Aε0
Aε0 Aε0
And also we have q1 + q2 = Q
Now consider another example shown in
Thus on solving we get
figure. In a system of three parallel plates A, B and C
Qd 2 Qd 1
the middle plate B is given a charge Q due to which q1 = and q2 =
charges are induced on plates A and C as shown. d1 + d 2 d1 + d 2
Thus if both the switches are closed
simultaneously, charges –q1 and –q2 will flow
through the switches S1 and S2 from earth to each of
plates A and C respectively.
Ex.18 When a charge Q is given to a non-
conducting plate & conducting plate. Find the ratio of
electric field produced by them?
Sol. non-conducting plate conducting plate
On the basis of discussion done in the previous
section we can say that if switch S1 is closed whole
charge of plate B will shift on its left surface and a
charge –Q is flown through S1 toward plate A and
final situation will be as shown in figure (a)

Q Q
Ratio= : = 1:1
2Aε0 2Aε0
TOTAL ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY OF A
SYSTEM OF CHARGES:
Total electrostatic potential energy of system of
charges can be given as
U = ∑ self-energy of all charged bodies +
If instead of switch S1, S2 is closed in the ∑ Interaction energy of all pairs of charged bodies
beginning the distribution of charges on the system Let us
will be obviously as shown according to the figure consider some
(b) and a charge –Q now flows through switch S2 cases to
from earth to plate C as shown in figure (b). understand
this concept.
If we close both the switches simultaneously, the
Figure shows
situation will be according to shown in figure. Now
two uniformly
the charge on plate B is distributed on the two
charged non-conducting sphere of radius R1 and R2
surfaces as shown and equal and opposite charges –
and charged with charges Q1 and Q2 respectively
q1 and –q2 are developed on the inner surfaces of
separated by a distance r. If we find the total
plates A and C.
electrostatic energy of this system, we can write as
Here charges q1 and q2 can be calculated by
U total = U self + U interaction
equating the potential difference of plates A and B &
C and B as VB -VA = VB -VC 3kQ12 3kQ22 kQ1Q2
 U total = + +
Here the electric field between plates can be given as 5R12 5R22 r
17 Electrostatics
ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY OF A SYSTEM Ex.21 Find the electrostatic energy stored in a
OF CONCENTRIC SHELLS: cylindrical shell of length l, inner radius a and outer
Figure shown two radius b, coaxial with a uniformly charged wire with
concentric shells of radii a linear charge density λ C/m.
and b charged uniformly with Sol. For this we consider an elemental shell of
charges q1 and q2. Here the radius x and width dx. The volume of this shell dV
total energy of this system can be given as dV = 2πxl.dx
can be given as The electric field due to the wire at the shell is E =
2kλ
x
Utotal = self-energy of inner shell + self-energy
The electrostatic field energy stored in the volume of
of outer shell + interaction energy of the two shell
kq 2 kq 2 kq q this shell is dU = ρE dV
 U total = 1 + 2 + 1 2 1
2a 2b b dU = ε E 2  dV 0
Ex.19 Fig. shows a shell of 2
1
radius R having charge q1 dU = ε0 E 2 × 2πxl.dx
uniformly distributed over it. A 2
point charge q is placed at the The total electrostatic energy stored in the above
mentioned volume can be obtained by integrating
centre of shell. Find work
the above expression within limits from a to b as
required to increase radius of 2
b 1  2kλ 
shell from R to R1. U =  dU =  ε0   × 2πxl.dx
Sol. We know Work done = Ui – Uf
a 2  x 
here U i = SEq + SEq + IE λ2 l b dx λ2 l b
1

kq12 kq1q
U =
4πε0  a x
 U= ln  
4πε0  a 
 U i = SEq + +
2R R
2
kq kq q
Similarly U f = SEq + 1 + 1
2R1 R1
 After earthing a positively charged conductor
kq 2 kq q kq 2 kq q
 work done U i - U f  = 1 + 1 - 1 - 1 electrons flow from earth to conductor and if a
2R R 2R1 R1 negatively charged conductor is earthed then
Ex.20 A point charge q = 3 µC is located at the electrons flows from conductor to earth.
centre of the spherical layer of uniform isotropic +
+
–
–
+ + e –
– – e–
dielectric with relative permittivity k = 3. The inside + –
+ + – –
+ –
radius of the layer is equal to a = 250 mm and the + –
outside radius is b = 500 mm. Find the electrostatic
energy inside the dielectric layer.  When a charged spherical
conductor placed inside a hollow
Sol. Consider a small elemental shell of thickness dx. +Q
2
insulated conductor and connected
Volume of elemental shell = dV = 4πx dx through a fine conducting wire the
Electric field at x charge will be completely transferred
kq from the inner conductor to the outer
E= 2 conductor.
Kx
 Lightening-rod arrestors are made up of
Electric energy density
conductors with one of their ends earthed while the
1 1  k 2 2
q  other sharp, and protects a building from lightening
ρE = ε0 E 2 = ε0  2 4 
2 2 K x  either by neutralizing or conducting the charge of the
cloud to the ground.
Thus energy content in the element shell is
 With rise in temperature dielectric constant of
dU= ρE dV liquid decreases.
b 1  k 2q2   If X-rays are incident on a charged electroscope,
U total =  dE =  ε0  2 4  × 4πx 2 dx due to ionization of air by X-rays the electroscope will
a 2
K x  get discharged and hence its leaves will collapse.
kq 2
b dx kq  1 1 
2
However, if the electroscope is evacuated. X-rays will
2 a
 U total =  U total = 2 
- 
2K x 2
2K  a b  cause photoelectric effect with gold and so the
18
leaves will further diverge if it is positively charged
(or uncharged) and will converge if it is negatively
charged.
 Two point charges separated by a distance r in
vacuum and a force F acting between them. After
filling a dielectric medium having dielectric constant K
completely between the charges, force between them
decreases. To maintain the force as before separation
between them has to be changed to r K . This
distance known as effective air separation.
 No point charge produces electric field at it’s own
position.
 The electric field on the surface of a conductor is
directly proportional to the surface charge density at
that point i.e, E  σ
 Two charged spheres having radii r1 and r2 ,
charge densities σ 1 and σ 2 respectively, then the
ratio of electric field on their surfaces will be
E1 σ1 r22  Q 
= = 2 σ =  i.e. in metals induced charge is equal and opposite to
E2 σ 2 r1  4πr 2 
 In air, if intensity of electric field exceeds the value
3× 10 6 N /C , air ionizes.
 A small ball is suspended in a uniform electric field
with the help of an insulated thread. If a high energy
X–ray beam falls on the ball, X-rays knock out
electrons from the ball so the ball is positively charged
and therefore the ball is deflected in the direction of
electric field.

E  Electric field intensity and electric potential due to
F= QE
X–Ray
 Electric field is always directed from higher
potential to lower potential.
 A positive charge if left free in electric field always
moves from higher potential to lower potential while
a negative charge moves from lower potential to
higher potential.
 An electric potential can exist at a point in a region
where the electric field is zero and it’s vice versa.
 It is a common misconception that the path traced
by a positive test charge is a field line but actually the
path traced by a unit positive test charge represents a
field line only when it moves along a straight line.
 An electric field is completely characterized by two
physical quantities Potential and Intensity. Force
characteristic of the field is intensity and work
characteristic of the field is potential.
 For a short dipole, electric field intensity at a point
on the axial line is double the electric field intensity at
a point on the equatorial line of electric dipole.
i.e. Eaxial = 2Eequatorial
Electrostatics
 It is interesting to note that dipole field E  13
r
decreases much rapidly as compared to the field of a
point charge  E  12  .
 r 
 Franklin (i.e., e.s.u. of charge) is the smallest unit of
charge while faraday is largest (1 Faraday = 96500 C).
 The e.s.u. of charge is also called stat coulomb or
Franklin (Fr) and is related to e.m.u. of charge
emu of charge
through the relation = 3× 10 10
esu of charge
 Recently it has been discovered that elementary
particles such as proton or neutron are composed of
quarks having charge  ±1 / 3  e &  ±2 / 3  e. However,
as quarks do not exist in free state, the quanta of
charge is still e.
 Inducting body neither gains nor loses charge.
 Dielectric constant of an insulator cannot be 
 For metals in electrostatics K =  and so Q' = - Q;
inducing charge.
 Coulombs law is valid at a distance greater than 10 -15 m.
 Decreasing order to fundamental forces
FNuclear  FElectromagnetic  FWeak  FGravitational
 At the centre of the line joining two equal and
opposite charge V = 0 but E  0.
 At the centre of the line joining two equal and
similar charge V  0, E  0 .
a point charge q, at a distance (t1 + t2) where t1 is
thickness of medium of dielectric constant K1 and t2
is thickness of medium of dielectric constant K2 are :
1 Q
E= 2
;V= 1 Q
4πε0 (t1 K 1 + t 2 K 2 ) 4πε0 (t1 K 1 + t 2 K 2 )
 If an electron (charge e and mass m) is moving on
a circular path of radius r about a positively charge
infinitely long linear charge, (charge density ) then
the velocity of electron in dynamic equilibrium will be
eλ
v=
2πε0 m
 A metal plate is charged uniformly with a surface
charge density . An electron of energy W is fired
towards the charged metal plate from a distance d,
Wε0
then for no collision of electron with plate d =
eσ