CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL

FEBRUARY 2021 V. 43 No. 2

V. 43 NO. 2

Infrastructure
18 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
Reinforcement for
Concrete Members
INFRASTRUCTURE
FEBRUARY 2021

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 American Concrete Institute

Membership
Means
Knowledge!
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in more than 100 countries—
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Join the
ACI Foundation
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Ci Concrete
international
The Magazine of the Concrete Community

FEBRUARY 2021 V. 43 No. 2

INFRASTRUCTURE
25
18 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for
Concrete Members
ACI Committee 440 is taking the next step toward building
code compliance
by Mahmut Ekenel, Francisco De Caso y Basalo, and Antonio Nanni

23 Composite Reinforcing Bars for Future Infrastructure

GFRP increases durability of reinforced concrete to meet demands as
traffic, urbanization, and extreme weather increase
by Ginger Gardiner

28 Doing More and Doing Better with Fiber-Reinforced

Shotcrete
Design and testing comparison
by Antoine Gagnon and Marc Jolin

33 ACPA 2020 Excellence in Concrete Pavements Awards

37

ALSO FEATURING

56 Concrete Q&A: Proof-Rolling of a Prepared Base

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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 3

Ci
Concrete international
PUBLISHER
John C. Glumb, CAE
john.glumb@concrete.org
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Rex C. Donahey, PE
rex.donahey@concrete.org
ENGINEERING EDITOR
W. Agata Pyc
agata.pyc@concrete.org
MANAGING EDITOR
Keith A. Tosolt
keith.tosolt@concrete.org
EDITOR
Rebecca Emanuelsen
rebecca.emanuelsen@concrete.org
ADVERTISING
Jeff Rhodes
MCI USA
jeff.rhodes@mci-group.com
PUBLISHING SERVICES
SUPERVISOR
Ryan M. Jay
EDITORS
Kaitlyn J. Dobberteen,
Tiesha Elam, Hannah Genig,
Angela R. Matthews,
Kelli R. Slayden
GRAPHIC DESIGNERS
Susan K. Esper, Ryan M. Jay,
Gail L. Tatum
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
http://www.concrete.org
Tel. +1.248.848.3700
Fax. +1.248.848.3150
4 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
February
16
departments
7 President’s Memo
10 Letters
11 News
15 On the Move
16 Chapter Reports
41 Products & Practice
44 Product Showcase
The piers and bent cap for a coastal 48 Industry Focus
bridge in Broward County FL, USA,
incorporate glass fiber-reinforced 50 Meetings
polymer (GFRP) reinforcement, 51 Calls for Papers
supplied as straight and bent bars.
Similarly, GFRP is gaining acceptance 52 What’s New from ACI
for use in building structures. ACI
Committee 440, Fiber-Reinforced 53 Sinopsis en español
Polymer Reinforcement, is progressing
with the development of an ACI 318-
54 Public Discussion
dependent, mandatory language 55 Advertiser Index
design code governing the use of FRP
reinforcement. For more details, see
the article starting on p. 18.
Copyright © 2021 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the
headquarters office: 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Telephone: +1.248.848.3700. Facsimile (FAX): +1.248.848.3701.
Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Periodicals postage paid at Farmington, MI, and at additional mailing offices. Concrete International
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Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the
supplier, of the information presented. Permission is granted by the American Concrete Institute for libraries and other users
registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the fee of $3.00 per transaction. Pay-
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 American Concrete Institute
IN Ci Board of Direction
President Directors
Infra Jeffrey W. Coleman Scott M. Anderson Michael E. Kreger
Heather J. Brown Kimberly E. Kurtis

A
Past President Mark A. Cheek Ishita Manjrekar
s the heading indicates, in this Board Members Walter H. Flood IV Michael J. Paul
month’s CI, we consider things Khaled W. Awad G. Terry Harris W. Jason Weiss
below the surface. These topics David A. Lange Maria G. Juenger Michelle L. Wilson
Randall W. Poston
include fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
reinforcing bar and mesh, discrete
fibers, and bases. Vice Presidents Executive Vice President
In use for decades, FRP reinforcing Cary S. Kopczynski Charles K. Nmai Ronald Burg
continues to gain wider acceptance. In
Saudi Arabia, for example, miles and
miles of FRP bars are being placed in a Technical Activities Educational Activities Certification Programs
massive flood control canal (see p. 23). Committee Committee Committee
chair chair chair
Further, ACI Committee 440, Fiber- Michael C. Brown Thomas M. Greene Frances T. Griffith
Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement,
secretary staff liaison staff liaison
expects to complete a building code Matthew R. Senecal Kathryn A. Amelio John W. Nehasil
sometime in 2022 (see p. 18). In
Timothy S. Folks Diana Arboleda Bryan R. Castles
the meantime, proponents of FRP Robert J. Frosch Tara Cavalline William Ciggelakis
reinforcing may demonstrate building Wassim Ghannoum Arturo Gaytan Covarrubias Oscar Duckworth
code compliance via compliance with Mary Beth D. Hueste Walter H. Flood IV Werner K. Hellmer
relevant acceptance criteria developed Maria G. Juenger Seamus F. Freyne J. Scott Keim
Keith E. Kesner Joe Hug Steve R. Lloyd Sr.
by ICC-Evaluation Service (ICC-ES). Kamal H. Khayat Kimberly Waggle Kramer Christopher J. Robinson
Fiber-reinforced shotcrete also has Carl J. Larosche Robert C. Lewis Xiomara Sapon
been in use for decades. It is a complex Tracy D. Marcotte John B. Robertson Robert L. Varner
material that is affected by the placement Barzin Mobasher Jackie A. Sempel Wayne M. Wilson
Anton K. Schindler
method, the concrete matrix, and the Thomas J. Van Dam
mechanical and physical characteristics
of the fibers. While many test methods
can be used to evaluate placements, the
selected method should represent the
actual loading, it must provide useful ACI Staff & Departments
data about the material performance, Executive Vice President: Ronald Burg, ron.burg@concrete.org
and it should be used throughout the Senior Managing Director: John C. Glumb, john.glumb@concrete.org
project (see p. 28). ACI Foundation: Human Resources:
The subgrade, subbase, and base ann.masek@acifoundation.org lori.purdom@concrete.org
course supporting a slab-on-ground can Certification: Information Systems:
be tested as a unit by “proof-rolling.” In aci.certification@concrete.org support@concrete.org
this month’s Concrete Q&A, guidelines Chapter Activities: Marketing and Communications:
are provided for developing a john.conn@concrete.org kevin.mlutkowski@concrete.org
specification (see p. 56). Engineering: Member/Customer Services:
Although they will be hidden after techinq@concrete.org acicustomerservice@concrete.org
construction, it is best to consider these Event and Publishing Services: Professional Development:
things well in advance. lauren.mentz@concrete.org claire.hiltz@concrete.org
Rex C. Donahey Finance and Administration: Publishing Services:
donna.halstead@concrete.org ryan.jay@concrete.org

Sustaining Members
See pages 8-9 for a list of ACI’s Sustaining Members.

To learn more about our sustaining members, visit the ACI website at
www.concrete.org/membership/sustainingmembers.aspx.

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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 5
ACI Collection of Concrete Codes,
Specifications, and Practices

T
he American Concrete Institute
introduces the ACI Collection of
Concrete Codes, Specifications,
and Practices. With nearly 50 codes
and specifications and more than
200 practices—the ACI Collection
is the most comprehensive and
largest single source of information
on concrete materials, design,
and construction.

The ACI Collection includes ACI 318-19, ACI 301, Regular Price Member Price

and ACI 562. The ACI Collection also covers

Guides and Reports:
concrete materials, properties, design, construction, FREE with ACI
reinforcement, repair, structural analysis, and Membership
$849.00/year
Annual Online Standards:
innovation—plus popular topics such as slabs, Subscription
$259.00/year
formwork, masonry, and more. (Continuously
Updated)
The ACI Collection is available in three formats—
an online subscription that is always up-to-date
and includes historic editions of codes and $899.00 $549.00
specifications; a USB drive for convenient digital USB Drive
access anywhere, with or without an internet
connection; and a nine-volume set of books.
$1099.00 $699.00
Please visit www.concrete.org to subscribe
or purchase. 9-Volume Books

www.concrete.org
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President’s
Memo
A Virtual Trip Around the World
A
s ACI President, one of
the great honors of the
office is representing
the Institute at meetings and
events, both domestically and
internationally. I admit I had
high expectations of traveling
the globe in 2020 on behalf of
ACI. I was looking forward to
a conference in Italy in May,
the ASCC Executive
Leadership Forum in Hawaii in
July, the Concrete Expo in
Jeffrey W. Coleman
Colombia in September, and
ACI President
the gracious invitation to
inaugurate the 4th R.N. Raikar International Conference in
Mumbai, India, in December. Of course, none of this
happened. In fact, I will be the only President in recent history
who will not travel anywhere—not even to ACI headquarters.
When faced with adversity, we have choices—we can
complain or we can make the best of the situation. Adopting
the latter approach, I asked our staff to arrange a series of
virtual meetings. Some were simply an opportunity to
introduce and kick off a chapter meeting. Some were
opportunities to present a topic, and some were meetings with
our international and domestic partner organizations.
Highlights of my itinerary included:
In July, the Fédération internationale du béton (fib) agreed
to add ACI staff engineers to the fib Model Code 2020
committee and fib members to ACI Committees 318, 319, and
320. Also, fib will join the ACI Foundation’s Strategic
Development Council (SDC). The next meeting was with
RILEM, who we found is interested in co-organizing the
Spring 2024 ACI Concrete Convention and partnering with
ACI on a series of joint webinars.
The Institute of Concrete Technology (ICT) and The
Concrete Society, United Kingdom, reported in August on the
progress of our co-developed certification program: ACI-ICT
EN Standards Concrete Field Testing Technician; plans have
progressed to add a concrete strength testing technician
certification too. Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto (IBRACON),
Brazil, is interested in mapping its 10 technical committees to
ACI’s 130 technical committees for further cooperation. The
Concrete Institute of Australia (CIA) updated us on increased
participation in activities and growth in membership, despite
the pandemic. Iberoamerican Federation of Ready Mixed
Concrete (FIHP)—a network of 21 partner organizations in
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Latin America—expressed interest in more joint webinars.
In September, Instituto del Cemento y del Concreto de
Guatemala (ICCG) and the ACI Guatemala Chapter described
how focused efforts on developing student chapters/members
have resulted in 20 ACI student chapters and 1300 student
members in Guatemala. The Thailand Concrete Association
(TCA) asked ACI to co-sponsor its ICCC3 conference in 2023
and requested translation of additional ACI publications into
the Thai language. Asociacion de Productores de Cemento
(ASOCEM), Peru, is interested in helping with ACI
translations and becoming a sponsoring group for ACI
certification.
During the last quarter of 2020, we learned that the ACI
India Chapter is interested in adopting an India standards-
based concrete field testing technician certification program.
They have seen significant growth in student membership.
The Philippine Constructors Association (PCA) has launched
an Excellence in Concrete Construction Awards program with
the ACI Philippines Chapter.
The Japan Concrete Institute (JCI) has plans to organize
the Fifth ACI-JCI Joint Seminar in 2021 and develop a
publication about the state of the art of performance-based
seismic design.
Members of the ACI UAE Chapter, Dubai, United Arab
Emirates (UAE), report they feel fortunate to have the ACI
MENA Regional Office in Dubai. In UAE, there is a great
interest in 3-D printing of concrete, low-carbon cement,
geopolymers, and green building/sustainability.
The Vietnam Concrete Association (VCA), Institute for
Building Science and Technology (IBST), Ministry of
Construction (MOC), and National University of Civil
Engineering (NUCE) expressed interest in translating ACI
318-19 (and ACI 319 and 320 when they are finished) into
Vietnamese, as well as conducting webinars with ACI to learn
more about the codes.
In addition, I gave keynote presentations at the Philippine
Constructors Association Students Event; the IBRACON
Virtual Congress; the ACI Concrete Conference on
Sustainability and Durability, supported by the ACI MENA
Regional Office in Dubai; and the Instituto Chileno del
Cemento y del Hormigón’s Expo Hormigón.
It was an honor to represent ACI in this virtual tour, and,
frankly, I visited many more chapters and partners than I ever
could have in person. Our symbiotic relationships with other
international organizations help us work toward the common
goal of improving concrete technology throughout the world.
Jeffrey W. Coleman, American Concrete Institute
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 7
ACI SUSTAINING
The Foundation
Sustaining Members show true dedication
to advancing concrete knowledge.
The continued support from these organizations has
enhanced the progress of the concrete industry.

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Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI)
is a technical institute and Standards
Developing Organization (SDO) that stands
as the authoritative resource for steel-
reinforced concrete construction, serving
engineers, architects, and construction
professionals.
ConSeal is an ISO 9001:2015
manufacturer of extruded sealants,
elastomeric sealants, external wraps,
hydrophilic waterstops, concrete sealers
and specialty admixtures, coatings, and
more.

C O N S T R U C T I O N
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Doka is a world leader in developing,
manufacturing, and distributing formwork
technology for use in all fields of the
construction sector, utilizing more than
160 sales and logistics facilities in over
70 countries.
Oztec Industries’ line of fully
interchangeable steel heads and
RubberHeads®, electric and gasoline
motors, backpacks, and flexible shafts are
the most powerful, versatile, and reliable in
the industry.
Seretta Construction, established in
1987, has offices in Orlando, Charlotte,
and Austin. They are a full-service tiltwall
contractor capable of any size project
anywhere in the US.

American Engineering Testing, Inc. Boral Resources Curecrete Distribution, Inc.

American Society of Concrete Contractors Cantera Concrete Company Dayton Superior Corporation
Arcosa Lightweight Ceco Concrete Construction LLC Doka USA Ltd
Ash Grove Cement Company CHRYSO, Inc. The Euclid Chemical Company
Axiom Constructors, Inc. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute Full-Tilt Constructors, Inc.
Baker Concrete Construction, Inc. Concrete Sealants Inc. Future Tech Consultants
Barrier One, Inc. Concrete Strategies LLC
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Bentley Systems Inc. CTLGroup Hawkins Construction and Flat Work, LLC
MEMBERS
of Our Success
To learn more about Sustaining Members,
visit www.concrete.org/sustainingmembers.
Read more about this month’s featured
Sustaining Members in the profiles below!

www.concretestrategies.com www.ashfordformula.com www.daytonsuperior.com

+1.314.595.6372 +1.800.998.5664 +1.888.977.9600

Concrete Strategies LLC is a full-service
national concrete contractor that
safely self-performs a wide variety of
commercial construction. Silver & Golden
Trowel award winner in the past 2 years.
With just one application, the Ashford
Formula will permanently densify your
floors, making it abrasion resistant, easy to
clean, and free of dust.
For over 90 years, Dayton Superior
Corporation has been a leading provider
of accessories, chemicals, forming,
shoring, and paving product solutions
within the nonresidential concrete
construction industry.

www.spggogreen.com www.twc-cs.com www.xypex.com

+1.877.957.4626 +1.517.771.8192 +1.800.961.4477

SPG, Specialty Products Group®, is an
organization formed specifically for
the purpose of supplying engineered
sustainable solutions to the construction
environment and the world.
TWC Concrete Services, LLC, offers
unmatched expertise as a subcontractor
providing their clients the total concrete
package, specializing in tilt-ups, flatwork,
and footings to walls, reinforced steel, and
concrete pumping.
XYPEX Chemical Corporation is the
leading manufacturer of crystalline
concrete waterproofing technology with a
network of distributors in more than
80 countries around the world.

Keystone Structural Concrete LLC Oztec Industries, Inc. Structural Services, Inc.
LafargeHolcim (US) Inc. Penetron International Ltd Superior Construction Services
Lehigh Hanson Phoenix Industrial Tekna Chem SPA
Master Builders Solutions US LLC Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute TWC Concrete Services, LLC
W. R. Meadows, Inc. Seretta Construction Vector Corrosion Technologies
Metromont Corporation Sika Corporation Xypex Chemical Corp.
Municipal Testing Group Specialty Products Group, Inc.
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North S.Tarr Concrete Consulting PC STRUCTURAL
Letters
The Value of Learning from Failure
I was both surprised and encouraged by the discussion of
brittle failure in precast parking structures published in
Concrete International, September 2020, pp. 53-62. Surprised
because in a monthly magazine I seldom see such a passionate
expression of conflicting views; and encouraged because I
believe we need to see more such exchanges.
Engineers have learned much from past failures, with the
lessons learned leading to revisions of building codes and
other standards—quickly, for instance, when shear failure of a
rigid frame warehouse in 1955 led to ACI Code changes in
less than 6 months. And revisions in seismic design
requirements have come at a slower pace as structural failures
after every earthquake have led to a better understanding of
the causes.
Details of failures resulting in loss of lives usually become
known within a fairly short time, but that’s often not true
when failure consequences are limited to loss of money or
reputation. Due to nondisclosure agreements accompanying
litigation or arbitration, repairs or preventive remediation
steps are carried out, but few details concerning the failure
cause are made available.
Such details are present in the original article by Gamble et al.
(Concrete International, September 2019, pp. 32-39) and the
ensuing discussion and closure. Just as valuable were the
references provided by the discussers and original authors,
especially those by the authors that could be easily accessed
on the Internet.
Reference to ACI 318 building code requirements by both
sides reminded me of a succinct statement by ACI Honorary
Member Chester Siess (ACI Journal, Proceedings, May 1960,
pp. 1105-1122): “The code should initially be relatively strict,
in view of our ignorance, and the provisions should be relaxed
as our knowledge increases.”
Our knowledge increases faster when we can fully
publicize and discuss failures.
Ward R. Malisch
ACI Honorary Member

Resources for Concrete Contractors

Concrete Fundamentals/
Fundamentos del concreto
This book provides an overview of concrete and
concrete construction. It makes a great training
manual or refresher for concrete craftsmen.
Available in English and Spanish.

Placing and Finishing

Decorative Concrete Flatwork
This photo-rich book provides knowledge
of the materials, equipment, and techniques
required to successfully install decorative
concrete flatwork.

Additional titles in the Concrete Craftsman Series

Slabs-on-Ground and Shotcrete for the Craftsman

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10 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
News
ACI Virtual Concrete Convention Set for
March 28-April 1
The ACI Virtual Concrete Convention will be held March
28-April 1, 2021. Originally scheduled as an in-person event
in Baltimore, MD, USA, this 100% virtual event will enable
participation from anywhere around the world while
prioritizing attendee safety.
“The ACI Virtual Concrete Convention held last October
provided a record-breaking number of attendees the
opportunity to participate in our programming,” stated
Ronald G. Burg, ACI Executive Vice President. “For this
coming March, we’ve assembled a lineup featuring hundreds
of the industry’s brightest speakers sharing industry-leading
information on a diverse offering of concrete materials,
design, construction, and repair topics. Registered attendees
to the ACI Virtual Concrete Convention will be presented
with 5 days packed full of live presentations, expert
discussions, committee meetings, virtual networking
opportunities, and more.”
A total of 45 technical sessions will be presented live with
on-demand viewing available afterwards, providing
substantial opportunity to advance knowledge and earn
Continuing Education Units (CEUs)/Professional
Development Hours (PDHs). Featured sessions will include:
• Legal Issues in Concrete Construction—Lessons Learned.
This session will bring together individuals with extensive
experience in litigation related to concrete construction to
share their experiences as lawyers, expert witnesses, and
engineers through case studies and experience-based
recommendations. Moderated by Jeff Coleman, with
speakers Randy Poston, Bill Rushing, Matt D’Ambrosia,
and Jeff Coleman;
• Impact of Hot Weather Conditions on Concrete Repair.
This two-part session will assist contractors, material
suppliers, and specifiers with practical information that
can be used for planning, constructing, and designing
successful hot weather repair projects. Moderated by G.
Terry Harris; and
• Productivity in the Concrete Industry—Why Has it
Stagnated and How Can ACI Help? Productivity in the
U.S. construction industry has been flat for 50 years, while
productivity of U.S. industry in general has nearly doubled
in that same time frame. This session will include
presentations from designers and contractors offering their
perspectives on how ACI can help confront this very
important industry issue. Moderated by Cary Kopczynski,
with speakers Oscar Antommattei, Mike Schneider, Mario
Garza, Mike Tholen, and Cary Kopczynski.
The ACI Virtual Concrete Convention will also include
300+ virtual meetings enabling ACI committees to collaborate
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on advancing concrete codes, specifications, and practices.
Additional convention programming open to registered
attendees include an Opening Session with keynote speaker,
International Forum, Concrete Mixer, President’s Reception,
and several student activities.
Sponsors of the ACI Virtual Concrete Convention include
Advancing Organizational Excellence (AOE), Concrete
Sealants, Inc., and GCP Applied Technologies. Additional
sponsorship opportunities are available.
Discounted registration is available to ACI members, with
complimentary registration available to ACI student members.
Learn more and register at www.ACIConvention.org.
ACI Updates Product Codes
To increase clarity about ACI’s document types, the
Institute has updated its product designations assigned to
already published and forthcoming codes, specifications,
guides, reports, and TechNotes. The updates include:
• Addition of “CODE” to all of the Institute’s codes; for
example, ACI 318-19 is now ACI CODE-318-19;
• Addition of “SPEC” to all of the Institute’s specifications;
for example, ACI 301-20 is now ACI SPEC-301-20; and
• Addition of “PRC” to all of the Institute’s practices—
including all guides, reports, and TechNotes—along with
elimination of the “R” for reports and “T” for TechNotes;
for example, ACI 308R-16 is now ACI PRC-308-16.
The addition of “PRC” also eases identification that the
Institute’s practices—including all guides, reports, and
TechNotes—are available for free download to members of
the Institute. The product codes of documents already
published were updated on December 18, 2020, and all
forthcoming codes, specifications, guides, reports, and
TechNotes will use these updated product designations.
Sharjah City Municipality Signs Memorandum
of Understanding with ACI
Sharjah City Municipality, United Arab Emirates (UAE),
and ACI recently signed a memorandum of understanding
(MoU). Signed by H.E. Thabit Salim Al Turaifi, Director
General, with the approval of the Sharjah Executive Council,
this new agreement formalizes the desire to collaboratively
develop and disseminate information on concrete and concrete
structures. Both parties wish to coordinate and cooperate with
each other to improve the quality of concrete by using the
latest technological advances for the benefit of the community
in the Sharjah City Municipality in particular and the UAE as
a whole.
ACI’s international activities are a major force in creating
and maintaining a worldwide community of individuals and
organizations interested in supplying and accessing ACI’s vast
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 11
News
knowledge on concrete. Cooperating closely with its
International Partners results in benefits for everyone in the
global concrete community. ACI now has signed 55 partner
agreements around the world.
In 2020, ACI also signed agreements with Instituto
Boliviano del Cemento y el HormigÓn and the Israeli
Association of Construction and Infrastructure Engineers.
Virtual 2021 PTI Convention
The 2021 Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) Convention will
be virtual again. After a successful 2020 PTI Virtual
Convention, the PTI staff are gearing up for another engaging
and productive virtual convention this year. The event is
scheduled for April 19-23, 2021.
Visit www.post-tensioning.org/events/convention/
upcomingconvention.aspx for more information.
CIM Program Expands to South Dakota State
University
The National Steering Committee (NSC) for the Concrete
Industry Management (CIM) program has announced that
South Dakota State University’s (SDSU) Jerome J. Lohr
College of Engineering will soon offer a degree in CIM.
The announcement comes after a 6-month selection
process by the NSC and the North Central Region (NCR)
patrons for the CIM program—a business intensive program
that awards students with a 4-year BS degree in concrete
industry management. The NSC and the NCR patron groups
are combining resources to provide approximately $1.5
million to SDSU over 5 years to develop the degree program
and assist in employing a CIM program director, recruiter, and
laboratory manager.
Visit www.concretedegree.com for further details.
Fly Ash Use in Concrete Increases Slightly as
Overall Coal Ash Recycling Rate Declines
Fifty-two percent of the coal ash produced during 2019
was recycled—marking the fifth consecutive year that more
than half of the coal ash produced in the United States was
beneficially used rather than disposed. The volume of fly ash
used in concrete increased 1% over the previous year, but
most other uses saw significant declines, leading to an overall
decrease in recycling activity of 31%.
“As coal ash production declines, beneficial use markets
are adopting new logistics and technology strategies to ensure
these valuable resources remain available for safe and
productive use in the highest value applications,” said Thomas
H. Adams, Executive Director of the American Coal Ash
Association (ACAA). “However, declining use in applications
with lower economic value represents a lost opportunity to
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create significant environmental benefits. We must continue
to support these practices that safely conserve natural
resources while dramatically reducing the need for landfills,”
Adams said.
According to ACAA’s recently released “Production and
Use Survey,” 41 million tons (37.2 million tonnes) of coal
combustion products were beneficially used in 2019 out of
78.6 million tons (71.3 million tonnes) that were produced.
The rate of ash utilization decreased from 58.1 to 52.1% and
the total volume of material used decreased by 18.4 million
tons (16.7 million tonnes) compared to the previous year. Coal
ash production volume decreased 23% (or 23.6 million tons
[21.4 million tonnes]) from 2018 levels.
Visit www.acaa-usa.org to view the full report.
NTEA’s Climate Change Policy Addresses
Work Truck Industry
The Association for the Work Truck Industry (NTEA)
announced that its Board of Directors has adopted a climate
change policy that continues the Association’s commitment to
facilitating productive use of alternative fuels and advanced
technologies for commercial vehicles. The policy explains
that the work truck industry represents a positive force in
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Further, it provides
NTEA the opportunity to educate the public, regulators, and
legislators about how the industry is already putting in place
solutions to society’s environmental concerns.
“The work truck industry is at the forefront of alternative
fuels and advanced technologies and plays a key role as part
of the solution to the environmental challenges we face,” said
Peter Miller, NTEA Chair. “NTEA’s policy emphasizes the
importance of multiple technology and fuel options on the
path to zero emissions, as work trucks do not represent a
one-size-fits-all situation.”
In the new policy, NTEA reiterates it is imperative that
work trucks are included in the discussion. Commercial
vehicles play a vital role in the U.S. economy and represent an
opportunity through which alternative fuels and advanced
technologies can be effectively and rapidly deployed.
“NTEA is dedicated to building knowledge and acceptance
of technologies that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions,”
said Steve Carey, NTEA President and CEO. “Further, we
support and develop driver training and vehicle purchasing
education to enhance vehicle efficiency.”
Learn more and view NTEA’s full climate change policy at
www.ntea.com/climatechange.
In Remembrance
ACI Honorary Member Augusto Carlos de Vasconcelos
died December 25, 2020, at age 98. He served for many
 News

years as a Professor of Engineering at the Polytechnic
School of the University of São Paulo and at Mackenzie
Presbyterian University School of Engineering, São Paulo,
Brazil. Vasconcelos was Partner-Director and finally
President of the structural design firm A.C. Vasconcelos S/A
until 1982, when he became an independent consultant. A
pioneer in the prestressed concrete, he introduced bonded
prestressing to the Brazilian precast concrete industry and
was a founding partner (1957-1964) of Protendit S/A –
Precast Concrete, Brazil’s first prestressed precast plant.
Vasconcelos participated in standardization activities and
was affiliated with several international structural
engineering associations. In addition to ACI, he was active
in fib, the Brazilian Association of Consulting Engineering
and Structural Consulting, and IBRACON—the Brazilian
Concrete Institute.
ACI Honorary Member C. Terry Dooley died September 27,
2020, at age 90. He was associated with Morley Builders,
where he worked from 1981 until 2002, mostly in business
development. During his career, Dooley helped to advance
seismic design and construction technologies with the
building of the earliest ductile moment-resisting space
frames, in reinforced concrete, in Los Angeles, CA, USA.
He was the Founder of the ACE Mentor Program affiliate in
Los Angeles. Since Dooley formed the program in 2002,
more than 1500 students in 27 high schools have enrolled in
the program, which exposes them to careers in architecture,
construction, and engineering through team mentoring by
volunteer practitioners. The group, now known as ACE
Mentor Los Angeles/Orange Counties, has awarded over
$1.4 million worth of college scholarships to date. Dooley
was also a Fellow of the American Society of Civil
Engineers and an Honorary Member of the Structural
Engineers Association of Southern California.

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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 13
Shotcrete
Resources
Shotcrete is used for new structural concrete construction and a variety
of repair and repurposing applications. ACI offers numerous industry-
leading shotcrete products and programs. Some highlights include:
ACI 506R-16, “Guide to Shotcrete”; On-Demand Course: Shotcrete –
Guide and Specification; ACI 506.4R-19, “Guide for the Evaluation of
Shotcrete”; and more. For a complete list of all shotcrete products and
programs, visit www.concrete.org or www.shotcrete.org.

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On the
Move
Honors and Awards
The American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA)
presented its 2020 Hartmann-Hirschman-Egan Award to ACI
member Randell C. Riley, Illinois Chapter—ACPA, Inc.
(retired). The award was presented in recognition of Riley’s
exceptional service and commitment to the concrete pavement
industry.
The Safety and Risk Management
Council (SRMC) of the American Society
of Concrete Contractors (ASCC)
announced that ACI member Ken Fender,
Senior Vice President of Baker Concrete
Construction, Washington, DC, USA,
received the ASCC Member Owner/
Executive Safety Award for 2020. The
Fender purpose of the award is to annually
recognize one owner/executive of a
contractor member company who displays a clear focus and
passion for safety and provides the leadership that creates a
best-in-class safety culture.
The American Concrete Pumping Association (ACPA)
announced Jesse Odom and Lauren Bone as co-recipients of
the association’s first annual Bob Weatherton Scholarship:
Jesse Odom is a sophomore studying construction
management at Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, USA. At
his school, he is an active member of the Construction
Management Student Association, which provides volunteer
assistance to local businesses and the people of southeast
Texas. His volunteer experience also includes serving his local
volunteer fire department. Odom’s long-term plans are to
become a scheduler/planner for a civil contractor in the
industrial sector.
Lauren Bone is a freshman studying civil engineering at
the University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
Having grown up in the concrete pumping industry, Bone has
had a love of construction machinery from an early age. This,
along with a proficiency in math and science, led her to enroll
at the University of Colorado Boulder in fall 2020 to pursue a
civil engineering degree.
Matthew Janes, President of Deep Foundations Institute
(DFI), presented four President’s Awards at the business
meeting during the virtual DFI 45th Annual Conference on
Deep Foundations. Established in 2016, the DFI President’s
Awards are given at the discretion of the DFI president to
recognize the efforts and service of DFI members to advance
the work of DFI. This year’s awards were presented to:
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Peggy Hagerty Duffy, President of
Hagerty Engineering and Technical
Director for the International Association
for Foundation Drilling (ADSC-IAFD),
was recognized as the driving force
behind DFI’s informative recruitment
video, “What Is the Geotechnical Field?”
The video has over 7700 views and has
Hagerty Duffy been widely praised. She also works
toward safe construction by fostering the
joint efforts of the Working Platforms Industry-Wide Working
Group involving ADSC, DFI, and the Pile Driving
Contractors Association (PDCA).
Lucky Nagarajan, General Manager of
Engineering and Business Development at
Giken America, was recognized for her
dedicated and energetic work as the
Co-Chair of the DFI of India Regional
Chapter Support Committee, Chair of the
Women in Deep Foundations Committee,
and founder of the Women in Deep
Nagarajan Foundations subgroups in India and the
New York metropolitan area. She led a team
of DFI members to present the popular ongoing webinar series
“Converting Crisis into Opportunity—Different Perspectives.”
Ben Turner, a Project Engineer at Dan
Brown and Associates, was recognized
for his enthusiastic participation with
DFI. He chairs DFI’s Young Professor
and Student Paper Competitions, leading
a team of reviewers to select award-
winning papers to be published in the DFI
Journal. He also led 2020’s S3 Virtual
Turner Software Discussion on the use of deep
foundations for stabilizing slopes.
Andrew Verity, National Account
Manager for Terracon’s transportation and
infrastructure sector, was recognized for his
many contributions to DFI over the years.
He currently supports DFI as an Educational
Trust Board member and leader of the
annual 5K fundraiser. He also facilitated a
donation by Terracon to establish a
Verity scholarship for university students. He served
as Chair of the Driven Pile Committee
and is an active member of the DFI technical community.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 15
Chapter
Reports
Yarmouk University ACI Student Chapter
Holds Virtual Competition
The Yarmouk University ACI Student Chapter in Irbid,
Jordan, recently hosted the Concrete Warriors Competition.
The competition was held virtually October 31-November 2,
2020.
Ten teams consisting of 38 students from the civil
engineering department participated. The main goal of the
competition was to have students review and evaluate their
knowledge regarding concrete technology and applications
and the ACI code requirements.
The teams that achieved the highest points (correct
answers) qualified for the semifinal round. The top three
teams were honored with medals, certificates, and team
trophies. The ceremony was held under the patronage of the
dean of Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology.
The winners in the Concrete Warriors Competition were
BOC Team, first place; The LA Team, second place; and
BRDR Team, third place.
Learn more at https://hijjawi.yu.edu.jo/index.php/
student-affairs/aci-chapter.
Members of the Yarmouk University ACI Student Chapter
First-place trophy presentation for the Concrete Warriors
Competition
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ACI Philippines Chapter Launches Excellence
in Concrete Construction Awards Program
The ACI Philippines Chapter and the Philippine
Constructors Association (PCA), an ACI International Partner,
have launched the Philippines Excellence in Concrete
Construction Awards to recognize outstanding concrete projects
in the Philippines that celebrate innovation and technology,
and inspire excellence throughout the global concrete design
and construction community. The awards program is also
supported by the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE).
This awards program will accept nominations in the
categories of low-rise structures (up to three stories); mid-rise
structures (four to 15 stories), high-rise structures (more than
15 stories), infrastructure, repair and restoration, decorative
concrete, and flatwork. Submitted projects will be judged
based on four categories of engineering, functionality/
creativity, aesthetics/appearance, and innovative use of concrete.
Winning projects will be awarded during the chapter’s
Awards Gala on March 20, 2021. Winners in each category
will be nominated for the 2021 ACI Excellence in Concrete
Construction Awards. The logo for this awards program was
designed by a member of the Silliman University ACI Student
Chapter, Thessalonica Yocor. The logo was selected after the
ACI Philippines Chapter conducted a logo design competition.
ACI Singapore Chapter Project Competition
The ACI Singapore Project Competition 2020, organized
by the ACI Singapore Chapter (ACI-SC) and the Singapore
ACI Student Chapter, was held virtually on November 7,
2020. The theme for this competition was “New Concrete
for Tomorrow.”
The annual ACI Singapore Project Competition, which was
launched in 2012, is open to those working on projects related
to concrete construction and civil engineering practices.
Participants submit a 10-page paper about their project. The
papers are evaluated by a panel of reviewers, and shortlisted
candidates are invited to present and defend their work before
a panel of judges. Due to the ongoing pandemic, final
presentations and Q&A sessions were conducted on a virtual
platform instead of face-to-face.
There were two categories in this competition:
• Students Category—for students in polytechnic, institute of
technical education, and junior college programs; and
• Open Category—for students, researchers, and academia
from universities and practitioners from industries.
Reviewers and judges for the competition were:
• ACI member Tam Chat Tim, Associate Professorial Fellow,
National University of Singapore;
• ACI member Geng Guoqing, Assistant Professor, National
University of Singapore; and
 Chapter Reports

• ACI member Chen En Yi, General Manager, EnGro

Corporation Ltd.
Before the start of the competition, Lu Jin Ping, ACI-SC
President, made an opening speech. He emphasized that the
ACI Singapore Project Competition 2020 aims to facilitate the
progress of the concrete industry toward innovative
applications of high-quality materials and technologies. He
then introduced the panel of judges and participating teams.
After a hard-fought competition among nine finalist teams, Kongu Engineering College’s remote-controlled concrete dragon boat
a team from Temasek Polytechnic clinched the Students
Category Gold Award for its project on “Characterization of fiber mesh was fused between successive concrete layers
Recycled Polymeric Lightweight Aggregate in High Strength placed on a mold of the hull.
Concrete” (by Kenneth Chew Jun Kiat and Teo Ze Kai The electronic control system consisted of a lithium-
Darren); while the Open Category Gold Award went to battery-powered 775 DC Motor, electronic speed controller,
National University of Singapore for its work on “A Novel servo motor, rudder, and propeller. The control system to this
and Sustainable Partially Precast Composite Column using circuit was designed to work in two ways: through a radio
High-Strength and High-Ductility Concrete Materials” (by Lai controller system governed by a joystick and another being
Binglin and Richard Liew). controlled through IoT. A switch was provided to avoid
In their closing speeches, Jiang Shan, ACI-SC Honorary conflict in systems.
Secretary, and Li Wei, ACI-SC Honorary Treasurer, both
expressed heartfelt gratitude to all who have contributed to the
success of the competition.

Kongu Engineering College Participates in Career Center

Concrete Dragon Boat Competition

Advance
A five-member student team from Kongu Engineering
College, Perundurai, India, won the third-place prize and the
International Friendship Award in the International Concrete
Dragon Boat Competition 2020 (ICDBC), organized by
Zhejiang University (ZJU), China. More than 20 teams across
the globe participated on October 17, 2020. Students were
Your Career
challenged to create a remote-controlled concrete boat with a
Chinese theme, which raced against other teams. The ACI Career Center,
Kongu Engineering College team members included specifically targeted to
T. Shimar Ahamed, K. Vignesh Kumar, C.N. Vinish Nandhan, the concrete industry,
and J. Rahul from the Department of Civil Engineering and brings together great job
Bijoy Antony from the Department of Mechatronics. The opportunities and great
team advisors were L. Suresh Kumar, Assistant Engineer in candidates. Featuring
Central Public Works Department, Chennai, India, and hundreds of job postings
G.S. Rampradheep, Associate Professor, Kongu Engineering
across the country and
College. The team named its boat Da Mu to honor
around the world, ACI’s
Bodhidharma, a legendary fifth-century Buddhist monk
from South India who traveled to China to spread Career Center is the right
enlightenment and martial arts. solution for your job
MAXSURF software was used to design the boat’s hull. search needs.
The concrete mixture contained ordinary portland cement
53 Grade (53 MPa [7700 psi]); Alccofine 1203, an ultrafine
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supplementary cementitious material; Glazed Isoballs as
lightweight aggregate; and PCE, a high-range water-reducing
admixture to improve workability. For reinforcement, glass
www.concrete.org/careercenter
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 17
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
Reinforcement for Concrete
Members
ACI Committee 440 is taking the next step toward building code compliance

by Mahmut Ekenel, Francisco De Caso y Basalo, and Antonio Nanni

F
iber-reinforced polymer (FRP) offers new capabilities
for structural and nonstructural applications in building
construction. FRP bars and, more recently, meshes
(Fig. 1 and 2) for use as concrete reinforcement have gained
popularity by offering some distinct advantages such as
resistance to corrosion, high stiffness-to-weight ratio, and
relatively lower labor and handling costs. FRP bars have been
successfully used as structural reinforcement in concrete
members in building and bridge projects (for example, slabs
and beams) for the past three decades. Figure 3 shows
progress on the construction of a residential home in Great
Harbour, Berry Island, Bahamas, where glass fiber-reinforced
polymer (GFRP) reinforcement was used for all structural
concrete elements, including the masonry walls. Figure 4 shows
the use of GFRP straight and bent bars for the construction of
the bent caps in a bridge replacement project at the 23rd
Fig. 1: FRP bar examples with various surface characteristics
Avenue over Ibis Waterway, Broward County, FL, USA.
Recently, there has also been interest in using FRP bars and
meshes as secondary reinforcement for concrete members
such as plain concrete footings, slabs-on-ground, and plain
concrete walls in lieu of conventional temperature and
shrinkage steel reinforcement. Use of basalt fiber-reinforced
polymer (BFRP) mesh as secondary reinforcement is shown
in Fig. 5. BFRP mesh was used for this project at Florida Keys
Marathon International Airport in Marathon, FL. The mesh
comprised 3.6 mm (0.14 in.) diameter wire fabricated in a
100 x 100 mm (4 x 4 in.) orthogonal grid. The floor slab
constructed on an existing concrete slab (with cracks and
gaps) is used for light aircraft hangar. The slab thickness
varies from 100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in.).
The evaluation of FRP bars and meshes used as primary or
secondary concrete reinforcement in compliance with the
legally adopted building codes in the United States is the topic Fig. 2: An FRP mesh example. The intersections are connected with a
of this article. nonstructural polymer connector
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Building Codes in the United States
In the United States, where the power to regulate
construction is vested in local authorities, a system of model
building codes is used. The International Building Code (IBC)
and the International Residential Code (IRC) are the two
model codes that have been developed to establish the
minimum requirements to safeguard the public health and
safety. In general, IBC and IRC address structural strength,
means of egress, sanitation, adequate lighting and ventilation,
accessibility, energy conservation, and life safety regarding
new and existing buildings, facilities, and systems. Currently,
IBC has been adopted throughout the entire country, as well
as the U.S. territories, while IRC has also been adopted by
most of the states.
Engineers and architects are usually guided by national and
local building codes that are based on the model codes. These
model codes become especially important when compliance
with the legally adopted building code is mandated by a
jurisdiction having the authority to approve construction
projects. Compliance can be readily achieved when a design
incorporates materials or assemblies covered in the IBC or IRC.
However, when a design incorporates materials or assemblies
that are not specifically covered in the IBC and IRC, building
code compliance may need to be demonstrated. Section 104.11
of IBC provisions1 allows an alternative material, design, or
method of construction to be approved, where the building
official finds that the proposed design is satisfactory and
complies with the intent of the provisions of this code,
provided the material and method under evaluation is, for the
purpose intended, at least the equivalent of that prescribed in
quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance, durability, and
safety. Subsection 104.11.1 of IBC, which refers to research
reports, allows such reports to be issued by approved sources
where necessary to assist in the approval of materials or
assemblies not specifically covered.
The more permanent option would be to revise IBC and
IRC to allow alternative materials or assemblies, such as FRP
bars and mashes to be used as structural and secondary
reinforcement; however, such revisions must go through the
lengthy, public comment and approval process of the

Fig. 3: A coastal residence under construction. The concrete slabs, Fig. 4: A coastal bridge under construction. The piers and bent cap
concrete columns, and masonry walls included FRP reinforcement were reinforced with FRP reinforcing bars supplied in both straight
and pre-bent forms

Fig. 5: FRP meshes can be used as secondary reinforcement in slabs-on-ground

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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 19
International Code Council (ICC). To this end, ACI
Committee 440, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement,
has commenced the development of a mandatory language
design code governing the use of FRP reinforcement. This
code will be dependent on the ACI 318 Code2 and designed to
be readily adopted by reference into the model and local
building codes.
Creating a code compliance in accordance with
Section 104.11 of IBC is the preferred method. This is
typically accomplished through product testing in accordance
with an Acceptance Criteria (AC), which defines product
sampling, testing, and quality requirements to be fulfilled to
obtain code-compliance verification. The results of these
requirements are summarized in a research report made
available to code officials, as set forth in Section 104.11.1 of
IBC. The research reports are typically issued by certification
bodies that are accredited as complying with ISO/IEC 17065.3
All testing must be conducted by a laboratory that complies
with ISO/IEC 17025.4 The certification body (evaluation
agency) requires accreditation by a recognized accreditation
body, which directly verifies the competence of a laboratory
by visiting the facility and observing its personnel during
testing. The accreditation body must also determine whether
ACI Resources for Contractors and Craftsmen
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in text and audiobook versions.
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20 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
the laboratory has a robust quality system to assure accuracy
of reported results and have means to investigate and make
corrections when reports are questioned.
To date, IBC and IRC do not include provisions for use of
FRP bars and meshes as replacement of steel reinforcement.
Chapter 19 of the IBC refers to ACI 318 for design of
reinforced concrete buildings; similarly, ACI 318 also does
not address use of FRP bars and meshes as replacement for
steel reinforcement. Therefore, AC for use of FRP as
reinforcement of concrete, AC4545 and AC5216, have been
developed by ICC-Evaluation Service (ICC-ES) under
Section 104.11 of IBC and Section R104.11 of IRC.7
Acceptance Criteria for Building Code
Compliance
Development of an AC usually starts with an application
from an interested party who oversees the invention or
production of an alternative construction product, system, or
technology. After review of the IBC and IRC to confirm that
the proposed alternative is not within the provisions of IBC or
IRC, an AC is drafted with the help of producers, academics,
and other interested parties. The draft AC is then shared with
the public, through an open, online web posting, to solicit
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comments. Public comments are collected, a response letter
by the proponents of the proposed criteria is prepared and
shared publicly, and further revisions are implemented if
necessary. As a final step, open public hearings are held, with
selected independent code officials acting as an evaluation
committee that listens to the concerns of the public and the
responses of the AC proponents and poses their own questions
and comments. The evaluation committee then votes on the
proposed AC. A simple majority is required for an AC to be
accepted and issued. Because the use of FRP bars and meshes
as primary or secondary reinforcement is not within the
current code provisions, AC454 and AC521 have been
developed under Section 104.11 of IBC and Section R104.11
of IRC, with final approval dates of October 2020 and
December 2020, respectively.
AC454 applies to GFRP or BFRP bars, in cut lengths, bent
shapes, and continuous closed stirrups and ties (hoops), that
are used to reinforce concrete structural members. The AC
requires evaluation of physical and mechanical properties,
performance under accelerated environmental exposures,
performance under exposure to fire conditions, and structural
design procedures. AC454 is applicable to FRP bars that are
solid and have circular or noncircular cross sections, or
hollow and have circular cross sections. Bars meeting AC454
are used as reinforcement in structural concrete members such
as columns, beams, walls, shallow foundations, and one-way
or two-way slabs, and as shear reinforcement for flexural
members. Under AC454, FRP bars are limited to structures
constructed in Seismic Design Category A or B using
normalweight concrete. AC454 references include
ASTM D7957/D7957M-178 for most of the required testing
and ACI 440.1R-159 for design provisions. However, AC454
also describes full-scale structural tests for members
reinforced with noncircular solid FRP bars or circular
hollow FRP bars.
AC521 applies to glass or basalt FRP bars in cut lengths or
meshes produced with solid wires with continuous,
uninterrupted circular cross sections. Items evaluated under
AC521 include physical and mechanical properties. FRP bars
and meshes evaluated under the AC521 are used as
alternatives to the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
specified in Section 24.4 of ACI 318-19 for plain concrete
footings and for plain concrete slabs-on-ground (as defined by
ACI 360R-1010). However, this AC does not eliminate the
requirement for joints specified in Section 14.3.4 of ACI 318-19
(and thus IBC and IRC). FRP bars and meshes under this AC
are also used as an alternative to horizontal temperature and
shrinkage reinforcement in structural plain concrete walls
covered in IBC Section 1906, IRC Sections R404.1.3 and
R608.1, and ACI 332-14, Sections 8.2.1 and 8.2.7,11 excluding
walls where vertical reinforcement is required. AC521 also
provides provisions for shrinkage cracking testing (Fig. 6).
The purpose of the shrinkage cracking test is to demonstrate
equivalency between a given FRP bar or mesh configuration
(that is, FRP cross section size and spacing) and a selected
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Fig. 6: Formwork, reinforcing bars,
and crack initiator for shrinkage
cracking test specimen preparation
steel reinforcement configuration, in terms of control of
shrinkage cracking performance. The intent is to allow the
contractor to obtain the building official’s approval for the
use of an FRP solution as an alternative to a steel solution,
without the need for additional testing or engineering
calculations.
Besides testing in accordance with the requirements of
acceptance criteria, an equally important aspect of product
evaluation is the requirement for documentation of quality
control measures during the manufacture of the materials. The
measures are intended to verify that the produced materials
will match the performance as previously demonstrated by
testing. As a means of verification, the quality system needs to
be inspected by an accredited inspection agency. The
inspection agency must be independent and conform to
requirements stipulated in ISO/IEC 17020,12 as determined by
a recognized accreditation body. The evaluation agency is
charged with requiring that the inspection agency inspect each
manufacturing location regularly, and not less than once per
year, to provide assurance that the FRP materials are produced
and conform to critical performance and measurements set
forth in quality documentation.
Summary
ACI Committee 440 is progressing with the development
of an ACI 318-dependent, mandatory language design code
governing the use of FRP reinforcement. The committee
expects the document to be completed by 2022. Once this
code is published by ACI, it will be submitted for public
review through the ICC process so it can be adopted into IBC
and IRC for concrete building construction.
IBC and IRC are the predominant building and residential
codes in the United States. To construct buildings using
alternative materials that are not covered by the codes, two
options exist:
• The building code must incorporate the new technology
through the public hearing process of ICC, or
• Building code compliance is shown, based on Section 104.11
of IBC or Section R104.11 of IRC.
The first case may be accomplished once ACI Committee 440
has successfully developed a design code. The second case
requires that the proponent of the alternative materials
demonstrates building code compliance via AC454 or AC521,
where AC454 applies to structural reinforcement applications
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 21
and AC521 applies to shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement applications.
References
1. “2021 International Building Code (IBC),” International Code
Council, Country Club Hills, IL, 2021, 833 pp.
2. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 623 pp.
3. ISO/IEC 17065:2012, “Conformity Assessment – Requirements
for Bodies Certifying Products, Processes and Services,” International
Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2012, 27 pp.
4. ISO/IEC 17025:2017, “General Requirements for the Competence
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories,” International Organization for
Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2017, 30 pp.
5. AC454, “Acceptance Criteria for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Bars for Internal Reinforcement of Concrete Members,” ICC Evaluation
Services, Inc., Country Club Hills, IL, 2020, 20 pp.
6. AC521, “Acceptance Criteria for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Bars and Meshes for Internal Reinforcement of Non-Structural Concrete
Members,” ICC Evaluation Services, Inc., first edition, Country Club
Hills, IL, 2020, 8 pp.
7. “2021 International Residential Code (IRC),” International Code
Council, Country Club Hills, IL, 2021.
8. ASTM D7957/D7957M-17, “Standard Specification for Solid Round
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,”
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, 5 pp.
9. ACI Committee 440, “Guide for the Design and Construction of
Structural Concrete with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars (ACI 440.1R-15),”
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2015, 88 pp.
10. ACI Committee 360, “Guide to Design of Slabs-on-Ground
(ACI 360R-10),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2010, 72 pp.
11. ACI Committee 332, “Residential Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 332-14) and Commentary,” American
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Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 56 pp.
12 ISO/IEC 17020:2012, “Conformity Assessment – Requirements
for the Operation of Various Types of Bodies Performing Inspection,”
International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland,
2012, 18 pp.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Mahmut Ekenel, FACI, is a Senior Staff
Engineer at ICC Evaluation Service, LLC,
Brea, CA, USA. His research interests
include fiber-reinforced polymer
and fiber-reinforced cementitious
matrix strengthening of structures,
fiber-reinforced concrete, concrete
admixtures, and anchorage to concrete.
He is a member of ACI Committees 440,
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement; 544, Fiber Reinforced
Concrete; and 549, Thin Reinforced Cementitious Products
and Ferrocement. He received his MS from Southern Illinois
University and his PhD from Missouri S&T University, Rolla, MO,
USA, where he also worked as a Postdoctoral Researcher.
ACI member Francisco De Caso y
Basalo is a Principal Scientist in the
Department of Civil, Architectural and
Environmental Engineering at the
University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL,
USA. His research focuses on resilient
material systems applied to the built
environment and encompasses a
broad spectrum of challenges related
to mechanical behavior, durability, and
design. He is a member of ACI Committees 364, Rehabilitation,
and 440, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement. He received
his MEng from the University of Bath, UK, and his PhD from the
University of Miami.
Antonio Nanni, FACI, is an Inaugural
Senior Scholar, Professor, and Chair of
the Department of Civil, Architectural,
and Environmental Engineering at
the University of Miami. His research
interests include construction materials,
their structural performance, and field
application, especially concrete and
advanced composites‑based repair and
strengthening systems. He is Chair of
ACI Committee 549, Thin Reinforced Cementitious Products
and Ferrocement, and a member of numerous ACI committees,
including ACI Committee 440, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
Reinforcement. He has received several awards, including
the 2014 IIFC Medal from the International Institute for FRP in
Construction and the 2012 ASCE Henry L. Michel Award for
Industry Advancement of Research.
Composite Reinforcing Bars
for Future Infrastructure
GFRP increases durability of reinforced concrete to meet demands as traffic,
urbanization, and extreme weather increase

by Ginger Gardiner

W
orldwide, concrete structures are under attack like
never before. Not only has traffic increased on
roads, bridges, and overpasses, but climate change
has increased extreme weather events, including violent
storms and torrential rains that result in flash floods and other
destructive events. Under such stress, concrete can crack. This
allows rapid deterioration in aggressive environments through
exposure to elements such as saltwater, which is corrosive to
steel reinforcement.
“Cracks create paths for the agents of the aggressive
environments to reach the reinforcing and/or prestressing steel
Reprinted courtesy of CompositesWorld. Originally
published at www.compositesworld.com/articles/
composite-rebar-for-future-infrastructure-. Photos are
reprinted courtesy of Mateenbar and Pultron Composites.
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and begin the corrosive oxidation process,” explains the
Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) structures
innovation website. “An innovative approach to combat this
major issue is to replace traditional steel bar and strand
reinforcement with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP).” FDOT
has been a leader in FRP reinforcing bar use and testing, as
well as the development of design and use standards, like
those issued by the American Concrete Institute. Although
composite reinforcing bar is primarily made with glass fiber
(glass fiber-reinforced polymer [GFRP]), products have also
been developed using basalt (basalt fiber-reinforced polymer
[BFRP]) or carbon fiber (carbon fiber-reinforced polymer
[CFRP]).
“With a long and costly history of corrosion worldwide,
steel is no longer viewed as a cost-effective option in
aggressive environments,” says Nick Crofts, CEO of GFRP
reinforcing bar manufacturer Mateenbar, based in Dubai, United
Arab Emirates (UAE), and Concord, NC, USA. Mateenbar is
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 23
the lead supplier for the largest GFRP reinforcing bar project
in the world. This project is the 23 km (14 mile) long and up
to 80 m (262 ft) wide flood mitigation channel in Jizan, Saudi
Arabia. Although GFRP reinforcing bar has been around for
30 to 40 years, says Crofts, key projects like the Jizan Flood
Channel are now propelling it into mainstream infrastructure.
This growth is already justifying Mateenbar’s new factories in
Saudi Arabia and the United States.
Pioneering GFRP Reinforcing Bar Technology
Mateenbar GFRP reinforcing bar was developed by Pultron
Composites of Gisborne, New Zealand, a pioneer and
specialist in pultrusion technology and product innovation.
Mateenbar addresses the unique challenges of the reinforcing
bar market, which not only demands high volume and low
prices but also requires the product to be specified by project
architects and/or engineers. Thus, Mateenbar’s first factory in
2008 was built close to potential customers and project
engineering firms in Dubai, UAE, a region known for large
infrastructure projects and pioneering use of composites in
construction. Pultron remains a strategic partner to Mateenbar
and a key supplier of bespoke technology and product
development.
Mateenbar’s factory uses Pultron’s advanced technology to
produce very consistent pultruded reinforcing bar at high
throughput without volatile organic compound (VOC)
emissions. “We inject resin and cure inside the engineered
steel pultrusion die,” says Crofts.
“This rebar is an engineered product with dimensional
performance better than ±1%,” he adds. “There is no excuse
to see resin on the floor or dust in the air. The fiber used is
corrosion-resistant ECR glass from Owens Corning and the
resin is our own variant of an epoxy backboned vinyl ester. It
maximizes toughness, strength, and durability, and is far
superior to a polyester backbone with epoxy terminations.”
The pultruded round rods are then machined to create a
spiral profile that enables load-bearing adhesion inside the
concrete. “That is also a closed operation,” Crofts points out,
“using machining booths equipped with air filtration systems
by Donaldson of Bloomington, MN, USA. We then apply a
resin film on the outside to improve handling.” Mateenbar’s
reinforcing bar is produced in lengths of up to 80 ft (24 m),
cut to length as required. “It is typical to see 40 ft (12 m)
Errata for
ACI Publications
Available Online
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www.concrete.org, document errata can be
searched by document number or keywords.
Call ACI Customer Service at
+1.248.848.3700 for more information.
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24 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
lengths for most infrastructure and construction projects,”
says Crofts.
“Our average straight rebar is 0.75 in. (19 mm) in diameter,
with a tensile modulus of 8700 ksi (60 GPa) made from
11,600 ksi (80 GPa) glass fiber; thus, the fiber content is very
high—more than 80% by weight. There is no way to bend
this, so our bent GFRP rebar is made using a different process
and resin, with proprietary technology.”
World’s Largest GFRP Reinforcing Bar Project
Jizan (also spelled Jazan) is the capital of the Jizan Region,
which lies in the southwest corner of Saudi Arabia, north of
the border with Yemen. Disastrous flash flooding occurs
during periodic heavy rains due to runoff from nearby
mountains. The 23 km long reinforced concrete stormwater
drainage channel was built to protect a large industrial zone
that includes an oil refinery for Saudi Aramco in Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia.
Until the COVID-19 pandemic, Saudi Aramco was the
world’s largest company in terms of revenue. It handles all of
the kingdom’s oil and derivative products business and also
accounts for 10% of all construction in Saudi Arabia. “Saudi
Aramco realized that a huge percentage of its annual budget
was spent replacing concrete structures,” says Crofts. “The
high salinity in the region’s sand and high delta in temperature
from day to night causes faster cracking in the concrete. Saudi
Aramco began looking for alternative technologies, and, as
members of ACI, they took their strategy from the FRP
reinforcing bar standards developed, further adapting and
refining them as Saudi Aramco standards. The company then
mandated use of GFRP reinforcing bar in certain high-
corrosion environments.”
Saudi Aramco asked for tenders for the Jizan flood channel
project and then selected three GFRP reinforcing bar
suppliers. Mateenbar was awarded 50% of the contract. “We
waited for several months while the project geared up,” Crofts
recalls, “and then, suddenly, all of the materials were needed
immediately. The Dubai factory went to being flat out within
the space of a week and produced almost 6000 km (3730 miles)
of GFRP rebar over 7 months.”
Once delivered, the reinforcing bar was installed by the
project’s contractor, Al Yamama Group of Dammam, Saudi
Arabia. “We thought we would need to provide a lot of
assistance during installation, but it wasn’t necessary,” says
Crofts. “They found it much faster to install than steel rebar.”
With a weight 25% that of steel reinforcing bar, GRFP
reinforcing bar enables handling of longer lengths with fewer
people and is easier to move and position. “There are also
fewer positioning pipes required,” he adds. “These round
sections of pipe are used to support the rebar at the right
height position within the concrete.”
After the reinforcing bar is placed, tied together with
stainless steel wires, and inspected, it is ready for concrete to
be placed. The reinforcing bar installation team moved so
quickly, notes Crofts, they were a kilometer down the 40 to
Manufacturing Steps

Step 4: Straight and bent GFRP reinforcing bar is shipped to the

construction site
Step 1: Glass fiber is fed into the pultrusion die and injected with
resin in a closed-molding process

Step 2: The pultrusion process creates glass fiber/vinyl ester

Step 5: Bars are placed per design drawings, supported at the
composite rods in up to 80 ft (24 m) lengths
right height by sections of round pipe and held together with
stainless steel ties

Step 3: A spiral is machined into the rods to assist with adhesion Step 6: Concrete is placed on top of the reinforcing bars, then
in the concrete tamped and consolidated

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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 25

The finished reinforced concrete channel in Jizan will direct flood
water away from roads and industrial production facilities (photo
courtesy of Al Yamama Group)
80 m (131 to 262 ft) wide channel before they realized the
concrete placing operations couldn’t keep up. “So, they
stopped and let the concrete catch up,” he adds. “This is
important because if heavy rains come, the flooding fills the
channel with sand. This happened on a couple of occasions,
causing delays, but also highlighting the importance of this
drainage channel.”
After placing the concrete, the installation team consolidates
it, and then it cures over the following days and weeks. “There
is no difference between GFRP and steel rebar for these
steps,” says Crofts.
Design, Cost, and GFRP Future
Crofts points out that GFRP reinforcing bar is not a direct
replacement for steel. “GFRP rebar has different properties to
that of steel rebar. These differences must be accommodated
in the design. So whereas concrete reinforced with steel would
typically be designed to ACI 318, this would not be suitable
for GFRP reinforcing bar, which relies on the ACI 440.1R
design guide instead. As an example, GFRP reinforcing bar
has a higher tensile strength than steel but a lower tensile
modulus. It is also elastic to the point of failure.” Crofts notes
that in a steel design, the quantity of reinforcing bar would
typically be determined by the tensile strength. However, for
GFRP, the modulus is typically the factor that determines the
quantity of reinforcing bar required. Meeting this requirement
typically results in a structure that will exceed the ultimate
strength requirements. It also ensures a desirable failure mode
in the GFRP reinforced structure.
Another consideration is the production of bends and
shapes. Crofts notes the ratio of bent to straight reinforcing
bar in projects is, on average, roughly 30%. With steel
reinforcing bar, this fabrication is often completed on-site.
“Mateenbar bent bars are produced in our controlled-
environment factory and delivered directly to site without
intermediate fabrication steps,” he explains. “This can be a
challenge from a supply point of view as needs change from
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26 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
one week to the next. We have found that flexibility and
having a factory located in the same region are very important.”
“The cost of GFRP rebar is 3 to 4 times higher than steel
if calculated in dollars per pound,” says Crofts, “because our
product is one-fourth the density. The appropriate measure is
dollars per foot because rebar is actually specified and
bought as a fraction of the concrete volume. When you
measure its cost by volume, GFRP rebar is cost-competitive
with steel.”
“Jizan was the first mega-project not to allow steel,” says
Crofts. “They had a team to design the required structures
with a service life of more than 100 years. Several GFRP
rebar producers are looking to locate in Saudi Arabia now as
demand grows.” Mateenbar is also building a new factory
there, as well as one in Concord, NC, to serve North America,
which is the second-largest market after the Middle East. Both
new factories are modern, 100,000 ft2 (9300 m2) facilities,
using Pultron’s advanced pultrusion technology. For both,
equipment was delivered in October 2020, and production is
expected to begin by early 2021.
As demand for GFRP reinforcing bar ramps up in the
Middle East, the market in North America continues to
mature. “Currently, the largest GFRP rebar applications in
North America are sea walls and bridges along the coast or
where roads are heavily salted,” says Crofts. “However, DOTs
and asset owners are now looking to improve cost over the
lifetime of structures, which includes reducing the need for
maintenance and building infrastructure that is both long-
lasting and sustainable. Consulting engineers and end-users
are seeing the value of GFRP rebar technology and GFRP
rebar producers are cooperating on quality and performance
standards. There are also leading users, such as FDOT, who
are promoting the technology and assisting other DOTs, which
has helped to spread knowledge.”
Crofts notes that FDOT recently hosted a webinar on
GFRP-reinforced concrete design with 200 attendees. In
another webinar, Antonio Nanni, FACI, one of the key
researchers at the University of Miami working with FDOT,
stated, “FRP rebar is ready for prime time.” That has been
proven, says Crofts: “The job now is for more companies to
specify it and contractors to use it.”
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Ginger Gardiner, a Senior Editor at
CompositesWorld, has an engineering/
materials background and more than
20 years of experience in the
composites industry. She received her
degree in mechanical engineering from
Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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Doing More and Doing
Better with Fiber-Reinforced
Shotcrete
Design and testing comparison
by Antoine Gagnon and Marc Jolin
O
ver the years, fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS) has
proven to be a very effective and versatile material.
It plays an essential and often unique role in ground
support systems in mines and many tunneling projects, and it
makes possible the safe and economical construction of
various civil structures. Simply put, FRS performs well in
situations where installing conventional reinforcing bars or
cast fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) would be complex and
tedious or simply unsafe. However, we believe that FRS does
not get the consideration it deserves. This article will discuss
how FRS can achieve more recognition and how we can do
better in exploiting its impressive properties and capturing its
full potential.
What Makes FRS So Interesting
FRS is a composite material created by pneumatically
projecting a concrete mixture and fibers onto a surface. More
formally, a mixture of cement, water, aggregate, and
admixtures are combined with discrete, discontinuous
filaments comprised of a material with a high tensile strength
and/or a high toughness. The performance of FRS obviously
comes from the quality of the shotcrete (its constituents and
process) and the performance of the fibers, but also from the
interaction between the fibers and the shotcrete matrix.
Unfortunately, the latter aspect is too often overlooked when
designing an FRS mixture.
FRS is subject to the actions that are specific to shotcrete.
In the process of placing shotcrete, the material is sprayed at
high velocity and builds up on a receiving surface. The
consolidation energy of the material impacting the surface
produces compaction that allows shotcrete ingredients to work
together efficiently through a strong packing density.1 Also,
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the impact tends to give a preferential orientation to the fibers
that is generally beneficial in the structure because the fibers
are mainly oriented in a plane that is perpendicular to the
nozzle axis and parallel to the surface sprayed.2,3 We recently
studied this in our Shotcrete Laboratory at Université Laval,
Québec City, QC, Canada, using the fiber orientation factor α,
which is the average, for all possible fiber orientations, of the
projected fiber length in the tensile stress direction to the fiber
length itself.4 For a standard wet-mix shotcrete mixture, we
found that α = 0.648 for tension in a plane perpendicular to
the nozzle and α = 0.223 for tension in a plane perpendicular
to the nozzle axis. Because cracks generally form
perpendicularly to the former plane, it is clear that most of the
fibers in FRS are in the best position to effectively transfer
stress across a crack.
The flexibility of the shotcrete placement process also
allows the buildup of a uniform thickness of FRS on surfaces
that are naturally uneven. Because it is designed to adhere to
vertical and even overhead surfaces, shotcrete does not need
to be supported by formwork. For example, it is possible to
follow the shape of an excavation without having to
unnecessarily overfill the cavities. This is particularly cost-
effective and allows for fast construction and fast reentry of
work personnel in underground environments. Compared to
other construction methods and other ground support systems,
it is generally considered much faster and much simpler.5
Getting the most out of FRS is about finding the right
“composite” for the situation or application considered. It is
also a question of finding the optimal interaction between
fibers and shotcrete. This varying combination allows for a
wide range of possibilities in terms of mixtures and
applications. Fortunately, our level of understanding has
improved over the past decades—the rheology and the
placement process of shotcrete are now better controlled,
which opens the doors to many new applications. It is also
possible to use the information that applies more generally to
FRC by adapting it to the context of the shotcrete placement
process. After all, FRS is FRC.
The Consideration That It Deserves
Because FRS helps us achieve so much in so many
contexts, it seems appropriate to take some time to make sure
it is specified to perform at its best. As for all concrete, this
means that special care should be given to the choice of
ingredients, mixture proportions, testing methods, and design
approaches.
For shotcrete, the right choice of ingredients is essential to
achieve the desirable properties in both fresh and hardened
states. The aggregate size distribution is a key parameter in
this matter; a good distribution will make a mixture that is
both pumpable and sprayable. This is particularly important
for FRS, as the introduction of fibers tends to reduce the
workability of shotcrete. Whenever possible, it is better to
focus on good base materials to reach the right pumping and
spraying behaviors rather than having to rely only on chemical
admixtures and risk incorrect use and unnecessary costs.6,7
FRS should be considered a “dynamic” material because
the proportions of its components may change during the
placement process. The effect of rebound—shotcrete material
that bounces away from the surface—is responsible for this
shift of proportions. In fact, this phenomenon is usually
minimized by adequate tuning of the equipment and by
maintaining a proper consistency of the material. This is
always true for shotcrete, but it can also affect the fiber
content when working with FRS because fibers behave like
elongated aggregates and can bounce off the surface.8 Indeed,
one must understand that the final fiber content of the in-place
material is usually different from the initial fiber content.2,9
FRS is used in a wide range of contexts with different
loading conditions. It is sometimes used in challenging
environments where the loading conditions are complex; deep
mines and highly stressed ground openings are great
examples. Therefore, it is essential to give appropriate
consideration to the test method that will be used for the
evaluation of FRS. This is particularly true considering the
number of standard test methods available:
• ASTM C1399/C1399M, “Standard Test Method for
Obtaining Average Residual-Strength of Fiber-Reinforced
Concrete”;
• ASTM C1550, “Standard Test Method for Flexural
Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using Centrally
Loaded Round Panel)”;
• ASTM C1609/1609M, “Standard Test Method for Flexural
Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam
with Third-Point Loading)”;
• UNE 83-515, “Fibre Reinforced Concrete. Determination
of Cracking Strength, Ductility and Residual Tensile
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Strength. Barcelona Test”10;
• EN 14488-511 for determination of energy absorption
capacity of fiber-reinforced slab specimens;
• EN 1465112 for measuring the flexural tensile strength;
• “EFNARC Three Point Bending Test on Square Panel with
Notch”13;
• Norwegian round panel test14; and
• Grimstad and Barton.15
It is crucial to understand what information will be
produced and how it will be used. Will it be used to compare
with a design value, or will it be used as a quality indicator?
Because different test methods do not test samples under the
same conditions, it is generally hard to compare test methods
directly, even though it may seem convenient. Although a
given test method may show an increase in performance of a
mixture, a second test method may not. This means that
performance results from one test method are often not
comparable to results from another test method. Finding the
right test method to be used and the right way to use the
information are essential steps for ensuring correct
conclusions and appropriate decisions.
Particularly when working with FRS, it is important to
consider and understand the idea behind the testing procedure
selected. Testing a material is the same as asking a question.
For example: How does this material react under the specific
conditions of this test method? Subsequently, an answer to the
question can be retrieved from the results, and this answer can
be shared or used for design or performance evaluation.
Essentially, it is crucial to understand the test (question) that is
being run (asked) and the result (answer) that is collected.
For example, the compressive strength is a commonly
evaluated characteristic of concrete, and it is generally a good
indicator of the quality of the placement of shotcrete and the
quality of its ingredients. In some applications, the
compressive strength can be the only performance
specification for shotcrete.16 However, it is generally not a
good indicator of the performance of FRS. In the typical range
of fiber contents found, the compressive strength of FRS is
not affected by the fibers.1 Also, having the strongest concrete
mixture (that is, the highest compressive strength) is not the
correct approach to obtaining an FRS with the best properties
(highest energy absorption, for example). In fact, the behavior
of this composite comes from the interaction between the
fiber and the concrete. Indeed, in an FRS composite system, a
fiber that slowly pulls out of the concrete will dissipate more
energy than a fiber that breaks because it is too strongly
anchored. Focusing on making a strong(er) concrete is not
necessarily the best way to reach an ideal composite action.
Finally, as for concrete in general, the attention given to the
sampling procedure is not only necessary but also beneficial
in making the appropriate decisions. As it was explained
previously, the placement process of shotcrete has a strong
effect on the characteristics of the in-place material. Thus,
creating test specimens that are representative of the actual
structure is an important aspect of the design steps, quality
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 29
control, and quality assurance. This is particularly important
for FRS because the rebound of fibers and their orientation in
the structure can affect the performance of the material.
Luckily, many documents focus on this aspect and give
guidance on the sampling procedure of shotcrete.
As a matter of fact, ACI technical committees have
published multiple documents that can guide engineers,
researchers, concrete producers, and contractors in the way
they approach FRS. First, ACI 506R, “Guide to Shotcrete,”16
is a general reference document that provides tools on the
appropriate production, placement, and testing of shotcrete.
Second, ACI 506.1R, “Guide to Fiber-Reinforced Shotcrete,”8
gives specific details about the use of fibers in shotcrete.
Finally, ACI Committee 544, Fiber Reinforced Concrete,
offers a number of documents on the subject of FRC,
including a lot of information that applies to FRS.17-23
Laboratory Experience
Results from a recent research program well represent the
affirmation by which different wet-mix shotcrete designs
respond differently to different test procedures. In this series
of experiments, three different FRS mixtures were tested
following two test methods on panels that are commonly used
in the industry for the design and testing of FRS: ASTM
C1550 and EN 14488-5.11 In both test methods, a shotcrete
panel is subjected at its center to a load controlled by
deflection rate (Fig. 1). The peak load and energy absorption
(toughness) of the FRS samples are measured in both of these
procedures.
The concrete batches for all test panels had the same
mixture proportions and steel fiber dosage of 25 kg/m3 (shown
in Table 1). However, Mixtures A, B, and C incorporated
Bekaert Dramix® 3D-45/35 BL, Dramix® 4D-65/35 BG, and
Dramix® 5D-65/60 BG steel fibers (shown in Table 2). A
priori, these fibers should create different behaviors with the
same concrete mixture proportions, as the fibers’ geometries,
tensile strengths, and anchoring systems are different. Based
Table 1:
Mixture proportions for Mixtures A, B, and C
(a) (b)
Fig. 1: Setup for bending tests: (a) ASTM C1550; and (b) EN 14488-511
test methods
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on the fibers’ properties, we would expect Mixture C to have
better performance than Mixture B, and we would expect
Mixture B to have better performance than Mixture A.
The results summarized in Table 3 show that the ASTM
C1550 and EN 14488-511 test methods do not reflect identical
increases in performance. Regardless of the absolute values of
energy absorption, the trend is different from one test method
to another. By normalizing the value of energy absorption at
maximum deflection with Mixture A as a reference, it is
possible to highlight this trend (Fig. 2). ASTM C1550 shows a
lower increase in performance relative to the lowest value
(Mixture A) compared to the increase shown with EN
14488-5.11 This shows that one FRS mixture could be
preferred over another, depending on the test method used to
characterize the material. The results also indicate that the
design process could be affected, again depending on the test
method used.
The results support the idea that, because of the loading
conditions, some test methods tend to be more sensitive to the
fiber type, the fiber dosage, the compressive strength of the
concrete, or the interaction between the shotcrete and the
fibers. In this case, the EN 14488-5 test method showed a
clear strength advantage of Mixture C over the other mixtures,
with a 110% increase with regard to Mixture A. In contrast,
the ASTM C1550 test method shows only a 71% strength
advantage of Mixture C over Mixture A. It is possible that, for
that specific shotcrete mixture, the square panel on continuous
support (EN 14488-511) is more sensitive to the fiber-
anchoring system. These test method conditions could
increase the deflection hardening behavior of Mixture B and
Mixture C (both contain fibers with efficient anchoring
systems). The anchor systems could also help to maintain a
steady load capacity up to a 25 mm (1 in.) deflection, making
the energy absorption value higher.
These conclusions mean that the choice of test method is
important, as it can influence the decisions in different steps
of a construction process, particularly during design. The test
Material Quantity
Cement, kg/m3 (lb/yd3) 377 (635)
Silica fume, kg/m3 (lb/yd3) 29 (49)
Fly ash, kg/m (lb/yd )
3 3
72 (121)
Fine aggregate, kg/m (lb/yd )
3 3
1060 (1787)
Coarse aggregate, kg/m3 (lb/yd3) 568 (957)
Water, kg/m3 (lb/yd3) 213 (359)
Steel fiber, kg/m3 (lb/yd3) 25 (42)
Air-entraining admixture, mL/m (fl oz/yd )
3 3
400 (10.3)
Water-reducing admixture, mL/m (fl oz/yd ) 3 3
400 (10.3)
Table 2:
Bekaert fiber properties in Mixtures A, B, and C
Fiber properties Mixture A Mixture B Mixture C
Type Dramix 3D-45/35 BL Dramix 4D-65/35 BG Dramix 5D-65/60 BG
Length, mm (in.) 35 (1.4) 35 (1.4) 60 (2.4)
Aspect ratio 45 65 65
Tensile strength, MPa (psi) 1225 (177,700) 1850 (268,300) 2300 (333,600)
Anchoring system 3-face hook 4-face hook 5-face hook

Table 3:
Summarized results from properties at fresh state and hardened state (28 days)
Properties Mixture A Mixture B Mixture C
Slump per ASTM C143/C143M, mm (in.) 120 (4.75) 100 (4.00) 55 (2.25)
Air content per ASTM C231/C231M before pumping and spraying, % 6.8 9.4 7.4
Average compressive strength per ASTM C1604/C1604M, MPa (psi) 49.0 (7110) 45.4 (6580) 51.7 (7500)
Average peak load per ASTM C1550, N 29,600 27,100 30,420
5 mm (0.2 in.) deflection 90 101 118

Average energy absorption 10 mm (0.4 in.) deflection 115 183 245

per ASTM C1550, J 20 mm (0.8 in.) deflection 244 300 409
40 mm (1.6 in.) deflection 349 456 597
Average peak load per EN 14488-5 , kN
11
61 67 91
Average energy absorption per EN 14488-511 at 25 mm (1 in.) deflection, J 1010 1470 2120

an appropriate test method to work with. Before doing so, the

engineer must not only reflect on the objective(s) of the test
(including design, quality assurance, quality control, and
research and development) but also identify a test method that
will allow the engineer to truly discriminate between
successful and meaningful results.

Fig. 2: Relative energy absorption values from ASTM C1550 and
EN 14488-5 testing at maximum deflection for FRS with three
different fibers at the same dosage
method should represent the actual loading conditions in
which FRS will be used to truly evaluate its performance. It
also means that, once a test method has been chosen for a
project, it should be the only test method used throughout the
entire project, from the initial design of the mixture to the
quality control on-site—unless a clear correlation has been
identified for a specific mixture.
Obviously, difficulties arise when the time comes to select
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Conclusions
There is no doubt that FRS is applied using a unique
placement process that yields a complex material. The
rheology of the fresh shotcrete, the pumping aspects, and the
consolidation process are all examples of what influences the
in-place material. Although a good understanding is required
to design and specify shotcrete, the knowledge is fortunately
there for us to use. Besides, the complexity surrounding FRS
is what makes it so versatile and useful. Indeed, when using
the proper tools and materials, the possibilities are endless.
Therefore, it is essential to use the information that is
available and give FRS the consideration that it deserves.
Many challenges we must overcome remain, but this is how
we will be able to use this effective tool at its full potential.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of
Bekaert, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
(NSERC), and Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Nature et Technologies
(FRQNT).
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 31
References
1. Bentur, A., and Mindess, S., Fibre Reinforced Cementitious
Composites, second edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, 624 pp.
2. Armelin, H.S., and Helene, P., “Physical and Mechanical Properties
of Steel-Fiber Reinforced Dry-Mix Shotcrete,” ACI Materials Journal,
V. 92, No. 3, May-June 1995, pp. 258-267.
3. “Guideline on the Applicability of Fibre-Reinforced Shotcrete for
Ground Support in Mines,” MIGS III WP 24 Report, Nordic Rock Tech
Centre, 2019, 53 pp.
4. Soroushian, P., and Lee, C.-D., “Distribution and Orientation of
Fibers in Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 87,
No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1990, pp. 433-439.
5. Vandewalle, M., “Use of Steel Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete for the
Support of Mine Openings.” Journal of the South African Institute of
Mining and Metallurgy, V. 98, No. 3, May/June 1998, pp. 113-120.
6. Burns, D., “Characterization of Wet-Mix Shotcrete for Small Line
Pumping,” MS thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Université
Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada, 2008, 119 pp.
7. Jolin, M.; Melo, F.; Bissonnette, B.; Power, P.; and Demmard, E.,
“Evaluation of Wet-Mix Shotcrete Containing Set-Accelerator and
Service Life Prediction,” Proceedings: Shotcrete for Underground
Support XII, M. Lu, O. Sigl, and G. Li, eds., Singapore, Oct. 2015, 13 pp.
8. ACI Committee 506, “Guide to Fiber-Reinforced Shotcrete (ACI
506.1R-08),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008,
14 pp.
9. Jolin, M.; Lemay, J.-D.; Ginouse, N.; Bissonnette, B.; and Blouin-
Dallaire, É., “The Effect of Spraying on Fiber Content and Shotcrete
Properties,” Proceedings: Shotcrete for Underground Support XII,
M. Lu, O. Sigl, and G. Li, eds., Singapore, Oct. 2015, 15 pp.
10. UNE 83515:2010, “Hormigones con Fibras. Determinación de la
Resistencia a Fisuración, Tenacidad y Resistencia Residual a Tracción.
Método Barcelona” (Fibre Reinforced Concrete. Determination of
Cracking Strength, Ductility and Residual Tensile Strength. Barcelona
Test), Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación (AENOR),
Madrid, Spain, 2010, 10 pp.
11. EN 14488-5, “Testing Sprayed Concrete—Part 5: Determination
of Energy Absorption Capacity of Fibre Reinforced Slab Specimens,”
European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, 10 pp.
12. EN 14651, “Test Method for Metallic Fibre Concrete.
Measuring the Flexural Tensile Strength (Limit of Proportionality
[LOP], Residual)” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels,
Belgium, 2007, 19 pp.
13. “EFNARC Three Point Bending Test on Square Panel with
Notch,” EFNARC, June 2011, 12 pp.
14. “Publication No. 7: Sprayed Concrete for Rock Support,”
Norwegian Concrete Association, Oslo, Norway, 2011, 103 pp.
15. Grimstad, E., and Barton, N., “Updating the Q-System for NMT,”
Sprayed Concrete: Modern Use of Wet Mix Sprayed Concrete for
Underground Support, R. Kompen, O. Opsahl, and K. Berg, eds.,
International Symposium on Sprayed Concrete, Fagernes, Norway, Oct.
1993, 464 pp.
16. ACI Committee 506, “Guide to Shotcrete (ACI 506R-16),”
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 52 pp.
17. ACI Committee 544, “Report on the Measurement of Fresh
State Properties and Fiber Dispersion of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
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32 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
(ACI 544.2R-17),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2017, 20 pp.
18. ACI Committee 544, “Guide for Specifying, Proportioning, and
Production of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (ACI 544.3R-08),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 12 pp.
19. ACI Committee 544, “Guide to Design with Fiber-Reinforced
Concrete (ACI 544.4R-18),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, MI, 2018, 39 pp.
20. ACI Committee 544, “Report on the Physical Properties and
Durability of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (ACI 544.5R-10),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2010, 31 pp.
21. ACI Committee 544, “Report on Design and Construction of Steel
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Elevated Slabs (ACI 544.6R-15),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2015, 38 pp.
22. ACI Committee 544, “Report on Indirect Method to Obtain Stress-
Strain Response of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) (ACI 544.8R-16),”
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 22 pp.
23. ACI Committee 544, “Report on Measuring Mechanical
Properties of Hardened Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (ACI 544.9R-17),”
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2017, 48 pp.
Note: Additional information on the ASTM standards discussed in this
article can be found at www.astm.org.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
ACI member Antoine Gagnon is a PhD
Student in the Department of Civil and
Water Engineering at Université Laval,
Québec City, QC, Canada. His research
focuses on the development of tools for
the design and testing of fiber-reinforced
shotcrete for ground support. He has
worked on shotcrete research projects
with different companies in the industry.
He is Chair of ACI Subcommittee 506-B,
Shotcreting-Fiber-Reinforced, and a member of ACI Committees
506, Shotcreting, and 544, Fiber Reinforced Concrete. He
received his bachelor’s degree and his master’s degree in civil
engineering from Université Laval.
Marc Jolin, FACI, is a Professor in
the Department of Civil and Water
Engineering at Université Laval. He
is Chair of ACI Subcommittee 506-L,
Liaison Subcommittee; past Chair of
ACI Committees 506, Shotcreting, and
C660, Shotcrete Nozzleman Certification;
Secretary of ACI Committee C661,
Shotcrete Inspector Certification; and an
ACI Examiner for Shotcrete Nozzleman
Certification (wet- and dry-mix processes). Jolin is also a member
of the American Shotcrete Association. He received his PhD from
the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
ACPA 2020 Excellence in
Concrete Pavements
Awards

T
he American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA) concrete, the project included updating the entire airfield
has named 28 recipients of its 31st Annual Excellence lighting system.
in Concrete Pavements awards, which recognize The 160-calendar-day project involved removal of existing
quality concrete pavements in the United States and Canada. pavement and base courses, completion of earthwork, and
The awards program encourages quality workmanship and establishment of new grades. Ideker installed 12 in. of
creativity in concrete pavement construction, rehabilitation, cement-stabilized subgrade, two 6 in. lifts of aggregates
and preservation projects. subbase, and 6 in. of concrete pavement.
The Gold and Silver award-winning projects were paved The total project cost was about $3.75 million, with
by 23 different contractors. Projects are in 14 states or regions concrete paving accounting for almost $2.95 million. The
represented by 12 ACPA-affiliated chapters and state paving project was completed in 141 calendar days, ahead of
associations. Winners were determined by 56 professionals schedule.
who devoted their time and expertise to serve as judges. Project credits: Ideker, Inc.,* Contractor; City of Boonville;
Companies noted with an asterisk (*) are members of ACPA Owner; and Lochner, Engineer.
National. Note that P-501 concrete and P-306 lean concrete
base are items per Federal Airport Administration airport Commercial Service Airports
construction standards. Gold-level project awards include: Runway 16R-34L Pavement Rehabilitation,
Sacramento International Airport, Sacramento, CA,
Reliever and General Aviation Airports USA
Runway 18-36 Reconstruction, Jesse Viertel The Sacramento International Airport’s Runway
Memorial Airport, Boonville, MO, USA Rehabilitation Project 16R-34L required a complete
In 1973, the City of Boonville completed a project demolition and reconstruction of the existing runway and
involving site clearing, grading, drainage, and paving for a runway electrical systems in only 6-1/2 months.
new airport facility. The original Runway 18-36 was 3300 x
60 ft (1005 x 18 m) and comprised an asphalt surface on a
crushed aggregate base. In 1999, the runway was extended
and widened. In 2018, it became apparent that traditional
asphalt pavement maintenance procedures would no longer
suffice, so a total reconstruction of the runway was planned.
Following an engineering design effort that included
topographical surveys, geotechnical investigations, pavement
design, and life-cycle cost analyses, concrete pavement was
selected as the best option. The project plans and
specifications called for a truncated timetable because this
project would close the airport’s only runway, effectively
halting airfield operations to allow the project to be completed
in a single phase.
The pavement section was constructed with 6 in. (152 mm)
of P-501 concrete on 12 in. (305 mm) of aggregate and 12 in.
of treated subgrade. In addition to the 40,000 yd2 (33,400 m2)
of treated subgrade, base rock, and 6300 yd3 (4800 m3) of Sacramento International Airport Pavement Rehabilitation
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 The new runway includes a subsurface drainage system,
8 in. (203 mm) of P-306 lean concrete base, 16 in. (406 mm)
of P-501 concrete pavement, sawcut grooving, joint sealing, a
new electrical lighting system, reconstruction of the Approach
Lighting System with Sequenced Flashing Lights, and
reconstructed blast pads and adjoining taxiways.
The aggregate base beneath the existing runway was
recycled back into the lean concrete base for the new runway.
An on-site batch plant was used to produce all 34,000 yd3
(26,000 m3) of lean concrete and 67,000 yd3 (51,200 m3) of
concrete pavement.
Granite Construction used a GOMACO* PS2600 placer/
spreader and a Guntert & Zimmerman* S600 paver equipped
with Trimble’s PCS900 3D stringless grade controls to place
18.75 ft (5.7 m) wide pavement sections. The paver was
equipped with a Minnich* Auto Vibe II system to control and
monitor vibration. Paving was completed using a skip bay
method, paving over preset dowel baskets with drilled and
epoxied dowel bars in companion paving pulls. The runway
pavement was constructed to a very smooth average profile
index of 1.7 in. (43 mm) per mile with only two must-grind areas.
Crews worked 6 to 7 days a week with 10- to 12-hour
workdays to meet the deadline. Despite an expansion of the
project scope to include more than $4 million of additional
work, the runway was opened on the originally scheduled date.
Project credits: Granite Construction,* Contractor; County
of Sacramento, Department of Airports, Owner; and AECOM,
Engineer.
Concrete Pavement Restoration
Runway 17R-35L Complex Pavement Rehabilitation,
Denver International Airport, Denver, CO, USA
Runway 17R-35L at Denver International Airport is the
main runway at the airport and critical to airport operations,
which is why the complex pavement rehabilitation had to be
completed in just 103 days. The rehabilitation included
removal and replacement of airfield concrete pavement, the
hot mix asphalt (HMA) shoulders, high-speed taxiway M6,
and pavement markings throughout the complex.
The major items of work comprised 53,000 yd2 (44,300 m2)
of 17 in. (432 mm) concrete removal; 48,000 yd2 (40,100 m2)
of 17 in. concrete replacement; 41,000 yd2 (34,300 m2) of
concrete surface grooving; 5500 yd2 (4600 m2) of cement-
treated base profile milling; and 2500 yd2 (2090 m2) of soil
cement base course placement. It also included 185,000 ft
(56,400 m) of joint seal rehabilitation using polypropylene
compression seals, silicone sealant, and 2 in. (50 mm)
preformed expansion joint. The project also included
200,000 ft2 (18,600 m2) of pavement marking removal and
replacement; 8000 yd2 (6700 m2) of 16 in. (406 mm) HMA
and asphalt-treated permeable base (ATPB) removal; 8000 yd2
of ATPB placement; 4200 tons (3800 tonnes) of HMA
placement; and more than 11 acres (4.5 ha) of grade work to
improve drainage, which was also improved by seeding and
mulching.
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34 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Denver International Airport Pavement Rehabilitation
Factors that made this project particularly challenging
included delays due to new permitting requirements, the
issuance of five change orders that increased the scope of
electrical work, and rearranging over 1100 yd2 (920 m2) of
paving from slip runs to single-panel manual placements.
Project credits: Interstate Highway Construction, Inc.,*
Contractor; City and County of Denver, Department of
Aviation, Owner; and RS&H, Inc.,* Engineer.
County Roads
Ryan Road Reconstruction, Allen County, IN, USA
The first phase of Ryan Road was developed to connect
U.S. Route 24 to Dawkins Road, and eventually to U.S. Route
30. The Ryan/Dawkins intersection had an obsolete and
dangerous at-grade crossing that was nearly inaccessible to
large semitrucks and lowboy trailers, a condition that forced
heavy truck traffic to travel north. The new roadway is
designed to reduce heavy truck traffic through New Haven, IN,
USA, and on the smaller Allen County area roads. The new
concrete roadway is 42 ft (13 m) wide and 2.2 miles (3.5 km)
long, and it includes new drainage and two reconstructed
at-grade railroad crossings. The total cost of the project was
$8,487,190, with $1,680,696 going to concrete paving costs.
The paving included 54,200 yd2 (45,300 m2) of paving and
tie-in of four intersections throughout the project.
Coordination with utility work crews and crews working
on the railroad crossings presented scheduling challenges.
Unseasonable freezing temperatures arrived 6 to 8 weeks
earlier than normal, also impacting the paving. Early freezing
in both years of construction created the need to protect nearly
25% of the entire pavement from winter conditions. Despite
the unpredictable weather and other challenges, the contractor
maintained intermediate goals and completed the job 5
months ahead of schedule.
Project credits: Primco, Inc.,* Contractor; Allen County
Highway Department, Owner; and DLZ Indiana, Engineer.
Divided Highways (Rural)
Interstate 39/90, Madison, WI, USA, to the Illinois
State Line
The reconstruction of Interstate 39/90 southbound (I-39/90
SB) from East Church Road to Church Street in Dane County,
WI, USA, was a 7.8 mile (12.6 km), three-lane divided
highway project.
The project included over 244,000 yd2 (204,000 m2) of 12 in.
(305 mm) jointed concrete pavement, nearly 28,000 yd2
(23,400 m2) of 12-1/2 in. (318 mm) jointed concrete
pavement, nearly 5400 yd2 (4500 m2) of 11 in. (279 mm)
jointed concrete pavement, and more than 400 yd2 (330 m2) of
10 in. (254 mm) pavement. The project also included about
1500 yd2 (1250 m2) of concrete pavement approach slabs, as
well as several miles of concrete barrier wall.
The reconstruction also included grading, embankment,
base aggregate, hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement, five new
single-span bridges, and three box culverts. Other project
requirements included retaining walls, storm sewer, culvert
pipes, permanent pavement markings and signing, weight-in-
motion (WIM), lighting, native prairie seeding, and tree/shrub
installations.
The final completion of side roads County MN, County W,
County B, and Drotning Road were also part of this project,
with each road requiring approximately 600 ft (180 m) of
pavement reconstruction. Unique items included a new WIM
system for the Madison Safety and Weight Enforcement
Facility and several miles of living snow fence.
Extensive rock blasting and excavation were also
completed at four locations, totaling about 100,000 yd3
(76,500 m3). Three of these locations were efficiently used by
the contractor, who crushed the material on-site into select
crushed material and 1-1/4 in. (32 mm) base aggregate that
was used to reconstruct the new roadway structure.
Project credits: Trierweiler Construction Company,*
Contractor; Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Owner;
and CORRE, Inc., Engineer.
Divided Highways (Urban)
Interstate 210 Highway Rehabilitation, Los Angeles
County, CA, USA
This $126 million project involved rehabilitation of 77 lane
miles (124 km) of distressed pavement sections subjected to
heavy traffic loading. The 4-year project removed and
replaced about 400,000 yd2 (334,450 m2) of pavement slabs,
replaced approach slabs at 16 bridges, and completed more
than 900,000 yd2 (752,500 m2) of diamond grinding along
9.7 miles (16 km) of Interstate 210 (I-210). Work included full
reconstruction of lanes 3 and 4 and reconstruction of lanes
1 and 2 (as needed) using slab replacement. Flatiron West,
Inc., constructed 11 types of pavement—some experimental—
including precast jointed plain concrete, two-lift composite
pavement, continuously reinforced concrete pavement
(CRCP), and jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP).
The project is one of the most significant uses of precast
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Interstate 210 Highway Rehabilitation
highway pavement slabs in the United States. Precast panels
were installed for almost 11 lane miles (18 km) of the
restoration project to minimize traffic disruptions. The 4900
precast panels, measuring 12.5 ft (3.8 m) wide x 11.33 ft (3.5 m)
long x 1 ft (0.3 m) thick, were installed nightly, and the lanes
were reopened to traffic before the morning commute.
Flatiron and the California Department of Transportation
(Caltrans) partnered with the Federal Highway
Administration as part of the second Strategic Highway
Research Program (SHRP2) Project R21 to install 1 mile
(1.6 km) of a two-lift composite pavement system using
recycled pavement—its first use in the United States. More
than 100,000 tons (90,700 tonnes) of existing pavement were
recycled back into the project.
Flatiron and Caltrans’ Headquarters Pavement Group
collaborated to develop a viable longitudinal load-transfer
connection used in the fabrication and installation of the
precast concrete panels. Based on the design success of the
panel connection, this may be the design standard for future
Caltrans projects.
Project credits: Flatiron West, Inc.,* Contractor; Caltrans,
Owner; and Cooper Engineering Inc., Engineer.
Military Airports
Minot Air Force Base Mass Parking Apron—Section II,
Minot, ND, USA
Minot Air Force Base is one of only two active bases for
B-52 aircraft in the United States. The repair of Section 2 of
the mass parking apron is the second in a succession of
multiple projects intended to replace a large parking apron for
B-52 bombers over several years. This multifaced project
involved the removal of contaminated soils, the replacement of
cathodic test well structures, and the sourcing of aggregates.
Although there was known soil contamination from
leakage in existing fuel hydrant pits, sampling and testing
following the demolition phase indicated significantly higher
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 35
contamination levels than had been expected. This discovery
led to a stop-work order through the construction season while
more testing was conducted.
Paving for the project commenced on July 1, 2019, and
was completed by early August. The pavement section
consisted of the main apron section with eighteen 680 ft (207 m)
long x 20 ft (6 m) wide paving lanes at 18 in. (457 mm)
thickness. The center of the apron was crowned with a
doweled contraction joint. All other contraction joints were
designed as undoweled, weakened plane joints, which rely on
aggregate interlock for load transfer. Construction joints were
doweled using a drill-and-epoxy method.
Because of its location in the middle of a large parking
apron, this project tied into the existing apron on one side and
new temporary asphalt transitions installed on the other side.
A 680 ft (207 m) long 22.5 in. (572 mm) thickened edge was
constructed on the temporary asphalt transition side of the
apron. This edge will eventually tie into the next paving section.
Project credits: Southwest Concrete Paving Company,*
Contractor; and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Owner/
Engineer.
Municipal Streets & Intersections (<30K yd2)
22nd Avenue Reconstruction Phase 1, Brookings,
SD, USA
Originally built as a 48 ft (15 m) wide, four-lane asphalt
street, 22nd Avenue was restriped in the 1980s to five lanes,
creating very narrow lanes. The city completed a corridor
study and designated the segment from Minnesota Drive to
Eastbrook Drive to be the first in several phases of the
reconstruction of 22nd Avenue through the city.
The city tendered the 22nd Avenue reconstruction as an
alternate design/alternate bid project. With a somewhat fair
“equivalent” design section, Timmons Construction was able
to submit a competitive bid with no need to conduct a
life-cycle cost analysis.
The 0.5 mile (0.8 km) stretch of 22nd Avenue included a
full reconstruction and widening of the 48 ft roadway to five
11 ft (3.4 m) driving lanes. It also called for updating 5 and
8 ft (1.5 and 2.4 m) wide concrete sidewalks and a pedestrian
path; this included a colored concrete strip between the curb
and sidewalk, as specified by Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) standards. The contractor also added new curb and
gutter, replaced underground utilities, and upgraded traffic
signals and street lighting.
The project was originally designed to include four small
phases, but this was determined to be inefficient. The
contractor proposed to change the project to three phases and
to work from north to south instead of south to north. This
allowed the installation of the storm sewer in the lowest point
of the project first. These efforts contributed to the project
being completed within the original schedule despite record
rainfall throughout the project timeline.
Project credits: Timmons Construction Inc.,* Contractor;
City of Brookings, Owner; and Civil Design, Inc., Engineer.
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36 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Reconstruction of Belknap Street
Municipal Streets & Intersections (>30K yd2)
Reconstruction of Belknap Street (U.S. Route 2),
Superior, WI, USA
The reconstruction of Belknap Street U.S. Route 2 in
downtown Superior is a 1.42 mile (2.3 km) urban project built
over two construction seasons. The project is a complete
reconstruction, including sanitary and storm sewers,
contaminated soil removal, water main, concrete pavement,
curb and gutter, sidewalk, street lighting, traffic signals,
pavement marking, and landscaping. The pavement
reconstruction included a 10 in. (254 mm) concrete pavement
over 4 in. (102 mm) of open-graded base course that was
placed over 4 in. of dense-graded base course on top of 12 in.
(305 mm) of select borrow material. This reconstruction was
a storefront-to-storefront project that included two lanes in
each direction, left turn lanes, parking lanes, curb and gutter,
and sidewalks.
Belknap Street is a major thoroughfare within the City of
Superior. It connects U.S. Route 53 on the east end of the
project and accesses the bridge across the harbor to the City of
Duluth on the west end. State Trunk Highway 35 (Tower
Avenue) intersects within the project limits.
Total project cost was $23,261,820, with $2,078,304 of
the costs applying to concrete paving. In total, 58,350 yd2
(44,600 m2) of concrete were used throughout the project. The
first-year project was delivered 18 days ahead of schedule,
and the second-year project was completed on time,
minimizing impacts to stakeholders, business owners,
homeowners, and visitors to the area.
Project credits: Chippewa Concrete Services,* Contractor;
Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Owner; and
Northern Wisconsin-Based Engineers, Engineer.
Overlays (Airports)
Darlington County Airport Runway 5-23
Rehabilitation, Darlington, SC, USA
The airfield at Darlington County is the closest airport—
and now the closest concrete runway—to Darlington Motor
Speedway, home of the Southern 500, a NASCAR Cup
Series race.
An innovative, 7 in. (178 mm) unbonded concrete overlay
on top of milled-to-profile existing asphalt and replacement of
asphalt taxiways with 8 in. (203 mm) of concrete pavement
ensures decades of future use and expansion. Overlays on
existing asphalt present a challenge because milling machines
lack the precision needed to achieve proper elevations and
ride quality.
Hi-Way Paving, Inc. (HPI) helped to design the elevations
and cross slopes of the runway profile to “back into” a milling
design that reduced waste and increased the chances of a
smoother ride and better-quality runway after construction.
The contractor also used a new, state-of-the-art milling
machine that allowed better laser grade control that could read
off HPI’s survey data/models. This resulted in a subgrade with
tight tolerances and contributed to the high level of
smoothness achieved by the final product.
A challenge for this project was the owner’s acceptance of
an asphalt alternate bid in case FAA funds were not available
for the concrete bid. At bid time, HPI’s concrete option was
$1 million below the engineer’s estimate, and although the
asphalt option was even lower, the owner opted to improve
and enhance the lifespan of the runway and airport with the
concrete option.
Project credits: Hi-Way Paving, Inc. (HPI),* Contractor;
Darlington County Airport, Owner; and Michael Baker
International,* Engineer.
State Roads
U.S. Route 169 Reconstruction, Allen County, KS,
USA
Constructed in the mid-1980s, the 7 mile (11 km) section
of U.S. Route 169 was failing because of subgrade issues. The
multiphase project included over 250,000 yd3 (191,100 m3) of
grading and 225,000 yd2 (188,000 m2) of concrete paving,
along with subgrade improvements, aggregate base, six
reinforced box culverts, and storm sewer work. The Kansas
Department of Transportation (KDOT) used this opportunity
to test new design practices and materials.
Emery Sapp & Sons, KDOT, and the University of Kansas
worked together to place multiple test sections of subbase and
equip the sections with monitoring devices. This will allow a
research team to evaluate the subbase sections for longevity
and performance.
To address excessive water issues with the subgrade, test
sections include a layer of aggregate base on top of the
subgrade, extending to the edge of slope. After the concrete
pavement was placed, aggregate base was used to backfill
the pavement edge. The design is intended to allow for
moisture under the slab to flow freely to the ditch. Two
100 ft (30 m) long test sections will be evaluated for
longevity and moisture control. One section is a 12 in.
(305 mm) layer of type AB-1 aggregate base; the second
section is a 12 in. layer of type AB-3 aggregate base. In both
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U.S. Route 169 Reconstruction
test sections, the 12 in. layer of aggregate base takes the
place of the typical 12 in. layer of cement-treated subgrade.
Also with both sections, the base material was daylighted
out to the ditch line. The test sections also include a
reinforced geotextile mat with higher-than-usual moisture-
wicking properties than the geotextile fabric separation
layer that is typically used. Moisture sensors were placed
at various depths in each section to record the moisture
content and evaluate the effectiveness of the materials’
wicking properties.
Project credits: Emery Sapp & Sons,* Contractor; KDOT,
Owner; and George Butler Associates, Engineer.
Urban Arterials and Collectors
South Ellis Road Reconstruction, Sioux Falls, SD,
USA
This $12.23 million project was the largest street capital
improvement development in the history of Sioux Falls. The
project involved removing over 1.75 miles (3 km) of the old
county highway and replacing it with a four-lane urban
arterial roadway with turn lanes at intersections and a raised
median. A full road closure was allowed because of the large
amount of soil that had to be moved.
This project was completed in two of the wettest years on
record. One of the resulting challenges was covering the
subgrade before each rainfall. Another challenge was created
when the groundwater elevation rose above the subgrade
elevation over hundreds of feet along the project length. After
exploring the option of treating the subgrade with cement, the
owner opted to remove more soil than originally planned and
then added geogrid and oversize aggregate.
The project required 64,000 yd2 (53,500 m2) of 9 in. (230 mm)
concrete paving, 158,000 ft2 (14,700 m2) of sidewalk, and
109,000 ft2 (10,120 m2) of colored concrete median and
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 37
splashguard—all for a total of 34,000 yd3 (26,000 m3) of
concrete placed.
Project credits: T&R Contracting, Inc.,* Contractor; City of
Sioux Falls, Owner; and KLJ, Engineer.
South Ellis Road Reconstruction
Interstate 8 CRCP Overlays
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Overlays (Highways)
Interstate 8 CRCP Overlays, Imperial County, CA,
USA
To address pavement deterioration issues, 48 miles (77 km)
of Interstate 8 (I-8) pavement were rehabilitated between
2016 and 2019. These 48 miles were designed and
constructed as five separate project segments. The first three
segments included full reconstruction of the existing jointed
plain concrete pavement (JPCP) with continuously
reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP), whereas segments
4 and 5 were CRCP overlays over the existing 50-year-old
undoweled JPCP.
The scope of segments 4 and 5 involved about 1 million yd2
(836,000 m2) of CRCP overlay. The CRCP overlay
specifications required repairs to be completed on the existing
concrete pavement before the 0.2 ft (0.06 m) hot mix asphalt
(HMA) interlayer was paved. Repairs were required at spalls,
cracks wider than 0.25 in. (6 mm), and loose pavement
sections. Punch outs and broken slabs were removed and
replaced with JPCP.
The CRCP overlay raised the grade by 0.95 ft (0.3 m) (the
HMA interlayer plus CRCP overlay). This required the
addition of an embankment to meet the new shoulder
elevation. Material recycled from segments 1 through 3 was
used for this purpose. Pavement overlay transitions were
constructed at the beginning and end of the project to tie into
the existing roadway, as well as at the interchange ramps to tie
into the existing ramp grades.
Keeping the existing pavement in place provided structural
integrity for the new pavement. Reusing the existing
pavement as a base also added significant design benefits,
which resulted in savings of about $250,000 per lane mile
compared to full reconstruction.
Project credits: Security Paving Company, Inc.,*
Contractor; and Caltrans, District 11, Owner/Engineer.
Eastside Parkway Overlays
Overlays (Streets & Roads)
Eastside Parkway, Gas City, IN, USA
Eastside Parkway supports heavy-duty traffic between two
major distribution warehouses. The existing HMA pavement
had poor drainage and required upgrading, so a 6 in. (150 mm)
overlay was placed on a milled asphalt surface, creating a
more durable pavement for heavy trucks and other traffic. To
improve drainage, the milling machine created a crowned
surface on the existing pavement prior to the placement of the
concrete overlay.
The road closure time had to be as short as possible, so
E&B Paving developed a plan to limit the closure time to
1 week from start to finish.
The mixture design called for the addition of macrofibers,
which the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT)
approved to ensure strength and long-term durability. The
project specified unsealed joints to help minimize sodium
chloride saturation, which would cause joint failure in the
long term.
Almost 3500 yd2 (2900 m2) of concrete was placed in
2 days with a GOMACO* CMDR III paver. A total of 8546 ft
(2604 m) of joints were cut to create 6 x 6 ft (1.8 x 1.8 m)
panels. The total cost of the project was $305,518, with
concrete representing about half of the total. Coordination
with local businesses was a critical success factor.
Project credits: E&B Paving, Inc.,* Contractor; Gas City,
IN, Owner; and Municipal Civil Corporation, Engineer.
RCC (Industrial)
Swift Trucking Terminal, Laredo, TX, USA
When Swift Transport needed to replace the 92,000 yd2
(77,000 m2) of pavement at its international intermodal,
transloading, and maintenance facility in Laredo, TX, they
sought a pavement option that would meet their current needs
as well as allow for decades of expected growth. Roller-
compacted concrete (RCC) was the solution.
A full-depth reconstruction, along with grading
improvements, was needed, but the work had to be done as
Swift continued normal, daily operations without significant
interruptions to its business.
The solution was to divide the proposed area into two
equal phases. More than 40,000 yd3 (30,600 m3) of grading
was performed in 2 weeks. A 10 in. (254 mm) cement-
stabilized subgrade was constructed using Andale’s dustless
slurry process. This process only took 10 days for both phases
and used more than 1000 tons (900 tonnes) of cement. The
8 in. (203 mm) of RCC pavement was placed in only 9 days
for each phase.
At the peak of construction, the contractor used more than
700 tons (635 tonnes) of cement per day. The aggregates were
carefully monitored because of the lack of quality component
materials in the area. Most material had to be railed in from
Mexico and other parts of Texas.
The finished concrete pavement at the site decreased the
client’s heat island effect, an important consideration in the
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often-sweltering heat of South Texas. The reflectivity of the
pavement also increased the safety of 24-hour and night
operations, allowing for safer travel at night without the need
of additional lighting.
Project credits: Andale Construction, Inc.,* Contractor;
Swift Transport, Owner; and Terracon, Engineer.
RCC (Special Application)
East Holt Street Reconstruction, Mexico, MO, USA
East Holt Street is a connector street from a major highway
to a large grain storage, handling, and processing facility. The
existing roadway was a cast-in-place concrete road
constructed more than 50 years ago with no reinforcement. It
was placed directly on a soft and highly plastic subgrade. The
original 5 to 6 in. (127 to 154 mm) concrete pavement
remained in service for five decades but needed replacement.
To provide a quality, sustainable, and structurally sound
pavement, the project specification called for RCC. The use of
RCC was supported by a Federal Highway Administration
innovation grant.
Adjacent facilities also needed upgrades and improvement.
So, in addition to the new pavement, new curb and gutter
were installed for edge support and water management, and
utility upgrades were provided.
The project was challenged by heavy rains, which
compounded the issue of years of saturated subgrade. To
correct this problem and to avoid a major undercut operation
that would have added additional delays and costs, Andale
Construction was called upon to not only install the RCC but
to cement-stabilize the subgrade. Once the subgrade was
stabilized, the stone base was installed in 2 days, and the
construction of the troweled and broom-finished RCC was
completed.
Placement of 1000 yd3 (765 m3) of RCC pavement, along
with finishing, took only 1 day.
Project credits: Andale Construction, Inc.,* Contractor;
City of Mexico, MO, Owner; and Bartlett and West, Engineer.
For more on the other award-winning projects, visit
www.acpa.org.
Ci
Advertise
in
For more information, contact
Jeff Rhodes, VP Sales
E-mail: jeff.rhodes@mci-group.com
MCI USA: +1.410.584.8487
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 39
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Products &
Practice
Guardian Fall Protection Cable Leading Edge Lanyards
Pure Safety Group’s Guardian® Fall Protection brand introduced a new
cable lanyard, compatible for leading edges, that combines the lightweight
durability of a fixed-length lanyard that permits up to 12 ft (3.7 m) of fall
protection during the event of a free fall from an at-height working surface.
Through extensive research and development in Guardian’s ISO/IEC:17025-
compliant laboratory, the company has established rigorous leading-edge verification testing procedures to ensure consistent
performance of the lanyard over a wide range of extreme conditions. Drop-tested in both a perpendicular and offset orientation
against 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) radius steel, the Guardian Cable Leading Edge Lanyard exhibited high performance and
predictability. The Cable Leading Edge Lanyards feature a vinyl-coated 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) galvanized steel cable, combined
with Guardian’s proprietary high-efficiency external shock absorber that keeps maximum and average arrest forces low during
deceleration. Cable Leading Edge Lanyards are available in single- or dual-leg configurations, with either reinforcing bar hooks
or snap hooks. A high-visibility orange shock pack cover helps safety managers confirm proper application suitability, even
from a distance.
––Guardian Fall Protection, www.guardianfall.com
––Pure Safety Group, www.puresafetygroup.com

SQ4D Prints Three-Bedroom Home in 48 Hours

SQ4D Inc. recently used its Autonomous Robotic Construction System (ARCS) to print the footings and wall structures
for a 1900 ft2 (177 m2) house. Over an 8-day period, the ARCS machine required less than $6000 in materials and only
48 hours of on-site print time to complete the work. Using what was learned from the experience, the company expects to
cut print times by 50% on future projects. ARCS is a patent-pending technology that robotically builds foundations and
exterior and interior walls.
––SQ4D Inc., www.sq4d.com

Best Process Solutions Bulk Bag Dischargers Brass Knuckle SmartCut BKCR2403
Bulk bag dischargers from Best The Brass Knuckle® SmartCut™
Process Solutions (BPS) provide BKCR2403 glove provides cut and
dust-free product discharge from abrasion resistance as well as
bulk bags. These bulk bag dischargers long-wearing grip and flexibility.
are expandable and flexible to This light-duty glove offers
meet discharging and bulk bag ANSI/ISEA 105 Cut Resistance
requirements. They are available in Level A2 protection balanced
three models: Model MTD-2.5K for with pliancy for tasks calling for
unloading large bulk bags of up to dexterity and tactile sensitivity. Its
2500 lb (1130 kg) capacity; Model composite yarn includes a blend of
MTD-4K for very large bulk bags of high-strength filament fibers for
up to 4000 lb (1810 kg) capacity; and cut resistance, upwound with
the heavy-duty Model BBD-4K nylon and spandex. The 18-gauge
discharger with vibratory motor high-performance polyethylene (HPPE) and glass-fiber
agitation to assist in unloading shell is lightweight. A black polyurethane palm coating
sluggish products. delivers reliable abrasion protection, enhanced grip, and
––Best Process Solutions, Inc., nimble handling ability on dry surfaces.
www.bpsvibes.com ––Brass Knuckle, www.brassknuckleprotection.com

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Products & Practice

Rapid International R3000 3.0 m3 Rapid Pan Concrete Mixer

The R3000 3.0 m3 (3.9 yd3) Rapid pan concrete mixer has
been specifically designed with the ready mixed concrete
industry in mind, providing high outputs and fast discharge
times. The pan’s mixing arms ensure all materials are kept in
constant motion, in every direction, providing a thoroughly
homogenized mixture. The Rapid pan mixer features chill-cast
nickel chromium steel tiles, wear sleeves, and paddles for
durability. Safety concerns are mitigated with spring-tensioned
mixing arms. The mixer has an up-rated gearbox, supplied by a
specialist gearbox manufacturer. In addition, the pan mixer can
be fitted with a jet wash head, allowing for integration with a
Rapid Jetwash system for high-pressure mixer cleaning. The
Jetwash system operates at 2000 psi (140 bar). One unit can
wash up to four mixers.
––Rapid International Ltd, www.rapidinternational.com

Blastcrete Equipment RS180 Mixer-Pump

The Tier 4 Final RS180 Mixer-Pump includes upgrades for
Tier 4 Final compliance. The upgraded product features the
same user-friendly, low-maintenance design but allows
operators to stay ahead of changing emission standards. The
RS180 Mixer-Pump is an economical option for cellular
concrete and some wet-mix shotcrete applications. Powered
by a reliable 55 horsepower Yanmar water-cooled diesel
engine, the pump offers variable speed from 0 to 18 yd3/hr (0 to
13.8 m3/hr) with long-distance and high-volume pumping
capabilities. The adjustable pumping pressure adds durability
and maximizes the longevity of wear components.
––Blastcrete Equipment LLC, www.blastcrete.com

Wirtgen SP 62i Inset Slipform Paver Paves New Lanes in College Station
A Wirtgen SP 62i inset slipform paver was recently used in
College Station, TX, USA, to construct new streets on the site
of the former Texas World Speedway. More than 76,000 m2
(90,900 yd2) of road will be needed for the new “Southern Pointe
residential area,” which will be built over an area of 2.6 km2
(1 mile2) over the next 12 years. The compact, two-track paver
from Wirtgen can be used for high-precision paving of concrete
surfaces between 3.50 and 7.50 m (11.5 and 24.6 ft) wide and up
to 450 mm (17.7 in.) thick. During the initial phase of the
project, the Wirtgen paver placed and consolidated concrete on a
lime-stabilized subbase over a length of 670 m (2200 ft) in two
passes. Each pass was 11.5 m (37.7 ft) wide and 200 mm
(7.9 in.) thick, with a crown of 3%. The machine’s quiet
operation and technical features such as the automatic super
smoother stood out. The SP 62i is also easy to operate.
––Wirtgen GmbH, www.wirtgen-group.com
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 Products & Practice

Web Notes
HDR Experts Talk Interview Series
HDR’s Experts Talk interview series highlights various aspects
of transportation infrastructure design and delivery. Subject matter
experts offer unique expertise and insights about new and ongoing
trends, emerging technologies, and the human side of
infrastructure.
One interview, “Durable Airfield Pavement Solutions with B.J. Skar,” discusses how airfield owners can plan new,
durable pavement projects while also prolonging the life of existing pavements, all without undue interruptions to
operations. In the interview, Senior Airfield Paving Engineer B.J. Skar shares what he has learned in his more than four
decades of engineering experience. He explains the importance of knowing an airport’s current and future needs, the
importance of making accurate traffic estimates, and the top three things to do when starting an airfield pavement project.
The interview can be accessed at www.hdrinc.com/insights/experts-talk-durable-airfield-pavement-solutions-bj-skar.
––HDR, www.hdrinc.com

Transport Properties of Concrete: Modelling the Durability of

Book Notes Structures, Second Edition
by Peter Claisse
Transport Properties of Concrete: Modelling the Durability of Structures discusses the measurement and use of transport
properties for modeling long-term performance. The book provides a comprehensive examination of the subject and will be of
use to all concerned with the durability and effectiveness of concrete structures. The updated second edition of Transport
Properties of Concrete:
• Shows how properties that are needed for modeling, such as permeability, may be derived from in-place tests on structures;
• Discusses the problems that occur when carrying out transport tests on concrete incorporating both traditional and newer
cement replacements; and
• Explains, in a new chapter, modeling the durability of concrete structures, showing how both diffusion and pressure-driven
flow should be included.
$250.00 (hardcover); 328 pp.; ISBN 9780128202494
––Elsevier, www.elsevier.com

Products&Service
Literature&Videos
SmartMarket Report: “The Business Value of GIS for Design and Construction”
A new study, funded by Ersi and Autodesk, surveyed design and construction companies with experience in the use of
geographic information systems (GIS). The study explores exactly how companies are using GIS, with results reported in a
SmartMarket Report titled “The Business Value of GIS for Design and Construction.” The study demonstrates that the
industry is only starting to tap the potential of GIS data, and it discusses challenges (for example, with the lack of
interoperability with other tools).
The report also features two case studies and several feature articles, with subjects including how GIS is being used to
improve sustainability and resiliency and how it is an essential component of Smart Cities. The report can be downloaded
at www.construction.com/toolkit/reports.
––Dodge Data and Analytics, www.construction.com
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 43
Product
Showcase
Anchorage Systems

Rapid Set® Fast Anchoring and Repair

Proceq Profometer and Profoscope
Profometer is an all-in-one solution for reinforcing bar
assessment and corrosion analysis. It is suitable for harsh
inspection environments. Users can easily switch between
cover meter and corrosion analysis instruments while
maintaining the highest productivity with immediate data
interpretation on the Profometer’s dual-core processor and
dedicated software for efficient custom reporting. Profoscope
is a handy cover meter with an integrated display and assisted
detection feature. It provides unique, real-time reinforcing bar
visualization, allowing users to “see” a reinforcing bar’s
location beneath a concrete surface. This is coupled with
reinforcing bar proximity indicators and optical and acoustical
locating aids.
––Proceq, www.proceq.com
Adhesive
Rapid Set® Fast Anchoring and Repair Adhesive
is a multipurpose, two-component structural epoxy.
This high-strength structural adhesive provides a
strong, durable bond to concrete, masonry, and
dissimilar building materials. It is ideal for interior
and exterior use on horizontal, vertical, and
overhead applications, including anchoring bolts,
dowels, reinforcing bars, and wall tiles to concrete,
concrete blocks, solid and hollow masonry, natural
stone, solid rock, and more. It has no VOCs, a
working time of 30 minutes, and is service ready in
10 hours. Fast Anchoring and Repair Adhesive
conforms to ASTM C881/C881M Type IV, Grade 3,
Class A, B, C. ICC approval pending 2021.
––CTS Cement Manufacturing Corporation,
www.ctscement.com

The Hilti Jaibot

The Hilti Jaibot is a construction robot for semiautonomous mobile ceiling
drilling. The robot executes its tasks based on building information modeling
(BIM) data. It is a completely cordless and easy-to-use system that does not
require expert skills and helps mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP)
installation contractors tackle productivity, safety, and labor-shortage challenges.
The Jaibot is steered by remote control and uses reference data from a robotic
total station, the Hilti PLT 300. Once in a drilling area, the Jaibot automatically
drills all holes within reach while controlling for dust.
BIM-enabled robotic solutions make the construction process more transparent
with improved execution speed, constant performance, and fewer errors. Daily
progress can be reported from the field to the project office via cloud computing.
Potential conflicts between the trades involved on a jobsite can be detected and
resolved early, resulting in more projects delivered on-time and within budget.
––The Hilti Group, www.hilti.com
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 Product Showcase

BarSplice ButtonHead
ButtonHead™ cold-swaged headed terminators attach directly
to reinforcing bars and do not require special bar end preparation
or thread cutting. The ButtonHead BNH, 5Ab, head type is
designed for anchoring bars in beam-column joints, knee joints,
and pile caps through a combination of a bearing force at the
head and bond forces along the bar. This head type has a
diameter exceeding 5 × the bar diameter and is applicable for
No. 3 through 18 reinforcing bars. The ButtonHead BNX, 10Ab,
head type has a diameter of at least 10 × the bar diameter and is
applicable for No. 3 through 11 reinforcing bars. Both head
types are compliant with IBC; IRC; ACI 318; and ASTM
A970/A970M, “Standard Specification for Headed Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement,” and they are approved by Caltrans for
use on A706 Grade 60 reinforcing bars.
––BarSplice Products, Inc., www.barsplice.com

Thor Helical WHO-60 Grout

WHO-60 Grout consists of a cement/polymeric resin powder component and a liquid
component, which when mixed yield 3 L (0.8 gal.) of smooth and cohesive thixotropic
masonry repair grout for bonding crack-stitching reinforcing bars into masonry walls.
WHO-60 can be applied by mortar gun or trowel. For dispensing the grout with a grout
gun, a pointing applicator tool is required. Thor’s crack-stitching gun and Grout Gun are
sold complete with the appropriate applicator. WHO-60 masonry repair grout is available
for sale in individual 3 L pails. One 3 L pail yields approximately 35 linear ft (10.7 m) for
a single bar for crack stitching or yields approximately 20 linear ft (6.1 m) of hole depth
for a 3/4 in. (19 mm) pilot hole for grout ties.
––Thor Helical USA, www.thorhelicalusa.com

DEWALT Bang-It+
Bang-It+ concrete inserts are designed for easy installation through composite steel
deck prior to placement of concrete floors or roof slabs. They are specifically designed to
provide hangar attachments for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) and fire
protection systems. After installation, the protective sleeve of the insert protrudes below
the deck soffit. The sleeves are color-coded by size and allow overhead attachment of
steel threaded rod in sizes ranging from 1/4 to 3/4 in. (6 to 19 mm) in diameter. The
sleeve prevents sprayed fireproofing material and acoustical damping products from
clogging the internal threads of the insert. It also prevents burying or masking of the
insert location. The hexangular impact plate provides resistance to rotation within the
concrete as a steel threaded rod is being installed.
All sizes of multithread inserts are rated for tension and shear loading and are listed in
International Code Council, Evaluation Service (ICC-ES), ESR-3657 for concrete. They
are code compliant with the 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018 IBC/IRC and were tested in accordance with ASTM E488/E488M,
“Standard Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concrete Elements,” and ICC-ES AC446, “Headed Cast-In Specialty Inserts
in Concrete,” for use in cracked and uncracked concrete under the design provisions of ACI 318 (strength design method).
Questions about the Bang-It+ concrete inserts can be directed to anchors@dewalt.com.
––DEWALT, www.dewalt.com
@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 45
Product Showcase

Meadow Burke Super Lynk

Meadow Burke Super Lynk is a panel-to-foundation
connection system that eliminates the need for adhesive
anchors or field welds. Each Super Lynk requires only a 3/4 x
9 in. Hilti screw anchor that can easily be concealed within the
normal grout line process, creating a permanent, secure, and
discrete connection between panel and footing. Meadow
Burke Super Lynk is an engineered alternative to the
traditional labor-intensive and unsightly method of attaching
panels to a foundation using embed plates. The patent-pending
system was developed by an experienced team of tilt-up
engineers to meet ACI 318-14, Provision 16.2.4.3(b), and it
has a 10,000 lbf (44.5 kN) tension load capacity. With a profile
of less than 2.5 in. (64 mm), Meadow Burke Super Lynk is
discreet relative to alternative traditional panel-footing
connection systems and can easily and quickly be concealed
by normal backfill and landscaping. Super Lynk’s elegant design offers ease-of-installation, reduced construction costs, and a
durable, permanent panel connection.
––Meadow Burke, www.meadowburke.com

Get the
Recognition
2021 Excellence in Concrete
Construction Awards submissions

Deserve
are now being accepted! The

You submission deadline is

April 30, 2021.
There are three ways to enter
the competition:
1. The project has won an ACI chapter
award or is nominated by an ACI
Chapter.
2. The project is nominated by an ACI
International Partner.
3. If an ACI Chapter award program
does not exist in your area, you may
self-nominate your project by paying
a non-refundable $500 submittal fee.
If you’re interested in submitting a
project, email Emily Fogleman at
Emily.Fogleman@concrete.org for
application details.

Excellence
in Concrete Construction Awards

@Seismicisolation
For more information, visit
www.ACIExcellence.org.

@Seismicisolation
46 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
 Your Concrete Industry
Event to the ACI
Upload Events Calendar
www.concrete.org/events/eventscalendar

The ACI Events Calendar is the hub for all concrete industry related
events in the US and across the globe.

The calendar lists organizational events, certification events,

training sessions, webinars, seminars, and more.

Gain exposure for your event by adding it to the ACI Events Calendar.

@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
  
www.concrete.org
Industry
Focus
Topcon Donates to Bridges to Prosperity
A pair of GNSS receivers, two total stations, and data
collectors were sent to Rwanda as an in-kind donation from
Topcon Positioning Group, Livermore, CA, USA, to be used
in support of Bridges to Prosperity (B2P). B2P is an
organization committed to building trail bridges to improve
the lives of people in rural areas worldwide. Building safe,
structurally sound trail bridges for people to travel by foot,
bicycle, or motorcycle over otherwise impassable rivers has
an immediate effect on the lives of those in the area by
helping to provide safe access to critical resources like
healthcare, education, or employment. More information on the
B2P organization is available at www.bridgestoprosperity.org.
Topcon Positioning Group donated GNSS receivers and survey
instrumentation to support the construction of trail bridges in
Rwanda
DFI Announces Winner of the 2020
Ben C. Gerwick Award
Deep Foundations Institute (DFI) announced Sapir
Engineering and Under Water Anchoring of Ravenna, Italy, as
the winners of the 2020 Ben C. Gerwick Award for Innovation
in the Design and Construction of Marine Foundations. The
award was established in 2008 to encourage and recognize
innovation in the marine foundation industry, and recipients
are selected by the DFI Marine Foundations Committee. The
2020 recipients are being recognized for their Underwater
Tie-Back Anchoring System. The system is designed for the
reinforcement and construction of wharves in marine
environments and uses robotics and remote-control software
for the installation of tie rods/anchors underwater.
Representatives from the companies will receive the award
and deliver a lecture on the technology on May 13, 2021,
@Seismicisolation
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48 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
during the International Foundations Congress and Equipment
Exposition (IFCEE 2021) in Dallas, TX, USA. The 4-day
conference is being hosted by DFI, the International
Association of Foundation Drilling (ADSC), the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Geo-Institute, and the Pile
Driving Contractors Association (PDCA).
The 2020 Ben C. Gerwick Award for Innovation in the Design and
Construction of Marine Foundations was awarded to two companies
for the Underwater Tie-Back Anchoring System
Wells Concrete Acquires Spancrete
Wells Concrete of Albany, MN, USA, acquired Spancrete,
a precaster and machinery manufacturer based in Waukesha,
WI, USA. With more than 125 years of combined experience
in the industry, the partnership aligns two companies
dedicated to precast innovation. Wells will continue the
success Spancrete has achieved in both precast solutions and
machinery equipment production, focusing efforts on growing
the business for greater market penetration. With this
acquisition, Wells’ footprint will extend from Canada to New
Mexico and Colorado to Indiana. Spancrete’s precast plants in
Valders, WI, USA; Crystal Lake, IL, USA; and Sebring, FL,
USA, will all remain in operation, as will the company’s
machinery division in Waukesha.
Hiboo Wins Gold Medal in Construction
Startup Competition
Hiboo, a start-up specializing in the digitalization of
construction machinery and piloting industrial operations, was
awarded the gold medal in the 2020 Construction Startup
Competition, which rewards start-ups that work toward the
digital transformation of the construction sector. Hiboo was
co-founded in 2017 by Charles Bénard, Clément Bénard, and
 Industry Focus

François Jacob. It works with numerous construction
companies and monitors the on-site data of over 10,000
connected machines and equipment. Hiboo was the only
French company among the ten participants in the Grand
Final. The jury comprised Gonzalo Galindo, Head of CEMEX
Ventures; Javier Royo, Head of Innovation with Ferrovial
Construction; Alona Shaked, Innovation Manager with Hilti;
Julien Villalongue, Managing Director of Leonard (VINCI
Group); and Minas Apelian, Vice President of Research and
Development (R&D) and Global Director of NOVA External
Ventures (Saint-Gobain). Hiboo will present its winning entry
in 2021 at the BuiltWorlds Trade Fair in Chicago, IL, USA.
Over 700 start-ups took part in the competition, which was
organized by the five construction industry companies from
which the jury members were chosen.
Doka Now Provides Scaffolding
Doka now offers scaffolding in addition to its formwork
solutions thanks to a strategic partnership with AT-PAC, a
scaffolding manufacturer. Doka’s shareholding in AT-PAC
creates a strong global unit that combines international sales
strength with decade-long know-how in scaffolding. In the
future, Doka will act as a full supplier of formwork solutions
and scaffolding in the sales segment as well as the rental
segment.
Fugro Wins Caltrans Contract
Fugro was awarded a multiyear contract by the California
Department of Transportation (Caltrans) to perform automated
pavement condition surveys across the state. The contract will
require more than 50,000 lane miles (80,470 km) of surveying
annually to support efficient road maintenance planning and
execution on one of the nation's largest road networks. The
contract is active now and will run until September 2024, with
options to extend until September 2027.
Fugro will accomplish the work using its three-dimensional
(3-D) Automated Road Analyzer (ARAN) vehicles, equipped
with specialized sensors and cameras to meet Caltrans’
specific data needs. Fugro’s advanced reporting capabilities
will format deliverables to be compatible with Caltrans’
highway performance, pavement management, and roadside
asset systems. Project data will be disseminated to Caltrans
using Fugro’s web-based iVision software, which enables
seamless integration of collected data, imagery, GPS
information, and mapping layers to support fast and informed
decision-making for streamlined maintenance activity.

How to Become
TESTING/TRAINING CENTERS
ACI has partnered with like-
minded organizations across

ACI-CERTIFIED
the globe to train candidates
 and administer written and
performance exams

PROMETRIC TESTING CENTERS

ACI also has partnered with
Prometric to allow candidates
 to take written exams at their
convenience

CCRL TOURS
If you’re a craftsman, technician, or inspector, earning an Performance exams for
ACI Certification provides you with the credentials to build the select programs can be
best concrete structures in the world. If you’re a specifier or taken during your CCRL
lab evaluation
owner, you know many codes require ACI-certified personnel
on the jobsite. Visit concrete.org/certification.

@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 49
Meetings
Editor’s Note: Many conference dates were in flux prior to this issue’s publication. Verify all conference dates by visiting
conference websites.

FEBRUARY MAY
3-5 - IABSE Congress 2020: Resilient Technologies for 10-14 - International Foundations Congress and
Sustainable Infrastructures, Online Equipment Exposition, Dallas, TX, USA
www.iabse.org/Christchurch2020 www.dfi.org/dfieventlp.asp?13404

9-12 - NAHB International Builders’ Show, Online
www.buildersshow.com
16-18 - DFI 2021 Middle East Conference, Online
www.dfi.org/dfieventlp.asp?13436
23-26 - BetonTage Congress, Online
www.betontage.com/concrete-solutions
FEBRUARY-MARCH
28-3 - NRMCA’s 2021 Annual Convention, San Antonio,
TX, USA
www.nrmca.org/conferences-events/nrmca-annual-convention
MARCH
10-12 - DFI-PFSF Piling & Ground Improvement
Conference, Sydney, Australia
www.dfi.org/dfieventlp.asp?13385
APRIL
6-9 - RILEM Spring Convention Paris 2021, Online/
Hybrid, Paris, France
www.rilem.net/agenda/rilem-spring-convention-paris-2021-
rilem-75th-anniversary-1416
11-18 - IABMAS 2020: 10th International Conference on
Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, Online
www.iabmas2020.org
19-23 - 2021 PTI Virtual Convention, Online
www.post-tensioning.org/events/convention/
upcomingconvention.aspx
ACI Industry Events Calendar:
For more information and a listing of additional upcoming events,
visit www.concrete.org/events/eventscalendar.aspx. To submit
meeting information, e-mail Rebecca Emanuelsen, Editor, Concrete
International, at rebecca.emanuelsen@concrete.org.
18-22 - 2021 PCI Convention at The Precast Show, New
Orleans, LA, USA
www.pci.org/PCI/News-Events/PCI_Events.aspx
20-22 - The Precast Show 2021, New Orleans, LA, USA
www.precast.org/theprecastshow
27-28 - International Conference on Cement-Based
Materials Tailored for a Sustainable Future, Istanbul,
Turkey
www.rilem.net/agenda/international-conference-on-cement-
based-materials-tailored-for-a-sustainable-future-in-honour-
of-prof-surendra-p-shah-and-prof-turan-ozturan-1333
JUNE
8-10 - World of Concrete, Las Vegas, NV, USA
www.worldofconcrete.com
14-16 - fib Symposium 2021, Lisbon, Portugal
www.fiblisbon2021.pt
THE ACI CONCRETE CONVENTION:
FUTURE DATES
2021 — March 28-April 1, ACI Virtual Concrete
Convention
2021 — October 17-21, Hilton Atlanta Downtown,
Atlanta, GA, USA
2022 — March 27-31, Caribe Royale Orlando,
Orlando, FL, USA
For additional information, contact:
Event Services, ACI, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Telephone: +1.248.848.3795
www.concrete.org/events/conventions.aspx

@Seismicisolation
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50 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Calls for
Papers
Adapting and Reuse of Concrete Structures
Meeting: Technical session on “Adapting and Reuse of
Concrete Structures” at the ACI Concrete Convention,
October 17-21, 2021, Atlanta, GA, USA; sponsored by ACI
Committee 130, Sustainability of Concrete.
Solicited: Papers are welcome on preservation and
adaptive reuse as alternatives to the replacement of built
structures in the pursuit of a sustainable built environment.
Specific areas of interest include: 1) review of new trends and
challenges in the field of adaptive reuse and how concrete
plays an important role in creating sustainable solutions;
2) insights into innovative technical approaches that greatly
improve the design process for preservation and adaptive
reuse of structures; 3) discussion of the key environmental
benefits and energy savings accrued when the adapt-and-reuse
design approach is implemented; 4) understanding the social
advantages of repurposing a place with a valued heritage; and
5) identification of proven techniques used to improve the
load-carrying capacity of existing structures. Four to six
presentations will be scheduled during a 2-hour session.
Requirements: 1) presentation/paper title; 2) author/
speaker name(s), title, organization, mailing and e-mail
address, and telephone number; and 3) abstract of 300 words.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by March 1, 2021.
Send to: Kimberly Kramer, Kansas State University,
240 Seaton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; e-mail:
kramer@ksu.edu.
Live Load Distribution on Concrete Bridges
Meeting: Technical sessions on “Live Load Distribution
on Concrete Bridges: Design, Evaluation, Construction, and
Innovation” at the ACI Concrete Convention Fall 2021,
Atlanta, GA, USA, October 17-21, 2021; sponsored by ACI
Committee 342, Evaluation of Concrete Bridges and Bridge
Elements, and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 343, Concrete
Bridge Design.
Solicited: Papers/presentations on live load distribution
issues for concrete bridge decks and supporting girders.
Specific areas of interest include (but are not limited to):
AASHTO methodology, other available codes/specification
provisions, simplification of the AASHTO methodology,
traffic oblique to girders, construction stage issues, partially
composite deck-girder systems, long-span girders, slab-span
structures, and bridges lacking as-built drawings. Two 2-hour
sessions are planned. An ACI Special Publication containing
selected papers from interested authors is also being planned.
Requirements: 1) presentation title; 2) author/speaker
name(s), job title, organization, mailing address, telephone
number, and e-mail address; and 3) abstract of 300 words
maximum.
@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
Calls for Papers: Submission Guidelines
Calls for papers should be submitted no later than 3 months prior to the
deadline for abstracts. Please send meeting information, papers/presentations
being solicited, abstract requirements, and deadline, along with full contact
information to: Keith A. Tosolt, Managing Editor, Concrete International,
38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; e-mail: keith.tosolt@
concrete.org. Visit www.callforpapers.concrete.org for more information.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by March 15, 2021. Final
papers are due by September 1, 2021.
Send to: Nur Yazdani, The University of Texas at
Arlington, e-mail: yazdani@uta.edu; and Ben Dymond,
University of Minnesota Duluth, e-mail: dymond@d.umn.edu.
Concrete Roads 2022
Meeting: 14th International Symposium on Concrete
Roads, June 19-23, 2022, Kraków, Poland; sponsored by the
Polish Cement Association, together with EUPAVE (European
Concrete Paving Association) and its partners.
Solicited: Interested parties are invited to submit an
abstract of 300 words, written in English, related to the
conference themes. Topics will include concrete roads and the
green deal, concrete roads and the circular economy, concrete
roads and economic aspects, concrete roads and society,
innovative concepts for concrete roads, materials and
pavement design, highways, high axle-load areas, urban
applications, maintenance and preservation strategies and
techniques, and case studies. Visit https://concreteroads2022.com
for more information.
Requirements: Participants must use the abstract
submission form provided at https://concreteroads2022.com/
abstract/form and return it to e.carabedian@eupave.eu.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by March 29, 2021.
Contact: Polish Cement Association, e-mail: info@
concreteroads.com.
Developments, Applications, and Case
Studies in UHPC for Bridges and Structures
Meeting: Technical session on “Developments,
Applications, and Case Studies in UHPC for Bridges and
Structures” at the ACI Concrete Convention, March 27-31,
2022, Orlando, FL, USA; sponsored by ACI Committee 345,
Bridge Construction and Preservation.
Solicited: The session will emphasize advances in ultra-
high-performance concrete (UHPC) for bridges and structures.
Presentations will encompass a variety of technical aspects
from laboratory evaluation to field demonstration, including
custom-formulated UHPC mixtures, field-cast connections
and precast applications, rehabilitation for existing members,
and combinations with nonconventional reinforcement.
Requirements: 1) presentation/paper title; 2) author/
speaker name(s), title, organization, mailing address,
telephone number, and e-mail address; and 3) abstract of
300 words.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by March 31, 2021.
Send to: Yail Jimmy Kim, University of Colorado Denver,
1200 Larimer Street, Denver, CO 80217, USA; e-mail:
jimmy.kim@ucdenver.edu; telephone: +1.303.315.7497.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 51
What’s
New from
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
ACI 225.1T-20: Removal of Optional Alkali
Limit in Standard Specifications for Portland
Cement
Alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) is a potentially deleterious
expansive reaction between alkalies in the pore solution of
concrete and certain reactive aggregates. When ASR was first
identified as a distress mechanism in the 1940s, cements with
equivalent alkali contents below 0.60 % by mass were shown
to reduce the risk of this reaction. It is now well accepted that
the reactivity of the aggregate and the amount of alkalies
available in the concrete are more important in predicting
deleterious ASR than cement alkali content alone.
ACI 232.4T-20 TechNote: Limits on the
Proportions of Fly Ash in Concrete
This TechNote discusses the implications of limits on the
proportions of fly ash in project specifications. Prescriptive
specifications for concrete construction projects often include
a clause that limits the proportion of supplementary
cementitious materials (SCMs).
ACI 435R-20: Report on Deflection of
Nonprestressed Concrete Structures
This report provides a consolidated treatment of initial and
time-dependent deflection of nonprestressed reinforced
concrete members such as simple and continuous beams and
one-way and two-way slab systems. It presents the current
state of practice of deflection prediction as well as analytical
methods for computer use in deflection estimation.
ACI 546.2R-20: Guide to Underwater Repair
of Concrete
This document provides guidance on the selection and
application of materials and methods for the repair and
strengthening of concrete structures under water. An overview
of materials and methods for underwater repair is presented as
a guide for making a selection for a particular application.
MNL-3(20): Guide to the Code Requirements
for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of
Existing Concrete Structures
This document provides a summary of the various
provisions of ACI 562. The corresponding location where
each provision is covered within the guide is listed in the
Provision Coverage Matrix at the end of this guide. This
serves as a useful tool when searching for additional
information on a specific provision of ACI 562.
@Seismicisolation
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52 FEBRUARY 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
ACI UNIVERSITY ONLINE COURSES
On-Demand Course: Repairing Concrete with
Corroded Reinforcing Steel
Learning Objectives:
1. Explain how various corrosion mitigation methods work.
2. Describe where certain corrosion mitigation approaches
may be effective.
3. Identify the limitations of certain corrosion mitigation
approaches.
4. Design more durable concrete repairs.
Continuing Education Credit: 0.10 CEU (1.0 PDH)
On-Demand Course: Designing for
Constructability
Learning Objectives:
Part 1: Designing for Constructability: Why Construction
Productivity Has Stagnated and How Designers Can Help
1. Describe the background causes leading to stagnated
construction productivity.
2. Explain why the solutions require that all industry
stakeholders—owners, designers, and contractors—
understand and embrace the problem.
3. Identify strategies for designing buildings and other
structures for better constructability.
4. Discuss ways of quantifying constructability when
alternative designs are explored and developed.
Part 2: Designing for Constructability: Why Construction
Productivity Has Stagnated and How Designers Can Help
1. Explore structural design strategies that allow the full
potential of contemporary construction systems to be realized.
2. Discuss methods for improving design/construction team
communication and cohesiveness.
3. Examine successful projects that illustrate the significant
cost and schedule benefits of constructable designs.
4. Identify ways of incentivizing design teams to embrace
constructability thinking in their work.
Continuing Education Credit: 0.20 CEU (2.0 PDH)
On-Demand Course: Reinforced Concrete
Detailing Manual Overview
Learning Objectives:
1. Produce clear, understandable, and complete structural
details for concrete structures.
2. Ensure that structural details are in conformance with
ACI 318-19.
3. Identify the detailing resources available to engineers.
4. Engage in improving and submitting new/improved details
to ACI for future versions of MNL-66.
Continuing Education Credit: 0.10 CEU (1.0 PDH)
Sinopsis en español
Refuerzo de polímero reforzado con fibra para miembros
de concreto
Ekenel, M.; De Caso y Basalo, F.; y Nanni, A., Concrete
International, V. 43, No. 2, febrero de 2021, pág. 18-22
El refuerzo de polímero reforzado con fibra (FRP por sus
siglas en inglés) se ha utilizado con éxito como refuerzo
estructural en miembros de concreto en edificios y puentes
durante los últimos 30 años. El FRP resiste a la corrosión
y tiene una alta relación rigidez-peso que reduce la mano
de obra y los costes relativos al acero. En el artículo se
examina la forma en que las barras y mallas de FRP pueden
utilizarse como refuerzo primario o secundario del concreto,
en cumplimiento de los códigos de construcción legalmente
adoptados en los Estados Unidos.
Barras de refuerzo compuestas para la infraestructura
futura
Gardiner, G., Concrete International, V. 43, No. 2, febrero
de 2021, pág. 23-26
Un canal de mitigación de inundaciones de 23 km (14
milla) de largo y hasta 80 m (263 pie) de ancho en Jizan,
Arabia Saudita, es el mayor proyecto de barras de refuerzo
de polímero reforzado con fibra de vidrio (GFRP por sus
siglas en inglés) del mundo. El fabricante de barras de GFRP,
Mateenbar, con sede en Dubái, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, se
adjudicó el 50% del contrato. La fábrica produjo casi 6000 km
(3730 millas) de barras de refuerzo de GFRP en 7 meses.
Hacer más y hacerlo mejor con el concreto lanzado de
fibra reforzada
Gagnon, A., y Jolin, M., Concrete International, V. 43, No.
2, febrero 2021, pág. 28-32
El rendimiento del concreto lanzado reforzado con fibras
(FRS por sus siglas en inglés) depende de la calidad del
concreto lanzado (sus componentes y proceso), el rendimiento
de las fibras y la interacción entre las fibras y la matriz del
concreto lanzado. Desafortunadamente, este último aspecto
se pasa por alto con demasiada frecuencia cuando se diseña
una mezcla de FRS. Para sacar el máximo provecho de la FRS
hay que encontrar el “compuesto” adecuado para la situación
o aplicación considerada y seleccionar un método de prueba
apropiado.
@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
Premios a la excelencia en pavimentos de concreto ACPA
2020
Concrete International, V. 43, No. 2, febrero de 2021,
pág. 33-39
American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA, por sus
siglas en inglés) nombró a los ganadores de su 31º premio
anual de “Excellence in Concrete Pavements” (Excelencia en
pavimentos de concreto). El programa de premios reconoce la
calidad de los pavimentos de concreto en los Estados Unidos
y el Canadá y fomenta la calidad de la mano de obra y la
creatividad en la construcción de pavimentos de concreto, la
rehabilitación y los proyectos de preservación. Los premios
de los proyectos de oro y plata se otorgaron a 23 contratistas
diferentes en 14 estados o regiones representados por 12
capítulos afiliados a la ACPA y asociaciones estatales de
pavimentación.
Preguntas y respuestas sobre el concreto: Prueba de
rodamiento de una base preparada
Concrete International, V. 43, No. 2, febrero de 2021, pág. 56
Aunque el ACI no ofrece una especificación estándar para
la prueba de rodamiento de una base preparada para una
losa sobre el terreno, los requisitos y recomendaciones
relacionados se proporcionan en el ACI 301-20, ACI 360R-
10, y ACI 302.1R-15. Se proporcionan extractos de estos
documentos, junto con recomendaciones y ejemplos que
los lectores pueden utilizar para desarrollar un lenguaje de
especificaciones para la prueba de rodaje.
Sign up for
Concrete
Created by SmartBrief in partnership with ACI, Concrete
SmartBrief provides a daily e-mail snapshot of the concrete
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2021 53
Public
Discussion
ACI draft standards open for public discussion that are being processed through ACI’s ANSI-approved standardization
procedures can be found at www.concrete.org/publications/standards/upcomingstandards.aspx. These ACI standards
are not yet official.

Public Discussion and Closure

“Code Requirements for Seismic Analysis and Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete
Structures (ACI 350.3) and Commentary”
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved the draft standard subject to satisfactory committee response to
TAC comments in July 2016. The committee responded adequately to TAC’s comments and all balloting rules were adhered to.
Public discussion was announced on August 10, 2018, and closed on September 25, 2018. The committee responded to the
public discussion. TAC reviewed the closure and approved it on November 2020. The Standards Board approved publication of
the ACI standard in December 2020.

The NEW ACI Detailing Manual

Includes FREE
Downloadable CAD Files
The 2020 edition of the ACI Detailing
Manual includes many new updates and
revisions, plus the addition of valuable
downloadable CAD files.

Visit concrete.org/store for

more information.

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Advertiser
Index
February CI Advertisers Do you have a story to tell?
For more information, contact:
Jeff Rhodes, VP Sales
MCI USA +1.410.584.8487 The staff of Concrete International
E-mail: jeff.rhodes@mci-group.com can help you publish an article
about your latest project
Computers and Structures, Inc.................................Outside Back Cover collaboration…
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Or how you solved a
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Rex C. Donahey
Editor-in-Chief
CI Advertisers in the 2021 Concrete rex.donahey@concrete.org
Product & Service Guide

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Concrete
Q&A
Proof-Rolling of a Prepared Base
Q.
Is there a standard specification that defines the
method and acceptance criteria for proof-rolling
of the prepared base for a slab-on-ground?
A.
There is not a standard specification for proof-
rolling. However, proof-rolling is required in
Section 11—Industrial Floor Slabs, of ACI 301-20,
“Specifications for Concrete Construction.”1 Specifically,
Section 11.3.1 instructs the contractor to “Proof-roll prepared
base in accordance with Contract Documents,” and the
corresponding note in the Mandatory Requirements Checklist
instructs the specifier to “Specify proof-rolling procedure,
method of acceptance, and corrective requirements if
unacceptable material is identified. Refer to ACI 302.1R and
360R for guidance.”
ACI 360R-10, “Design of Slabs-on-Ground,”2 also states:
“There are no standards for proof-rolling, and quantitative
assessment cannot be made from its use.” However, that
document also indicates that “proof-rolling usually refers to
driving a loaded vehicle in a grid pattern over the subgrade in
an effort to locate soft and compressible areas at or near the
surface. This should be a part of the quality assurance process
for the soil-support system and should be documented in the
project specifications.” ACI 302.1R-15, “Guide to Concrete
Floor and Slab Construction,”3 also states that “In most cases,
proof-rolling results are much more indicative of the soil-
support system’s ability to withstand loading than from the
results of in-place tests of moisture content or density.”
ACI 360R and ACI 302.1R provide recommendations for
proof-rolling that can be developed into specification
language. Their recommendations include:
• Proof-rolling should be observed and evaluated by the
designer, the designer’s representative, or the owner’s
geotechnical engineer;
• Use a loaded tandem-axle dump truck, a loaded concrete
truck, a roller, or equivalent, in multiple passes using a
preestablished grid pattern for proof-rolling;
• Take corrective action if rutting or pumping is greater than
1/2 in. (13 mm). Repeat proof-rolling to verify the
corrective action;
• Proof-rolling can be used after stripping (before any fill is
placed), after installing the fill, and after placing the base
course; and
• Proof-rolling should be scheduled so that remedial work
does not interfere with the construction schedule.
The following examples illustrate commonly used
specifications for proof-rolling:
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Questions in this column were asked by users of ACI documents and have
been answered by ACI staff or by a member or members of ACI technical
committees. The answers do not represent the official position of an ACI
committee. Comments should be sent to rex.donahey@concrete.org.
Example A: 100% proof-roll at least 1 day prior to slab
placement, using a loaded, 40,000 lb (18,144 kg) gross vehicle
weight (GVW) tandem-axle truck. Reconstitute any areas that
pump or rut 1/2 in. (13 mm) or more. During slab placement,
redress and reroll any areas as needed to maintain the plus
tolerance on the specified slab thickness and minimize slab
thickness variations resulting from ruts formed by equipment
tires.
Example B: Proof-roll earthwork, base, or both to locate
unstable areas. Use rollers that weigh 25 to 50 tons (23 to
45 tonnes). Perform proof-rolling as directed by the inspector.
Adjust the load and tire inflation pressures within the range of
the manufacturer’s charts or tables as directed. Make at least
two passes with the proof-roller and offset each pass by no
more than one tire width. Operate roller at a speed between 2
and 6 mph (3 to 10 km/h). If an unstable or nonuniform area is
found, correct the area in accordance with the applicable
specification item.
Example C: Proof-roll subgrade below building slabs and
pavements with heavy pneumatic-tired equipment to identify
soft pockets and areas of excess yielding. Do not proof-roll
wet or saturated subgrades:
• Proof-roll with a loaded, 10-wheel, tandem-axle dump
truck weighing at least 15 tons (14 tonnes);
• Completely proof-roll in one direction and repeat in the
perpendicular direction. Limit vehicle speed to 3 mph
(5 km/h); and
• Excavate soft spots, unsatisfactory soils, and areas of
excessive pumping or rutting, as determined by architect,
and replace with compacted fill as directed.
Acknowledgments
The question and answer were obtained from the American Society
of Concrete Contractors (ASCC) Email Forum, which is a contractor
member benefit from ASCC. Thanks to Bruce Suprenant, ASCC, St.
Louis, MO, USA, for consolidating the various responses from ASCC
Email Forum participants.
References
1. ACI Committee 320, “Specifications for Concrete Construction
(ACI 301-20),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2020, 69 pp.
2. ACI Committee 360, “Guide to Design of Slabs-on-Ground (ACI
360R-10),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2010, 72 pp.
3. ACI Committee 302, “Guide to Concrete Floor and Slab
Construction (ACI 302.1R-15),” American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2015, 76 pp.
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