CHAPTER 1.

THE WAVE FUNCTION 13

(h)
! ! !
a 5! 5 10 ! !
σx σp = √ · = != > .!
7 2a 14 7 2 2

Problem 1.18
h h2
√ >d ⇒ T < .
3mkB T 3mkB d2

(a) Electrons (m = 9.1 × 10−31 kg):

(6.6 × 10−34 )2
T < = 1.3 × 105 K.
3(9.1 × 10−31 )(1.4 × 10−23 )(3 × 10−10 )2

Sodium nuclei (m = 23mp = 23(1.7 × 10−27 ) = 3.9 × 10−26 kg):

(6.6 × 10−34 )2
T < = 3.0 K.
3(3.9 × 10−26 )(1.4 × 10−23 )(3 × 10−10 )2

(b) P V = N kB T ; volume occupied by one molecule (N = 1, V = d3 ) ⇒ d = (kB T / P )1/3 .

" #2/3 " #3/5
h2 P h2 P 2/3 1 h2
T < ⇒ T 5/3 < ⇒T < P 2/5 .
2mkB kB T 3m k 5/3 kB 3m
B

For helium (m = 4mp = 6.8 × 10−27 kg) at 1 atm = 1.0 × 105 N/m2 :
" #3/5
1 (6.6 × 10−34 )2
T < (1.0 × 105 )2/5 = 2.8 K.
(1.4 × 10−23 ) 3(6.8 × 10−27 )

For hydrogen (m = 2mp = 3.4 × 10−27 kg) with d = 0.01 m:

(6.6 × 10−34 )2
T < = 3.1 × 10−14 K.
3(3.4 × 10−27 )(1.4× 10−23 )(10−2 )2

At 3 K it is definitely in the classical regime.

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