3 Simple Resistive Circuit

Electric Circuits I
Simple Resistive Circuit
Dr. Firas Obeidat
1
Resistors in Series
 The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors
connected in series is the sum of the individual resistances.
 It is often possible to replace relatively complicated resistor
combinations with a single equivalent resistor without
changing all the current, voltage, and power relationships in
the remainder of the circuit.
series combination of N resistors

vs=v1+v2+v3+v4+…+vN
vs=R1i+R2i+R3i+R4i+…+RNi
vs=(R1+R2+R3+R4+…+RN)i
vs=Reqi
Req=R1+R2+R3+R4+…+RN
Req: equivalent resistor
2
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Resistors in Parallel
 The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to
the product of their resistances divided by their sum.
 It is often possible to replace relatively complicated resistor
combinations with a single equivalent resistor without
changing all the current, voltage, and power relationships in
the remainder of the circuit.
Parallel combination of N resistors

is=i1+i2+i3+i4+…+iN
= + + + + ⋯+
is=R
eq
= + + + + ⋯+
3
Resistors in Parallel
A parallel combination is routinely indicated by the following
shorthand notation
= ‖ ‖ ‖⋯‖
The special case of only two parallel resistors is

encountered fairly often, and is given by
= ‖
×
=
+
× ×
≠
+ +
4
Examples
Example: find Rab?
the 2Ω and 3Ω resistors are in parallel
This 1.2 Ω resistor is in series with the 10 Ω resistor.
Example: find Rab?

Answer: 19Ω
5
Examples
Example: find Req?
6
Examples
Example: find Req?
Answer: 10Ω
Example: find Rab?

The 3Ω and 6Ω resistors are in parallel
because they are connected to the same two
nodes c and b.
The 12Ω and 4Ω resistors are in parallel since

they are connected to the same two nodes d and b.
Also the 1Ω and 5Ω resistors are in series
7
Examples
Example: find Rbc ,Rbc ,and Rbc?
= + ‖ ‖ ‖ + + + = .
= ( + ‖ ‖ + + )‖[ + ] + =
Example: find Req and i?
= . + = .
= = . A
.
8
Examples
Example: determine the current i in the figure and the power
delivered by the 80 V source.
We first interchange the element positions in
the circuit.
combine the three voltage sources into an

equivalent 90 V source, and the four
resistors into an equivalent 30 Ω resistance
=− − + =−
= + + + =
-90+30i=0⇒ = =3A
The desired power in the voltage source 80V is
80V × 3A =240W
9
Examples
Example: Calculate the power and voltage of the dependent
source in the figure.
 The two 6Ω resistors are in parallel and can be replaced
with a single 3Ω resistor in series with the 15Ω resistor.
Thus, the two 6Ω resistors and the 15Ω resistor are
replaced by an 18Ω resistor.
 The controlling variable i3 depends on the 3Ω resistor
and so that resistor must remain untouched.
 Also 9Ω||18Ω=6 Ω
 Applying KCL at the top node .

− − + + = ( )
 Employing Om’s law.
= (2)
 Solve equation (1) and (2), then i3=(10/3)A
 Thus, the voltage across the dependent source, v=3i3=10V

 pD=v×0.9i3=10×0.9×10/3=30W
10
Voltage Division
Voltage division is used to express the voltage across one of
several series resistors.
vs=v1+v2=R1i+R2i =(R1+R2)i
So
=
+
Thus
= =
+
Or
=
+ General result for voltage division
across a string of N series resistors
And the voltage across R1 is similarly
=
+ + + ⋯+
=
+
11
Current Division
Current division is used to express the current across one of
several parallel resistors.
The current flowing through R2 is
‖
= = =
+
Or
=
+
For a parallel combination of N
resistors, the current through
And similarly resistor Rk is
=
+ =
+ + + ⋯+
12
Examples
Example: Determine vx in the circuit
of shown figure.
Combine the 6Ω and 3Ω resistors, replacing them
with:
6×3/(6+3)=2Ω
Since vx appears across the parallel combination,
the simplification has not lost this quantity.
= =
+
Example: Determine vx in the circuit

of shown figure.
Answer: 2V.
13
Examples
Example: write an expression for the
current through the 3 resistor in the
circuit of shown figure.
The total current flowing into the combination is
( )= = =
+ || +
The desired current is given by current division:
( )= =
+
Example: In the circuit of Fig.

3.39, use resistance combination
methods and current division to
find i1, i2, and v3.
Answer: 100mA, 50mA, 0.8V.
14
Examples
Example: For the circuit shown in the
figure, determine: (a) the voltage vo (b)
the power supplied by the current
source, (c) the power absorbed by each
resistor.
(a) The 6kΩ and 12k Ω resistors are in series so that
their combined value is 6k+12k=18k Ω.
Applying the current division technique
to find i1 and i2
= ( )=
+
= ( )=
+
The voltage across the 9-k and 18-k resistors is the same,
and vo=9000i1=18000i2=180V.
15
Examples
Example: For the circuit shown in the
figure, determine: (a) the voltage vo (b)
the power supplied by the current
source, (c) the power absorbed by each
resistor.
(b) Power supplied by the source is.
= = × = .
(c) Power absorbed by the 12kΩ resistor is.
p= = = × = .
Power absorbed by the 6kΩ resistor is.
= = = × = .
Power absorbed by the 9kΩ resistor is.
( )
= = = . or = = × = .
16
Examples
Example: Design the voltage divider of the figure such that
VR1=4VR2.
The total resistance is defined by.
= = =
.
Since VR1=4VR2
R1=4R2
= + = + =
=5kΩ
=1kΩ
R1=4R2=4kΩ
17
Examples
Example: calculate the indicated currents and voltage of
figure shown below.
Redrawing the network after combining

series elements yields
= = = =
, , ||
( || , ) . ×
=( ||
= .
= .
= .
,
.
= = = .
|| , .
= + = + . = .
18
Examples
Example: Determine the voltages V1, V2, and V3 for the
network of the figure shown below.
For path (1)

− − =0
= − =20V-8V=12V
For path (2)
− − =0
= − = V-12V=-7V
Indicating that V2 has a magnitude of 7 V but a polarity
opposite to that appearing in the figure.
For path (3)

+ − =0
= − = V-(-7V)=15V
19
Delta-Wye Conversion
 Parallel and series combinations of resistors can often lead to a
significant reduction in the complexity of a circuit. There is another
useful technique, called delta-wye (Δ-Υ ) conversion that can be used
to simplify the circuit.
 These networks (Δ,Υ) occur by

themselves or as part of a larger
network. They are used in three-
phase networks, electrical filters,
and matching networks.
Two forms of the same Two forms of the same

network: (a) Y, (b) T. network: (a) Δ,(b) Π.
20
Delta to Wye Conversion
 To obtain the equivalent resistances in the wye
network, we compare the two networks and
make sure that the resistance between each
pair of nodes in the Δ (or Π) network is the
same as the resistance between the same pair
of nodes in the Y (or T) network.
For terminals 1 and 2.

(Y)= +
(Δ)= ||( + )
Setting (Y)= (Δ)
( )
= + = (1)
Similarly
( )
= + = (2)
( )
= + = (3)
21
Delta to Wye Conversion
Subtracting eq. (3) from eq. (1)

( − )
− = (4)
+ +
Adding eq. (2) from eq. (4)
= (5)
+ +
Subtracting eq. (4) from eq. (2)
Each resistor in the Y
network is the product of
= (6) the resistors in the two
+ + adjacent Δ branches,
divided by the sum of the
Subtracting eq. (5) from eq. (1) three Δ resistors.
= (7)
+ +
22
Wye to Delta Conversion
To obtain the conversion formulas for transforming a wye network to an
equivalent delta network. Multiply eq.(5)&eq.(6), eq.(6)&eq.(7),
eq.(7)&eq.(1). Then add all the three equation together.
( + + )
+ + = = (8)
( + + ) + +
Dividing eq. (8) by each of equations (5), (6)
and (7) leads to the following equations
= (9)
= (10)
Each resistor in the Δ network is
the sum of all possible products of
= (11) Y resistors taken two at a time,
divided by the opposite Y resistor.
23
Delta Wye Conversion
The Y and Δ networks are said to be balanced when
= = = , = = =
Under these conditions, conversion formulas become
= or =3
Example: Obtain the equivalent resistance for the circuit in the figure below and
use it to find current i.
In this circuit, there are two Y

networks and three Δ networks.
Transforming just one of these will
simplify the circuit. If we convert the
Y network comprising the 5Ω, 10Ω,
and 20Ω resistors, we may select
24
= 10Ω, = 20Ω, = 5Ω,
=
× × ×
= = =35Ω
= = = 17.5Ω
= = = 70Ω
25
Combining the three pairs of resistors

in parallel, we obtain
70 × 30
70||30 = = 21Ω
70 + 30
12.5 × 17.5
12.5||17.5 = = 7.292Ω
12.5 + 17.5
15 × 35
15||35 = = 10.5Ω
15 + 35
17.792 × 21
= (7.292 + 10.5)||21 = = 9.632Ω
17.792 + 21
120
= = = 12.458Ω
9.632
26
27

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3 Simple Resistive Circuit

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Electric Circuits I

Simple Resistive Circuit

Dr. Firas Obeidat

series combination of N resistors

Parallel combination of N resistors

The special case of only two parallel resistors is

This 1.2 Ω resistor is in series with the 10 Ω resistor.

Example: find Rab?

Example: find Rab?

The 12Ω and 4Ω resistors are in parallel since

Also the 1Ω and 5Ω resistors are in series

Example: find Req and i?

combine the three voltage sources into an

The desired power in the voltage source 80V is

 Applying KCL at the top node .

 Thus, the voltage across the dependent source, v=3i3=10V

The current flowing through R2 is

Example: Determine vx in the circuit

Example: In the circuit of Fig.

Redrawing the network after combining

For path (1)

For path (3)

 These networks (Δ,Υ) occur by

Two forms of the same Two forms of the same

For terminals 1 and 2.

Subtracting eq. (3) from eq. (1)

In this circuit, there are two Y

= 10Ω, = 20Ω, = 5Ω,

Combining the three pairs of resistors

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