Electric and Electronic

Measurements

Lecture-2: General Review

Dr. Omar A. Hafez

Electrical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering & Islamic Architecture
Umm Al-Qura University
oahafez@uqu.edu.sa
1
 Electricity
• Electricity is a form of energy which we use to power machines
and electrical devices.
• When the charges are not moving, electricity is called static
electricity.
• When the charges are moving they are an electric current,

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 Battery
Source of pushing electrons
Voltage
— Volt is the unit Electromotive Force
— 1.5V, 110V, 13.8kV

Current
— Number of electrons passing every second
— Ampere (A) is a unit of current
— 1 A = 6.28 x 1018 electrons/sec
— At home: 60A,100A
— Electronics: 10mA
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 AC and DC Currents

– DC: direct current

– AC: alternating current

volt volt

time time
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 Elements supplying Energy vs. Elements absorbing
Energy

How do you charge a weak car battery?

• An element in the electric circuit is absorbing energy if +ve current

enters the +ve terminal

• An element in the electric circuit is supplying energy if +ve current

enters the -ve terminal

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 Activity
1. Determine the amount of power absorbed or supplied by the
elements in the figure?

I=2A

1 V1= 12 V 2 12 V 3 V1= 4 V 4 4V

I=4A

Figure A Figure B
P=?? P=??
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 Activity
1. Determine the amount of power absorbed or supplied by the
elements in the figure?

I=2A

1 V1= 12 V 2 12 V 3 V1= 4 V 4 4V

I=4A

Figure A Figure B
P = VI = -12 x 4 = -48 W P = VI = 4 x 2 = 8 W
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 Elements supplying Energy vs. Elements absorbing Energy

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 Frequency of AC Signal

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 AC Source
v peak
vrms

vs = v peak ´ sin (w ´ t )
vs = v peak ´ sin (2p ´ f ´ t )

VRMS = 0.3535 Vpp, Vpp= Vp*2,

RMS: Root Mean Square
— Vrms is measured instead of peak voltage

T
vpeak 1 2
T ò0
VRMS = VRMS º v (t ) × dt
2
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 RMS

If your meter reads 10V~

§ then vpeak = 10 2 = 14.14 V

If your peak voltage is 154Vp

§ then the meter reads RMS = #$%

&
= 108.89V~

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 Resistors
• The main function of resistors in a circuit is to control the flow of
current to other components.
• Take an LED (light) for example. If too much current flows through
an LED it is destroyed. So a resistor is used to limit the current.
• Measured in Ohms W.

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 Parallel and Series
More Resistance (Impedance) vs. More Conductance (Admittance)

RT = R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 1 𝑅1 𝑥 𝑅2
= + + 𝑅𝑇 =
RT R1 R2 R3 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

1 10
RT = 6 + = 6 + = 11W
1 1 2
+
10 10
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 Capacitors

Passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors

separated by a dielectric (insulator). Temporary Charge Storage Device
Measured in Farad (F)

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 Capacitors Applications
• to block DC
• to filter noise
• to tune radio channels
• in memories

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 Parallel and Series

1 1 1 1
= + +
CT C1 C 2 C 3
CT = C1 + C2 + C3

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 Inductors (Coils)

• Passive electrical component that can store energy in a magnetic

field created by the electric current passing through it
• Measured in Henry (H)

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 Inductors (Coils) Applications

Resists (reacts) AC current with delay

• block the flow of AC current while allowing DC to pass

• used in electronic filters to separate signals of different frequencies, and

in combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune radio
and TV receivers.

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 Parallel and Series

LT = L1 + L2 + L3 1 1 1 1
= + +
LT L1 L2 L3

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 Basic Laws of Circuits
Ohm’s Law:

The most important formula in electronics is :

Ohm’s law shows the relationship between the three main
measurements used in a circuit: voltage, current, and resistance. It also
shows how the units that are used to measure these relate to each
other .1 volt will cause 1 amp of current to flow through 1 ohm; that
same 1 V will cause 2 A through 0.5Ω

i(t) v(t) _
+
v(t) = Ri(t)
R

Dr. Omar A. Hafez

oahafez@uqu.edu.sa i(t) _ v(t)
+ 20
_
 Basic Laws of Circuits
Ohm’s Law:

+
115V RMS V R
(ac) (100 Watt light bulb)
_

Determine the resistance of the 100 Watt bulb.

V2
P = VI = = I 2R
R
V 2 1152
Dr. Omar A. Hafez R= = = 132.25 ohms
oahafez@uqu.edu.sa P 100 21
 Independent and Dependent Sources

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 Independent and Dependent Sources

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 Voltage Drop

A current passing through a load generates a voltage drop

v = i×R

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 Voltage Divider

Note:
Voltage divider is used to
calculate voltage drop on
two resistors or more

R1 R2
v1 = vs v 2 = vs
Dr. Omar A. Hafez R1 + R2 R1 + R2
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 Current Divider

Note:
current divider is used to
calculate current on two
paralled resistors or more

R2 R1
I 1 = IT I 2 = IT
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
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 Question

What is the total current drawn from the source?

Note:
to solve for single source:
1. Reduce the circuit to
single loop circuit (series
and parallel resistors)
2. Apply Ohm’s law

RL = 4 // 4 + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5W
V 10
I= = = 2A
R 5
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 Multiple Loads

R23 = R2 //R3

Combine Parallel Loads

R23 R1
I 1 = IT I 4 = IT
R1 + R23 R1 + R23
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 Example

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 Kirchhoff's Current Law
Understanding Nodes in a Circuit
The sum of the current entering a •The algebraic sum of all currents entering
• node (junction point) equal to the
(or leaving) a node is zero.
sum of the currents leaving.

Ia Ic

Ib IIaa ++ IIbb -=IIcc-+IIdd= 0

Id

I a, I b, I c , and I d can each be either a positive

or negative number.
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 Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
Example:
Find the current I x?

4A
2A

-1 A 6A

IX
9A

4A−(−1A)−2A−i=0 ⇒ i= 4A+1A−2A=3A

Ans: IX = 22 A
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 FIND MISSING CURRENTS by writing KCL equations?

KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE INTERCONNECTION.

THE TYPE OF COMPONENT IS IRRELEVANT
KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE TOPOLOGY OF THE CIRCUIT

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

Sum of the voltage drops around a circuit equal zero.

We assume a circuit of the following configuration.
Notice that no current has been assumed for this case, at this point.

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

Consider the circuit of the Figure

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: Application.
Given the circuit of Figure . Find Vad and Vfc.

a 20 V 8V b 10 V c
+ _ _
+
•

•
+
+ _

5V 12 V
Multiple Sources
_ +

e
f• _
+
d

•
+ _
15 V 30 V

Figure : Circuit for illustrating KVL.

Using KVL; Vad + 30 – 15 – 5 = 0 Vad = - 10 V

Vfc – 12 + 30 – 15 = 0 Vfc = - 3 V
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 Multiple Sources
• What if more than one source in the circuit?
– How to solve?

Kirchhoff's Current Law & Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law provide us with the
ability to perform a systematic analysis of any electrical network.

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 Example

• Vb =? Va=? I1,I2,I3V=? I4= 0.5 mA

– How to solve?

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 Class homepage
http://uqu.edu.sa/oahafez
&
on Blackboard

E-mail

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No phone call please

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