lOMoARcPSD|9949026

Tejeros Convention: Primary vs. Secondary Sources

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Name: Ma. Francel A. Cartujano
Course and Section: BSBIO 1-A
Primary vs. Secondary Sources Tejeros Convention (1897)
Primary Source
The Katipunan and the Revolution:
Memoirs of a General by Santiago Virata
Álvarez
Author’s • Santiago V. Alvarez was born in Imus,
background Cavite on July 25, 1872 and the only
child of Revolutionary General
Mariano Alvarez and Nicolasa Virata.
• He is also known as “Kidlat ng Apoy”
or “General Apoy”
• One of the soldiers of the
revolutionary and Philippine
independence military
• He was a member of the Katipunan
secret society and remained in the
Magdiwang faction together with
Andres Bonifacio
• Captain general of the military rebel
forces of Cavite
• Founder and honorary President of the
first directorate of the Nacionalista
Party
When was the • The account was written in the year
account written? 1927
Mention of Date (s) There were only two (2) specific dates
mentioned in the account:
• March 25, 1897: The assembly at
Tejeros Convened
• March 27,1897: The morning when
eyewitnesses reported that a meeting
among the members of the Magdalo
took place at the Tanza parish house
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Subject: SS 110
Date Submitted: March 26, 2021
Secondary Source
The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of
Bonifacio and the Katipunan. “Seeds of
Discontent”by Teodoro Andal Agoncillo
• Teodoro A. Agoncillo was born in
Lemery, Batangas on November 9,
1912
• He was considered one of the most
important historians of the Philippines
• He was included in the roster of the
Order of National Scientists in 1985
for his contributions in Philippine
History
• He is a graduate of Philosophy and
Arts
• a poet, a writer, an editor, a linguistic
assistant, a Chairperson of the
Department of History, and a professor
in many universities
• One of the first Filipino historians who
earned renown for promoting a
distinctly nationalist point of view of
Filipino history (nationalist
historiography)
• October 1947 to January 1948
• It was published in 1956
• Early part of November- Governor
General Blanco has begun his offensive
in Cavite; the capital was moved to San
Francisco de Malabon and later to Naik
• middle of December 1896: Andres
Bonifacio and his family left the
mountains of Montalban and
Mariquina to visit the Katipunan in
Cavite.
• January 2, 1897: Bonifacio wrote a
letter to Mariano Alvarez after his
encounter with the Magdalo in Imus.
• January 1897: Riffle shots interrupted
the fiesta of San Francisco de Malabon
which led to a conflict between
Santiago Alvarez and Captain Mariano
San Gabriel.
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Mention of Place • Friar estate house in Tejeros(San
Francisco de Malabon, Cavite)
– where the assembly convened
– Where Magdalo Pres. Baldomero
Aguinaldo, called another meeting
after the day of the convention
(March 26, 1897)
• Parish house of the Catholic church
in Tanza(Santa Cruz
de Malabon)
– where that same night of the
assembly, rumor had it that Messrs.
Mariano Trias. Daniel Tirona,
Emiliano R. de Dios, Santiago Rillo
and others were conferring with the
priest, Fr. Cenon Villafranca.
– where the rumored meeting between
Magdalo leaders took place the same
night the day after the assembly
– held a gathering wherein those
elected at the Tejeros convention
(Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias
and Artemio Ricarte) took their oath
of office.
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• March 22, 1897: Emilio Aguinaldo
celebrated his birthday with a battle
with a battled with Spanish soldiers in
Salitran. At the same time, the
assembly at Tejeros convened
• April 1897: Spaniards captured the
town of Malabon
• Cavite – successfully rose in revolt
• Batangas – town that was under the
Magdalo government
• Nasugbu, Tuwi, and Look – towns
which belonged to the Magdiwang
government
• Noveleta – the capital of Magdiwang
since its organization; where Esteban
San Juan invited Bonifacio to attend the
demonstration of the Magdiwang
rebels
• San Francisco de Malabon – where
the capital of Magdiwang was
transferred after Noveleta after General
Blanco began his offense
• Naik – where the capital of Magdiwang
was transferred after San Francisco de
Malabon
• Kawit – Magdalo's capital before it fell
• Imus, San Francisco de Malabon,
Naik and Maragondon – successively
became the capitals of Magdalo after
they fell in Kawit
• Mountains of Montalban and
Mariquina – a delegate was sent to
look for Supremo as it is where he has
been staying
• Zapote – where Emilio Aguinaldo,
Candido Tirona, and Edilberto
Evangelista met Supremo and his
family after his arrival in Cavite
• House of Juan Castañeda in Imus –
where Bonifacio was brought by the
rebel leaders of Magdalo
• House of Santos Nocon – where
Bonifacio was accomodated upon
arriving at Malaboon
• House of Mrs. Estefania Potente –
where Bonifacio stayed after being
quartered at the house of Santos Nocon
until the Spaniards capture the town in
April 1897
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Key Personalities • Supremo Andres Bonifacio – was
elected as the Secretary of the Interior
during the assembly
• Emilio Aguinaldo – elected as the
President and won over Mr. Andres
Bonifacio
• Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras – He
signed the invitation meetings and
presided over the assembly
• General Apoy(Santiago V. Alvarez
himself)
• General Artemio Ricarte – was
appointed by Supremo as Secretary
during the election
• Mr. Daniel Tirona – Broke the
meeting rules and insulted Supremo
Bonifacio; objected that the position of
Secretary of the Interior should not be
occupied by a person without a lawyer's
diploma
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• San Francisco de Malabon – where
riffle shots from Captain San Gabriel’s
men interrupted the town fiesta, which
led to a conflict between Santiago
Alvarez and Captain Mariano San
Gabriel.
• Estate house of Friars in Tejeros, San
Francisco de Malabon – a Magdiwang
territory; it is where the convention
took place
• Towns of Kawit, Bakood and Imus –
under the governance of the Magdalo
was at that time threatened by the
Spanishh army
• Salitran – a barrio between the town of
Imus and Dasmariñas; where General
Emilio Aguinaldo, leading the Magdalo
soldiers faced the Spaniards
• Tanza or Santa Cruz de Malabon – it
was this place where the former
summer resort of the friars, that
witnessed the first important election
held under the auspices of the
Katipunan government.
• Laguna – where Emilio Jacinto,
Bonifacio’s friend who he wrote a letter
to about what happened during the
convention, is staying
Magdiwang Government
Administration:
• Mariano Alvarez – President
• Pascual Alvarez – Executive
Secretary
• Emiliano Riego de Dios – Minister of
the Interior (Pagpapaunlad); elected as
as the Director of War during the
Convention
• Mariano Trias – Minister of Grace
and Justice; elected as the Vice
President during the Convention
• Ariston Villanueva - Minister of War
• Santiago Alvarez – Comander-in-
Chief
• Diego Moxica - Minister of Finance
• Artemio Ricarte – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General; elected as the
Captain General during the
Convention
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• Mr. Diego Mojica – the Magdiwang
secretary of the Treasury; he warned
the Supremo Bonifacio that many
ballots distributed were already filled
out and that the voters had not done this
themselves.
• Mariano C. Trias – won the Vice
president position over Mr. Mariano
Alvarez and the Supremo Bonifacio
• General Vibora – was elected Captain
over General Apoy
• Mr. Emiliano R. de Dios – was elected
Secretary of War, over Messrs.
Santiago V. Alvarez, Ariston
Villanueva, and Daniel Tirona
• Mr. Jose del Rosario – the lawyer who
Daniel Tirona suggested to replace
Supremo Bonifacio in his elected
position
• Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo – the
Magdalo President
• Mr. Severino de las Alas – witness
during the oath-taking ceremony
• Fr. Cenon Villafranca – a priest who
officiated the oath-taking ceremony of
the elected officials: Emilio Aguinaldo,
Mariano C. Trias and Artemio Ricart
• Mr. Antonio Montenegro
• Mariano M. Alvarez
• Pascual Alvarez
• Ariston Villanueva
• Santos Nocon
• Luciano San Miguel
• Pablo Mojica
• Santiago Rillo
• Cayetano Topacio
• Nicolas Portilla
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• Mariano Reiego de Dios – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General
• Supremo Andres Bonifacio – elected
as the Director of Interior during the
Convention
• Jacinto Lumbreras – a Magdiwang
member; the assembly’s presiding
officer
• Teodoro Gonzales – a Magdiwang
member who acted as the secretary of
the assembly
• Severino de las Alas – a Magdiwang,
took the floor and suggested that the
convention assembled should solve the
problem of whether a new government
should be established to take the place
of the Katipunan
Magdalo Government
Administration:
• Baldomero Aguinaldo – President
• Candido Tirona - Minister of War
• Emilio Aguinaldo – Comander-in-
Chief; lead the Magdalo soldiers
facing the Spaniards in Salitran; won
the Presidency in absentia over
Bonifacio and Trias during the
Convention
• Cayetano Topacio - Minister of
Finance
• Edilberto Evangelista – Lieutenant
General
• Vito Belarmino – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General
• Crispulo Aguinaldo – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General
• Daniel Tirona – he objected when
Bonifacio was proclaimed as the
Director of the Interior
• Antonio Montenegro – had an
argument with Santiago Alvarez
• Jose del Rosario - the lawyer who
Daniel Tirona suggested to replace
Bonifacio in his elected position
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Sequencing of 1. It started with the assembly at Tejeros
events on March 25, 1897, and was presided
by Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras.
2. Jacinto Lumbreras announced the
main topic of discussion: to discuss
how to secure the areas under the
Magdiwang control, but this was
countered by Severino de las Alas who
imposed that the important matter
should be tackled - the form of the
government the Katipunan should
have.
3. There was a debate whether to change
the state of government the Katipunan
had established or not.
4. Mr. Antonio Montenegro spoke in
defense of Mr. Severino de las Alas's
stand. He argued that if they would
disagree on the kind of revolutionary
government they were to have, then
they would be no better than a pack of
bandits or wild, mindless animals.
5. A conflict between General Apoy and
Antonio Montenegro, as General
Apoy ordered the arrest of Mr.
Montenegro. Because of this, disorder
occupied the assembly.Conflict was
immediately resolved and Jacinto
Lumbreras, the presider of the
meeting, yielded the chairmanship to
Supremo Andres Bonifacio.
6. Bonifacio accepted and spoke before
the election began stressing that the
person who gets most of the votes
must be declared and respected as the
winner, regardless of his state in life.
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• Esteban San Juan – invited Bonifacio
to attend the demonstration of the
Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta
• Captain Mariano San Gabriel – a
Magdiwang man, whose men fired
riffle shots during the town fiesta of
San Francisco de Malabon and caused
chaos.
• Emilio Jacinto – Bonifacio’s friend
who he wrote letter to about after the
event/assembly
• Vicente Fernandez
• Governor General Blanco
1. It started by stating that the Katipunan
in Cavite were divided into two
factions: Magdiwang and Magdalo.
2. The Magdiwang, proceeding with its
election independently of the
Magdalo, chose the following men to
administer the government. The
Magdalo also elected people to take
the reins of its government.
3. Both factions agreed to make
respective officers wear the same
uniform for specific positions.
4. The Katipunan called for the
reorganization of their territories
under each Katipunan faction.
However, the Magdiwang and
Magdalo had been silently fighting
over Cavite, both parties not wanting
to be ruled over by the other.
5. The Magdiwang men invited
Supremo Andres Bonifacio to visit
Cavite and intervene with the rising
conflict.
6. There were three invitations sent to
Bonifacio, and only on the third
invitation did he approve the request.
7. Bonifacio arrived at Imus and was
welcomed by Emilio Aguinaldo,
Candido Tiron and Edilberto
Evangelista of the Magdalo faction
8. The Magdalo leaders saw Bonifacio’s
gestures as if he was acting superior.
9. Bonifacio was then brought to the
house of Juan Castañeda in Imus,
where he was visited by the many from
the Magdalo faction.
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7. Bonifacio proceeded with the election
and appointed Gen. Artemio Ricarte
as Secretary. Then, with the help of
Mr. Daniel Tirona, he distributed
pieces of paper to serve as ballots.
8. When the ballots had been collected
and the votes were ready to be
canvassed, Mr. Diego Mojica, the
Magdiwang secretary of the treasury,
warned the Supremo about the
manipulations in the ballot.
9. The elected officials were announced.
Bonifacio was elected as the
Secretary of the Interior over Mariano
Alvarez, which Mr. Daniel Tirona
protested, saying that Bonifacio
should not be in that position because
he lacks the proper credentials; this
humiliated Bonifacio.
10. Bonifacio, hot and angry, pulled out
his revolver and aimed. Instead of
replying, Mr. Tirona, perhaps because
of fear, slid away and got lost in the
crowd.
11. The meeting was adjourned, and
Bonifacio declared the election be
nulled and void.
12. Baldomero Aguinaldo convinced
members of the Magdiwang to
reconvene the disrupted meeting to
revalidate the election proceedings
and make amends with one another.
13. That same night of the Tejeros
Convention, rumor had it that Mariano
Trias, Daniel Tirona, Emiliano R. de
Dios, Santiago Rillo, and others were
in the parish house of the Catholic
Church at Tanza and that they were
conferring with the priest, Fr. Cenon
Villafranca.
14. The next day, Magdalo Pres.
Baldomero Aguinaldo, called a
meeting at the same friar estate house
in Tejeros.
15. The Magdalo members did not come
to the reconciliation meeting.
16. That same night of the supposed
meeting, it was rumored that the
Magdalo leaders were currently
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10. Seeing Vicente Fernandez angered
Bonifacio and ordered his immediate
arrest. The Magdalo, however, did not
allow the arrest of Fernandez.
11. Realizing that he has no influence over
the people of Magdalo, Bonifacio sent
a letter to Mariano Alvarez, explaining
to him what happened at this
encounter.
12. Esteban San Juan invited Bonifacio to
attend the demonstration of the
Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta. He
was heartily welcomed by the people
with a parade as he entered the cities.
13. Katipunan lost to Polavieja because of
the existing rivalry between the two
factions, which called for a convention
in Imus. This assembly, however,
yielded no results as there were no
agreements made as to what kind of
government they must be organized in
the country and if there is a need for a
new election.
14. Suspicious and jealousies continued to
plague the rebels' ranks and even
among the members of the same
faction. Thus, San Francisco de
Malbon's town fiesta held in January
1897 was disrupted by the riffle shots
from the men of Captain Mariano San
Gabriel, a Magdiwang man. This led
to a conflict between Santiago Alvarez
and Captain Mariano San Gabriel.
15. The Magdiwang leaders called for
another convention in the estate-house
of Tejeros, which happened on March
22, 1897.
16. It was also Aquinaldo's birthday, when
simultaneously the battle in Salitran
led by Aguinaldo raged and the
assembly convened in Tejeros.
17. Jacinto Lumbreras took the
Chairmanship of the meeting and
opened the discussion about creating
defense strategies to protect Cavite.
18. Severino de las Alas pointed out that
the Katipunan needs to agree on what
type of government must be
implemented first before proceeding
with the other agenda.
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holding their own meeting in the
parish house in Tanza.
17. The following day, 27 March 1897,
eyewitnesses who had spied on the
proceeding the other night revealed
that a meeting had taken place at the
Tanza parish house and that the
Supremo's decisions regarding the
election at the friar estate house were
not respected.
18. At the gathering in the Tanza parish
house, those elected at the Tejeros
convention knelt before a crucifix.
19. The officials elected during the
Tejeros Convention (Emilio 22. Bonifacio granted the petition for a
Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias, and
Artemio Ricarte) solemnly took their
office without those elected from the
Magdiwang. The Magdalo posted
troops to guard the Tanza parish house
for their oath-taking ceremonies.
Differences General Observations
between 2 accounts • The account was written by an • Agoncillo's Seeds of Discontent was
eyewitness who personally
experienced the event.
• It mainly focused on the election and
the delegation of the officials.
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19. There was a debate whether to change
the form of government the Katipunan
has established or not. Sensing that the
situation was getting more out of hand
without a fruitful result
20. Tension aroused when Santiago
Alvarez took his anger on Antonio
Montenegro. Because of this,
Lumbreras called for the meeting's
recess.
21. The assembly resumed after an hour
with Lumbreras transferring the
chairmanship of the meeting to Andres
Bonifacio.
new form of government, stressing
that the majority's decision must
always be respected. An election was
held to select the new officials who
will govern the recently instituted
Republic of the Philippines. Bonifacio
remarked whoever gets most of the
votes must be declared and respected
as the winner, regardless of his state in
life.
23. A conflict between Andres Bonifacio
and Daniel Tirona was formed after
Bonifacio won the Director of Interior
position
24. Bonifacio angrily whipped out his
pistol to fire at Tirona, but Ricarte
grabbed his hand and prevented what
might have been a tragic affair.
25. As people try to leave, Bonifacio
declared the results of the meeting null
and void, which ended the Tejeros
Convention.
26. Bonifacio sent a letter to Mariano
Alvarez expressing his despair for not
getting the Presidency which, for him,
must be given to him as the initiator of
the revolution. He also shared his
sentiments with his friend, Emilio
Jacinto.
General Observations
comprehensive since it started with a
detailed account of events before and
beyond the convention to further
supply and understand the sentiments
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• It was a detailed narration of the
exchange of different views between
each faction and how the election was
conducted.
• Contains dialogues between the
people involved in the conversations
during the convention
• The account was brief, and it simply
narrates the story in the Tejeros
Convention based on his memoirs and
actual experience.
• It is somehow bland due to the lack of
adjectives used to describe the
situation.
• Contains limited expression of
feelings aside from visible emotions
that led to certain happenings to
another like anger
Specific Differences
• His narration immediately started with
the convention in Tejeros.
• According to Santiago Alvarez, the
Tejeros Convention convened on
March 25, 1897
• He did not mention the events that lead
to the assembly.
• He mentioned where the meeting took
place but did not describe it as much
as Agoncillo did on his account.
• Conflicts that arose during the
convention were discussed, as well as
how the attendees dealt with them.
• He cited that the author, General
Santiago Álvarez himself, ordered
Antonio Montenegro's capture after
the two got into a heated discussion.
• Six (6) available positions were
enumerated for the election of the
officials.
• The account lacks the names of the
nominees mentioned in Agoncillo’s
account.
• Specified that it was General Santiago
Álvarez himself who disapproved of
General Artemio Ricarte’s refusal to
accept the position of Captain-General
of the new government
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of Bonifacio presented in the later
parts of the text.
• It was written based on other accounts
acquired from different sources and
not from personal experience.
• Contains fewer conversations
• It is wordy as most events were
described using flowery words and
figures of speech.
• The account emphasized Bonifacio's
emotions as it described what and how
he thought about a particular situation
as if he was the account's main
character.
• Teodoro Agoncillo focused more on
the misunderstanding between the two
factions.
• He gave his interpretation of the
actions of Bonifacio and gave reasons
why he was angry that he did not win
the election.
Specific Differences
• The narration started with giving
details about the division of
Katipunans in Cavite, the Magdiwang
and Magdalo
• Mentioned details and facts about the
history and misunderstanding between
the two factions that lead to the
assembly in Tejeros.
• Stated that the Tejeros Convention
started on March 22, 1897
• The account provided a detailed
description of the estate-house where
the assembly was held as well as a
much more complete list of the
attendees
• Mentioned that there are other
Katipunans who went to the assembly
uninvited.
• Presented conflicts that emerged
during the convention but were not
told in detail
• Revealed that Jacinto Lumbreras only
called for a recession of the meeting
after arguments emerged among the
attendees.
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• He was not able to tell that Bonifacio
sent letters to his uncle-in-law,
Mariano Álvarez.
• Emilio Aguinaldo being absent during
the convention was not mentioned.
• Discussed events that happened after
the election, specifically the elected
officials' secret meetings and oath-
taking ceremony. Those from
Magdalo did not invite those who won
from the Magdiwang faction.
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• Provided a list of nine (9) available
positions for the election of officials.
• The names of nominees that were not
presented in Álvarez’ account was
mentioned.
• Stated that only cries and shouts of
disapproval from the assembly were
heard when General Artemia Ricarte
expressed his refusal to accept the
position of Captain-General.
• Two (2) excerpts from the letters sent
by Bonifacio to fellow Katipunero,
Mariano Álvarez, were presented
• Ended the text with the election of
officials that happened at Tejeros, and
Bonifacio writing to Mariano Alvarez
and his friend, Emilio Jacinto