MATERI BAHASA INGGRIS LINTAS MINAT KELAS X

A. Tenses
SIMPLE PRESENT
 To inform what we do (habitual and general truth).
Active : Subject + Verb1 + Object
 Plants need chlorophyll to do photosynthesis.
Passive : Subject + is/am/are + Verb3
 Chlorophyll is needed by plants to do photosynthesis.
SIMPLE PAST
 To inform what happened in the past.
Active : Subject + Verb 2 + Object
 W.M. Stanley crystallized some virus that caused Tobacco Mosaic Disease.
Passive : Subject + was/were + Verb 3
 Some virus that caused Tobacco Mosaic Disease were crystallized by W. M. Stanley.
SIMPLE PAST CONTINOUS
 To inform what was going on in the past.
Active : Subject + was/were + Verbing + Object
 The plants were absorbing water last rainy evening.
Passive : Subject + was/were + being + Verb 3
 Water was being absorbed by the plants last rainy evening.
SIMPLE PAST PERFECT
 To inform an action/event before the other events happened in the past.
Active : Subject + had + Verb 3
 The plants had absorbed carbon dioxide and water before they did photosynthesis.
Passive : Subject + had + been + Verb 3
 Carbon dioxide and water had been absorbed by the plants before they did
photosynthesis.
SIMPLE PRESENT PAST PERFECT
 To inform causes and the effects.
Active : (Subject + Verb 1+ Object) + (Subject + has/have + Verb 3 + Object)
 She contracts typhus because she has eaten unhealthy food.
Passive : (Subject + is/am/are + Verb 3) + (Subject + has/have + been + Verb 3)
 Typhus is contracted by her because unhealthy food has been eaten by her.
SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINOUS
 To express what is going on.
Active : Subject + is/am/are + Verb ing +Object
 The sun is drying wet clothes this evening.
Passive : Subject + is/am/are + being + Verb 3
 Wet clothes are being dried by the sun this evening.
SIMPLE FUTURE
 Sesuatu yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang.
Formula 1
 Active : Subject + will + Verb 1 + Object
 We will get some disease if we eat unhealthy food.
Passive : Subject + will + be + Verb 3
 Some disease will be gotten by us if we eat unhealthy food.
 Formula 2
Active : Subject + is/am/are + going to + Verb 1 + Object
 We are going to get some disease because we eat less vegetable.
Passive : Subject + is/am/are + going to + be + Verb 3
 Some disease are going to be gotten by us because we eat less vegetables.
SIMPLE FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSE
 Sesuatu yang akan sedang terjadi di masa yang akan datang.
Active : Subject + will be + Verbing + Object
 On October 15th, Kiara will be having a kidney surgery.
Passive : Subject + will be + being + Verb 3
 On October 15th, a kidney surgery will be being had by Kiara.
SIMPLE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
 Sesuatu yang akan sudah dilaksanakan di masa yang akan datang.
Active : Subject + will have + Verb 3 + Object
 The tiger will have eaten the whole body of the deer in 7 minutes.
Passive : Subject + will have + been + Verb 3
 The whole body of the deer will have been eaten by the tiger in 7 minutes.
SUGGESTION
 Formula 1 ( saran untuk apa yang harus dilakukan)
Active : Subject + should + Verb 1+ Object
 We should do some exercises regularly.
Passive : Subject + should + be + Verb 3
 Some exercises should be done by us regularly.
 Formula 2 (saran untuk apa yang harus sedang dilakukan)
Active : Subject + should + be + Verb ing +Object
 Risa should be buying some medicines before she goes home.
Passive : Subject +should + be + being + Verb 3
 Some medicines should be being bought by Risa before she goes home.
 Formula 3 (saran untuk masa lalu)
Active : Subject + should + has/have + Verb 3 + Object
 You should have watered your mango tree regularly.
Passive : Subject + should + has/have + been + Verb 3
 Your mango tree should has been watered by you regularly.
MODALS
 Formula 1
Active : Subject + Modal + Verb 1 + Object
 The final test is coming, we should study lessons seriously.
Passive : Subject + modals + be + Verb 3
 Science and social studies should be mastered for competing in a global era.
 Formula 2
Active : Subject + Modal + Adj/Noun/Adv
 “I have got extreme headache.”
“You must be sick.”

B. Grammar
Modal
 Words that expresses necessity or possibility
Present Past
Can Could
Will Would
May Might
Must Had to
Shall Should

Gerund
 Words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns
Keep Concern
Go Continue
Finish Enjoy
Start Postpone
Cancel Accustom to

Adjective Order
1. Article 6. Color
2. Opinion/impression 7. Fact
3. Size 8. Purpose
4. Shape 9. Object
5. Age

Too & Enough

 Can be used with adjectives, adverbs, and noun to indicate a degree/amount
 Too -> more than necessary
too + adjective/adverb
ex. You are speaking too quickly.
 Enough -> the necessary amount
adjective/adverb + enough
ex. It is warm enough to go for a swim.

 Not enough -> less than necessary

not + adjective/adverb + enough
 ex. I’m not strong enough to lift those boxes
Such & So
 Have the same meaning of “very”
 Such -> such + noun/noun phrase
ex. She is such a great cook
 So -> so + adjective/adverb
ex. That was so unpleasant

C. Reading Techniques
 Predictive -> to guess/predict what information will be found in the test through title/picture
 Scanning -> to get specific information written in the test
the questions can be what, who, where, or when
 Skimming -> to get main idea from each paragraph
 Reference -> to find out whom the pronouns refer to
Example of questions:
-Who does … refer to?
 Contextual guessing -> to find out the meaning of unfamiliar words in the text
Example of questions:
-Who does … refer to?
 Discourse marker -> to find out the ideas/informations that are connected by discourse
markers/conjunctions
 Additional – and, not only…, but also…
 Contradiction – but, however, whereas
 Example – for example, such as
 Inference -> to get conclusion/summary from the whole text
Example of questions:
-What is the conclusion of the test?
-What is the most suitable title for the text

D. Adjectives for Describing People

Facial Hair Complexion Physical Personality Nationality
Features Appearance
Pointed nose Wavy Fair Skinny Friendly Singaporean
Chubby Curly hair Dark skinned Plump Selfish Japanese
Round face Pitch black Middle aged Unreliable Sundanese
hair
Bright eyed Long Attractive Easy going Indonesian
Far sighted Broad Sociable American
shouldered

E. Types of Texts
F. TEXT SOCIAL FUNCTION GENERIC STUCTURE TYPES
 RECOUNT TO RETELL PAST EVENTS >> ORIENTATION BIOGRAPHY
>> EVENTS AUTOBIOGRAPH
>> REORIENTATION HISTORY
1.
INVENTION
POST CARD/LETTER
DIARY
NARRATIVE TO ENTERTAIN/ AMUSE THE >> ORIENTATION FABEL
READER / LISTENER >> COMPLICATION MITHE
2. >> RESOLUTION LEGEND
FOLKTAIL
REPORT TO DESCRIBE WHAT THINGS ARE >> CLASIFICATION
3.
IN GENERAL >> DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTIVE TO DESCRIBE OF SPECIFIC THINGS >> IDENTIFICATION
4.
>> DESCRIPTION
PROCEDURE TO TELL HOW SOMETHING IS >> GOAL
5.
MADE OR DONE >> MATERIALS/INGREDIENTS
EXPLANATION HOW THINGS (NATURAL OR >>GENERAL STATEMENT
6.
SOCIAL PHENOMENON) HAPPENS >> SEQUENCE OF PROCESS

G. Adjective Clause
1. Who
Example A :
BJ Habibie is an Indonesian scientist. He has discovered the crack theory of the aeroplane
BJ Habibie is an Indonesian scientist who has discovered the crack theory of the aeroplane.
Example B :
The man is an astronaut. He lost his cat
The man who lost his cat is an astronaut

2. Whom
Example A :
BJ Habibie makes Indonesia famous. We must be proud of him
BJ Habibie makes Indonesia proud, of whom we must be proud.
Example B :
I talked to a man yesterday. He bought a new phone.
The man whom I talked to yesterday bought a new phone.

3. Whose
Example A :
BJ Habibie has invented the famous theory. His theory is used by NASA.
BJ Habibie has invented the famous theory whose theory is used by NASA

Example B :
Last night, I met a man. His daughter was killed in a car crash.
 Last night, I met a man whose daughter was killed in a car crash.

4. Which/that
Example A :
Johnny Depp is most notably known for starring in the Pirates of The Caribbean series. It is
one of the most successful Disney franchises ever made.
Johnny Depp is most notably known for starring in the Pirates of The Caribbean series which is
one of the most successful Disney franchises ever made.

5. Where/in which
Example A :
Dean studied engineering in Massachusetts. He also got his degree there.
Dean studied engineering in Massachusetts in which he also got his degree.

Example B :
A few years ago my dad worked as a salesman in Balikpapan. He met my mom in the city library.

Note : the city library here

automatically means the city library of
Balikpapan
A few years ago my dad worked as a salesman in Balikpapan where he met my mom in the
city library.

6. When/on which
Example A :
Sam graduated from high school in 1998. His older brother graduated from college in the same
year.
Sam graduated from high school in 1998 on which his older graduated from college.
Example B :
Jeremy was diagnosed with lung cancer earlier this month. He decided to quit smoking then.

Jeremy decided to quit smoking when he was diagnosed with lung cancer earlier this month.

H. Advertisement
 Function -> to persuade and motivating people to buy or use the product or service that is
offered
 Usually consists of -> the name of the product
the selling points of the product

how to get the product

interesting design
 Characteristics -> language – using correct or suitable words
using interesting/suggestive expressions
directed to the goal
content – clear purpose/goal
honest, clear
not allude to other products
 Types of advertisement -> Family advertisement
Invitation advertisement
Sponsor advertisement
News advertisement
Announcement advertisement
 We can find advertisements on television, newspaper, and brochure

I. Spoof
 Definition -> a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and
funny ending
 Function -> to entertain and share the story
 Structure -> orientation – introduction of the participants, where and when it happened
events – tells about the chronological of the story
twist – an unpredictable plot in the end of the story which amuses the reader
 Language features -> Focusing on individual participant
Use of material process
Use of circumstance of time and place
Use of past tense
Use of direct speech for the dialog
Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
Using adverb of time and place
Told in chronological order
J. Direct & Indirect Speech
 Direct -> the actual words of the speaker are quoted
 Indirect -> the actual words are changed, because it has been spoken by the speaker in past;
narrating it in the present will require change in the tenses
 Reporting verb -> the verb before the words of the speaker
ex. she said, they say
 Reported speech -> the actual words of the speaker (enclosed in quotation marks)
 Converting direct to indirect speech
o Words of the speaker do not use quotation marks
o Use “that” between the reporting verb and reported speech
o Change the tense of the reported speech
 If the reporting verb is in present or future tense, no changes will be made
ex. He says, “I am playing cricket” => He says that he is playing cricket
 If the reporting verb is in past tense, change the tense of the reported speech
Ex. He said, “I write a letter” => He said that he wrote a letter
 o Change the pronouns if needed
o Change the time mentioned
 She said, “I am buying a laptop today” => She said that she was buying a laptop
that day
 He said, “I need your help now” => He said that he needed my help then

K. Proverb
 A collection of wise sayings that offer advice about how to live your life
 Function -> to teach and enlighten people
to educate what happens when they do something
 Types of proverb
Aphorism (pepatah) -> offers advice.

ex. Don’t go too far in small. (persoalan kecil jangan dibesar-besarkan)

Parable (Perumpamaan) -> has a moral lesson and a parable

ex. To carry coals to Newcastle (Bagai membuang garam ke laut)
Slogan (pemeo)-> give spirit or motivation
ex. Diligence is the mistress of success (rajin pangkal sukses)
Early bird gets worm ( Tuhan akan memberi rezeki kepada makhluk-
Nya yang lebih dahulu bangun)
Idiom -> a group of words with a different meaning from the meaning of all the
individual words

ex. Pull your sock up (improve your behavior)

 Characteristics -> can be as short as two words

can use rhymes, alliteration, and parallelism

often uses metaphor, hyperbole, and personification

 Example ->
1. United we stand, divided we fall => Bersatu kita teguh, bercerai kita runtuh
2. No pain no gain => Berakit-rakit dahulu, berenang-renang ke tepian; bersakit-sakit
dahulu, bersenang-senang kemudian
3. A poor workman blames his tools => Buruk rupa cermin dibelah
4. Don’t cry over spilled milk => Nasi sudah menjadi bubur
5. When in Rome, do as the Romans => Dimana bumi dipijak, disitu langit dijunjung
6. Give him an inch he’ll take a yard => Dikasih hati minta jantung
7. Still water runs deep => Tenang-tenang menghanyutkan

L. Riddle
 A type of poetry that describes something without actually naming what it is
 Function -> to amuse the audience

to develop analytical thinking

 Example -> “If you have me, you won’t to share me. If you share me, you haven’t got
me. What am i?” The answer is “a secret”.