1 PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE FRAME

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In construction, there is various type of concrete that been used in constructing a

building or any infrastructures works such as plain concrete, high-density concrete,
reinforced concrete, precast concrete, pre-stressed concrete, and others. All of these
concretes have different functions and required strength. For this report, the main
explanations will be explained for the usage of pre-stressing concrete in construction
projects. Pre-stressed concrete is a structural component that is connected with the other
parts of the building structures that hold services loads. Next, it can be classified into 2
different types which are pre-tensioned and post-tensioned concrete. Mainly, pre-stressed
concrete is where the tendons or known as the reinforcement in the concrete are been
stressed or provided with an initial that is located at the bottom of the concrete section so
that it can resist most of the tension and save concrete from cracking.

To clarify, pre-stressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined,

engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when
they are subject to loading. It combines the high strength compressive properties of
concrete with the high tensile strength of steel. Another point was that pre-stressed
concrete is commonly used for floor beams, piles, and railways sleepers, as well as
structures such as bridges, water tanks, roofs, and runways. Generally, pre-stressed
concrete is not necessary for columns and walls, however, it can be used economically for
tall columns and high retaining walls with high bending stresses (Prestressed Concrete,
2020).

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PROJECT: DELHI-MEERUT EXPRESSWAY

PROJECT: PERLA SENTRAL ARA DAMANSARA

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2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND

As reference to the related topic of pre-stressed concrete, there are 2 different types of
projects that were taken as case study for pre-stressed concrete. Next, both projects used
different type of pre-stressed concrete method that are pre-tensioning concrete and post-
tensioning concrete. The details for each project such as the location, type of project, the
parties involved for the project and others will be clarify in the table below;

Project Background 1 Project Background 2

Name of the Delhi-Meerut Expressway Perla Sentral Ara Damansara

project
Project Pilkhuwa, India Ara Damansara, Petaling Jaya
location
Project 910 days 913 days
duration
Completion August 2019 (delayed 2 months 16 april 2019 - 15 october 2021
date from actual date) (whole apartment construction
(Khandelwal, 2019) including the apartment carpark)
Structural Viaducts (bridge consisting of a Slabs (apartment carpark) up to
components series of arches supported by level 5
piers used to carry a road)  Freyssinet Slab System
Tensioning Pre-Tensioning method Post- Tensioning method
method
Parties  Client: National Highway  Client: ADS project Sdn.Bhd
involved Authority of India (NHAI)  Contractor: Grand Dynamic
 SPV (Concessionaire): Builders Sdn Bhd, or known as
APCO-CHETAK Jelita Megah Sdn Bhd
 EPC Contractor: Chetak  Supplier: Freyssinet PSC (M)
Enterprises Ltd. Sdn Bhd Company
 Design Consultant: B&S (Perla Ara Sentral, 2019)
Engineering Consultants
Pvt. Ltd.
 Independent Engineer: Lea
Associate South Asia Pvt.
Ltd. (Sigh, 2020)

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3.0 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

Pre-stressed concrete is possible to describe as the concrete in which reinforcing steel

bars stretched and anchored to compress it and thus increase its stress resistance.
In order to overcome bending resulting from loading, the pre-stressed concrete requires
the application of forces tending to bend and compress a concrete feature. Tensioning or
stretching of the steel part, which typically takes the form of high tensile strands, wire or
bars, is the force applied (Chin, 2020).

The pre-stressed concrete has two primary classifications, namely pre-tensioned and
post-tensioned (Savani, 2015). The structural strengths of steel and concrete were used
for all of those approaches. Under these techniques, the concrete was shown to have a
strong compression strength but poor tension strength.

3.1 PRE-TENSIONING

Pre-tensioning method can be referred as the tension is applied to the tendons before
casting of the concrete. The pre-tensioned is transmitted from steel to concrete through
bond over the transmission length near the ends. This technique established a strong
connection between the tendon and the concrete, which both protects the tendon from
corrosion and enable stress to be transferred directly. The healed concrete adheres and
bonds to the bars, and when stress is released, it is transferred by static friction to the
concrete as compression. However, it needs stout anchoring points to stretch the tendon
between, at the tendons usually forms a straight line.

The infrastructure project located in Pilkhuwa, India which the Delhi-Meerut

Expressway Road used one of the pre-stressed methods which is pre-tensioned method.
The project used of pre-tensioned methods because of absence of large anchorage device.
These can lead to increase in durability performance. The pre-tensioned method is full
section utilised (Khandelwal P. , 2019).

Regarding to the project, the infrastructure developed due to the bonding between the
concrete and steel tendons. The project used pre-tensioned method is cheaper because
the cost sheeting is not involved. Thus, this method used by the infrastructure project as it
is more reliable and easier to transport. Last but not least, the pre tensioning is proper to
be used in precast element.

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3.2 POST TENSIONING

Post-tensioning method is similar to the pre-tensioning but until after the concrete is
hardened, the steel does not get stretched. In general, ducts are shaped through thin-
walled steel shapes inside the unit. Those same steel tendons are inserted and extended
against the unit after the concrete extends to the proper length. According to Savani (2015),
the post tensioning is the method for strengthening concrete. In the shapes before the
concrete is set, the steel wire to be placed. Afterwards, the cables are pulled close and
anchored against the outer edges of the concrete until the concrete has gained strength.

The post tensioning system referred as the ducts for the tendons are placed along with
the reinforcement before the casting of concrete. The tendons are placed in the ducts after
the casting of concrete. The duct prevents contact between concrete and tendons during
the tensioning operation. Not same as pre-tensioning method, the tendons are pulled with
reaction acting against the hardened concrete. If the ducts are filled with the grout, it is
known as bonded post tensioning but if unbounded post tensioning, the ducts are never
grouted, and the tendon is held in tendon solely by the end anchorages.

The Perla Sentral Ara Damansara project is the residential building that have a basic
component which carparks within the basement. The carpark of the building mainly to be
focused within this study as it is using a post tensioning method. The post tensioning
method is a slab structure for this project thus the systems post tensioning help to place
and fixing, stressing and grouting.

The project used of post tensioning method as this method is decreasing or removes
shrinkage cracking, so no joints or fewer are needed. Forming of the cracks are kept closely
together, which allowing thinner slabs and other structural members to be thinner. The
method also allows to create slabs on expensive or soft soils, enabling to design longer
periods of elevated which if slab. Thus, it lead to have a high durability for used this method.

Post tensioning method for the project also improve seismic performance which an
execution of carpark building structure ability to sustain it due functions such as safety and
serviceability, at and after a particular earthquake. Other than that, this method also helps
to faster in construction cycle. Post tensioning on this project also have long economical
span which shallow structural depth. It also has minimum amount of non-prestressed
bonded reinforcement over supports of continuous post tensioned.

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4.0 MATERIAL USED

Both of the case study project used a different material. The infrastructure project
which used the pre-tensioned method apply precast concrete girder and pre tensioning of
pier cap and removal of bottom supports. The project has been designed using high-quality
materials that contribute to the expressway’s life and quality which have a high durability
performance. In lieu of the traditional Bentonite powder, polymer has been used, saving
20,000 cubic meters of soil from pile foundations (D'souza, 2020). In addition, the
improvised technique is high-grade RCC, M55 grade with micro silica and mixture, to obtain
an early strength of 45N per square millimetres, within four to five days, needed for de-
stressing of high tensile cables and early de-moulding.

Furthermore, regarding to an addition information, the shree cement have been used
in the project. The steel structure of the infrastructure project used is unknown as the
material steel is authority of India.

The residential building project which focused of carpark used bonded post tensioned
method which used the concrete slab structure. The concrete material used of grade35 as
the concrete is consider as high strength material. The material used in the project is an
inexpensive, quick and durable way to complete the project. Using of this material, the
shape of the slab is designing within the proposed shape and be used reliable.

This material also considers reinforced with steel, and having a high-quality tendon
applied. The repairs are easily done by spraying additional material onto the filling cracking
and divots with new material. The property of concrete to possess high compressive
strength, makes a concrete structure more economical.

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5.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

The construction process from the case study 1 is using the pre-tensioned method
which is applied where stressing is carried out at factories. This method of precast pre-
tensioned girder process consists of firstly by preparing machine for pre-stressing, rebar
installation, tendon stressing, formwork (mould) installation, concreting, cutting, and lastly
removing formwork (mould). This method of pre-stressing in which the tendons are
tensioned before the concrete is placed, and the pre-stress is transferred to the concrete
when a suitable cube strength is reached.

Figure 1 Prestressting Bed and Stressing Work

Firstly, this construction process in Figure 1 shows the process is carried out by
preparing the machine for pre-stressing which is pre-stressing bed to start the pre-
tensioned construction process and high-tensile steel tendon are placed between the two
abutments. After that, the rebar installation is continued by placing all the reinforcement bar
at the pre-stressing bed. At this process, the tendon is been stretched up to 70 to 80 percent
with additional 10 percent of their ultimate strength using the jack types devices.

Figure 2 Mould Installation and Concreting Work

Next, the Figure 2 shows the installation of formwork which is mould is using for
constructed the girder. After stressing the wires (tendons), the side forms of the mould are
positioned and then the concrete is placed around the tensioned wires and allowed the
concrete to cure to the required initial strength.

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Figure 3 Concreted Cured and Cutting Work

Moreover, in Figure 3 shows after the concrete have been cured and hardened
sufficiently, the tendons are released slowly or cut, then the prestress will transfer from
steel to concrete through the bond. Thus, the bond between the stressed wires and
concrete will prevent the tendons from regaining their original lengths. The bond between
the stressed wires and concrete can also be improved by using crimped or indented wires.
After the stressed process is being secured from the workers and engineer requirements,
lastly as shows in Figure 4 where the formwork (mould) will be removed and ready for
delivered to the site.

Figure 4 Removing Formwork

For case study 2 the construction process is using the post-tensioned method which
is applied where stressing is carried out on site. The method of constructing the post-
tensioning slab in the case study project is conclude of firstly by formwork setup, rebar
installation, tendon installation, placing and fixing, concreting, tendon stressing, grouting
process, and lastly removing formwork. This method of prestressing in which the tendon is
tensioned after the concrete has reached a suitable strength.

Figure 5 Formwork and Rebar Installation

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Firstly, in Figure 5 shows the process is taken by installed the formwork platform as
the slab formwork and side formwork with 200mm of thickness to support the upper level
of the building. After installation of formwork setup, next process is a reinforcement bar
installation by placing the lower and beam reinforcement based on drawing to control
cracking from occurs in the anchorage zone. Thus, lower and punching shear
reinforcement were also be installed in column to increase the strength to transfer load.
The bar chair also been installed and be determined the position and placement by the
engineers followed to the profile height from the specified construction drawing.

Figure 6 Tendon Installation

Next, in Figure 6 shows the process is followed by installation of tendon by firstly pulling
the strand from the centre out coiled strand that fitted in a bri-pack coil with a minimum
effort. Then, the galvanised ducts are been placed into the required position before the
strands to be inserted and it must be free from any unnecessary particles like mud, sand
or others. The strand is then be cut with a high-speed friction cutter and the strand insertion
was on strand manner until the required number was reached. After the strand have been
cut and inserted, the process of placing and fixing is continued by installed the ducts based
on the construction drawing. It was adequately been sealed with tape on all the joints
between individual duct lengths to prevent ingress of cement grout during concreting and
then tied by bar chair. The grout vent was fixed by drilling the duct and attaching the
universal PSC Plastic Limpet Grout Vent and then the stressing anchorage castings were
also be fixed to the end of panel formwork using bolt and nuts, the strands also are fixed at
a maximum spacing of 35m as well as at each tendon ends before concreting.

Figure 7 Concreting Work

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Then, the Figure 7 shows the process of concreting is been continued by concreted
the slab with the concrete Grade 35 after the process have been confirmed to be installed
and also be inspected and completed. Slump test is also was be tested by the worker to
confirm that it achieved the range specified design of slump within 75mm and 125mm
before started casting. Thus, the concrete was been compacted using the vibrator and
ensure the concrete was work into the corner of structure member and kept away from the
tendon ducts.

Figure 8 Stressing and Grouting

At this step of post-tensioned process in Figure 8 shows where the tendon is be

stressed after the concrete have been poured. The cube test which stressing process was
commenced upon a minimum transfer cube strength of 25N/mm² was attained and all the
strand were stress by using mono strand jack to an initial jacking pressure of 1000psi. Then,
after the completion of stressing, the grouting process is been continued by the excessive
strands is be cut off with high-speed grinder to an approximate 20mm length. The
anchorage blocks also had been patched back with sand or cement mortar to seal for
subsequent tendon grouting work to prevent it from grouting leakage during grouting work.
After that, the grouting been pumped in through the grout vents at one end and continuous
the proceed until the consistent grout flows out from the other end. Lastly, the construction
process is complete by removed all the formwork and scaffolds.

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6.0 SAFETY PROCEDURE

Safety requirement was very important thing need to take it serious in construction
projects especially for the workers safety and the other staff and visitors such as
contractors, quantity surveyors, or even client and residents in the area around the
construction project was carried out. The pre-stressed process operations can be
dangerous if the required safety care is not been taken seriously when the stressed process
operation is ongoing. So, when setting up a production site, consideration should be given
to the method process of stressing that will take place and whether single or multi stressing
is appropriate for manufacture of the product (British Precast, 2014).

Figure 9 Wire Restraint

The safety instalments that provided during the pre-stressing construction process in
these case studies first are included of placing the safety restraints (Figure 9). The wire
restraint was used for minimise the wire/strand movement when failure occurs and the
tension is released. It is also recommended that the stressing bed be equipped with
restraints along its length at approximately equal centres. Links, straps, bars, and bulk
heads can be used in restraints and should be at centres determined by risk assessment,
but usually not more than 10 m apart. All the wire restraints should remain in place
throughout the production process until casting occurs and only being removed when the
process ends.

Figure 10 Guarding

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Figure 10 was shown a guarding system that also required for safety procedures to
ensure protection of the stressing operator during stressing and of all personnel after
stressing is complete. The independent checks on the load can be carried out after
stressing is complete for more secured for the pre-stressed concrete to be used. A paint
line also can be applied to avoid any lifting guards to check for slippage after stressing is
complete at close to the abutment before stressing that will allow slippage to be identified.

Figure 11 Signage

Lastly, a warning system is been produces for safety instalment to ensure awareness
for operating personnel and visitors when stressing is taking place suitable warning
systems should be installed; these could include lights, sirens, notices and signage. The
example of warning systems in Figure 11 shows that been used in this case studies project
is lights, sirens, and notices. The construction warning systems is delivery an important bit
of information to letting the workers, staff, and visitors to know about the hazards to watch
out for or requirements that must obey especially at site where it is an open construction
site.

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7.0 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION ARISE DURING THE CONSTRUCTION

Every construction will face problems whether before the construction starter or during
the construction period or after the construction process. The problems that arise will be
one of the challenges yet an experience especially for the consultant, engineer, architect,
quantity surveyor, contractor and all other parties that involved in that project. These are
the problem that arise during the construction process and the solutions to its problem of
both projects.

7.1 DELHI-MEERUT EXPRESSWAY, PHASE 3: DASNA TO HAPUR

Problem 1: Site Limitation
Based on the study, the main challenges to complete this project is the site limitation.
This happen because the site area is located at the urban areas where the sides of the
sites around by the residential area. The project is required to construct 24.65m wide deck
in a limited available row of 33m, to allow uninterrupted movement of traffic during
construction and to complete the work within stipulated time frame of 910 days.

Solution 1: Use of Precast Element

As the solution to this problem, the management parties have been discussed on the
construction methodology. They have come out with a plan to use massive of precast
element for this project. This is a great solution as it can maximize off-site and minimize
on-site activities. This idea has made the project complete within available space, time
frame and the most important part is minimized hindrance to traffic.

Problem 2: Transportation and Erection

Besides, this project also has faced transportation problem to transport the material
from the factory to the site and erection of wide segment problems during the construction
process. As mentioned, the site is located at very congested area so it is difficult for to
transport the materials and to erect them due to moving traffic and also restricted space
availability.

Solution 2: Use of Conventional Pre-tensioned Girders

To resolve the problems of transportation and erection of material, they have decided
to use conventional pre-tensioned girders for the viaduct. Use of precast pre-tensioned
girders has increased many folds in the last two decades. There are many benefits of
precast pre-tensioned girders, especially in long elevated road projects. The weight of a
pre-tensioned girder is significantly less as compared to a post- tensioned girder due to
reduced web thickness

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Problem 3: Preparation of Precast Girders

Next, preparation of huge numbers of precast girders is one of the challenges for this
project as they did not have enough time to construction this long highways. There were a
total of 1107 numbers of precast girders for the entire project have to be prepared for which
a total of 12,000 sqm precast casting yard was prepared with 12 beds and 3 girder casting
facility on one bed. It is quite a lot to be completed and the clock is chasing them.

Solution 3: Early Setting Admixture

As they have not enough time to wait for it, they have decided to setting admixture
earlier and adopt steam curing. It is one of the best methods as they have reduced the time
cycle of girder casting from 10 days to 7 days. With that solution, they have successfully
produced 180 girders in a month. As the results, the yard was having a staking capacity of
220 nos. of precast girders and construction activities were planned accordingly. A steel
cutting bending and binding automatic yard of size 50m x 18m was commissioned to
accelerate the progress of project. Launching of such a huge number of precast girders
was a major task and was done with the help of two gantries instead of crane. Tracks for
gantry were placed 30m centre to centre near outer edge of ROW. Use of gantry reduced
the time involved in erection of girders substantially. Practically it took only 15 to 20 minutes
to erect a girder after lifting it from trailer, thereby reducing the stoppage time for traffic
drastically. With gantry, maximum of 14 girders were erected in a day, however average
erection of girders was 4 numbers per day.

7.2 PERLA SENTRAL ARA DAMANSARA

Problem 1: Safety issues

As this project is still under construction, there are still many problems that did not yet
discovered. One of the main problems for this project is safety issues. This happened due
to lack of training, poor supervision, poor planning process and poor supervision. It is quite
worrying and very dangerous as well for the workers that close to stressing process area.
It is because of the stressing machine has a very high pressure.

Solution 1: Warning Signage

As the solution to this problem, Department of Safety and Health have come out with
warning signage to the red zone area to avoid unwanted accident from happening. This
solution is very effective to make sure that area is safe especially during process of
stressing and grouting.

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Problem 2: Lack of Communication

Communication is one of the important things to create quality building as well as

health work environment. In construction site, communication is one of the main problems
between the person in charge and the workers. This lack communication happened
because of different language and majority of them are from other country and cannot
understand Malay language. Majority of site construction have faced the same thing and
not only in Perla Project.

Solution 2: Fix the Communication

Good communication is one of the best ways to increase quality and can make the
problems solve directly with doing a meeting in site office to discuss about the problems
detected and solve it effectively. In site at Perla, the best solution of the problem is hired a
worker that can understand different language like Malay and the worker’s language from
their country. This solution can make the workers understand different language so that
they can do the job correctly.

Problem 3: Shortage of Labours

Manpower is very important in the project as the more the manpower the fastest the
work can be finished. The shortage of labours may cause delay in project and cannot make
the work smoother. As for Perla Project, they are having lack of manpower as they involve
in a lot of works especially during pre-stressing steps.

Solution 3: Hired More Labours

A very high attention should be given to project supervision by regulators in the

construction industry in Malaysia since poor supervision of work was found to be the major
problem of the lack of manpower. The supervisory team of construction firms, the local
authorities and works should increase their supervisory activities on labours of construction
sites to increase the quantity of manpower.

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8.0 COMPARATIVE STUDIES

Here is the comparison between two projects that use different method of pre-stressed
concrete which is project Delhi-Meerut Expressway that use pre-tensioned and Perla
Sentral Ara Damansara project that use post-tensioned.

Project Delhi-Meerut Project Perla Sentral

Expressway Ara Damansara

IMAGE

Project Pilkhuwa, India Ara Damansara, Petaling Jaya

location
Project 910 days 913 days
duration
Structural Viaducts (bridge consisting of a Slabs (apartment carpark) up to level
components series of arches supported by 5
use piers used to carry a road)  Freyssinet Slab System

Parties  Client: National Highway  Client: ADS project Sdn.Bhd

involved Authority of India (NHAI)  Contractor: Grand Dynamic
 SPV (Concessionaire): Builders Sdn Bhd, or known as
APCO-CHETAK Jelita Megah Sdn Bhd
 EPC Contractor: Chetak  Supplier: Freyssinet PSC (M) Sdn
Enterprises Ltd. Bhd Company
 Design Consultant: B&S (Perla Ara Sentral, 2019)
Engineering Consultants Pvt.
Ltd.
Independent Engineer: Lea
Associate South Asia Pvt. Ltd.
(Sigh, 2020)

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Type of Pre-tensioning method Post- tensioning method

construction
Material used Precast concrete girder and pre Grade 35 concrete slab structure
tensioning of pier cap and
removal of bottom supports

Construction 1) Preparing machine for 1) Formwork setup

process pre-stressing 2) Rebar installation
2) Rebar installation 3) Tendon installation
3) Tendon stressing 4) Placing and fixing
4) Formwork (mould) 5) Ccncreting work
installation 6) Tendon stressing
5) Concreting 7) Grouting process
6) Cutting Removing formwork
7) Removing formwork (mould).
Safety 1) Placing the safety restraints
procedure 2) The stressing bed be equipped with restraints
3) A guarding system
4) Paint line
5) Produce warning system

Problem 1) Site Limitation 1) Safety issues

The site area is located at the
Safety issues happened due to lack
urban areas where the sides
of training, poor supervision, poor
of the sites surround by the
planning process and poor
residential area. The project
supervision. It is quite worrying and
is required to construct
very dangerous as well for the
24.65m wide deck in a limited
workers that close to stressing
available row of 33m, to allow
process area. It is because of the
uninterrupted movement of
stressing machine has a very high
traffic during construction
pressure.
and to complete the work
within stipulated time frame
of 910 days

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2) Transportation and 2) Lack of Communication

Erection
In construction industry,
Transportation problem to
communication is one of the
transport the material from
problems between the person in
the factory to the site and
charge and the workers. This lack
erection of wide segment
communication happened
problems during the
because of different language and
construction process. The
majority of them are from other
site is located at very
country and could not understand
congested area so it is
Malay. Majority of site construction
difficult to transport the
have faced the same thing.
materials and to erect them
due to moving traffic and also
3) Shortage of Labours
restricted space availability.
Manpower is very important in
3) Preparation of Precast
the project as the more the
Girders
manpower the fastest the work can
Preparation of huge numbers be finished. The shortage of
of precast girders is one of labours may cause delay in project
the challenges for this project and cannot make the work
as they did not have enough smoother. As for Perla Project, they
time to construction this long are having lack of manpower as
highways. There were a total they involve in a lot of works
of 1107 numbers of precast especially during pre-stressing
girders for the entire project steps.
have to be prepared.

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Solution to 1) Use of Precast Element 1) Warning Signage

solve the
It can maximize off-site and
problems
minimize on-site activities.
This idea has made the
project complete
available space, time frame
and the most important part
is minimized hindrance to
traffic.
Department of Safety and Health
have come out with warning
signage to the red zone area to
within avoid unwanted accident from
happening. This solution is very
effective to make sure that area is
safe especially during process of
stressing and grouting.

2) Use of Conventional Pre- 2) Fix the Communication

tensioned Girders
In site at Perla, the best solution
Use of precast pre-tensioned
of the problem is hired a worker
girders has increased many
that can understand different
folds in the last two decades.
language like Malay and the
There are many benefits of
worker’s language from their
precast pre-tensioned
country. This solution can make
girders, especially in long
the workers understand different
elevated road projects. The
language so that they can do the
weight of a pre-tensioned
job correctly.
girder is significantly less as
compared to a post- 3) Hired More Labours
tensioned girder due to
reduced web thickness. The supervisory team of
construction firms, the local
3) Early Setting Admixture authorities and works should
increase their supervisory activities
Setting admixture earlier and
on labours of construction sites to
adopt steam curing is one of
increase the quantity of manpower.
the best methods as they
have reduced the time cycle
of girder casting from 10 days
to 7 days.

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9.0 CONCLUSION

Based on the case study, it can be concluded that the pre-stressed concrete have two
different method which are pre-tensioned and post-tensioned. The method used for the
construction of carpark at Project Perla Sentral Ara Damansara is using post-tensioned
meanwhile the construction of expressway at Delhi-Meerut is using pre-tensioned.
Post-tensioned method is one of the best method for support huge load such. This method
used for carpark and it also convey with theory and has proven that post-tensioned method
can be construct successfully with correct method statement, procedures and requirement.
Therefore, pre-tensioned also one of the best method use for highway as it can increases
the quality, strength and span of the structure. However, throughout the investigation there
were problems in the construction. The construction has problems such as site limitation,
transportation and erection, preparation of precast girders, safety issues, lack of
communication and shortage of labours. As results, it will risk the workers’ safety and has
affected the worker working time if they had an accident and cause them injured. It also
makes the construction’s quality will be affected. The solution for this problem is by use of
precast element, use of conventional pre-tensioned girders, early setting admixture,
warning signage, fix the communication and hired more labours. , it is the best for safety
supervisor to supervise the worker during stressing and grouting process effectively.
Hence, the problems should not take lightly. The problems occurred during construction
process has been acknowledge and the solutions have been taken

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10.0 REFERENCES

Chin, S. (2 September, 2020). What Is Prestressed Concrete And How Does It Work? Retrieved From
Esub Constrution Software: Https://Esub.Com/Blog/What-Is-Prestressed-Concrete-And-
How-Does-It-Work/

D'souza, S. (July, 2020). Innovation Expressway. Retrieved From First Construction Council:
Https://Www.Firstconstructioncouncil.Com/Cement-Industry-News/117507/Innovation-
Expressway

Halim, N. H. (December, 2019). POST TENSIONED SLAB SYSTEM.

Khandelwal, P. (3 September, 2019). Phase 3 Of Delhi-Meerut Expressway Now Open, Reach Hapur
From Dasna In 15 Mins. Retrieved From Hindustan Times:
Https://M.Hindustantimes.Com/Noida/Phase-3-Of-Delhi-Meerut-Expressway-Now-Open-
Reach-Hapur-From-Dasna-In-15-Mins/Story-U9slqcfocykcfghkvegidj.Html

Perla Ara Sentral. (2019). Retrieved From Properly: Https://Properly.Com.My/Perla-Ara-Sentral/

Precast, B. ( 2014). THE SAFE STRESSING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PRODUCTS.

Prestressed Concrete. (2 9, 2020). Retrieved From Designing Buildings Wiki:

Https://Www.Designingbuildings.Co.Uk/Wiki/Prestressed_Concrete

Savani, R. (21 June, 2015). Prestressed Concrete. Retrieved From Slideshares:

Https://Www.Slideshare.Net/Mobile/Ravisavani94/Prestressed-Concrete-49649574

Sigh. (6, 2020). Challenges In Design & Construction Of 4680m Elevated Viaduct At Pilkhuwa – A
Case Study. Retrieved From Infrastructure And Equipment Magazines:
Https://Www.Nbmcw.Com/Tech-Articles/Precast-Construction/41872-Challenges-In-
Design-Construction-Of-4680m-Elevated-Viaduct-At-Pilkhuwa-A-Case-Study.Html

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