University of Cebu Banilad Campus

College of Business and Accountancy

MATH 100 – 87428

College Mathematics
Schedule (9:00-10:30 AM, FS)

Midterm Project
BAR GRAPHS
(Compilation of Bar Graphs:
Objectives, Definition, History, Types, Terminologies, Steps,
Examples & Solutions, Generalization, Summary and Applications)

Intia, Alegna M.
Student

Engr. Nicholas C. Banal

Instructor

Midterm Project
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Group Members ……………………………………………………… 1

…..
Introduction ……………………………………………………… 3
…..
Contents ……………………………………………………… 5
…..
Objectives ……………………………………………
6

Definition ……………………………………………
6

History ……………………………………………
7

Types ……………………………………………
9

Terms with Definitions ……………………………………………

12

Steps/Processes ……………………………………………
13

Example Problems …………………………………………… 14

Generalization …………………………………………… 20

Summary …………………………………………… 20

Applications …………………………………………… 22

Statement of Originality ……………………………………………

23

References …………………………………………………………………
24

Midterm Project
 GROUP MEMBERS
(Group 3)

Leader:

Revecoy, Maria Sarah P.

 In-charge for summary, applications & use and references (script)

 Discussed the introduction, summary, applications and references (video)

 Allocated parts of introduction

 Crafted the group’s PDF file

Members:

Alburo, Vance Eric F.

 In-charge for history of bar graph (script)

 Discussed the history and terminologies (video)

 Editor (video)

Binolirao, Vince Rei Q.

 In-charge for history of bar graph (script)

 Discussed the history (video)

 Lead editor (video)

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 Bustillo, Alyssa Faith T.

 In-charge for the definition of bar graph

 Discussed the definition and objectives (video)

 Editor (video)

Gabor, Sheena B.

 In-charge for the types of bar graphs and objectives (script)

 Discussed the types of bar graph (video)

 Editor (PowerPoint Presentation)

Intia, Alegna M.

 In-charge for the terminologies, steps & processes and example problems

& representations, and generalization

 Allocated parts for introduction

 Discussed the Steps, Example Problems and Solutions (video)

 Editor (PowerPoint Presentation)

Jalandoni, Angelie T.

 In-charge for the definition of bar graph

 Discussed the definition (video)

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 INTRODUCTION

In almost every industry, data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted to

discover useful information, have informed conclusions, and support decision-

making. To display or report these information, graphical representations are

used such as bar graphs, pie charts, line graph, and scatter plot. These graphs

are helpful in presenting information in an easy to understand way without relying

on high levels of numerical analysis. With that being said, it is important to note

that a graph should be clear and readable, and should provide a clear and

descriptive legend for each graph (Surg, 2014).

Due to its efficiency in presenting data, graphs are especially useful in the

business industry. Managing a business means constant interaction and work

with crucial and sensitive numerical information. The bigger the business is, the

bigger the numbers. Graphical analysis is important in presenting key information

and in deciding on an effective action plan. As proposed by Berry and

Hauenstein (2017), they suggest a presentation format that would mainly

strengthen the display of numerical results by the combination of bar graphs’

strength and general-pattern recognition. The format that they were talking about

can be based on a dot plot or can enhance a traditional bar graph with additional

text labels and visuals. An improved bar graph eliminates the need for readers to

switch back and forth between a graph and a table of numerical values,

decreasing cognitive burden and facilitating comprehension of the findings.

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 Now, what would be the best type of graph to use in business

presentations? “The general rule of thumb here is that bar charts are the most

commonly used types of graphs, and should be your go-to choose for most data

visualization,” (Survey Results: Reporting via Pie Charts or Bar Graphs, 2015).

A bar chart or bar graph plots data using rectangular bars or columns, or

bins, that represent the overall amount of observations in the data for that

category, and is also quick to convey relational information (Mitchell, 2021). As

summary of the bar graphs, in statistics it is very useful in plotting data with the

use of rectangular bars and columns. This graph or representation was actually

taught during elementary days, and it is to teach students that the utilization of

bar graphs makes it simple for them to compare sets of data across multiple

groups in a glance.

The members of this project aim to expound on the definition, types, and

history of bar graphs as well as to tap deeper into its usefulness through

substantial example problems and solutions.

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Objectives, Definition, History,
Types, Terms, Example
Problems & Solutions, Steps &
Processes, Generalization,
Summary and Applications of
Bar Graphs

 OBJECTIVES

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 After watching this video, you will be able to:

 Define the bar graph

 Understand its origin

 Recognize and differentiate the many forms of bar graphs

 Be able to know the definition of terms used in the video

 Learn the steps in solving, calculating, creating and illustrating the bar

graph

 Quickly express relational information as the bars indicate the quantity for

a certain category; and

 Be able to understand how to use this graph in presentations

 DEFINITION

 A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data

with rectangular bars. It has heights or lengths proportional to the values

that they represent.

 It can also be used to show comparisons among categories. The bars can

be plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes called

a column chart.

 HISTORY

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 Today bar charts and graphs are used everywhere and there are many forms

and variations, but who invented them and where did they come from?

Many sources credit William Playfair (circa 1780) with inventing the bar chart,

however a Frenchman, Nicole Oresme used a bar chart in a 14th century

publication, "The Latitude of Forms", to plot velocity of a constantly accelerating

object against time. To those of you who know Isaac Newton who was accredited

to be the first to write down the laws of motion, however it's interesting to note

that 300 years before Newton, someone else had a grasp of velocity and

acceleration.

In this very early graph Nicole Oresme plots time along the horizontal axis

and velocity of an object along the vertical axis.

In 1765 Joseph Priestley published a timeline type graph upon which he

plotted horizontal bars. Although not one of the more usual forms it is still a bar

style chart.

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 Moving on 20 years and we finally get to William Playfair who again

utilized bar charts in his publication to show imports/exports of Scotland.

This is the first example of numerical data being split into discrete groups

and plotted as bars and hence the reason William is credited with the invention of

the bar chart.

 TYPES

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Bar Graphs are mainly classified into two types: Vertical Bar Graph and

Horizontal Bar Graph. The bars in a bar graph can be plotted horizontally or

vertically, although the vertical bar graph is the most commonly used.

Aside from vertical and horizontal bar graphs, there are two other forms of bar

graphs to consider: Grouped Bar Graph and Stacked Bar Graph.

Vertical Bar Graph

Vertical bar graphs are created when the provided data is displayed vertically

in a graph or chart using rectangular bars that show the data measure. The

rectangular bars are drawn vertically on the x-axis, and the value of the height

of the rectangular bars, which reflects the amount of the variables written on

the x-axis, is shown on the y-axis.

Horizontal Bar Graphs

Horizontal bar graphs are created when the provided data is displayed

horizontally by utilizing rectangular bars that show the data measure. The

variables or categories of the data must be recorded in this kind, and then the

the rectangular bars are horizontally displayed on the y-axis, with the x-axis

showing the length of the bars equal to the values of the various variables

included in the data.

Stacked Bar Graph

The composite bar graph is another name for the stacked bar graph. It

separates the entire bar into sections. In this case, each section of a bar is
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represented by a distinct color to make it easier to distinguish between the

many categories. To indicate the various sections of the bar, special labeling is
 Horizontal stacked bar graph

Vertical stacked bar graph

Grouped Bar Graph

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The clustered bar graph is another name for the grouped bar graph. It displays

the discrete value for two or more categorical data sets. Rectangular bars are

grouped by position for levels of one categorical variable in this, with the same

colors indicating the secondary category level inside each group. It can be shown

vertically or horizontally.

Horizontal stacked bar graph

Vertical stacked bar graph

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  TERMINOLOGIES

1) Data – individual pieces of facts or raw information that are recorded and

utilized for the purpose of analysis.

2) Graphical Representation – the use of graphs and charts to clearly

visualize, simplify and analyze data sets.

3) Numerical Analysis – an area of mathematics that creates, analyzes and

implements methods to solve numerical problems.

4) Descriptive Legend – reflects the data displayed in the y-axis of a graph

5) Numerical Data/Information – a type of data expressed in numbers;

quantitative data

6) Graphical Analysis -a tool for determining the relationship between two

quantities

7) Pattern Recognition – to collect, study and digest observations and

regularities in data from a graph to infer general concepts

8) Categories – qualitative groups in charts

9) Statistics – the science of collection, manipulation, and analysis of

numerical data in large quantities to draw conclusion

10) Categorical Data – collection of values and observations that can be

sorted into groups – best represented in bar graphs and pie charts

11) Discrete Groups – group of data that can only take certain values (not

continuous); can be counted

12) X-axis – refers to the line on a graph that runs horizontally through zero

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 13) Y-axis – refers to the line on a graph that runs vertically through zero.

14) Scale – distance between two points on a line

15) Range – all the numbers in a data set

 STEPS & PROCESSES

Step 1: Decide on the title of the bar graph.

Step 2: Draw the horizontal axis and vertical axis.

Step 3: Label the horizontal axis.

Step 4: Write the names on the horizontal axis.

Step 5: Label the vertical axis.

Step 6: Finalize the scale and range for the given data.

Step 7: Finally, draw the bar graph that should represent each category with their

respective numbers.

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  EXAMPLE PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS

Remember that we have discussed 4 types of bar graph or bar chart: vertical and

horizontal, as well as grouped and stacked.

Let us take a look at some examples.

1. A clothing company released their first collection of clothing: shirts, pants, and

hoodies. The owner wanted to analyze the performance of the sales using a bar

graph for the sale in 4 months, as shown below. Which item had the most and

least sales for the month of January?

Given:

MONTH Sales (in units) Based on the bar chart, we

Shirts Pants Hoodies can say that for the month
January 300 280 600 of January, hoodies had the
February 400 300 450 most sales while pants had
March 200 500 100
the least sales.
April 250 400 200
We can observe this based
Representation:
on the size of their bar.

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The example above is a grouped bar graph represented in a vertical bar graph.

Now, let us take a look at a vertical type of bar graph that is not grouped.

2. A group of researchers conducted a survey in their university on the favorite

subject of 1,000 students. The study was done during the first semester. They

compared the data and results as shown below. What is an approximate

percentage of students who favored Science?.

Given:

SEMESTER Number of students

Math Science English Social Studies
First 150 210 230 410

Representation:

210 / 1000 = 21%

Now, let us take a look at a horizontal bar graph.

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3. An accountancy student at Central Mindanao University was asked to present

a bar chart on the number of BSA graduates from the years 2010-2020. The data

was retrieved from the Department of Accountancy and are as shown below:

Answer the questions that follow.

Given:

YEAR GRADUATED Graduates

2020 19

2019 19

2018 30

2017 23

2016 41

2015 0

2014 55

2013 35

2012 28

2011 35

2010 25

Representation:

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 QUESTIONS:
How many BSA graduates in total did CMU have from the years 2014-2020?
- 55+0+41+23+30+19+19 = 187 graduates
On which year did the most and least BSA students graduated?
- Most: 2014, Least: 2015
What is the difference in graduates of the year with most graduates and the
year before that?
- Graduates in 2014 - Graduates in 2013 = 55 - 35 = 20
Therefore, the year 2013 has 20 less graduates from year 2014.

Before proceeding with the last example which is the stacked bar graph, it is

important to note that according to Ashley Haskell of Web Designer Hub,

“These charts are controversial since they can produce confusion in readers who

are used to seeing a single bar represent a single type of data, rather than

multiples. In fact, there are many people who argue that stacked bar charts

shouldn’t be used at all.”

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However, it is also important to note that there are instances where stacked bar

graphs can be useful. Let us take a look at this example:

4. The clothing company from example number 1 has launched 5 branches in

different malls throughout the years. The owner would like to analyze and

compare the performance of each branch for the month ended December 31,

2021. The total revenue for each item. Answer the questions that follow.

BRANCH Shirts Pants Hoodies

Given:
Mall 1 12,204.20 5,398.23 3,049.44
Mall 2 10,745.64 8,395.00 5,309.33
Mall 3 13,204.60 6,234.00 6,982.45
Mall 4 9,309.90 6,450.50 4,900.90 0

Mall 5 10,203.34 10,294.00 7,840.75

Representation:

BRANCH

REVENUE
QUESTIONS:
Which branch performed the best in terms of overall revenue?
- Mall 5
In total, what product sold the most in all branches?
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- Shirts
Based on the graph, (1) which item sold the least among the branches and
A stacked bar graph may also be represented as a vertical graph. They look like

this:

 GENERALIZATION

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 “The general rule of thumb here is that bar charts are the most commonly

used types of graphs, and should be your go-to choose for most data

visualization,” (Survey Results: Reporting via Pie Charts or Bar Graphs, 2015).

Bar graphs are the most commonly used graphs for a reason. They are

easy to understand and can show changes over time. In comparison with other

graphs, one can estimate key values at a glance using bar graphs.

 SUMMARY
To summarize all information regarding bar graphs, we will start with its definition

followed by the history and its types.

Bar chart or bar graph simply is a chart or graph that presents categorical

data with rectangular bars. It has heights or lengths proportional to the values

that they represent. If we say bar graphs then it utilizes the bars or rectangular

bars.

In order for us to know where bar graphs came from, we need to

acknowledge its history. It was a Frenchman, Nicole Oresme who used bar chart

in the 14th century publication entitled “The Latitude of Forms”, wherein he plotted

velocity of a constantly accelerating object against time. Nicole Oresme plotted

time along the horizontal axis and the velocity at each moment in time. Also, as a

fundamental rule of most bar graphs used up to this day, we need to take note

that each bar is equal in width. Today, we can easily incorporate bar graphs into

a variety of print and digital publications.

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 Lastly, for us to easily comprehend the use of bar graphs, we need to

know its types and other forms. Two main types of this graph are the vertical and

horizontal bar graph. If we say, horizontal bar graph then the data are displayed

horizontally and data are displayed vertically in a vertical bar graph. Moreover,

we need to acknowledge the existence of stacked and grouped bar graph.

Stacked bar graphs, in short term, represents the data in a segment or

separation but in the same rectangular bar and grouped bar graphs displays the

discrete value for two or more categorical data sets. We need to remember that

stacked and grouped bar graphs can be presented horizontally and vertically.

 APPLICATION & USES

The three major attributes of bar graphs are:

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 1. The bar graph helps to compare the different sets of data among different

groups easily.

2. It shows the relationship using two axes, in which the categories on one

axis and the discrete values on the other axis.

3. The graph shows the major changes in data over time.

Bar graphs are used to compare things between different groups or to

track changes over time.

Well there are variety of functions and data sets that explain processes

that occur in both business and nature. This information is presented using

graphs to make it easier to comprehend.

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
With this statement we hereby declare that we are the sole authors of this
Midterm Project. This is to certify that to the best of our knowledge this work

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contains no material previously published by any other person except where due
acknowledgement has been made.

We also declare that the intellectual content of this Midterm Project is the
product of our own work and collaboration, including style, presentation and
language expression.

Furthermore, we have not submitted any essay, paper, or thesis with

similar contents elsewhere.

Date: October 12, 2021

Signed by:

Revecoy, Maria Sarah P. Gabor, Sheena B.

Alburo, Vance Eric F. Intia, Alegna M.

Binolirao, Vince Rei Q. Jalandoni, Angelie T.

Bustillo, Alyssa Faith T.

REFERENCES

Citation

Berry, W., & Hauenstein, M. (2017). Merging Graphics and Text to Better Convey

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 Experimental Results: Designing an “Enhanced Bar Graph”. PS: Political

Science & Politics, 50(3), 831-836. doi:10.1017/S1049096517000683

Slutsky D. J. (2014). The effective use of graphs. Journal of wrist surgery, 3(2),

67–68. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1375704

Online Sources

https://geographypoint.com/2015/08/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-bar-

graph/

https://brilliant.org/wiki/data-presentation-bar-charts

https://www.jpowered.com/graphs-and-charts/bar-chart-history

https://www.cuemath.com/?fbclid=IwAR22YxWsUOJ0fatg_BeTl_4Vz2hz_q2w-
HBObTWWekgDjVnYf8YC4ME6mW0

https://www.infocaptor.com/help/drex_stacked_bar_chart__vertical__custom.png

https://vizzlo.com/img/vizzards/100percent-stacked-bar-chart.png

https://www.math-only-math.com/bar-graph.html

https://www.math-only-math.com/represent-data-on-a-bar-graph.html

https://exceljet.net/chart-type/clustered-column-chart

https://exceljet.net/chart-type/clustered-bar-chart

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bar-graph.asp

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https://www.alchemer.com/resources/blog/pie-chart-or-bar-graph/?
fbclid=IwAR0XiNkUos1GDafYSZHvAXx8WUk7sPswG8FNl56PdwUfyl1fFNMo9ut0_J
8

https://www.mathworksheetscenter.com/mathtips/graphsandbusiness.html

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“Mankind invented a system to cope with the fact that we are so intrinsically

lousy at manipulating numbers. It's called the graph.”

-Charlie Munger

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