HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR

PHYSICS

2, 3 MARKS
QUESTIONS & ANSWER
victory

VOLUME R.
I- SARAVANAN.
2 MARK M.Sc,
AND 3 MARK
M.Phil, B.Ed., NOTES
PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 UNIT - 1 NATURE OF PHYSICAL WORLD &
International Bureau of Weights and Measures at  In right angled ABC,
Serves near Paris.
MEASURMENT 8. Define one second (S.I standard for time) tan 𝜃 = =
1. Distinguish between fundamental units and  It is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of = tan 𝜃
derived units. radiation corresponding to the transition 16. Write a note on parallax method.
fundamental units derived units between the two hyperfine levels of the ground  Parallax is the name given to the object with
1) The units in which the 1) The units in which all state of Cesium-133 atom respect to the background, when the object is
fundamental the physical 9. Define one ampere (S.I standard for current) seen from two different positions.
quantities are quantities which can  It is a constant current which when maintained  The distance between the two positions is called
measured are called be obtained by a in each of the two straight parallel thin basis (b)
fundamental or base suitable conductors of infinite length held one metre  This method is used for measuring very large
units multiplication or apart in vacuum shall produce a force per unit distance such as distance of a planet or star
division of power on length of 2 X 10-7 N/m between them 17. How will you measure the diameter of the Moon
fundamental units 10. Define one kelvin (S.I standard for temperature) using Parallax method?
are called derived  It is the fraction of
1
of the thermodynamic  Diameter of Moon ; AB = d
273 .16
units
temperature of the triple point of the water. Parallax angle ; AOB = 
2) (e.g) m, s, kg, A, mol 2) (e.g) m/s, kg/m3, 11. Define one mole (S.I standard for amount of Distance of Moon from Earth ;
2. Define f.p.s system of units. substance) OA = OB = D
 It is the British Engineering system of units,  It is the amount of substance which contains as  Hence,
which uses foot, pound and second as the basic man elementary entities as there are atoms in 𝜃= =
units for measuring length, mass and time 0.012 kg of pure carbon - 12
respectively 12. Define one candela (S.I standard for Luminous = 𝜃
3. Define c.g.s system of units. intensity) 18. Explain the determination of distance of Moon
 It is the Gaussian system of units, which uses  It is the luminous intensity in a given direction of from Earth using Parallax method.
centimeter, gram and second as the basic units a source that emits monochromatic radiation of  Diameter of Earth = AB
for measuring length, mass and time respectively frequency 5.40 X 1014 Hz and that has a radiant Centre of Earth =C
4. Define m.k.s system of units. 1 Stars = S1 and S2
intensity of watt/steradian in that direction.
 It is the Metric system of units, which uses 683 Moon =M
metre, kilogram and second as the basic units 13. Define one radian (S.I standard for plane angle) Distance of Moon from Earth= MC
for measuring length, mass and time respectively  It is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle Parallax angles between Stars and Moon = 1
5. What are advantages of S.I system? by an arc equal in length to the radius of the and 2
 It is a rational system (i.e) only one unit for one circle. Total Parallax of the Moon subtended on Earth =
180°
physical quantity 1 = = 57.27 ° AMB =  = 1 + 2
 It is a coherent system (i.e)all derived units are 𝜋  Hence,
14. Define one steradian (S.I standard for solid angle)
easily obtained from basic and supplementary
 It is the solid angle subtended at the centre of a 𝜃= = ≈
units
sphere, by that surface of the sphere, which is
 It is a metric system (i.e) multiples and =
equal in area to the square of radius of the 𝜽
submultiples can be expressed as powers of 10
sphere. 19. Write a note on RADAR method to measure larger
6. Define one metre (S.I standard for length)
15. Explain Triangulation method for height of an distance.
 It is defined as length of the path travelled by
1 accessible object.  The word RADAR stands for RAdio Detection
light in vacuum in of a second Triangulation method - Height of an object :
29,97,92,458 And Ranging.
7. Define one kilogram (S.I standard for mass)  Height of the tree or tower ; AB = h  RADAR can be used to measure accurately the
 It is the mass of platinum-iridium cylinder whose Distance of the tree from C ; BC = distance of a nearby planets.
height is equal to its diameter preserved at the Angle of elevation of tree ; ∠ = 𝜃

Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502 Page 2
  In this method, radio waves
are sent from transmitters,
which after reflection from
the planet are detected by
the receiver.
 The time interval between
the instants of the radio waves are sent and
received is measured and let it be t.
 Hence,
=
2  The ratio of the mean absolute error to the mean
=
= =
where, →
20. One Light Year.
 It is the distance travelled by the light in vacuum
in one year. 1 Light Year = 9.467 X 1015 m
21. Define one astronomical unit (AU).
 It is the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun.
1 A.U = 1.496 X 1011 m
22. Define one parsec (parallactic second)
 It is the distance at which an arc of length 1 A.U
subtends an angle of 1 second of arc.
1 parsec = = 3.08 X 1016 m = 3.26 light years
23. Define Chandrasekar Limit (CSL)
 The Largest practical unit of mass is called
Chandrasekar limit.
1 CSL = 1.4 times the mass of the Sun
24. Define Shake.
 The smallest practical unit of time is Shake.
1 Shake = 10-8 s
25. Define accuracy and precision with numerical
example.
 Accuracy refers to how far we are from the true
value and precision refers to how well we
measure.
Numerical example :
 Let the real temperature inside the refrigerator is
9C
 Let first thermometer measures 10C, 8C, 12C,
11C, 7C.
Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
Second thermometer measures 10.4C, 10.3C,
10.2C, 10.2C, 10.1C
Third thermometer measures 9.1C, 9.2C, 8.9C,
9.1C, 9.1C
 First thermometer measurement is not accurate 30.
and not precise
Second thermometer measurement is not
accurate but precise
Third thermometer measurement is accurate and
precise
26. Define relative error.
value is called relative error (or) fractional error. 31.
∆  This method gives no information about the
=
27. Define dimensional variables and dimensionless
variables.
 Physical quantities which possess dimensions
and have variable values are called dimensional
variables.
(e.g) length, velocity, acceleration etc.,
 Physical quantities which have no dimensions 32.
but have variable values are called dimensionless
variables.
(e.g) strain, specific gravity, refractive index etc
28. Define dimensional constants and dimensionless 33.
constants.
 Physical quantities which possess dimensions
and have constant values are called dimensional
constants. 34.
e.g Gravitational constant, Plank’s constant etc.
 Physical quantities which have no dimensions
but have constant values are called 35.
dimensionless constant.
(e.g) numbers, , e, etc.,
29. Explain the principle of homogeneity of
dimensions.
Principle of homogeneity of dimensions :
 It states that the dimensions of all the terms in a
physical expression should be the same.
 For example, consider the following expression
2
= 2+ 2
 By substituting the dimensions,
L T −1 2 = L T −1 2 + L T −2 L
𝐓− = 𝐓 − + [ 𝐓− ]
 Thus the dimensions of terms in both LHS and
RHS are same and equal. This is called principle
of homogeneity of dimensions,
Give the applications of the method of
dimensional analysis.
 To convert a physical quantity from one system
of units to another.
 To check the dimensional correctness of a given
physical equation.
 To establish the relation among various physical
quantities.
Give the limitations of dimensional analysis.
dimensional constants in the formula like
numbers, , e, etc
 This method cannot decide, whether the given
quantity is a vector or scalar.
 This method is not suitable to derive relations
involving trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic
functions.
Write a note on absolute errors.
 The difference between the true value and the
measured value of a quantity is called absolute
error.
Define mean absolute error.
 The arithmetic mean of the magnitude of
absolute errors in all the measurements is called
the mean absolute error.
Define relative error.
 The ratio of the mean absolute error to the mean
value is called relative error (or) fractional error.
Define percentage error.
 The relative error expressed as a percentage is
called percentage error.
∆
= 100 %
Page 3
 CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS UNIT - 2 KINEMATICS 9. Define various types of vectors.
Type Definition Examples
36. Why is it convention to express the distance of 1. Define frame of reference. They have equal
stars in terms of light year (or) parsec rather than  The co ordinate system by which the position of Equal magnitude, same
in km? an object is described relative to is called frame vectors direction and represent
 Stars are very far away from us. So it will be very of reference, same physical quantity
hard to measure in km. 2. Define Cartesian co ordinate system. They act along same line.
Collinear
 For example, Andromeda galaxy is about  At any instant, the frame of reference with the angle between them
vectors
2 million light years from earth. But in km it is respect to which the position of the object is be 0 (or) 180
represented as 18934000000000000000 km described in terms of the position coordinates x, They act in the same
[1 Light year = 9.467 X 1012 km] Parallel
y, z is called Cartesian coordinate system. direction along same line
vectors
37. Show that a screw gauge of pitch 1 mm and 100  In General we use the right-handed coordinate or on parallel lines
divisions is more precise than a vernier caliper system Anti They act in the opposite
with 20 divisions on the sliding scale. 3. Give the types of motion. Parallel direction along same line
 The least count of vernier caliper is a) Linear motion vectors or on parallel lines
1 b) Circular motion A vector divided by its
= = 0.05 Unit
20 c) Rotational motion magnitude is called unit =
 The least count of screw gauge is vectors
d) Vibratory or Oscillatory motion vectors
1 4. Define one dimension motion. Give example Two vectors which are
= = 0.01 = 0.001
100  It is the motion of a particle along a straight line. Orthogonal perpendicular to each
 Thus by comparing these two, screw gauge is (e.g.) freely falling body, motion of a train in a vectors other are called
most precise than vernier caliper. straight track orthogonal vectors
38. If human were to settle on other planets which of 5. Define two dimension motion. Give example. 10. State triangle law of vectors.
the fundamental quantities be in trouble? Why?  It is the motion of particle moving in a three  It states that, if two vectors are represented by
 The time will be trouble for humans to settle on dimensional space. the two adjacent sides of a triangle in same
other planets. (e.g.) motion of a coin in a carom board order, then the resultant is given by the third
 Because the length of a day, night and year will 6. Define three dimension motion. Give example. side of the triangle in opposite order.
be depends on the orbiting and spinning time of  It is the motion of particle moving along a curved 11. Give the component of vectors in two and three
the planets around the Sun. path in a plane. dimensional coordinate systems.
39. Having all units in atomic standards is more (e.g.) a bird flying in the sky, motion of molecules  In two dimensional system, the components of
useful.? Explain. 7. Define scalar and vector. Give examples. are ; = + and its magnitude is
 Yes. All units in atomic standard are more useful.  The physical quantity which is described only by
 Because these units does not change with time magnitude is called Scalar. = +
and they are very accurate one. (e.g.) mass, temperature, speed, work etc.,
40. Why dimensional methods are applicable only up  In three dimensional system, the components of
 The physical quantity which is describedby both
to three quantities? magnitude and direction is called Vector. are ; = + + and its
 This is due to fact that we can get at most three (e.g.) Force, velocity, acceleration, momentum etc magnitude is = + +
equations by comparing the powers of three 8. What are the types of vectors?
a) Equal vectors 12. Write a note on vector addition and vector
fundamental units (M, L and T). subtraction of two vectors using components.
b) Collinear vectors
 Hence this method can be used to find the value c) Parallel vectors  Let the components of and be
of three unknown quantities. d) Anti parallel vectors = + +
e) Unit vectors = + +
f) Orthogonal vectors
 Then addition of these two vector is

Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502 Page 4
 + = + + + + +  Then the displacement vector is given by,  If an object is moving with varying velocity with
 Similarly difference of two vector is ∆ = − time, then the motion is called non - uniform
− = − + − + − ∆ = − + − + − motion or accelerated motion.
21. Define average velocity. 29. Define uniform accelerated motion.
13. What happens when a vector is multiplied by a
 The ration of change in displacement vector to the  In accelerated motion, if the change in velocity of
scalar?
corresponding time interval is called average an object per unit time is constant, then the
 When a vector is multiplied by a scalar gives a
velocity. motion is called uniformly accelerated motion.
vector.
∆ 30. Define non - uniform accelerated motion.
(e.g.) = , =− =  In accelerated motion, if the change in velocity of
14. Define scalar or dot product of two vectors. ∆
 It is a vector quantity and its unit is m s -1 an object per unit time is different in different
 Let and be inclined by an angle , then times, then the motion is called non - uniformly
22. Define average speed.
their scalar product is given by  The ratio of total path length travelled by the accelerated motion.
. = 𝐜 𝜽 = ( 𝒂𝒂 ) particle to a given interval of time is called 31. Define average acceleration.
15. Define vector or cross product of two vectors. average speed.  The ratio of change in velocity to the given
 Let and be inclined by an angle , then interval of time is called average acceleration.
their vector product is given by
= − ∆
𝒂𝒂 = =
= 𝜽 = ( ) 23. Define velocity (or) instantaneous velocity. − ∆
16. How will you prove that two vector are orthogonal?  The rate of change of position vector with respect 32. Define acceleration (instantaneous acceleration).
 If two vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular) to to time is called velocity.  The rate of change of velocity at any instant is
each other, then their scalar product is zero or ∆ called acceleration.
= 𝐢 =
vector product is maximum ∆ → ∆
𝒂 = =
17. State right hand rule in vector product.  It is a vector quantity.
 If the curvature of the right hand fingers 24. Define speed.  It is a vector quantity and its unit is m s-2
represents rotating direction of and , then the  The magnitude of velocity is called speed and it is 33. Define deceleration or retardation.
stretched thumb points out the direction of given by,  If the velocity decreases with time, then the
resultant vector acceleration becomes negative.
= + +  The negative acceleration is called deceleration or
18. Define position vectors.
 It is always positive scalar quantity. retardation
 It is a vector which denotes the position of a
25. Define linear momentum. Give its unit. 34. Give the importance of displacement - time graph.
particle at any instant of time with respect to
some reference frame or coordinate system.  The linear momentum or simply momentum ( )  The slope of displacement - time graph gives the
velocity of the object at given interval.
= + + is defined as the product of mass with velocity
35. Give the importance of velocity - time graph.
19. Define distance and displacement. =
 The slope of velocity - time graph gives the
 Distance is the length of the path travelled by the  Its unit is kg m s-1
acceleration of the object at given interval.
particle in a given interval of time. It is positive 26. What is the relative velocity?
 The area under the velocity - time graph gives the
scalar quantity  The velocity of one object with respect to another
displacement and distance travelled by the
 Displacement is the shortest distance between the is called relative velocity.
particle.
initial and final positions of the particle and its  For example, relative velocity of A with respect to
36. Give the importance of acceleration - time graph.
direction is from initial to final position. It is a B is = −
vector quantity.  The area under the acceleration - time graph gives
27. Define uniform motion. the velocity of the particle.
20. Give the displacement vector on the basis of  If an object is moving with constant velocity (zero 37. Write the equations of uniformly accelerated
position vectors. acceleration), then the motion is called uniform motion?
 Let the initial and final position of an object be motion.  Let, initial velocity = u
= + + 28. Define non - uniform motion. final velocity = v
= + +
Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502 Page 5
 time taken = t 47. Define angular acceleration.
displacement = s =  The rate of change of angular velocity is called
acceleration = a angular acceleration. Its SI unit is rad s-2
 Then the equations of motion are  For oblique projection, 𝝎
i. = +𝒂 𝜽 𝜶=
=
ii. = + 𝒂 48. Define uniform circular motion.
iii. = + 𝒂 42. Define horizontal range.  When an object moving in a circular path covers
+  The horizontal distance covered by the projectile equal distances on the circumference in equal
iv. = from the point of projection to the point where the interval of time. then the object is said to be in
38. Give the equations of motion under gravity. projectile hits the ground is called horizontal uniform circular motion.
 Let g be the acceleration due to gravity, then range.  In uniform circular motion, the velocity of the
= +  For motion along horizontal direction, object (direction) always changes, but its speed
= + (magnitude) remains the same.
𝑹= = 49. Define centripetal acceleration. Give the
= + expression for it.
 For freely falling bodies, u = 0. Hence  For oblique projection,  In an uniform circular motion, the acceleration is
= 𝜽 acting towards the centre of the circle along the
𝑹 =
= radius. This is called centripetal acceleration.
43. Give the angle of projection for which the range
= become maximum. 𝒂 = − = −𝝎 [ = 𝜔]
39. Give the equations of motion of a body thrown  When s 2 𝜃 = 1, the range becomes maximum. 50. Define non - uniform circular motion.
vertically upwards (against gravity). So 2 𝜃 = 𝜋/2 (or) 𝜃 = 𝜋/4  If the speed of the object in circular motion is not
𝜋
 Let g be the acceleration due to gravity, then  That if the particle is projected at 45° with constant, then the object is said to be in non -
4
= − respect to horizontal. it attains maximum and it is
uniform circular motion.
(e.g) bob attached to a string moving in vertical
= − given by,
circle
= − 𝑹 𝒂 = 51. Give the kinemtic equations of circular motion.
40. Define projectile. Give examples.  angular displacement = 𝜃
 When an object is thrown in air with some initial 44. Define one radian. initial angular velocity = 𝜔0
velocity and then allowed to move under the  It is defined as the angle subtended at the center final angular velocity = 𝜔
action of gravity alone, the object is known as a of a circle by an arc that is equal in length to the time =
projectile. radius of the circle. angular acceleration =
180°
 The path followed by the particle is called its 1 = = 57.295°  Hence 𝝎 = 𝝎 + 𝜶
trajectory. 𝜋
45. Define angular displacement. 𝜽 = 𝝎 + 𝜶
(e.g.)
1) A bullet fired from the gun  The angle described by the particle about the axis 𝝎 = 𝝎 + 𝜶𝜽
2) A ball thrown in any direction of rotation in a given time is called angular 𝝎 + 𝝎
41. Define time of flight. displacement. Its SI unit is radian (rad) 𝜽=
 The time taken tor the projectile to complete its 𝜽=
trajectory or time taken by the projectile to hit the 46. Define angular velocity.
ground is called time of flight.  The rate of change of angular displacement is
 For motion along horizontal direction, called angular velocity. Its SI unit is rad s-1
𝜽
𝝎=

Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502 Page 6
 UNIT - 3 LAWS OF MOTION 2) It obeys Newton’s laws 2) It obeys only Newton’s 14. State law of conservation of total linear
of motion third law of motion momentum.
1. Give the views of Aristotle, Galileo and Newton 3) It is also called non - 3) It is also accelerated  If there is no external force acting on the system,
about the motion. accelerated frame frame the total linear momentum of the system is
 According to Aristotle, external force must need 8. State Newton s third law of motion. always a constant vector.
for motion.  Newton’s third law states that for every action  In other words, the total linear momentum of the
 According to Galileo, an object can be in motion there is an equal and opposite reaction. system is conserved in time.
even without a force acting on it.  That is whenever object 1 exerts a force on the 15. Define impulse or impulsive force. Give its unit.
 According to Newton, force must needed to object 2, then object 2 must also exert equal and  If a very large force acts on an object for a very
change the state of rest or motion of an object. opposite force on the object 1. short duration, then the force is called impulsive
2. State Newton s first law of motion.  Here one force is called action and other force is force or impulse
 Newton’s first law states that, Every object called reaction . Hence =− = = − =
continues to be in the state of rest or of uniform 9. What are the steps followed in developing the  It is a vector quantity. Its SI unit of impulse is N s
motion unless there is external force acting on it. free body diagram. 16. When a cricket player catches the ball, he pulls
3. Define inertia. Give its types.  Identify the forces acting on the object his hands gradually in the direction of the ball s
 The inability of objects to move on its own or  Represent the forces acting as a point motion. Why?
change its state of motion is called inertia.  Draw the vectors representing the forces action  If the player don’t pulls his hand in direction of
 There are three types of inertia, on the object ball, it comes to rest at once which means the
1) Inertia at rest 10. The ropes used in conveyor belts (horizontal momentum of the ball reduces to zero very
2) Inertia at motion motion) work for longer duration than those of quickly.
3) Inertia of direction cranes and lifts (vertical motion). Why?  So the average force acting on the hand will be
4. State Newton s second law of motion.  Because comparing these two cases, the tension very large which hurts his hands.
 Newton’s second law states that, the force acting in the string for horizontal motion is half of the  To avoid getting hurt, the player brings the ball
on an object is equal to the rate of change of its tension for vertical motion for same set of to rest slowly.
momentum. masses and strings. 17. Why shock absorbers are fixed in two wheelers?
( ) 11. What is concurrent forces?  When there is a bump in a road, a sudden force is
= = = 𝒂  The lines of forces acting at a common point are transferred to the vehicle.
5. How is force is measured ? Give its unit. called concurrent forces.  The shock absorbers prolongs the period of
 Force is measured as the product of mass and 12. What is coplanar forces? transfer of force to the body of the rider.
velocity . (i.e.) = 𝒂  The lines of forces they are in the same plane are 18. Jumping on a concrete cemented floor is more
 Its unit is newton (N) called coplanar forces. dangerous than jumping on the sand. Why?
6. Define one newton. 13. State Lami s theorem.  When jumping on the sand, it brings the body to
 One newton (1N) is defined as the force which  Lami’s theorem states that, if a system of three rest slowly than concrete floor, so that the
acts on 1 kg of mass to given acceleration 1 m s -2 concurrent and coplanar forces is in equilibrium, average force experienced by the body will be
in the direction of the force. then each force is directly proportional to sine of lesser.
7. Distinguish between inertial frame and non inertial angle between the other two forces 19. Now a days cars are designed with air bags. Why?
 When a car meets with an accident, its
frame of references. 1 ∝ sin
momentum reduces in a very short time.
2 ∝ sin
Inertial frames Non-inertial frames
1) The frame in which 1) The frame in which  This is very dangerous for the passengers, since
3 ∝ sin they will experience a large force.
object moves with object get accelerated is
 Hence,  To prevent this, air bags are fixed in cars, so that
constant velocity or called non - inertial
remains at rest is called frame. when car meet an accident, the momentum of the
1 2 3 passengers will reduce slowly and the average
inertial frame = = = ( )
sin sin sin force acting on them will be smaller.

Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502 Page 7
20. What is meant by frictional force. 25. Define angle of friction. 32. How many ways a force can change the velocity of
 The force which always opposes the relative  It is defined as the angle between the normal a particle?
motion between an object and the surface where force (N) and the resultant force (R) of normal  A force can change the velocity in three different
it is placed is called frictional force force and maximum frictional force ( 𝒂 ) ways. They are,
21. What is meant by static friction.  The coefficient of static friction is equal to 1) The magnitude of the velocity can be
 Static friction is the force which opposes the tangent of the angle of friction ( 𝝁 = 𝐚 𝜽) changed without changing the direction.
initiation of motion of an object on the surface. 26. Define angle of repose. (e.g.) freely falling bodies
 The condition for static friction is  The angle of inclined plane with horizontal, at 2) The direction of motion alone can be
≤ ≤ 𝝁 which an object placed on it begins to slide is changed without changing its magnitude
where, 𝝁  coefficient of static friction called angle of repose. (speed)
22. What is meant by kinetic friction. 27. Give the applications of angle of repose. (e.g.) uniform circular motion
 When an objects slides, the surface exerts a  Antilons make a sand traps whose angle of 3) Both the direction and magnitude (speed) of
frictional force called kinetic force. inclination equal to angle of repose. So an insect the velocity can be changed.
 The magnitude of kinetic friction is enter the edge of the trap, it starts slide towards (e.g.) oscillation of simple pendulum
= 𝝁 the bottom where the antilons hide itself. 33. Define centripetal force.
where, 𝝁  coefficient of kinetic friction  The angle of inclination of children’s sliding  If a particle is in uniform circular motion, there
23. Explain graphically the variation of static friction board is slightly greater than the angle of repose, must be centripetal acceleration ( ) towards
and kinetic friction with external applied force. sliding is easy for children’s. the centre of the circle.
 Static friction increases linearly with external 28. Write a note on rolling friction.  According to Newton’s second law, due to this
applied force till it reaches the maximum.  When a object is sliding on a surface without acceleration, there must be some force acting on
 When the object begins wheels, there is a relative motion between the it with respect to an inertial frame. This force is
to move then the object and the surface which results large called centripetal force ( ).
kinetic friction is frictional force. This makes very difficult to move.
slightly lesser than the  But when a object is sliding with wheel, there is = 𝒂 = = 𝝎
maximum static no relative motion and hence the frictional force 34. Give the examples of centripetal force.
friction. is very less.  In the whirled motion of a stone tied in a string.
 Here kinetic friction is  This minimal frictional force between the wheel the tensional force gives necessary centripetal
constant and it is and the surface is called rolling friction. force.
independent of applied force. 29. What are the types of friction.  In motion of satellite around the Earth, the
24. Distinguish the salient features of Static friction  Depending upon the magnitude of applied force, centripetal force is given by the gravitational
and Kinetic friction. 1) Static friction force.
Static friction Kinetic friction 2) Limiting friction  When a car moves in a circular track, the
1) It opposes the 1) It opposes the  Depending upon the motion, centripetal force is given by the frictional force
starting of motion relative motion of the 1) Kinetic friction between the road and the tyres.
object with respect to 2) Rolling friction 35. What is called banking of tracks.
the surface 30. Give the methods to reduce friction.  When a car moves in a leveled circular road, the
2) Independent of 2) Independent of  Applying Lubricants between the moving parts of necessary centripetal force is provided by the
surface of contact surface of contact a machine. frictional force between the road and the tyres.
3) Depends on 3) Independent of  By using ball bearings  If the frictional force is not sufficient, skidding
magnitude of applied magnitude of applied 31. Give the origin of frictional force. occurs. (i.e) skidding mainly depends on the
force force  Olden days, frictional forces are considered as coefficient of static friction (𝝁 )
4) It can takes values 4) It can never be zero one of the natural forces.  To avoid this, usually the outer edge of the road
from zero to 𝝁 and always equal to  But now a days, frictional forces are identified as is slightly raised compared to inner edge. This is
= 𝝁 the electromagnetic force between the atoms of called banking of roads or tracks.
the two surfaces.
Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502 Page 8
36. Define centrifugal force. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 
Because when a person walks on the surface, he
 To use Newton’s first and second law in the pushed the surface backward, whereas the
rotational frame of reference (non inertial frame) 1. Why it is not possible to push a car from inside? surface gives the frictional force forward which is
we need to introduce a pseudo force which  It is not possible to push a car from inside, in the direction of motion.
appears to act on the particle radially outward. because the pushing force is equalized by the 7. Can the coefficient of friction be more than one?
This force is called centrifugal force. reactional force of the car seat  Yes.The frictional force : = 𝜇 𝜇 =
 Though it is pseudo force, its effects are real  Since these action and reaction forces are acts on
37. What is called pseudo force? same object, they has no effect on the car.  If the Normal reaction force (N) is less than the
 When we analyse circular motion of a particle 2. There is a limit beyond which the polishing of a static frictional force ( ), then coefficient of
from rotating frame of reference (non-inertial surface increases frictional resistance rather than friction will be more than one
frame) in addition to centripetal force we must decreasing it. Why?  For example, for rubber ; 𝜇 = 1.16
consider a force which must be equal and  Frictional forces are arise due to the 8. Can we predict the direction of motion of a body
opposite to centripetal force. This outward force electromagnetic force between the atoms of the from the direction of force on it?
is called centrifugal force. two surfaces.  No. It is not possible. Because, direction of
 But with respect to inertial frame, there exist  Hence if the surfaces are polished beyond a limit, motion can be along the direction of force or
centripetal force only. it induces electrostatic adhesive force on the opposite to direction of force or perpendicular to
 For this reason centrifugal force is called as a surface which will developes the frictional the direction of force or without the force.
pseudo force. resistance. 9. The momentum of system of particles is always
38. Distinguish between centripetal force and 3. Can a single isolated force exist in nature? Explain conserved. True or false?
centrifugal force. your answer.  False. According to law of conservation of linear
Centripetal force Centrifugal force  Isolated force or single force never exist in momentum, the momentum of system of particle
1) It is a real force and 1) It is pseudo force but nature. is conserved only when external force acting on
has real effects has real effects  According to Newton’s third law, for every action it is zero.
2) Acts in both inertial 2) Acts only rotating there is an equal and opposite reaction. So the 10. When you walk on the tiled floor where water is
and non - inertial frames (non inertial) forces always exist in pairs. spilled, you are likely to slip. Why?
frames 4. Why does a parachute descend slowly?  Because, the water on the surface of the tiled
3) It acts towards the 3) It acts away from the  When parachute expands, its surface area floor acts as lubricant which reduces friction.
axis of rotation or axis of rotation or becomes very large.  When we walk on this surface, due to absence of
radially inward to the radially outward to  This larger area experiences more air resistive friction, our legs are pulled backwards.
centre of circular the centre of circular force acting opposite to the downward  It may causes slipping on the floor.
motion motion gravitational force. So that the parachute 11. It is dangerous to stand near the open door (or)
4) Its origin is the inter 4) Its origin is inertia descends slowly. steps while travelling in the bus. Why?
action between two 5. When we walking on ice one should take short  When the bus takes sudden turn, the person
objects steps. Why? standing near the open door or steps is pushed
5) In inertial frames it 5) In inertial frames  Normally the surface of ice is very smooth which away from the bus due to centrifugal force.
has to be included there is no centrifugal gives less frictional force which causes skidding  Though it is pseudo force, it has real effects.
when free body force. while we walk on its surface. 12. When the bicycle moves in the forward direction,
diagrams are drawn But in rotational  In order to avoid skidding, short steps helps us to what is the direction of frictional force in the rear
frames both make necessary static friction to walk. and front wheels?
centripetal and 6. When a person walks on a surface, the frictional force  When bicycle moves in forward direction, static
centrifugal forces are exerted by the surface on the person is opposite to friction in the rear wheel acts forward direction.
included when free the direction of motion. True or false?  So that front wheel gets backward static friction.
body diagrams are  False. The frictional force is on the direction of 1. When wheels slips, rolling friction come in to
drawn motion. play on both wheels in the backward direction.

Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502 Page 9
 UNIT - 4 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
1. Explain how the definition of work in physics
different from general perception.
 In general, any activity refers work. It may be
physical or mental work.
 But in physics, work is done by the force when
the force applied on a body displaces it.
2. Define work. Give its unit and dimension.
 When a force acts on a body displace it by
then work done is defined as
= . = 𝐜 𝜽
 It is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is joule (J)
3. Can work done on an object becomes zero? Explain
with example.
 Work done is zero in the following three cases.
1) When the force is zero (F = 0)
(e.g.) particle sliding on a smooth frictionless
horizontal surface will continue to move.
2) When the displacement is zero (dr = 0)
(e.g.) when force is applied on a rigid wall it does
not produce any displacement, so work is zero
3) When the force and displacement are
perpendicular (( 𝜽 = 𝟗 °)
(e.g.) when a body moves on a horizontal
direction, the gravitational force does no work on
the body, since it acts at right angles to the
displacement.
4. Write a note on positive work and negative work.
 If the particle moves in the direction of force
(i.e. 𝜽 < 90°), then the work done by the force is
said to be positive.
(e.g.) When weight lifter lifts the mass, then the
direction of force (effort) and displacement of
the mass are in same direction and hence the
work done by the weight lifter is positive.
 If the particle moves opposite to the direction of
force (i.e. 𝜽 > 90°), then the work done by the
force is said to be negative.
(e.g.) When weight lifter lifts the mass, the
gravity acts downwards which means that
direction of gravitational force and displacement
are in opposite direction and hence the work
done by the gravitational force is negative.
Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
5. Define Energy.
 Energy is defined as capacity to do work.
 In other word work done is the manifestation of
energy.
 Its SI unit is J or N m and its dimension is M L2 T-2
6. State law of conservation of energy.
 It states that energy neither be created nor
destroyed. It may transformed from one form to
another but the total energy of an isolated
, system remains constant.
7. List the various units for energy and give their
equivalent SI values.
Name of the unit equivalent in joule
1) 1 erg 10−7 J
2) 1 electron volt (eV) 1.6 10−19 J
3) 1calorie (cal) 4.186 J
3.6 106 J
4) 1 kilowatthour (kWh)
8. Define kinetic energy (KE).
 It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of
its motion.
=  It is possible when there is another force which
(e.g.) All moving bodies have kinetic energy
9. Define potential energy (U).
 It is defined as the work done by an external
force in moving the object at constant velocity
from initial point to final point.
 It is the energy possessed by an object by virtue
of its position.
= .
𝒂
(e.g.) raised hammer, stretched string, etc.,
10. Define work - energy theorem.
 According to work - energy theorem, the work
done by the force on the body changes the kinetic
energy of the body.
11. Give the relation between momentum and kinetic
energy.
 Let mass = m and velocity = v, then
momentum = =  Power is defined as the rate of work done or
 Let kinetic energy be KE, then
= =
12. Define gravitational potential energy.
 Gravitational potential energy (U) at some height
is equal to the amount of work required to take
the object from the ground to that height h
; =
13. Define elastic potential energy.
 The potential energy possessed by a spring due
to a deforming force which stretches or
compresses the spring is termed as elastic
potential energy.
=
14. Define electrostatic potential energy.
 The energy due to electrostatic forces on charges
gives rise to electrostatic potential energy.
=
𝝅𝜺
15. How can an object move with zero acceleration
(constant velocity), when the external force is
acting on the object?
acts exactly opposite to the external applied
force.
 They both cancel each other and the resulting net
force becomes zero. hence the object moves with
zero acceleration.
16. Why should the object be moved at constant
velocity when we define potential energy?
 If the object does not move at constant velocity,
then it will have different velocities at the initial
and final locations. According to work - kinetic
energy theorem, the external force will impart
some extra kinetic energy.
 But we associate potential energy to the forces
like gravitational force, spring force and coulomb
force. So the external agency should not impart
any kinetic energy when the object is taken from
to final location.
17. Define power. Give its unit.
energy delivered.
( )
=
( )
 Its SI unit is watt (W). It is a scalar quantity.
Page 10
18. Compare the conservative force and Non- 23. Define Inelastic collision. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
conservative forces  In a collision, the total initial kinetic energy of the
Conservative forces Non-Conservative force bodies is not equal to the total final kinetic 1. A spring which in initially in un-stretched
1) Work done is 1) Work done depends energy of the bodies, then it is called as inelastic condition, is first stretched by a length x and
independent of the upon the path collision; again by a further length x. The work done in the
path Total kinetic energy Total kinetic energy first case W1 is one third of the work done in
2) Work done in round 2) Work done in round before collision  after collision second case W2. True or false?
trip is zero trip is not zero 24. Compare elastic collision and inelastic collision.  Work done in first case,
3) Total energy remains 3) Energy is dissipated Elastic collision Inelastic collision 1 1 1
1 =
2
− 2 = 2
− 0 = 2
constant as heat energy 1) Total momentum 1) Total momentum 2 2 2
4) Work done is 4) Work done is not conserved conserved  Work done in second case,
completely completely 2) Total kinetic energy is 2) Total kinetic energy is 1 1
2 =
2
− 2 = 4 2− 2
recoverable recoverable conserved not conserved 2 2
3) Forces involved are 3) Forces involved are 1
5) Force is the negative 5) No such relations 2 = 3 2=3 1
gradient of potential exists conservative forces non conservative 2
1
energy forces 1 =
(e.g.) gravitational force, (e.g.) frictional force, 4) Mechanical energy is 4) Mechanical energy is 3 2
 Thus the given statement is true.
elastic force, viscous force, not dissipated dissipated into heat,
2. Which is conserved in inelastic collision? Total
electrostatic force air resistive force light, sound etc.,
energy (or) Kinetic energy?
19. Define one watt (1 W) 25. Define perfectly inelastic collision.
 Total energy.
 One watt is defined as the power when one joule  If the two colliding bodies stick together after
 Because, in inelastic collision, total kinetic energy
of work is done in one second. (1 W = 1 J s-1) collision such collisions are known as completely
dissipated in to heat, light, sound etc.,
 The higher units of power are, inelastic collision or perfectly inelastic collision.
3. Is there any net work done by external forces on a
1 = 1000 = 103  For example, clay putty is thrown on a moving
car moving with a constant speed along a straight
1 = 1000000 = 106 vehicle, the clay putty sticks to the moving
road?
1 = 1000000000 = 109 vehicle and they move together with the same
 No.
 Commercial unit for power is, velocity.
26. Define coefficient of restitution.  When the car moving in a straight line with
1 = 746
constant speed, according to Newton’s first law
20. Define kilo watt hour.  It is defined as the ratio of velocity of separation
there will be no acceleration or external force.
 Electrical energy is measured in the unit called ( − ) after collision to the velocity of
approach ( − ) before collision.  Hence there is no external work done on a car.
kilo watt hour (kWh)
4. A car starts from rest and moves on a surface with
 1 electrical unit = 1 kWh = 3.6 X 106 J  The coefficient of restitution,
21. What is called collisions, Give its types. − uniform acceleration. Draw the graph of kinetic
= energy versus displacement. What information
 If one object influences the motion of other −
you can get from the graph?
object , then they said to be in collision.  In elastic collision, e = 1
 Collisions are two types. They are,  In inelastic collision, e = 0
1) Elastic collision  In general, the coefficient of restitution for a
2) Inelastic collision material lies between < <1
22. Define elastic collision.
 In a collision, the total initial kinetic energy of the
bodies is equal to the total final kinetic energy of
the bodies, then it is called as elastic collision;
Total kinetic energy Total kinetic energy
before collision = after collision

Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502 Page 11
  In a frictionless environment, the energy gets
transferred from kinetic to potential and
potential to kinetic repeatedly such that the total
energy of the car remains constant.
5. A charged particle moves towards another
charged particle. Under what conditions the total
momentum and the total energy of the system
conserved?
 When they undergo collision process the total
momentum and the total energy of the system
are conserved.
Victory
UNIT - 5 MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND
RIGID BODIES
1. What is a rigid body?
 A rigid body is the one which maintains its
definite and fixed shape even when an external
force acts on it.
2. Define centre of mass.
 The centre of mass of a body is defined as a point
where the entire mass of the body appears to be
concentrated.
3. Find out the centre of mass for the given
geometrical structures.
(1) Equilateral triangle (2) Cylinder (3) Square
 In the case of equilateral triangle, centre of mass
lies at the point of intersection of the altitudes
 In case of cylinder, centre of mass lies at the
point at a distance half of its height on the axis.
 In the case of square, centre of mass lies at the
point of intersection of the diagonals.
4. What is called moment of force? Give an example.
 The ability of the force to produce rotational
motion in a body about a fixed point or an axis is
called moment of force or torque.
(e.g.) opening and closing of a door about the
hinges and turning of a nut using a wrench.
5. Define torque and mention its unit.
 Torque is defined as the moment of the external
applied force about a point or axis of rotation.
𝝉= = 𝐢 𝜽
 Its SI unit is N m
 The direction of torque is found using right hand
rule.
6. Give the conditions for the force which do not
produce torque?
1) When and are parallel (𝜃 = 0°) or anti
parallel (𝜃 = 180°), torque 𝜏 = 0
R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
2) If the force acts at the reference point or along
axis ( = 0), torque 𝜏 = 0
7. Why torque is called as pseudo vector?
 Torque is some times called pseudo vector,
because it needs the other two vectors and
for its existence.
8. Define angular momentum.
 The angular momentum of a point mass is
defined as the moment of linear momentum.
=
(or) = 𝐢 𝜽
9. Give the conditions for angular momentum to be
zero.
 The angular momentum is zero ( = )
1) If linear momentum is zero (p = 0) or
2) If the particle is at the origin (r = 0) or
3) If and are parallel (𝜃 = 0°) or anti
parallel (𝜃 = 180°) to each other
10. Define conservation of angular momentum.
 When no external torque acts on the body, the
net angular momentum of a rotating rigid body
remains constant. This is known as law of
conservation of angular momentum.
11. Define mechanical equilibrium of a rigid body.
 A rigid body is said to be in mechanical
equilibrium when both its linear momentum and
angular momentum remains constant.
 In other words, the rigid body is in equilibrium,
when the net force and net torque acts on the
body is zero
12. What are the types of the equilibrium and give
the condition for each.
1) Translational equilibrium
 Linear momentum is constant
 Net force is zero
2) Rotational equilibrium
 Angular momentum is constant
 Net torque is zero
3) Static equilibrium
 Linear and angular momentum are zero
 Net force and net torque are zero
4) Dynamic equilibrium
 Linear and angular momentum are costant
 Net force and net torque are zero
Page 12
 5) Stable equilibrium
 Linear and angular momentum are zero
 The body tries to come back to equilibrium if
slightly disturbed and released
 The centre of mass of body shifts slightly
higher if disturbed from equilibrium
 Potential energy of the body is minimum and
it increases if disturbed
6) Unstable equilibrium
 Linear and angular momentum are zero
 The body cannot come back to equilibrium if
slightly disturbed and released
 The centre of mass of body shifts slightly
lower if disturbed from equilibrium
 Potential energy of the body is not minimum
and it decreases if disturbed
7) Neutral equilibrium
 Linear and angular momentum are zero
 The body remains at same equilibrium if
slightly disturbed and released
 The centre of mass of body does not shifts
higher or lower if disturbed from
equilibrium
 Potential energy of the body remains same
even if disturbed
13. Define couple. Give examples for couple.
 .Two equal unlike parallel forces constitute a
couple.
(e.g.) 1) rotation of steering in car
2) pedaling bicycle
3) opening or closing the water tap
14. Define moment of couple.
 A pair of forces which are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction and separated by a
perpendicular distance so that their lines of
action do not coincide that causes a turning effect
is called moment of couple.
 Magnitude of moment of couple or torque,
= One of the force X perpendicular distance
between the forces
15. Define mechanical advantage of simple lever.
 According to principle of moments,
1 2
1 1 = 2 2 =
2 1
Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 Here, 1 − −→ Load and 2 − −→ effort 20. What are the significance of moment of inertia?
 When 1 < 2 , then 1 > 2 . It implies that we  In linear motion, mass is the measure of inertia.
could lift a large load with small effort. Like that in rotational motion, moment of inertia
 Then the ratio 2
is called mechanical measures the rotational inertia.
1  Mass is an invariable quantity and hence inertial
advantage of the simple lever. is constant. But the moment of inertia is not an
Mechanical advantage ; MA = invariable quantity, because it depends not only
on the mass, but also the way the mass
16. Define centre of gravity.
distributed around the axis of rotation.
 The centre of gravity of a body is the point at
21. Define radius of gyration.
which the entire weight of the body acts
 The radius of gyration of an object is the
irrespective of the position and orientation of the
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation
body.
 The centre of gravity and centre of mass coincide
to an equivalent point mass which would have
the same mass as well as the same moment of
when the gravitational field is uniform across the
body.
inertia of the object. Its unit is metre (m)
17. How will you determine centre of gravity of + + +⋯+
uniform lamina of irregular shape. =
1) By pivoting the lamina in horizontal plane at a
22. Define parallel axis theorem.
point . When the lamina
 Parallel axes theorem states that the moment of
is supported at centre of
inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the
gravity, it remains in
sum of its moment of inertia about a parallel axis
static equilibrium.
through its centre of mass and the product of the
2) Suspending the lamina
mass of the body and the square of the
from different points.
perpendicular distance between the two axes.
The vertical lines
𝑰= 𝑰 +
drawn from these
23. Define perpendicular axis theorem.
points will pass
 The theorem states that the moment of inertia of
through the centre of
a plane laminar body about an axis perpendicular
gravity of that lamina.
to its plane is equal to the sum of moments of
18. Why cyclist bends when he negotiate a curve.
inertia about two perpendicular axes lying in the
 When the cyclist negotiating a circular level road,
plane of the body such that all the three axes are
the necessary centripetal force is provided by the
mutually perpendicular and have a common
frictional force between tyres and the road.
point.
 If this frictional force is not sufficient, he must
24. What is the importance of conservation of
fall.
angular momentum.
 To avoid this, he has to bend by an angle from the
 According to conservation of angular
vertical.
19. Define moment of inertia. momentum, if 𝜏 = 0, = 0 . So
 In rotational motion. moment of inertia is a = 𝜔=
measure of rotational inertia. It is given by  Hence if moment of inertia increases, angular
2 velocity decreases and vice versa.
=
 For example, ice dancer spins slowly when the
 Its unit is kg m2 and its dimension is [M L2] hands are stretched out (moment of inertia
large) and spins faster when the hands are
Page 13
 brought close to the body (moment of inertia CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS rotational kinetic energy has higher moment of
small) inertia.
25. Give the relation between rotational kinetic 1. When a tree is cut, the cut is made on the side 6. A rectangular block rests on a horizontal table. A
energy and angular momentum. facing the direction in which the tree is required horizontal force is applied on the block at a
 The angular velocity of rigid body =𝜔 to fall. Why? height h above the table to move the block. Does
Moment of inertia =I  The side on which the cut is made is no longer the line of action of the normal force N exerted by
Angular momentum of rigid body =L=I supported by the normal force from the bottom, the table on the block depend on h?
 The rotational kinetic energy of the rigid body is, therefore the gravitational force act on the tree,  Yes. The line of action of normal force N exerted
1 1 2 2 1 tries to rotate it. by the table on the block depend on h.
KE = I ω2 = I ω = Iω 2  The torque provided by the gravity will rotate  When the height of the applied force increases, a
2 2I 2I
the tree such that the falls on the side where it torque is produced by the applied force and
KE =
𝐈 was cut. frictional force such that block start to tilt.
26. Define power delivered by the torque. 2. Why does a porter bend forward while carrying a  To balance this effect, line of action of normal
 Power delivered is the work done per unit time. sack of rice on his back? force shift away from applied force and make a
𝝉 𝜽  Because to change the position of centre of opposite torque, joining with gravitational force
𝑷= = = 𝝉𝝎
gravity such that he gets the stability. W
27. Compare translational and rotational motions. 3. Why is it much easier to balance a meter scale on 7. Three identical solid spheres move down through
Translational motion Rotational motion your fingertip than balancing on a match stick? three inclined planes A, B and C all same
Displacement (x) Angular displacement ()  The centre of gravity of the meter scale is higher dimensions. A is without friction, B is undergoing
𝜃 than the center of gravity of the match stick. pure rolling and C is rolling with slipping.
Velocity = Angularvelocity 𝜔 =
𝜔  Higher the centre of gravity makes lesser the Compare the kinetic energies EA, EB and EC at the
Acceleration = Angularacceleration = torque. bottom.
Mass (m) Moment of inertia (I)  So that it is easier to balance meter scale than  In this case, when three identical solid spheres
Force = Torque 𝜏 = match stick on your fingertip. starts to move on the inclined planes, they all
Momentum = Angular momentum = 𝜔 4. Two identical water bottles one empty and the have same potential energy.
Impulse ∆ =∆ Angular impulse ( 𝜏 ∆ = ∆ ) other filled with water are allowed to roll down  During motion, the potential energy is converted
Work done by the Work done by the torque an inclined plane. Which one of them reaches the in to kinetic energy.
force = =𝜏𝜃 bottom first? Explain your answer.  According to law of conservation of energy, at the
Kinetic energy Rotational kinetic energy,  Water filled bottle. bottom all the potential energy is converted in to
KE =
1
mv 2
KE =
1
Iω2  Because the moment of inertia of empty bottle is kinetic energy.
2 2 higher than the moment of inertial of the water  Such that all three spheres have same kinetic
Power, P = F v Power , P = τ ω filled bottle. energy at the bottom whatever be the type of the
28. Define Rolling motion. 5. Write the relation between angular momentum motion. (i.e.) EA = EB = EC
 In a motion, a point undergoes translational and rotational kinetic energy. Draw a graph for 8. Give an example to show that the following
motion along with its centre of mass and the same. For two objects of same angular statement is false, any two forces action on a
rotational motion with respect to its centre of momentum, compare the moment of inertia using body can be combined in to single force that
mass is called rolling motion. the graph. would have same effect .
(e.g.) Rolling of round objects like ring, disc,  Rotational kinetic  Consider two equal and opposite forces acting on
sphere etc., energy, a wheel.
 In rolling motion, centre of mass moves along  If two forces combined and acting on single point
straight line path, all other points undergoes 𝐄 = on the wheel. there will be no effect. However, if
𝐈
both translational and rotational motion and the where, L  angular momentum they act separately on the edges of the wheel,
point on the edge undergoes a cycloid path. I  moment of inertia there will be a rotating effect.
 The graph shows that of the two bodies of same  This example falsifies the given statement.
angular momentum, those one have less
Victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS). GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502 Page 14

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