Say, ii = i2 = i

Thus, instantaneous torque on the pointer is Ti = i2

Thus, for ac use, the instantaneous torque is proportional to the square of the
instantaneous current. As the quantity i 2 is always positive, the current varies and the
instantaneous torque also varies. But the moving system due to its inertia cannot follow
such rapid variations in the instantaneous torque and responds only to the average torque.
The average deflecting torque over a complete cycle is given by:

where T is the time period for one complete

cycle. At final steady position Td = TC

Thus, deflection of the pointer is

Deflection is thus a function of the mean of the square of the current. If the pointer
scale is calibrated in terms of square root of this value, i.e. square root of the mean of the
square of current value, then rms value of the ac quantity can be directly measured by this
instrument.
3. Sinusoidal Current If currents i1 and i2 are sinusoidal and are displaced by a phase
angle j, i.e.
i1 = im1 sin ωt and i2 = Im1 sin(wt - j)
The average deflecting torque

where I1 and I2 are the rms values of the currents flowing through the coils. At
equilibrium, Td = TC