Questions:

1)
In the Pacific Ocean, along 45° N latitude, there is no diverging barrier. In this region, the
majority of the boundaries are convergent and transform.
A) From above graph its width is: 140km to150km
Depth is 200m approx.
B) From above graph continental shelf near cape roca not with the same width its width is 50km
to 60km.
C) It affect by the factors
 Its sedimentation.
 Tectonic setting
 River delta formation
 Leaving organic structure
 Surfaces (erosional or not)
2)
The 45° N, western coast of the United States, serves as a transform border. It is distinguished by
the San Andreas Fault's strike slip. The movement is right lateral strike slip, which means that
the North American plate is sliding right in relation to the Pacific plate.
A) Continental slope is labeled on both side.
B) Continental rises are labled.

3)
This is where the Japan Trench is located. It is formed when the Pacific Plate subducts beneath
the Okhotsk Plate. The arrows will be on the plates, pointing in the same direction. At the end,
please see the attached image (red arrows).

4)
Oceanic (Just, rock is mostly in form of dark colored rocks colored gabbro and basalt.

5)
a) From above graph we can say that it is subduction (convergence) tectonic process takes place
for a given formation.
b) The Pacific plate, which is oceanic, sub ducts beneath the Okhotsk plate.
c) Because the oceanic plate is denser than the continental plate, it sub ducts beneath it. In an
ocean-ocean collision, the denser plate will slide down the other.
6)
At Mumbai (Bombay) on India's western coast, the continental shelf measures an average of 75
miles (120 kilometres). At the northern end of the shelf, it widens to an average of 190 miles
(300 kilometres). The island shelves are only about 300 metres wide. The shelf breaks at a depth
of around 460 feet (140 metres).
b) In a subduction zone, volcanoes form on the overriding plate. From "opposite the Pacific
ocean," they'll form a ring around the Okhotsk plate.

7)
Instead of 40 cm, the Pacific Ocean's 1000-decibar surface is 14 cm higher than the Atlantic
Ocean's, and both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the north are around 17 cm higher than the
oceans south of them, according to this chart. In the north, it's hot and salty; in the south, it's cold
and sparse; while in the north, it's thin and barely perceptible. It is virtually certainly linked to
the advancement of considerable water in the region, which redirects diseased water with
tolerably low pungency from the upper layer, that North Atlantic temperatures and pungency
extremes are associated. If the warm saline surface water from the South Atlantic replaces it in
the South Tropical Flow and the Inlet Stream, the South Atlantic should be substantially cooler
and less influential by then. Because of the varying sizes of South America, Africa, and
Australia, as well as the shortening of the Drake Waterway on the southern hemisphere's
continents, the Atlantic and Pacific seas' thickness and sea levels are beginning to diverge. In
contrast, lighter waters from the South Atlantic go eastward south of Africa, thanks to ocean
currents, which only carry the heaviest and densest waters. By choking the stream, Windstau
could cause sea levels to rise on the Pacific side (Montgomery, 1938). There may be a link
between the difference in thickness between the southern and northern oceans and the
Antarctica's west-facing coast wind. The way things stand, this is the most effective force we
have. The terrain is sloping downward and southward due to the changing flow geometry. High
extension stream heading west with an incline toward north; winds are light from the north-west.
These variations can be detected at elevations lower than a thousand metres as well. Between the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans, there is an average thickness difference of 17-10-5 g/cm3. At 4000
decibars of pressure, the Pacific Ocean, for example, is 68 cm higher than the Atlantic Ocean.

8)
a) The main landmass's edge meets a marine plate at which point a functioning mainland edge is
formed. It's hard to beat the west coast of South America as a model. It's not uncommon for
earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain construction, and the formation of new molten stone to occur
near dynamic edges.
b) On the eastern North American mainland, every one of the elements typical of Atlantic-type
edges is present. The edge has a broad, level mainland rack, a delicate mainland slope, and a
considerably gentler-slanting mainland rise, all defined morphologically.
c) A subduction zone called the Mariana Trench, in the South Pacific Ocean, is formed as a
result of the massive Pacific Plate colliding with the smaller, thinner Philippine Plate. An old
ocean floor can rise through nearby volcanoes in a subduction zone, bringing a portion of the
liquid material with it.

9)
a) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is a submerged mountain belt formed by plate tectonics in the
middle of the ocean. Because of this, “it's the result of a divergent plate boundary that extends
from roughly 87° N (about 333 km [207 mi] south of the North Pole) to 54° S” (just north of
Antarctica's shore).
b) One major change concern continues along the northwest side of the Gulf, where it connects
with the San Andreas Fault system. There is a "unique" plate limit known as the East Pacific
Rise, where vast swaths of the Earth's crust (plates) are moving apart.
References

10.4 Plates, Plate Motions, and Plate-Boundary Processes – Physical Geology. (2015,

September). Opentextbc.ca. https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/10-4-plates-plate-

motions-and-plate-boundary-processes/

Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities — Special

Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. (n.d.).

https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-5/

Earle, S. (2015, September). 18.1 The Topography of the Sea Floor. Opentextbc.ca; BCcampus.

https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/18-1-the-topography-of-the-sea-floor/

The geologic setting of the Gulf of California. (2002, January 30). MBARI.

https://www.mbari.org/the-geologic-setting-of-the-gulf-of-california/