CONl'~ 1$

(
IMmM,1 People ............... .. p. 4

Houses & Homes ...... ........................ .. ... ... .... .. ......................... ... . p. 14

Singapore: The Lion City .... .... ... .... ... ... ..... ........... ... .... .... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... . ..... ... ... .. .. ... . . p. 24

School p. 26 '" 1
,-
I Work p. 36
(
Family & Social Life ....... .... ... ....................... ................ ....... ... ... p. 46
(
!
I, 'S!1BiIl,'! Australia: The Land down under .......................................... ....... .... . ...................... p. 56
r
, Food .. .. .. .... .. .. ............................ . p. 58
r Shops & Services ........ . p. 68

, Travelling & Tourism. p. 78

i
r '(!lw!','" Wales: Land of castles ... ... ...................... .. ... .. .... ... ... .... ................................................ . p. 88

,
(
IMMmtEl!. Culture .. ... ... ... . p. 90
i
1~ttr:mfj(11
,,
Sports p. 100

( IMtnmtj" Health p. 110

r
South Africa....... ....... ............. .. ... . ........ .. .. ... .... ... ... .... ... .... . ........... .... ... ... .. .. ... .......... . p. 120
,,
I Ii'JrtI!mlfJ Science & Technology ... ........................ . p. 122

I The Natural World .......................... . p.132

State & Society p. 142

,
, India ............... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... .. .. ... ... ....................... ........ .. ... p. 152
I

(
( Speaking Bank
. - .. . p . 154
( Vocabulary Bank ' p. 164
---.- --
r Grammar Section '
-_.. -
p. 193
( Skills Practice p. 315
--- .
r, p. 322
r
(
,(
I
r
3
r
r
MODULE
'feelings & emotions l
1 Fill in: oval, full, fair. puffy, freckled, broad. dark, 4 a) Match the feelings (1-5) to the phYSical
clear, hollow, pale, rhin, spiky, hooked, rosy, sensations (a-e). Then make sentences .
uprurned, thick, spotty.
Feelings Physical sensations
1 ............. ...... nose 5 ....................... lips 1 c embarrassed a tears welling up
2 .... shoulders 6 ...... ....... -.. .. cheeks 2 anxious b adrenalin rush
3 complexion 7 ....... .. ... ............ hair 3 excited c hot, red face
4 .. eyes 8 ... . ... ... .... .... .... face 4 nervous d heart pounding
5 sorrowful e butterflies in stomach
2 Fill in the gaps with the words crossed, dropped,
I was so embarrassed my face went red.
flare, purses, raised. shrugged.
b) l abel the pict ures.
1 Mark's jaw when he heard the
shocking news. • dench your fists • wink • yawn • bite your nails
2 If Jane frowns and her nostrils ............... "' then • shrug your shoulders • drop you r head
you know she's angry. • blush • stroke your chin • fold your arms
3 Having your arms .. ._ .... is supposed to • scratch your head • cross your legs • frown
show that you are being defenSive.
4 You can tell that Amy disapproves of something
when she ...................... .. her lips.
5 r didn't know the answer to the question, so I just
.................. my shoulders.
6 Mr Jones ....................... his eyebrows in surprise 2
when I told him r was moving to France.
3
3 Use the words in the list to complete the
spidergram .

• short • loose • multi-colou red • baggy

• floral • cotton • large • tight-fitting • smart
• polka-dot • woollen • casual • striped
6
• formal • denim • small • trendy • checked
• linen • over-sized • plain • knitted • long
• leather • high-heeled • polo-neck
• long/short-sleeved

PATTERN MATERIAL

STYLE
SIZE

11
Use words from the spidergram to describe 5 What possible feelings might someone in your
w hat your classmates are wearing. country have w hen they: clench their fist? cry?
frown? sweat? tap their fingers? tremble?
When wme ne den their fiR it usually means thot they
are angry.
4
 ' Character I ,EmphaSiSing feelings I
6 Match the words (1-10) to the people (a-j) t hey 8 Replace the words in bold with t hei r emphatic
describe. synonyms: misefQble, appalled, furious, exhilarated,
petrified, devastated.
•J
1 conservative 5 gullible 8 self-righteous Billy was scared when a big dog appeared . .
2 impatient 6 reliable 9 sentimental 2 Joanne felt excited when she rode her new
[ 3 moody
4
7 self-confide
perfectionist
nt 10 sociable motorbike for the first time.
3 Ruth was shocked when she saw t he dirty hotel

I ~ George always wants things to be done without

mistakes.
[]§] Kat ie loves going out and meeting new people.
CB Ang ie is very tender-hearted and likes to
remember nice moments.
~ Mr Lyons is a trustworthy neighbour.
CJ:!J Joe is always in a rush and can never wait for
anything.
[]!] tt's easy to play jokes on Elaine; she believes
everything you tell her.
~ Mrs Cook hates the idea of anyth ing changing
in the world.
[]!!] Chris never has any doubts about himself or
what he is capable of.
LE] My sister is really temperamental - one minute
she's happy and the next she's sad .
[]I] Sarah is so proud of her beliefs that it annoys
everyone who knows her.
7 Comp lete the sentences w ith the correct form
of t he words in bracket s.
Lucy is a .............. . ,.. .. (passion) follower of
the latest fashion t rends.
2 David is quite shy and lacks ......
(con fident) when speaking in front of crowds.
3 The boys are so easily .......................... (distract)
that they always get sidetracked from their
homework.
4 I recognise that boy's face, but I've got no
, before.
(recollect) of meeting him
room ............. ,..
4 Martin's sad because he failed his exams.
5 Harriet's cat is seriously il l and Harriet's upset.
6 I spilled cola all over the new carpet this morning
and my mum was angry .
IEthical issues I
9 Fill in: furure, (ree, fQcia/, freedom, ill, immigration, will,
minarities, human, righf , dearh, security, sexes, growth.
In the 19th century, you might have said the civilised
countries were those which provided 1) ....................... ..
education to their children. In the next century equality of
the 2) ......................... was a big issue, with women
fighting for the 3) ......................... to vote and the same
wages as men, for example. In today's globalised WOrld,
perhaps a nation's 4) .... ,.................... rate is a good
indicator of how well it treats the people within it. as it
shows how many people have chosen to live there. Some
would say, however, that the amount of 5) .................... ..
discrimination faced by people from ethnic
6) ......................... is a better measure of a country's
values. There are many more Questions we could ask about
any modem soc iety. For example, does the state provide
enough social 7) ......................... for the poor, infirm and
the unemployed? Is there 8) ......................... of speech
that allows people to protest against the government? Do
people who are terminally or mentally 9) .........................
receive decent heatthcare? Is the country taking the right
steps to protect the environment for 10) ........................ .
generations? In China, for example, the government allows
people to have only one child to try to control its rapid
population 11) .......................... Is this a responsible
policy , or an infringement of people 's 12) ...... ....... .......... .

I 5 Chris is a very kind person whose heart is full of

good .......................... , (intent) .
6 Everyone admired Linda for her
(know) of the subject.
rights? There are people who would say that the abolition
of the 13) .................. ....... penalty is the best indicator of
how civilised a country is. But what if a democratic country
puts the issue to the vote and people say yes to a system
of state killing for serious criminals? Isn't following the
14) ........................ of the people the mark of a civilised
society?
(. ) See vocabulary Bank on p. 164) 5

choice
1 look at the picture and the title of the
text. What do you think a lion
whisperer is? Read through to find out.
How does the picture make you feel?
Read the text quickly to see what it is about. Read
again sentence by sentence. Pay attention to the
words before and after each gap as they will help
you decide on your choice. Read the completed text
again to see if it makes sense.
r-------------------~
I Read the text and complete the gaps with :
: the correct option A, B, C or D. I C too
~-------------------~
6
Kevin Richardson is a talented animal behaviourist who
interacts with some of the wildest animals in a way most of us
would never even 1) ......... Believe it or not, Kevin cuddles
and horse plays with hyenas, leopards, and lions, and even
swims with lionesses. In fact, he has 2) ........ a close
relationship with these wild predators that he has earned
himself the name 'The Lion Whisperer'.
'The Lion Whisperer ' raises and trains wild animals in a
wildlife conservation area outside Johannesburg in South
Africa, but instead of using whips and chains to control
the animals, Kevin uses love, patience, and trust to
develop a special bond with them. His 3) ........ method of
getting to know each creature individually has led these
normally unfriendly animals to accept him willingly into
their pride.
Kevin says that his secret lies in understanding what
makes each animal happy, angry, upset, or irritated , just
like a mother with her child. Some people think Kevin is
crazy while others 4) ........ him a hero. What is certain is
that his interaction with these animals proves that they
have individual characters, can show emotion and are
capable of developing a relationship with people.
The Lion Whisperer is 5) ........ of the dangers involved in his
work. Having learnt his lesson years ago when an
aggressive four·year-old lion attacked and mauled him,
Kevin says he uses his gut feeling to gauge situations and
decide whether to approach an animal or not. Kevin has
been bitten and scratched numerous times while playing
around with these animals, but he believes that it was never
malicious on their behalf and accepts it as part of the job.
Kevin's unconventional method has attracted attention from
around the world , including that of scientists and film
directors. He has recently completed a film about the lions
he works with entitled The Kingdom of the White Lion, which
he hopes will 6) ........ by a large number of people and will
raise awareness of the need to protect these majestic
creatures.
2 Read the rubric and do the task. Which words helped
you decide?
, A perceive 3 A single 5 A knowing
B realise B umque B aw are
C imagine C only C fam iliar
D suppose D alone D informed
2 A so 4 A consider 6 A being seen
B t o see
B much B view
C rega rd C be seen
D such D hold D to be seen
 3 Read the text again and answer the questions. True/False statements
r
Why is Kevin Richardson called 'The Lion
I Whisperer' ?
10 0 Read the rubric and the sentences, then do
~ the listening task .
2 How does Kevin bond with the animals? .. J
3 What is special about his method ? r--------------------~
~ I listen to a specialist talking about training I
I I
4 What conclusions about lions can we draw from
I pet s. M ark t he statements (1 -5) T (true), or I

r 4
Kevin's work?
5 What does Kevin hope to ach ieve by his work?

Match the words in bold in the text to their

IFlfalse).
~----------- ---------~
True False
\ synonyms : obstacles. relationship, judge, nasty, 1 Animal and human psychologists
teaches. group of lions, injured, psychologist. dignified, use similar methods.
r readily,lashes. What part of speech is each? 2 Training methods used on animals in

! 5 Choose the correct word.

the past differ from those of today.
3 Dogs seldom obey when they feel
their trainer is in charge.

, To gain the animals' trust, he deals/treats them

With resped .
4 A good pet psychologist would
not use the same approach on a
2 He has a very close/attached relationship with the horse as they would on a cat.
lioness. 5 Pets often develop bad behaviour
3 Kevin aims to rise/raise awareness of the need to for no reason whatsoever.
j protect the animals.
, 4 You need patience if you want to t ie/bond with a
Dialogue
wild animal.
~ 5 The lions would never attack and sting/bite him.
11 Read the rubric and do the task in pairs. Use
6 Fill in : truly, attract, willingly, feeling , barriers, earn, the language in the box.
lies, unconventional. Make sentences about Kevin
r----------
You and your friend --
are --------~
planning to buy I
using the completed phrases.
another friend a small pet for their I
1 to break down birthday. You have different ideas about :
2 ............. exceptional w hich pet would be suit able and easiest to I
3 to .. himself a name look after. Discuss you r ideas and reach a I
4 to accept sb ............ . consensus. I
S the secret ............. . . .. In ~--------------------~
6 gut .................................. . 1 Give your ideas and arguments .
7 ....................... . .............. method 2 Find out your partner's ideas and arguments .
8 to .............................. . ............. attention 3 Try to persuade your partner to accept your ideas.
I
I 4 Try to reach a compromise .
I 7 Tell the class three things you have learnt from
Useful Language
II
the text.
Making suggestions
8 would you like to do Kevin • Why don't we buy ... ? • How about buying ... ?
• Why don't we .. . ? • We could.
Richardson's j ob? In three minutes write a
• I think we should.
few sentences. Tell the class.
Agreei ngl Oisag reei ng
• I guess you're right • That's a good idea .
9 I
I leT Find out more about Kevin Richardson's
• I don't quite agree with you
work. Visit his website and click on 'about' . • 1don 't think this is a good idea.
Takes notes. Present t hem t o the class. • That's not a bad idea .
'-~~~~ ______-J7
 • Lexicogrammatical word transformations
2 Complete the sentences using the w ord in bold .
Use two t o five words.
• I've never met such a friendly girl.
She's t he most f riendly g irl I've ever met.
Karen isn't similar to her mother
• I've never given a speech before. AFTER Karen .................................... .
It's t he first time I've ever given a speech . . ..................................... her mother.
• It's a long time since she wrote to me. 2 I lost touch with Ben after I moved house

•
She hasn't written t o me for a long t ime.
She came to England two yea rs ago .
TALKED I. •
. ........ since I moved house.
She has been in Eng land fo r two years. 3 She didn't start crying unti l everyone had left.
• The last t ime I spoke to him w as a month ago . BEFORE She waited until everyone.
I have n't spoken to him fo r a month . . ...... ... ......... . ...... . into tears.
• How lo ng ago d id he get married ? 4 You should have asked for your friends' advice .
How lo ng is it since he got ma rried? PITY What .
• He hasn't found a job yet. ask for your friends' advice.
He st ill hasn't found a job . 5 Those trousers are not very fashionable any more.
• She started dyeing her hair a few months ago. FASHION Those trousers
She's been dyeing her hair for a few mont hs. . ..... for quite some time.
6 My parents' 20th annIversary is in September.
HAVE Th,s September my parents ............. . •
1 Co mp lete t he sen tences usi ng t he w ord in
......................................... 20 years .
bold . Use two to five w o rds.
7 As he gets older, he be(Qmes more caring.
1 It's a long time since he last visited grandpa. TH E The .
FOR He ..... . .... .... .... .... ....... .......... .. caring he becomes.
... ...... ..... . ... .. a long time. 8 Jane described the burglar's appearance in deta il.
2 How long ago did he meet his wife-ta-be? DESC RIPTION Jane .. .
SINC E How long ..... the burglar's appearance.
.................... . his wife-ta-be? 9 It was wrong of her to reveal his secret.
3 She has never been to a funeral before. GIVEN She shouldn 't
EVER It's the first t ime his secret.
. to a funeral. 10 He can't decide whet her to accept t he offer or not .
4 The last time he had a haircut was th ree mont hs ago. M IND He can't .
HAD He ...
.................. for three months . whether to accept the offer or not.
5 They got married last year. 11 He was in his late forties when he decided to take
BEEN They ................ ...... ....... .. ........ . up writ ing professionally.
.... for a year. BE CO ME He didn't
6 I've never met such an argumentat IVe person before. .......... ..... .. he was in his late forties.
M OST He is the 12 Consldenng that she's so young, Mary is very mature.
.............. .... ever met . AG E For ....... .
7 She hasn't lost any weight yet. ....... , Mary is very mature.
STILL She .. ....................................... . 13 DaVld used to play the guitar, but he doesn't any more.
............ .. ... . .... .... ... . .. ... .. any weight. GIVEN David ...... ............ .
S He started working for a company three months ago. ... .... ... ... ... . .... t he guitar.
BEEN He .. .. 14 laura didn't k.now any of the people at the party.
. . . . . .. a company for t hree mont hs. NOBODY There .
. .... . at t he party.
9 They are t he most devoted parents I've ever seen .
15 You can buy very cheap birthday cards in this shop.
NEVER I ... .
NOTHI NG It costs .
. ... . . ..................... devoted parents.
. .......... birthday gifts in t his shop.
10 How long is it since you moved house?
AGO How
.......... house?
8
 • Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items
3 Read the text and complete the gaps by putting 4 Choose the (orrect answer.
the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form .
I 1 My teacher feels ..... of my getting good grades in

,• What do Elizabeth I, Napoleon, Thomas

Jefferson and Winsto n Churc hill all have
the final exams.
A safe B confident C secure D definite
in common? Well, apart from the fact 2 Does she ..... believe that I'll help her after the way
that they were four of the most she spoke to me 7
renowned 0) in world history, LEAD A seriously C steadily
they were also all 'redheads'! Red hair is B genuinely o earnestly
the rarest 1) ........ ... .... ....... hair colou r in NATURE 3 Peter couldn't utter a(n) .. ... word after he learnt
humans and today only around 1% of he had won the award.
the world's 2) ................... is redheaded. POPUlATE A single B particular C only D unique
Throughout history, 3) ................... have ART
4 I know how John felt when he scored the
always been fasci na ted by people with
winning goal for his team .
red hair. For example, BotticeUi depicted
A distinctly C particularly
the goddess Venus w ith red hair in his
B essentially 0 exactly
4) ...................... painting The Birth of fAME
Venus. In modern times, red hair has 5 Jason felt tired and .. ... after working out all
even become a fashion Irend, wil h many afternoon.
people choosing 10 dye their hair red. A weary B restless C angry D soot hed
On Ihe other hand, 5) ........ ... ........ in PARTICUlAR 6 He treats the ..... customers with respect.
Britai n, redheaded people continue to be A plain B regular C primary 0 normal
the victims of 6 ) ........................... DISCRIM INATE 7 Parents have to ..... a good example for their kids.
Redheaded schoolchildren are often A set B place C show 0 put
called 7) ...................... names and even OFFENCE
8 Karen constantly .. about her children .
some redheaded adults claim 10 have
A annoys B bothers C disturbs 0 worries
suffered bullying in the workplace. Most
9 We .. .. her for her sister.
people think that joking about redheads
A misunderstood C confused
is 8) ............ fun, but redheaded Britons HARM
tr B mistook D misinterpreted
I can someti mes get upset when they are
teased about their hair. 10 His rudeness could . ... to him being dismissed.
A raise B generate

.. • Multiple choice cloze

5 Read the text and choose the (orrect answer.
C lead D build

Many people claim to be able to know when someone is lying. According 1) .. .. ............ .
popular bel ief, all you have to do is look at a person's body language; when a person
is lying he becomes nervous and fidgety, touches his nose, and bites his nails.
However, a researcher at Portsmouth University, England, has arrived at an
entirely different conclusion. Dr Samantha Mann carried 2) .................. research

, on the behaviour of suspects who had given 3) .................. statements in police

r:
I
interviews. Mann discovered that liars actualJy stay quite still. This is because they
are aware that people are looking for body language that could suggest they are
lyi ng. Therefore, liars actually touch their noses 20% less than people who tell
I . the truth. The same 4) .. ................ for eye contact. White it is generally
thought that liars avoid eye contact and blink rapidly, in
B by C to D with
reality, people who are lying 5) .. ................ sure to 1 A from
B down C in D out
mainta in eye contact and control their blinking. With 2 A up
3 A wrong B false C mistaken D incorrect
the findings of her research in mind, Mann claims that D moves
4 A goes B comes C stays
the best w ay to spot a liar is to look for people who are D do
5 A keep B make C take
trying t oo hard t o 6) .................. truthful. D appear
6 A view B display C show
 essay
A descriptive essay about a person is
an essay in which we describe someone .
It consists of:
• an introduction in which we state
who the person is. as wel l as w hen,
where, and how we fi rst met them.
• a main body consisti ng of three
paragraphs in w hich we describe
their physical appea rance, personal
qualities, and hobbies and interests.
• a conclusion in which we give our
general comments and express how
we feel about the person . We
mainly use the present simple
tense when describing a person we
know or see. When describing a
person who we do not see any
more or who IS no longer alive, we
use the past simple tense .
Descriptions of people can be found in
na rratives, articles, letters. ete and the
writing style depends on the context
and the audience . The style in essays
should be forma l.
Notes:
• When we describe someone's
physical appeara nce we start with
the genera l feat ures (i.e. height, build,
age) and move on to the more
specific ones (e.g. nose, eyes, hair, ete).
Peter is a tall, well-built man in his late
thirties. He has got short curly brown
hair, blue eyes and a small nose.
• When we describe someone's
personal qualities we should
support our description with
examples or details. When we talk
about a person 's negative qualities
we should use mild language (e.g.
seems to, can be ... at times). John~ very
friendly. He behaves in a pleasant way
and likes to be with other people. He
can be impatient at times. For example,
he gets really annoyed when he has to
wait for someone.
10
1 Read the rubric and answer the questions.
r--------------------------~
An international teenage magazine is running an essay I
writing competition. Write an essay (200-250 words) :
about a person you know w ho has impressed or I
influenced you . Describe thei r appearance, personality, I
hobbies and interests and exp lain how they have :
I impressed or influenced you.
~--------------------------~
1 Who is goi ng to read you r essay? 5 Which of the follOWing
2 What style shou ld you use? shou ld you use?
3 What tenses should you use? A a va riety of adjectives
4 Wh ich of the fol lowing people B lin king words
should you not write about: C col loquial expressions
a teacher? a relative? apopsrar?
2 Read t he model essay. Which pa ragraph : •
1 describes the person 's character? 4 describes your feelings
2 deScribes the person's phYSical for the person?
appearance? 5 describes the person's
3 describes how you met the person? interests ?
.... I first met Coach Andrews when I joined the local sports club
when I was only sixteen years old. He has been an inspiration to me
ever since.
~ Coach Andrews is tall, well-built and very strong. He is in his
mid-forties with short dark hair and bright blue eyes and he has got a
very nice smile. Coach Andrews usually wears very casual clothes
such as tracksuits, or jeans and T-shirts and trainers.
~ Coach Andrews is very energetic and outgoing and is always
running around doing various things. He is an excellent coach. He is
hardworking, good-natured and patient and he is very good at
motivating athletes. He is also very friendly and loves meeting new
people and he is great at cheering people up. However, he can be a
bit tough and insensitive at times. For example, he doesn't hesitate to
criticise athletes when they do something wrong or if he thinks they
are being lazy.
p... It goes without saying that Coach Andrews is a fan of most
sports and spends most of his time coaching tennis and squash. He
also plays a lot of sport himself. He particularly likes watersports and
often goes windsurfing and kite surting.
~ In conclUSion , I think Mr Andrews is a
fantastic person and I am delighted to
have him as my coach. He has helped
me become a great basketball
player and continues 10 inspire
me to work at my game. He is a
great person that I deeply
respect and admire.
 3 Read the essay again. List all the adjectives 6 Fill in with good, well or kind. Check in your
used t o describe appearance and character. dictionaries .
1 ........... -built 5 .. ... .. .. .. -dressed
Appearance tall
2 .. .. ... .... .. -hearted 6 ...... -mannered
3 ... -looking 7 .. . -behaved
Character
4 ................... -natured 8 ............. -humoured
Use the phrases in
sentences of your own.

4 Match the character adjectives to the My uncle is well-built. He's very

definitions. Use them to talk about people you strong and has large muscles.
know. • Your turn
• 7 Read the rubric and answer the questions .
1 cheerful a doesn't like working
2 r--------------------~
outgoing b doesn't talk or act politely Your teacher has asked you to write an I
3 popular c tells people what to do essay describing your best friend . Write I
4 sensitive d likes to spend time with people : your essay (200-250 words) describing your :
5 generous e everyone likes them I best friend's appearance, personality, I
6 patient f doesn't like to share things I hobbies and interests, and say how you I
7 I feel about them . I
selfish 9 is always happy & enthusiastic
8 .--------------------~
lazy h doesn't mind waiting
, Who is your best friend?
9 rude likes to give things to people
2 What do they look like?
10 bossy can be easily hurt
3 What kind of person are they?
4 What are their interests and hobbies?
My (riend Jenny is a cheerful person who is a/ways happy S Why do you li ke them so much?
>1'1d enthusiastic
8 Use your answers from Ex. 7 and phrases from
the Useful language box to write your essay.
5 Complete the descriptions using the adjectives: Follow the plan below.
intelligent, ambitious, amusing, polite, impatient,
kind-hearted, sociable, talkative.
1) name, u-bereftl'hen )UII met
Mary is so ................................... She never stops
2) appearance
chatting .
3) personality
2 Enya is a very ................................. lady. She takes 4) bobbies/interests
care of the old people on her street . 5)
3 David is always . and treats
everyone with respect.
4 Diana is extremely ......... ........ and will
do anything to succeed . Appearance
S Charlie is the most .......................... ........... guy • ... is quite good-looking/attractive, etc.
I know . He can make anyone laugh. • ... tall and slim With blue eyes and fair hair.
6 I don't think anyone is more ................................. . Character
t han Martin. He gets straight As in all his subjects. ... is very outgoing .
7 Liam is very ... .......... .................... and likes going • ... is always friendly and loves.
,( • ... has a great sense of humour.
out and meet ing new people.
f • ... but can be aggressivellazy/oossy, etc at t imes.
S Mrs Green is very . ........ .. ................. .... . and loses
Feelings
her t emper when she has to wait for something .
• ... is very special to me.
• It's a pleasure to be with ....
I am I to have ... as friend .
'-~----~~~-----' 11
 sentences
1 a) Describe your personality to the class using
as many adjectives as you can.

b) How many types of personalities do you

think there are? Read the text and find out.

2 Read the text again and for each gap choose

from the sentences A·I the one which best fits
each gap '·6. There are two extra sentences.

If we are all so unique, why is it that we are always trying group of people is the dominant or pragmatic type. As the
to sort people by personality type? From the beginning of name suggests, the dominant personality type is self-
lime, man has been putting people into categories by confident and authoritarian. [![] They are hands-on
analysing their similarities and differences; and the people and like to get the job done. Finally, there is the
number and variety of classifications of personality types amiable type who loves peace and quiet and will do
is impressive to say the least. anything to avoid conflict and arguments. ~ They are
[!@J Th~ theory has its roots in antiquity and ~ based on the loyal, trustworthy and helpful and find it very hard to say no.
four natural elements, earth, air, fire and water. Over time, Studying personality types may not be a pure science
various lOOTlS 01 th~ basic theory developed. The ancient I![] We all have various strengths and qualities and are
Greek physician Hippocrates believed that human emotions valuable members of society. Putting people into categories
were caused by fluids in the body, which he called 'humours'. may not always seem very wise but at the same time it does
According to him these humours were responsible for the develop an understanding of different characters and shows
health and personality of an individual. [IT] He suggested that everyone should be treated with care and respect.
the sanguines, for example, had an excess of blood, were
extrovert and made friends easily, but were often late, forgetful,
and sometimes sarcastic. This theory achieved great success
and dominated Western thinking for over two thousand years
until the !700s, when p~s proposed the Ktea that
people's moods were affected by chemicals in the blood.
Despite the decline in popularity of the theory of fluids, a
large number of modern-day experts believe in the idea of
four types of personality. [3IJ Nowadays, the sanguines
are known as extroverts, but they actually retain much of
the same characteristics described by Hippocrates. They
are outgoing and energetic and love to party, but are not
punctual, can be messy Of disorganised, and prone to
carelessness. Another modem-day category that many
psychologists use is the analytical type, or what some of us
refer to as the 'gadget-man'. The analytical personality is the
one who likes to have every 'i' doffed and every'!' crossed.
Punctuality and order is of prime importance to them. [!IJ
However, they tend to think too much and can be gloomy
and irritable at times. A very common label given to another

12
3 Match the words in bold in the text to their
synonyms: dispositions, put forward, keep,
characters, favour, title, types, foremost, liquids, 9 C) You will hear people speaking in four
handled. different situations. Listen and choose the best
answer, A, B, or C. •
4 Match the highlighted words in the text to Two friends are ta lki ng about an event. How does
their antonyms: shy, tidy, cheerful, unfriendly, the girl feel abou t it?
unfaithful, introvert, unreliable, organised. A sad B sca red C shocked
2 List en to a girl tal king on t he telephone. Why is
she compla ining about her sister?
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in the list: affect, avoid, dominate, A she's moody C she's impatient
achieve, propose, retain, know, treat. B she's unrel iable

3 You are in a clot hes shop. Which does t he

Ce rta in persona lit ies will always t ry .
customer wanU
and co ntrol others .
A short skirt C a lo ng dress
2 In t he 18t h cent ury, a new t heory .
B a pair of shorts
a lot of success.
3 The new t heory still . some of t he 4 Listen to a girl describing a friend . What does she like?
old ideas. A pa le complexion C rosy cheeks
4 It is very importa nt people with B freckled nose
respect, regard less of t hei r weaknesses.
5 Is it t rue t hat chemicals in t he blood .
people's moods)
6 Amiab le people . . conf1icts . 10 a) Read the rubric, then brainstorm for ideas
7 Hippocrates .. . the idea t hat moods under the headings in the rubric (e.g. character
were caused by fl uids in t he body. strengths: kind, funnyetc).
8 People who put others fi rst are as --------------------~
am iable personal ity t ypes. You are at an English summer school. Discuss I
with your friend a famous singer or musician :
you really admire. Include the four pieces of I
6 Tell the class three things you have learnt from information below in your conversation . :
the text. negative qualities charact er strengths I

appearance reasons you like them

7 Why do you think the study of ____________________ 4

personalities is important to so many people?

Ca n you think of any practical uses for it? In
t hree minutes write a few sentences on the
topic. Tell the class.
8 IICTIWhich of the four personality types are
you? Visit this site: http://www.allthetests .com.
type the four temperament s into the search
bar and then do the quiz.
Chamcfer is like a tree and repllfafiolllik>e ifs shadow. 1be
b) () Listen to two people doing the task .
Which person are they talking about? Have all
the points in the rubric been covered? What
objections does the schoolfriend raise and how
are they dealt with?
c) In pairs, use your ideas from Exs. 10a and 10b
to do the task.
QuotatiollS,____----1!
'I

shadow is what u"(! thillk of it, the tree is the real thing.

Nelson Mandela, President of South Afric0

---- -- (1994-1999)
- '_ .-.~-----.
......;-~ 13
MODULE
3 a) Complete An ne's description of her dream
home w ith the correct form of the words in
1 a) Match the furniture from the list to the brackets.
correct number. Describe the photographs.

D gilt-framed mirror o bedside cabinet My dream home would be a villa by the sea. It would be a
D crystal vase D wall cabinet 1) (peace) ,....................... place where I could relax. The
D glass coffee table D built-in shelves house would be very 2) (space) ........................, so I'd

~ ~
striped rug draped curtains have enough room for all my 3) (style) ..................... .
mantelpiece French windows furniture, It would also have a fully-4) (fit) ...................... ..
blinds firep lace kitchen with every 5) (electriC) ........................ appliance I
tiled floor headboard could ever need. There would be a bright, 6) (air)
........................ living room with a fireplace and a huge
bookcase. The bedrooms would have 7) (wood)
........................ floors and French windows. My dream
home would never be 8) (mess) ......................... I would
also have a huge garden full of flowers, wnere I could
unwind by doing some gardening.

b) Compare Anne's dream house to your

dream house.

'Types of homes I
4 Fi ll in: mansion, studio, loft, bedsit, prefab house,
basement, maisonerre, mobile home, penthouse.
1 Mr Stephens is a wealthy man who lives in a huge
....... in the cou ntryside.
2 The most expensive property in the building IS the
............ because of its spectacular view of
b) Compare your living room to the one in the city.
photograph A. 3 }eff spends all his holidays at his ..................... on
the coast and he plans to live there in his old age.
2 Fill in: fitted, central. double. private. alarm, 4 None of my rooms get much sun light because I
entrance, spiral. live in a ........................ f1ac
1 We have a real fi re In the living room, but the rest S The kitchen and bedroom in Gem ma's flat used to
of the house has ....................... heating installed. be separate but she decided to turn It into a
2 There are .H .................... wardrobes with sliding
doors in both bedrooms. 6 June wanted something bigger than a flat but
3 ........... glazing in all the windows ensures couldn't afford a house, so she bought a
the house stays warm and quiet. .... .. ...... ........... in a nice building
4 Just wait in the . hal l and I'll come 7 Richard likes to tell people hiS home was built in a
downstairs to help you w ith you r bags. factory and then explain that It's a
5 You should install a( n) ... , system to 8 The only place to rent I can find for less than £50
improve home security. a week is a tiny
6 We don't need a garage as we've got 9 In London many old Industrial bu ildings are being
parking in our street. converted into ............. apartments.
7 There's a ................ staircase that takes you
up to the roof garden.
14
 5 Fill in : do, get, clean, move. 'Buying & selling property I
We'll have to ... ....... .... up the mess before the
new tenan ts arrive. 9 Fill in: rate, offer, detached, form, mortgage, price,
2 You can. into your flat on Sunday. credit.
3 Unfo"unately, we don't ................. on with our I
neighbours. A: Good morning, M r Lawrence. How can I help you?
4 Our new place is really bare at the moment, but B: Well, I'd like to ask some questions about how I can
take out a{n) 1) ..... ...... . .. for a house I want to buy.
once we ................. it up it'll become quite cosy.
It's a two-storey 2) ............ house in Kent Street.
'Renting a flat I A: OK And what price is the property?
B: Well, it's £300,000, but I hope I can negotiate the
6 Fill in: landlordJIandlady, flatmate, estate agent, tenant. 3) .... and get a better dea l.
A: Yes, that's a good Idea. I think you should make a{n)
I agreed to meet the ........ . .. at the fla t at 4) of around £275,000 and see what
3 pm on Tuesday to view it. happens.
2 The ...... ........ ......... is raising the rent by no B: And what interest 5) ....... .. could you offer me
from next month. for the mortgage?
3 The ad says the ........................ can't have pets. A: Well, you would have to fill in a(n) 6) ......... . for
4 I need to speak to my new . . about us to check your 7) . ............ history, but generally
the mess he makes in the bathroom every day. we can offer you an interest rate of around 5%
B: That sounds like a very reasonab le offer.
7 Choose the correct preposition . A: I hope so, Mr Lawrence

1 I live in a lovely place o n/at the outskirts of the city.

2 We saw some really nice loft converSions inIon
10 a) Jane and Greg are t rying to sell their
property online. Fill in the gaps with the correct
the heart of the city.
words from the list.
3 She rents a bedsit dose from/to the centre.
4 I found an apartment that's within/with walking • subu rbs • cond ition • amenities • centrally
distance of t he train station . • off-street • block • cent ra l
S We found a fully-furn ished flat in/on t he suburbs.

• Useful phrases
8 Complet e the exchanges w ith: give a month's
One-bedroom flat in

notice, fall behind on the rent, be paid in advance, ler North London - £150,000
rhe flat, signed the lease. The flat is on the second

1 A: The first two months' rent must floor of a modern

1) ............. ... ..... .. of flats

f B: No problem . Can I write you a cheq ue? in the northern

r 2 A: What do you think wi ll happen if I

................................ again?
2) .. .. ............. of
London. Although it isn't
3) ......................... ... located, it is close to local
B The landlord might evict you .

f 3 A: I decided to rent the flat in Kent Street.

4) ............................. , such as a supermarket and a
fitness centre. Residents of the building have
r B Congratulat ions! Have you .................. ..
............ . ........ yet?
5) .............................. parking. The flat includes features

r
,r
such as 6) ..... ......................... heating and a balcony
4 A: The landlord won't ............ .
with great views of the River Thames. The flat is in very
to us for 6 months.
good 7) ............. ......... . Should you like to view the
B: Yes, most leases are for a 12-month period .
property, call 097-3232346.
5 A: You must
( when you decide to leave the flat.
b) Writ e an advert for your house similar to the
B OK, I'll be sure to do that.
( one in Ex . 10.
(t jSeeVocabularyBankonp. 166) 15
 Missing sentences
1 Describe your house to the class. Try to be as
detailed as possible.

IaI th third floor ,f Q huge blocK fJf flats.

Ire re )ms I my,", D Thf ing rr JrT

.. Re;d- the ~e:t~ f;o~ :Vhid, ~e:e~ ;e~t;n~e; h-;~ ~~~~;

~:~~ (~_~)o::~h~~~~ t~~~ ~;::;~e~o(~~~~~~ :~~ :
I logical whole. There are two extra sentence that
I does not match

room, as It IS a symbol of loneliness.

B You won't have to move house as there are, more often
than not. simple solutions to the problem .
C They are spatially represented by the different living
spaces in your home
o The map should contain all the sections In the house.
E If not, you Will need to move the furniture around.
F One of the most important concepts of feng shui is ba-gua.
G It is very important to feng shui philosophy.
H Finally, placing flowers and candles as well as mirrors
and chimes around the house can greatly improve the
positive now of energy.
How you decorate your space is vital to your well-being.

......1
~
I
,r 2 Do the reading task. Which words helped you True/False statements
decide? Now. explain the highlighted words.
9 0 Do the listening task.
3 Find words in the text which mean:
r--------------------.
IYou will hear a radio interview about home I
1 mfluence .. .. .. ........
2 In good and even proportion .. .... .. ....
: decorating. Mark the statements (1-5) T:
I (true), or F(false).
3 measure the value of
~--------------------~
,, 4 not present
True False

l
~
5
6
keep at same state or level
stop from doing 1 The interviewer is unfamiliar with
the word 'Zen '.
I 2 Zen designers try to make a home
4 Clean or clear? Complete the phrases. Check in
as quiet as possible .
your dictionaries. 3 One important factor in arranging

t 1 ............. environment
2
3
.......... sky
.... break
5
6
7
.... conscience
...... argument
. voice
a Zen-style home is the usefulness
of objects.
4 The interviewer says bamboo
4 ............. air 8 ............. instructions furniture is fashionable.
5 Zen style involves the use of bright
colours in the home.
5 Choose the correct preposition.

1 We are surrounded of/by energy.

2 Her life revolves around/about her children.
3 The building is divided in/into four sections.
4 The different sections are represented by/of 10 Look at the graph. Interpret the data and
various symbols.
answer the questions below.
5 Changing the position of an object can bring
about/up change .
70
6 The arrangement of certain objects can result
tolin family arguments .
"
6 Tell the class three things you have ,
."
learnt from the text. .
62

58
,.
7 Which feng shui ideas have you
already put into practice in your home? Which "
52
ones are you planning to use? In three
minutes, write a few sentences. Tell the class. U\tlUlnla LatYia Estonia stllln UK DInInIft Ireland

1 Ho*-' does Lithuania compare to other E.U

8 IleT Iln groups collect more information about countries with regard to the percentage of
feng shui. Present it to the class. population living in fiats? Explain.
2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of
living in a house or a fiat?
3 Do you prefer to live in a fiat or a house? Give
reasons.
17
 Use of English Infinitive/Gerund/ • Lexicogrammatical word transformations
Participles 2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words.
• It is excit ing to live in the city centre . The children can 't wait to meet t heir new neighbours.
living in the city centre is exciting . FORWARD The children.
• This room is too small to fi t a double bed into. their new neighbours.
This room isn't spacious enough to fit a double :2 She made him stay in. I
bed into. WAS He ...................................... stay In.
• She made him do the washing-up. 3 He earns too little to be able to afford such a big house.
He was made to do the washing-up . MAKE He doesn't ........... ........ ...
• I prefer living in the cou ntry to living in a city. money to be able to afford such a big
I prefer t o live in t he cou ntry rather t han (in) a city. house
• Could you turn the heating on? 4 Could you please help me move th iS furni ture?
Would you mind turning the heating on? HAND Could you give
thiS furnltureJ
• They w ere amazed at the lUxury of the hotel.
5 I don't think the property Owner will accept our offer.
The lUxury of the hotel was amazing .
LIKELY The property owner
• She had difficulty (in) paying the rent.
She found it difficult to pay the rent.
.................. ..... ........ down our offer. •
6 Have you decided whether to move yet?
• They let tenants use the common gardens.
MIND Have you made ........................ .
Tenants are allowed to use the common gardens.
............... move yet?
7 Although they own property, they live in rented
accommodation.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. SPITE In ..... . ....••.............. ...........••. ,
Use two to five words.
they live in rented accommodation.
They let residents use the parking spaces free of S They finally managed to book a holiday in Lapland.
charge. SUCCEEDED They finally .... . .... ............... .
ALLOWED Residents ............. . a holiday in Lapland.
the parking spaces free of charge. 9 Buying this antique sofa must have been very expensive.
2 Could you change the lig ht bulb? FORTUN E It must have ........ ... ... .. .................. .
MIND Would ..................... this antique sofa .
the light bulb? 10 She spent ages sorting out her clothes in the wardrobe.
3 Converting the loft into a studio flat was expensIVe. TOOK It .....
CONVERT It was expensive out her clothes in the wardrobe
a studio flat. 11 You don't have to cook dinner as I have already
4 He prefers growing plants to growing trees. ordered a takeaway.
GROW He prefers to ................................. . POINT There ...................... dinner
trees . as I have already ordered a takeaway.
5 John's mother makes him tidy up his room . 12 You'll have no difficulty using this burgla r alarm.
MADE John ................ .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. EASY You'll
his room by his mother. this burglar alarm.
6 She found it difficult to payoff the mortgage. 13 That five-star hotel is so expensive that we can't stay
DIFFICULTY She ..................................... . there for even one night.
the mortgage. TOO It is ............. .
7 The Skyscraper Museum in New York was fascinating. that five-star hotel for even one night .
fASCINATED They ................ . ....... ..... ...... . • 14 They are going to demolish the old block of flats
the Skyscraper Museum in New York . next week.
8 This wooden armcha ir is too uncomfortable to sit in. DOWN The old block of flats is gOing
ENOUG H This wooden armchai r . .... next week.
............ .......... sit in. 15 I didn't mean to break their expensive crysta l vase .
INTENTION J.
their expensive crystal vase.

18
 • Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items
3 Read t he text and complete the gaps with the 4 Choose the correct answer.
correct form of the word given at the end of
t The lease . . next month, so I'm going t o find a
each line.
new fl at .
• Alexander Remizov has two major
0) in his architecture. The first OBJECT
A cancels B exp ires C closes 0 fi nishes
2 Their house is in a great ..... overlooking the lake .
aim IS to protect t he natural world from .. j
A post B situation C station 0 posit ion
mankind and t he second is to protect
mankind from extreme 1) .................... ENVIRONM ENT 3 Any tenant who falls to comply w ith the rules and
conditions caused by climate change. ... wi ll be evicted .
HIS firm, wit h support from the A Instructions C laws
Archirecrure For Disasrer Relief programme, B orders o regulat io ns
has desig ned a 2) .. .. ...... .... hotel ca lled FUTURE 4 Do you ...... to know where Pet er's house iS7
I the Ark. It is an impressive 3) .. ..... o f CONSTRUCT

,,
A occur B happen C chance 0 come
•• arches and cables t hat looks like a giant
5 The balcony has a great .. ...... of the sea.
l shell. It is almost 4) .... ............ as it is DESTRUCT
A vision B sighting C seeing 0 view
bUilt to w ithstand phenomena such as
earthquakes and 5) ............... waves. On TIDE 6 The holiday cottages have all t he ....... of home.
top of that, power is provided by solar A advantages C comforts
• panels and water is supplied by a B conveniences o util it ies
rainwa ter 6) system. The COLLECT 7 They were ........ o f money, so they couldn't afford
hotel is also 7) to DESIGN to buy new furn it ure.
have its own ecosyst em, w hich A short B limit ed C poor 0 sma ll
means it can sustain Itself Wit h
8 You can go to t he party, but ...... home by midnight.
food, water and power while
A take 8 make C be 0 go
also being 8) ..... ... ...... to RESIST
! 9 He won 't leave the flat, and t he owner is
natural disasters.

"- ..... , , .... - threatening legal .....

A force B steps C measures 0 act ion
• Multiple choice doze 10 She couldn't . .... the noise from next door any more.
5 Rea d the text and choose the correct word. A survive B carry C bea r D manag e

A any 4 A out
Ask people about their favourite childhood toys and quite a few will mention B all B through
lego. However, some children don't abandon l ego when they grow up. C each C back
Take James May, whose idea to build a life-size Lego house received so 0 some 0 off
much public interest that, in July 2009, he began construction. Over 1,000
A inspiring S A Althoug h
volunteers helped make the bricks, 1) ........... .. ... one consisting of 272 l ego
B indulging B Though
pIeces, and put the two·storey house together. Apart from a 'safety frame'
C inserting C Regardless
made out of wood , the rest of the structure was made entirely from lego,
0 including 0 Despite
2) ........ ....... , a staircase, a shower and a toilet! May even stayed overnight
In the house, though he found 3) ................ far from comfortable on the A sleeping 6 A these
lego bedl lnitially, the l ego house was a huge success, but problems arose B slept B that
when the landowners where the house was built needed their laFld back. At C to sleep C those
first. legoland , a theme park in Berkshire, planned to relocate the house to 0 sleep 0 this
its premises, but the deal fell 4) .. ...... ... because of the transport costs
involved. 5) .. ............... .. further efforts to fin d a private collector to take it,
the house was eventually dismantled and its 3.3 million pieces were
donated to charity. Nevertheless, the lego house was a marvellous
architectural achievement for 6) ,... ,.... ,........... involved in its construction.

19
 An opinion 2 Read the model and match each heading to
a paragraph.
Opinion essays are discursive essays in which we
present our personal op inion on a particular topic.
They are normally written in a formal style. An
opinion essay consists of:
• an introduction in which we introduce the topic
and state our opinion clearly.
• a main body which consists of two or more
paragraphs, each presenting a separate viewpoint
supported by reasons/examples. We can include a
paragraph giving the opposing viewpoint
supported by reasons/examples.
• a conclusion in which we restate our opin ion
using di fferent words .
We start each ma in-body paragraph with an
appropriate topic sentence t hat states t he mai n idea
of the paragraph. Each topic sentence is followed by
supporting sentences t hat further explain the main
idea of the pa rag raph .
We use present tenses in this type of essay. We also use
[ID When given the
appropriate link ing words & phrases to join our ideas. flat most people would prefer the house. To me,
To list viewpoints : To start with, Firstly. In the first place. however, living in a flat is more appealing.
In addition. Besides. Furthermore, Moreover, Also, etc [ID Firstly, flats are often located in or near the city
To introduce supporting sentences (examples): centre and are therefore very convenient. They are
for example. for instance, in particular. such as/like. etc often in close proximity to shopping and entertainment
To introduce opposing ideas: On rheather hand, facilities so there is always something to do. Moreover,
However, etc it is easier to access public transport or get around on
To conclude: All in oil Lastly. Tak 19 evuyrhmg 1(0 foot.
account, To sum up, All thing, con~idl d. CID Furthermore , living in a flat is usually less
Formal style is characterised by:
expensive than living in a house. For example , rent
• formal expressions, advanced vocabu lary, longer
is often lower for a fl at and some of the bills such as
sentences. First-rime buyers need to consider rheir
maintenance are shared . In addition , living in the
financial circumstances carefully before committing to a
same building with others means that if you need
mortgage.
• forma l linking words/phrases. Moreover, steps should help you can eaSily knock on a neighbour's door.
be taken to. @I] On the other hand , some people say that living
• no use of short forms. There is always something in a flat has a number of drawbacks. Flats tend to be
(NOT: There~ olways something .... ) smaller and often don't have balcon ies or gardens.
• impersonal tone i.e . use of the passive. Tenants are Moreover, they can sometimes be noisy, especia lly if
required to contribute towards the upkeep of the garden. located on a main street. Blocks of flats also lack
privacy and any rules imposed by the majority of the
1 Read the rubric and answer the questions. people in the building usually have to be respected.
r--------------------.
You have had a class discussion about the I
[I[J All in all, I believe that living in a fla t is better
than living in a house. Although flats are smaller and
following statement: Living in a house is better : have less privacy than houses, they are more
than living in a flat. Now write an essay (200- I centrally located and cheaper to live in .
I 250 words) giving your opinion and reasons :
I to support your views. I
~------ - -------------~
1 Who is going to read your essay?
2 Shou ld you use forma l or informal language?
3 Do you prefer living in a house or in a flat? Why?
•
20
 3 What viewpoint s does the writer put across? 8 Read t he t opic sentences and suggest suitable
How do t hey support each viewpoint? supporting ones .

1 Living in the countryside is more peacefu l.

4 Find the linking w ords the writer uses to : list
viewpoints, introduce examples, introduce opposing
ideas, conclude. Replace them with synonymous
ones.
5 Replace t he w ords in bold w ith synonymous
ones.
1) Fu rthermore, having a cat as a pet is more
convenient. 2) For instance, cats don't need as
much attention as dogs do and can be left alone
I , more easily. Dogs can get very lonely and anxious if
2 Learn ing a foreign language can bring people
more job options.
•
3 Volunt eeri ng helps you make new f riends.
• Your turn
9 Read t he rubric and match the reasons (A-D) to
t he viewpoint s th ey support (1-4). Use them to
write your essay. Follow the plan below. Use
phrases from the Useful Language box.
r--------------------~
I You have had a class discussion about th e I
: following statement: living on campus is :
I the best option for students. Write an essay I

I', .~ their owners are away for too long. 3) What is

more, cats don't need to be walked at all; all they
: (200-250 words) giving your opinion and :
I reasons to support it. I

<.,..I
need is a simple litter box. ~--------------------~
A share bedroom.
[IT] easier to
bathroom, etc
6 Find the topic sentences in the essay. Replace reach lessons/
B no waste of time and
" t hem w ith appropriate similar ones. library, etc
money travelling to
[IT] better social
universitylcollege
life
, f" 7 Th ink of appropriate topic sentences for the C meet more people to
lack of
followi ng . lID privacy
make friends with
0 rooms are small so you
1) ..... .. ", .","','" " " " '" " " "" " " " """ "',' ,' ,","
~ have limited
can only take bare
space
Going to school on an empty stomach can make it essentials
difficu lt to concentrate during lessons. This is because
the brain needs energy from food to work properly.
Even eating someth ing simple before going to school ,
like a banana with a glass of milk or a bowl of cereal,
can make you more alert.

~ " "" " "" "" "" " " " "" " " " " " " " " "" '"",., , """ "
For one thing, if you take a tra in you don 't have (Para 1) state tbe topiC & your opinion
to dea l with traffic jams. Furthermore, travel ling (Para 2) first viewpoint & reason/example
by train can be much fast er than trave lling by car. (Para 3) second viewpoint & reason/example •
What is more, it is possible to work, read and (Para 4) opposing viewpoillf & reason/example
study on a train, which is not possib le if you are (Para 5) restate your Opblioll
driving a car.

t
f
 Multiple matching I
1 a) Read the ru bric, then read the four texts through quickly. What is each text about?
r - -----~--------------------------------------~
I You will read four short texts about peop le and their idea of a perfect home. Read the descriptions I
: (A-D) and the statements (1 -5) and choose which descriptions match the statements. The :
I descriptions may be chosen more than once.
~---------------------------------------------~
b) Do the task. Compare your answers with you r partner. Justify your answers.
A I never really felt at home in any of the
flats I rented so you woo't be surprised to
learn that I always dreamed of having my
own place that I could decorate in my own
style. When I finally came across my
dream house and got the money together
for a deposit on a mortgage I was thrilled
and once I moved in I set to work on
decorating, I soon realised though that
decorating a house isn't an easy task,
Firstly, I found it to be a far more expensive
enterprise than I had imagined it would be
and so I couldn't buy exactly what I
wanted, I had to be patient and I ended up
making a number of comprises. After a
while r got quite frustrated as I felt it just
wasn't coming together fast enough and I
sort of gave up on it, for the time being at
least,
B Both my parents are architects and so as I
was growing up I learnt a lot aixJut their
profession and developed an interest in
buildings. They are a little disappointed that I
didn't choose to be an architect too but they
still appreciated my choice 10 become teacher
of history of an and even encouraged me. In a
way, it is related to architecture after all.
M}"Nay, I am pat1icularly interested in
American colonial houses and, of course, I am
now the proud owner of a small 17th century
town house, which I restored with the help of
my dad and decorated with my mum and now
live in. I absolutely love it and have spent a lot
of money on it. It is definitely my dream house
and I feel very much at home in it. Now, I think I
am ready to have my 0\lIl11 family.
22
•
I
•
C5J I hod a pretty good ideo for a long time of what t he perfect
home would be for me and I was set on having It I started saving from
the minute I got my f irst job and I knew that it would only be 0 matter
of t ime before I had the necessary funds. I hove mates in the real
est at e business and they hod t heir eyes open for somemng for me.
Then one day. I got 0 call about this beach house and I just knew that
It was an opportunity I dKln' t want to miss. When t sow It. I Simply
knew that it was made for me. It is per fect ly located on the beach and
so I con walk my dog and go surfing any t ime I like: and of course it is
perfect for having guests around for barbecues and what not It
couldn' t be better.
@] As a child I had to change flats a lot as my parents moved
quite oft en for work . In a way I w as used to not really having a
real base and I guess I never really could or did get attached to
anyw-here Yet, as time passed by 1got a bit tired of moving all
the t ime and perhaps I suffered from a lack o f securi ty; I guess
deep down inside I longed for a place of I could call home.
What J have now is not what you would call a luxury home and
not hing compared to some of the classy apartments my
parents rented but for me it is a dream home. I fi nally have my
own space that I know is mine and no one is gOing to come
and tell me that I have to move tomorrow or the next day. I ca n
say I am quite cont ent he re.
Who:
was helped by friends? o c
chose their home based on their lifestyle?
had to make changes to their origina l plan ? 2
has settled foc a simpler home than w hat t hey
were used to? 3
com bined their professional interest with their home? 4
was disappointed with how things turned out ? 5
felt they needed more stability in t heir life? 6
.... - ~ -- .
-
' ,-- ' - - -- . ..., . . ---
_. ......., ... -
2 Match the words in bold to their Dialogue
synonyms.

• brought to its previous condition 5 Read the rubric and do the task in pairs. Use the language
• way • formed • money below.
• wanted very much --------------------------~
You and your friend wou ld like to organ ise a holiday with I
• found by chance • friends
a group of your friends. However, you have you have I
• money you get from a bank in
different ideas about where to go and what type of :
order to buy a house
accommodat ion to choose. Discuss your ideas and reach a I
I
consensus. I
Give your ideas and arguments. I
3 Miss or lose? Complete the phrases.
Find out your partner's ideas and arguments. I
I
1 . my way Try to persuade your partner to accept your ideas. I
Try to reach a compromise.
2
3
.. brea kfast
._ ............. a contest
-------------------------_. I

4 .......... ... ... .. .. money

5 .... ..... .... .... . . a bus
6 ................. ... patience
7 _. the opportunity
8 ••• • • H a payment
_ .............

Note

4 0 You are going to hear a

telephone conversation between
a landlord and a potential tenant.
Listen and complete the table.

Name of owner 0) Mr. Newton

Type of 1) .
accommodation
Address 12 Raglan road
Floor 2) .
Heat ing electric
Monthly re nt 3) .
Pets allowed 4) Yes .. .. .. No .
Caller's name 5) . • I wou ldn't like .
Ca ller's contact 6) . • On the other hand , . . has a lot of amenities.
number • ... looks nice so. • We could all ..
• I would definit ely choose .

Key Vocabulary
camping: hard ground; can go kayaki ng and camp ing; no facilities
(showers, restaurant s); be in t he open air.
hotel: lots of amenit ies (swimmi ng pool, resta urants); luxurious
cabin by the lake: nice & convenient; sleep comfortably; balcony; nice
view; do water sports; go for walks; isolated; not expensive

23
Culture
1 Look at the pictures. What kind of a 1
place do you think Singapore is? I
Read to find out. •

2 Read the text again and for each gap

(1-6) choose from the sentences A.I l\
the one which best fits each. There I
are two extra sentences.

A Of the five million people who live In

Singapore. only three million are native.
B For example, the Malay verb 'makan'
is often used to mean 'eat'.
C In 1834, Singapore officially belonged to
Singapore
the Bntish East Indian Company and in
1864 It became a Bntish Crown Colony.
Tile Lion City •

o Many people come from afar to get a

taste of what it has to offer The earliest written record of Singapore is a Chinese account
E At the same time, wealthy merchants dating to the 3rd century AD in which the island is referred to as
'the island at the end'. It is said that the country got its current
built magnificent private houses and
name in the 13th century when a visiting Malay prince thought
giant warehouses near the port.
he saw lions there and founded a settlement called Singa Pura,
F Singapore enjoys one of t he highest
which means Lion City in Sanskrit. ~ In time, Singapore
standards of living in the world.
became an important trading post, and a stopover for ships
G In reality. though, lions never
sailing between China and India. Consequently, it was
inhabited the island. considered a strategiC military outpost and over the centuries
H You never get bored in Singapore came under the control of various powers, including the
with so many things to do. Buddhist kingdom , the Muslim empire of Malacca, the
In 1965, it became totally Portuguese, the Dutch, and finally the British . ~
independent and has enjoyed During the second half of the 19th century, Singapore continued
continuous peace and economic to prosper and became a very important city. It developed
prosperity since. industrially and its population grew rapidly as immigrants arrived
from China, Malaysia and Indonesia. The British erected
splendid public buildings. including beautiful churches and
3 Fill in: backgrounds, immigrants, destination,
hotels, and the immigrant communities constructed mosques.
links, merchants, prosperity, record. temples and shrines. IT] By the turn of the 20th century,
Singapore has experienced a period of Singapore had become the biggest trading post in the East. It
economic in the last continued to prosper until World War U, when it was taken over
few decades. by Japanese forces and then re-occupied by the British.
2 from other countries Singapore declared independence from Great Britain in 1963
and briefly joined the Federation of Malaysia. [ID
decided to live in Singapore.
3 People of diverse ......................... live in
Singapore.
4 The fi rst written ................ ..... of the
island dates t o the 3rd century AD.
5 Wealthy .... .... ....... ... ...... used t o own
private houses in Singapore.
6 Singapore has become a very popular
tourist ....................... .
7 Ma ny Singaporeans have cultural
................ to other Asian countries.
24
•

4 Fill in: public, standards, trading,

turn, national, current, declare,
diverse, harmony, urban .
....... .. .... ............. .. ........ .... name
2 . .. .... . .. ....... post
3 ........ ............................ buildings
J
4 by the ............. of the century
5 to ..... ... .. ... independence
6 .................. .. .. identify
Singapore does nol have one unique national identity and Singaporeans 7 .. ......... ... .. .. . wildlife
have various cultural links 10 countries such as China, India, Indonesia, 8 high. .. ........... of living
f Malaysia, and Great Britain. Today, the population is made up of 76.8%
Chinese, 13.9% Malays, 7.9% Indians, and 1.4% other. English is the
9
10 live in ...
.. development

administrative language of Singapore and the medium of instruction in

schools. However, the country has four official languages: English, Malay,
Mandarin, and Tami!. Many people in Singapore speak 'Sing lish', which is 5 Find phrasal verbs in the text
based on both American and British English but has a number of which mean:
differences including borrowed words from Malay and Mandarin. [!IJ
1 started being controlled or
Education is very important to Singaporeans and their society is a true
managed by
meritocracy where good results at school and university mean a good job
2 taken control of

I
with a good salary. People in Singapore sometimes joke about their desire
to have the 'five Cs'; condominium, car, credit card, club membership and 3 consists of
career.
rn I1 has also become a very popular tourist destination, which is not 6 Complete the sentences.
I surprising as it has so much to offer the visitor, from beautiful beaches to
beautiful buildings. It also has a diverse wildlife despite its rapid urban Singapore is located
J development. 11 is home to a number of birds, reptiles and mammals, such 2 It got its name ........ .
as the long-tailed macaque, the dugong and the dolphin. 3 Singapore became very important
There are also a lot of things to do in Singapore. [!D Shopping and as a ......... ........ .. . ............. . .. .
dining are considered to be national pastimes and many people come from 4 By the turn of the 20th century
afar to get a taste of what Singapore has to offer. Singapore's cuisine is
influenced by both Asian and Western styles, and is an expression of its 5 The population consists of .......... .
cultural diversity. Singapore is an interesting example of how people of 6 Singapore is a popular
diverse backgrounds and culture can live together in harmony. 7 The cuisi ne ............ ..

Compare your
country to Singapore in terms
of: location, history, language,
animals, culture, and attractions.

,._ Proverbs _________ .,

• Where there is a sea, there are
pirates.
• If the mountain goat is in a good
mood, even having no gross is
fin e.
• The big fish sees the mountain
top, the small fish sees the big
fish.
------------------. 25
MODULE
• Collocations
3 Fill in the gaps with : mock, past, sciences, •
1 Match the sentences to the subjects. Which are assembly, entrance, call.
arts and which are sciences?
1 KeUy loves biology and chemistry so she plans to
st udy life . . ......... at un iversity.
a Who can tell me what
2 Our teacher takes roll .............................. every
24 divided by 6 equals?
b In this class, we'll learn about day at the beginning of class.
rights, laws and democracy in 3 In order to get onto the course, you have to pass
our country. a(n) .................. . .. exam .
c Try and use brighter colou rs 4 Our ........................... exams are to practise for
art
next time. our final exams.
I'>H chemistry
d Water contains hydrogen and 5 We have a school in the
drama
r.i'"'"'I oxygen . auditorium every Wednesday morning.
FcH citizenship
e Does everyone know what 6 look at some ...... . ...... . ........ papers to see
•
,...~ history
the (EO of a company does? the types of question that usually come up in the
P\HE
F,i'"'"'I Italian f Or Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a cla'''ic . exam.
tale written by Robert Louis
maths
co" business
Stevenson.
9 This subject brings together
'school life I
studies personal, social and health
~ Eng lish • Phrasal verbs
education.
literature h 'Ciao' can be used for both 4 Choose the correct particle.
'hello' and 'goodbye'.
1 You'll fall over/behind with your work if you take
We're going to rehearse a
any more days off school .
scene from Romeo & Julier.
2 Aher being off school for a month, she had to do
How many times was Mi,,,zfoo .
extra work to catch up/ out with her classmates.
the Old
3 I need to look o ff/over my class not es before our
test on Monday.
Not e: school subjects that look plural are actually
4 If you don't study, how do you expect to keep
singular and take a singular verb e.g. physics is.
outlup with the class?
5 If you don't know what a word means, look it

'Marks & requirements I up/over in t he dict ionary.

6 Sue's parents told her outloff when they read her
• Useful phrases teachers' poor comments on her report card.

2 Com plete the sentences with the correct verb.

• Verb phrases
attract, learn, expelled, submit, hand, skip, chealing.
5 Match the words an essay, an exam, class, lare,
We have to .................. in our assignments today.
online, school to the correct groups.
2 He was caught ..... ...... .. in a test and was
... ... .... ... from school. 1 study for, fa il, retake .... .
3 You should raise your hand jf you want to 2 go to, attend, skip ............
... .......... . ... the teacher's attention. 3 be, turn up, arrive .......... ....... .
4 We have to ... our essays by email 4 do research, look sth up, find information ...... .
for our IT class.
5 We have to . .. thi s poem by heart 5 writ e, hand in, mark
for our English class on Thursday. 6 drop out of, leave, start ..
6 If we .. ............ a lesson at school we get
detention.

26
 'Education system I 8
. , • scholarship. tuition fees • internship • loans
6 Fill in the gaps in the blag posts with the words:
o. higher . secondary . national · form · primary
o. junior • postgraduate • pre-school
• techn ical • undergraduate
I've just finished my A-leve! exams. Now, the summer
holidays begin! You know, here in England, we sit our first
1) ..... ............... exams at the end of 2) ........ .... ....... school.
That means I started doing exams seven years agol Also,
before we finish 3) ......................... school at sixteen, we
take our GCSEs. Many students find jobs after that, but
most students stay on at sixth 4) ....... .................. college. 4) • terms
Another two years of hard work brings us 10 where I am
now. But, do you know what? If I've passed my A-levels,
I'll start my 5) ......................... education at university -
where three more years of examinations will be waiting!
Kirsty, 18 years, Nottingham
; ==--
Interesting post, Kirsty! I'll tell you what happens in
Poland. Here, children can do three years of
1) ... education, bul only the last year of
nursery school is compulsory. Then, pupils attend six
years of primary school before beginning 2) .................... ..
'Higher education
secondary school. AI 16, we sit exams 10 see if we'll go 10
a senior secondary school, a vocational school or a
3) .. .... ................... school. We sillhe Matura exams al18 ij
we want to enter university. At university, most
.~----------~--~
4) .... .. ................... degrees last for four years, although
many also do a 5) ....... ........... ....... course afterwards.
Paula, 19 years, t Odz
7 Choose the right word.
1 Long-distance/First-d asS/One-t o-one tu ition
learning is very popular in remote areas of large
countries.
2 Students mu st pay a regu lation/registration/
bursary fee of El00 when they start their course.
3 Stella's Just completed her Bachelor of Arts
certificate/diploma/degree with honours/marks!
points and is thinking about doing a Master's.
4 The survey showed that 80% of adults w ho did
not go on to higher/upper/advanced ed ucation
wish they had.
5 If I get t he job in France, " 11 probably do a first!
jun ior/refresher course in French.
6 We'll be awarded/appointed/assigned our degrees
at a graduation ceremony.
r
Fill in:
• debt
............................ programmes are the ideal way to
2
find out what it's really like working for a company.
British un iversit ies can charge ....... of
.. J
up to £9,000 per year.
3 Many univers ity students have t o take out
............... in order to finance their studies.
4 Sam was told that a full sports ........ .
would cover all his university and living expenses.
5 Most university students get part-time jobs 10
order to avoid getting int o
• breaks • timetable
Only seniors at my school are allowed outside
school grounds during lunch ........ .
2 The school year in t he UK IS generally diVided into
t hree .
3 I've Just been given my - I can't
believe I've got a double mat hs period on Friday
ahernoon!
I
9 Complete the instructions on a un iversity's
websit e wit h: ruition, lump, application, entitled,
srudent, local, required, submitted.
How to apply for financial support
• Contact your 1) ..." ........... ". education authority (lEA) for
a(n) 2) ." ................ foon. You can also apply online at
www.finandatsupport.erg.
• Complele the application and return ~ to your LEA by post.
Make sure you provide all the 3) ................... details.
Applications are to be 4) .................. , by 31st August.
• The application form also asks whether you want to take
out a 5) ............. ...... loan .
Payment
• Your LEA will say ij you are 6) ................ ... to financial
support. If you are not awarded the full amount of your
7) ............... " .. fees, they will inform you how much you
have to contribute.
• Contributions can either be paid as a{n) 8) .................. .
sum, or you can usualty arrange to pay in instalments.
(. ) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 168) 27
 text
1 Why do so many students study abroad these
days? Would you like to study abroad? Why?
2 What do the initials E.RAS.M.U.s stand for?
How is this related to Desiderius Erasmus and the
EU? Read through to check.
oday, many teenagers can't wait for the 0) J~rtuniry to
T pack their bags and head off on an adventure to a foreign
country. Fortunately, a highly successful European education and
training programme launched in 1987 has so far enabled over two
million university students to spend time studying and working
abroad. The scheme is named after the Dutch philosopher
Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536), who travelled and
studied in 1).. European cities including Paris and
Cambridge. Called 'Era5IT1us', it is the EU's flagship education
programme. Erasmus is both an appropriate and clever name as
the letters stand for European Region Action Scheme for the Mobility of
University Students. Its principal aim is to foster understanding and
innovation across the continent through student and staff
exchange programmes. It not only encourages students to travel
abroad and supports them while they are there but it also
2) ........ .. ......... and funds co-operation between universities and
their staff across Europe. Erasmus is one of the most successful
programmes ever put in place by the European Community. The
vast majority of universities from all the European countries take
part in the programme. In all, more than 4,000 third level
institutions in 33 countries participate. Current figures show that
over 200,000 students and 25,000 staff members make the move
each year and this number is constant~ growing. Students who
b) Find words in the text t o complete the sentences. Write no more than two words.
Who is the programme named after?
It is named after the Dutch philosopher, Erasmus.
2 What does the programme mainly encourage?
It encourages students to travel.
3 What universit ies take part in the programme 7
The. majority of European universities
take part in t he scheme.
28
3 a) Read the text again and complete the gaps
with the words from the box. There are two
w ords which you do not need to use.
• abroad • opportunity • chances • other
• promotes • foreign • undoubtedly • va rious
decide to sign up for the scheme either study at a university
3) .. or do an internship in a foreign company for
three months to a year; this time spent away from home is
recognised and validated by their own university, provided that
certain agreed terms are respected . An important aspect of the
programme is that students do not have to pay any fees to the
foreign university and there are also a number of grants available
for the less fi nancia l~ privileged scholars. Some participants can
also benefit from low rent or even free accommodation.
For many young students, the Erasmusexperience is their first time
living abroad and for some it's their first time away from home. It is
4) .................... an important period in their lives and can have a
determining effect on their future. More specifically, it can be
especially helpful when you want to get a job. In fact, studies show
that time spent abroad not only enriches students' language skills
and academic careers but also their intercultural skills, their self-
confidence and their self-reliance. Therefore, having an Erasmus
exchange on your CV increases a student's 5) ..... ........... of
employment in the future. What's more, students who have spent
time abroad seem to be more open about their future options and
more prepared to embrace other cultures. Some respected
academics have even suggested that former Erasmus students will
be the backbone of a future pan-European identity.
,
4 Who can benefit from Erasmus grants?
St udents who are not ... .......... privi leged can
benefit form grants?
5 How does the programme help students?
It helps improve their language and intercu ltura l
 4 Read the text again and answer the questions . Match ing
Why do you t hink the Erasmus programme is
named after the Dutch philosopher?
9 a) Read the rubric and the headings. Think of
words and phrases related to each head ing .
2 What is t he aim of the Erasmus programme?
3 Who is the programme designed for?
r--------------------~
I You will hear five people talking about I
4 What financial help exists for poorer students?
I their experiences studying abroad . Match I
S According to t he text, how does the programme
enrich a student's life? : the headings (A-f) to the speakers (1-5). :
I Th ere is one extra heading that does not I
6 What is the author's purpose?
I match any speaker. I
• ~--------------------~
5 Match the words in bold to their meanings:
i A NOT GIVIN G UP Speaker 1
•f suitable, students, alien, amountsof money given for
educational purposes. choices, period ofpractical
B SWITC HING DEGREES Speaker 2
C RECOMMENDED BY OTHERS
r training an advanced student has, workers,
authorised, independence. strongest part,
D A TURNING POI NT
Speaker 3
Speaker 4
E A BIG LET-DOWN
programme, members ofa university. SpeakerS
F HARD TO STAY fOCUSED

6 Complete the sentence with the correct form

of the verb: enable. embrace, promote, launch, b) 0 Do the listening task.
validate, enrich, fund.
There is no doubt that a year spent abroad
a
........................................ a st udent 'S li fe . answer quest ions

! 2 The home un iversity

t ime abroad. provided certain terms are met .
... ............ t he
10 Describe t he picture.

!r 3

4
The Erasmus programme
in 198 7.
So far, t he programme .
t housa nds of st udents to stu dy abroad .

r S St udying abroad can make you more w illi ng

r 6
......... .......
The prog ramme
ot her cu ltures.
.............. .. . co-operation
l 7
between universities .
There are a number of organisations that
T
.( ................................ st udents who ca n't afford it
.,
7 fill in: away,!o,. up. off. after. bock.
1 Jack is heading .............. to Spain for a t hree- Now answer the questions.
month internship next week .
2 A lot of students signed ............. for the programme. Do you think t he st udent s are enjoying t heir
3 What does WHO stand ... ............ ? lesson ?
4 Would you like to spend 6 months .. .. ....... .. from 2 What subjects do you enjoy studyi ng)
home? 3 Give an accou nt o f something memorable that
5 The university is na med ............... its founder. happened to you at school.
6 The progra mme dates ..... to 1987
• Quotations, _____

________----..J
What are the pros and cons of EtiucaliOll is rhe key to Il l/lock the golden door offrtwJom.
studying abroad? In three minutes write a few ~ (Geo rge Washington Carver; USscientist)
'( sentences. Tell the class.
29
.1
 • Lexicogrammatical word transformations
2 Complete the sent ences using t he w ord in bold .
• I'm certain he is studying now. Use two to five words.
He must be studYing now.
Anna can't have been telling the truth about her
• I'm sure she hasn't cheated in the exam .
test score.
She can't have cheated in the exam .
MU ST Anna ..... .
• It's forbidden to use a mobile during lectures. .... about her test score. I
You m ustn't use a mobile during lectures. 2 May I use your computer'
You aren't allowed to use a mobile during lectures. IF Wou ld ...
• Shall I help you finish the projecP . used your computer?
Wou ld you like me t o help you fi nish the project ? 3 It wasn't my fau lt that you failed the exam .
• It isn't necessa ry for you to attend the class. BLAME You ca n't .
You don't have to/don't need to/needn 't attend the exam .
the class . 4 You should have asked for your friends' advice!
• It wasn't necessary for her to leave class early. PITY What
She needn't have left dass early. ............. ask for your friends' advice l
• She is likely to get a scholarship . 5 I'm sure she was in my class at school.
It is likely that she wi ll get a scholarship. HAVE She ................ .
She' ll probably get a scholarship. . ....................... in my class at school.
• May I use your dictionary? 6 You should be friends again with Jack .
Would you mind if I used your dictionary? UP You ought ....... .
.... Jack .
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold . 7 Surely Sarah isn't st ill in the library!
Use two to f ive word s. BE Sarah ...... ..... . .
.. ............. ... ..... ... .. . in the libraryl
It is forbi dden to eat in the library. 8 It wasn't necessary for you to do this.
ALLOWED You. HAVE You ... ..
... . in t he library. . ......... this.
2 May I borrow your pen for a moment? 9 I'm sure she didn't cheat in t he test .
M IN D Would . HAVE She
......... your pen for a moment? ........... . in t he test .
3 I'm sure Richard is doing his homework now. 10 The teacher made her rewri te her essay.
MUST Richard ... WAS She
... ...... his homework now. her essay.
4 It will probably rain tomorrow afternoon. 11 It was a mistake for Jack to lie to the teacher.
LIKELY It .. .. ...... ... ... HAVE Jack ............ -
.... will rain tomorrow afternoon . .. ..... ....... . . to the teacher.
5 It w asn't necessary for you to prepa re a packed 12 Could you help me With my homework?
lunch for me HAND Would ............................ .
PREPARED You .................. .......... with my homework.?
a packed lunch for me.
13 l ucy and Oara look the same to me_
I
6 I'm sure Mary didn't take the money from my
schoolbag.
TAKEN Mary
TEll I ......................... ... .
.. ...... ............... between Lucy and Clara. l
... . the money from my school bag .
14 "You should see a career guidance counsellor, " she
)
said to me.
7 You mustn't run inside the school. ADVISED She .... . I
FORBIDDEN It a career guidance counsellor.
.. ..... inside the school. 15 Can you look after my schoolbag for a while?
J
8 Shall I help you ca rry those books? EYE Wou ld you mind J
LIKE Wou ld .... ...... .... ..
... carry those books?
... my schoolbag for awhile? 1
16 The teacher stopped them from talking during the test.
9 It isn't necessary for students to have their 10s vvith them. ALLOW The teacher .. ..

I
HAVE Students . . ........... . . .... talk during the test .
......... their IDs with them.
30
 • Lexical multiple choice items
• Word formation
4 Choose the correct answer.
3 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold.
1 Mr Higgins is one of the best ............ teachers.
Every student knows that A understood B recognised
the key to exam success is C popular o liked
1) (prepare) ....................., 2 The lecture Will be ............ in the auditorium.
but the truth is that most A held B made C kept 0 done J
students don't prepare
3 Don't ... ..... the opportunity to study abroad.
properly. Reading from a
textbook, for instance, is
A fail B miss Close o drop
not an 2) (effed) ....................... way to study. But a group 4 The university .......... students from all over the
of psychologists al Purdue University, USA, have come up world .
with a technique that may help you raise your grades! In an A appeals B brings C attracts 0 cal ls
experiment, they divided a class of students of similar 5 Th ere's no ........... that st udying abroad is a
3) (intelligent) .......................... into two groups and gave valuable experience,
them one hour to prepare for an exam. One group simply A argument B problem C doubt o fear
• read a short text for the entire hour while the other group 6 She isn't ............ to living on her own.
read the text for 20 minutcs, took a small test, and then A familiar B accustomed C common 0 known
tried 10 find the answers to their mistakes. At the end of the
7 He put his bag on the desk and, before he .......... ..
hour, all of the students sat a final exam. The results were
it, it had disappeared
4) (amaze) ...................... The students who look the small
test remembered 50% more information than the students
A understood B noticed C knew D saw
who read for an hour. So, why not try this technique the 8 The student made her. to the library.
next time you're preparing for a big exam? Of course it's A direction B move C road 0 way
5) (possible) ....................... to design a test for yourself; 9 To be ............ , she did try very hard.
but design one for a classmate and ask him/her to design A just B real C true o fair
one for you. You might be very pleased with the results!
10 He decided to get an MA in Finance for the.
of his career.
• Multiple choice c10ze A ga in B favour C benefit 0 profit
5 Read the text and choose the correct answer.

Studies in Star Trek

A get B to get C getting

1 A can B must C need
2 A about B 10 C towards o until
3 A One B An C A
4 A drive
o Some
B look C draw o appeal
5 A they B them
6 A wh ich
C those o that
B what C when o who
new ways to make their subjects more 7 A understand B believe C think
interesting for their students. 8 A technique B C
 2 Read the essay and match the paragraphs to the correct
heading. What arguments for/agai nst does the writer
present? How does he support each argument?
A for-and-against essay IS a discursive
essay in which you discuss the state opinion ~ arguments against & justification
advantages and disadvantages of a
specific topic. It consists of: topic f""5TI f &Justification
~ arguments or
.
• an introduction in which you
present the topic without giving
your opinion.
• a main body in w hich you present
the arguments for and the
arguments against with
justifications and/or examples In
separate paragraphs. We start each
paragraph with a topic sentence.
• a conclusion in which you state
your opinion or give a balanced
-
summary of the topic.
You must not state you r opinion or use
opinion words such as I believe or I feel
in the introduction or the main body.
Opinion words can only be used in the
conclusion where we may state our
...... Did you know that in many countries nowadays over 50% of
opinion.
students go on to higher education after completing secondary school?
For-and-against essays are usually
This is a significant increase from the past when only a few privileged
written In a formal style. We should
children went to university. So what are the advantages and
t herefore avoid colloquial expressions,
idioms, short sentences and strong disadvantages of a university education?
language. ~ There are clearly a number of advantages 10 going 10 university.
First of all , a university education enables a student to broaden their
outlook on tife. For example, you get to meet people from different
backgrounds and learn about different cultures. At the same time,
1 Read the rubric, underline the key students become more mature and autonomous as they live away
words, and answer the questions. from home. Furthermore , students tend 10 specialise in a particular
subject at university and consequently become experts in that
p-------------
You have had a class
. domain.
discussion about university p.. On the other hand, there are arguments against higher
education. Your teacher education. To begin with , a large number of students have to take
has asked you to write an out bank loans to pay university fees. Consequently, when they start
essay discussing the wol1<ing they end up paying back a large part of their monthly salary
advantages and over several years. Secondly, many university courses are very
disadvantages of higher theoretical and do nol prepare students properly for professional
education . Write your essay careers. As a result, many graduates have 10 be trained on the job
(200-250 words). anyway.
~ All thIngs considered, although there are disadvantages to
What type of essay should you going on to university, I believe that a university educalion is of the
w rite? ulmost importance. Mosl jobs require at least a Bachelor's degree
2 Who is going to read you r essay? and postgraduate specialised knowledge in a particular field is
3 What style should you use? particularly appreciated.

32
•
• 3 Replace the linkers in bold in the essay with 6 Match the arguments about home schooling to
suitable ones from the linking words box. their correspo nding justificatio ns. Which points
are (F) for and which are (A) against?

Useful Language Arguments Justifications

liNKING WORDS ITIJ study at your own a cou ld feel bored or
J
• to list and add points: In the first place, To pace lonely
startJbegin with, Firstly. Secondly, Thirdly. Finally, [!IJ spend more t ime b not feel any
In addition (to this), Furthermore, Moreover, with family pressure or stress
Besides, etc. [ID no contact wit h c insufficient
• to introduce or list advant ages : The main/first! other st udents professional

i• most important advantage of H', One/Another/

An additional advantage of .. .• One point of
parents not
qualified teachers
guidance
d save money
i view in favour of .. " It is often suggested! no transport costs e feel more secure
believed/argued that .. " Some/Many people or canteen charges and happier
suggestlfeeVargue that. "' Some/Many people
are in favour of/are convinced that ... etc. 7 Using the arguments and justifications from
• to introduce or list disadvantages: The main/ Ex. 6, complete the main body paragraphs with
most important disadvantage/drawback of .. " appropriate phrases/linking words.
One/Another/An additional disadvantage of There are arguments in favour of home schooling.
[ One point/argument against ...• Some/Many
people are against ...• ete.
1) ......... ................ . ... . ................ .
On the other hand, not going to school has its
• to introdu ce examples/ reaso ns/resu lts: for
disadvantages.
example/instance, such as, like, in particular,
f 2) ................................................ .
therefore, for this reason, because, as, since, as
r a result, etc.
• to show contrast: On the ot her hand, However,
• Your turn
8
r still. but, Nonetheless. Nevertheless. Although,
Read the rubric and answer the questions.
r--------------------~
r Even though, In spite oflDespite (the fact that),
ete.
I Your class has had a discussion about online I
I education. Your teacher has asked you to write I
[ • to introduce a conclusion: In conclusion, : a for-and -against essay discussing the :

r To conclude/sum up, All in all, All things I advantages and disadvantages of learning I
~ ____________________ 4

r considered, Taking everything into account!

consideration, ete.
I online. Write your essay (2()()"250 words). I

r What type of essay should you write)

2 Who is going to read it?
r 4 Underline the correct phrase in the sentences. 3 What style shou ld you write in?
r Nevertheless/Even though higher education
9 0 listen to two students discussing the topic
costs a lot, it is worth it.
and make no tes under the head ings.
2 An additional advantage/ Finally is that it
broadens one's mind . Arguments for/ Arguments against!
3 Despite/Besides being difficult, it is something Just ifications Justifications
that everyone should do.
4 She found it extremely hard. Still/In spite of. she 10 Use your answers from Ex. 9 to write your
continued to work at it. essay. Follow the plan below.
S Since/As a result, students are better prepared
for the real world .
6 In spite of/Despite the fa ct that studying hard, (Pard 1) state Ibe topic
he st ill failed his exams . (Pard 2) argllmentsjor.jllslffic(ftiofls/ ex{/mples
(Pard 3) arguments agajllSl,juslijicatiolls/
5 Find and replace the topic sentences in the examples
(Para 4) state Jour OPflliolll /}(I/tll1ced SIII11111{/1:J'
essay with your own ones.
33
 Multiple choice
1 The photograph shows a classroom
in England in the 19th century. How
does it differ from your classroom?
Tell the class.
:--:~~=~!!!!:!!.l
Sissy's Progress
"/tSissy
would be a fine thing to be you, Miss
said, one night, when Louisa tried to make
0)
louisa! ~
her perplexities for next day something clearer to her.
"Do you think so?"
"I should know so much, Miss louisa. All that is difficult
to me now, would be so easy then."
·You might not be the belter for it, S i ssy.~ Sissy said,
after a liltle hesitatton, ~ I should not be the worse,
Miss l ouisa: To which Miss louisa answered, "I don't
know that."
There had been so 1) .. .. ............... communication
between these two - both because life at Stone
Lodge went monotonously round like a piece of
machinery which discouraged human interference,
and because of the prohibition relative to Sissy's
past career - that they were still almost strangers.
Sissy was uncertain 2) .... ..... ........ .. to say more or to
remain silent.
"You are more useful to my mother, and more
pleasant with her than I can ever be," louisa
resumed. "You are pleasanter to yourself, than I am
to myself."
~ But, if you please, Miss Louisa: Sissy pleaded,
"' am - 0 so silly! '"
louisa, with a brighter laugh than usual, told her
she would be wiser by-and·by.
·You don't know,' said SiSSY, half crying, "what a
silly girl I am. All through school hours I
3) ................... mistakes. Mr and Mrs
M'Choakumchild call me up, over and over
again, regUlarly to make mistakes. I can't help
them. They seem to come natural to me."
~Mr and Mrs M'Choakumchild never make any
mistakes themselves, I suppose, Sissy? "
·Oh nol " she eagerty returned. "They know
every1hing."
2 a) Read the text and complete the gaps with the words from
the box. There are two words which you do not need to use.
• do • if • inhabitants • make • nothing • little • tried
34L-----__________________
• whether ~
J J
adapted from Hard Times
by Charles Dickens
"Tell me some of your mistakes."
"' am almost ashamed, ' said Sissy, with reluctance. "But
today, for instance, Mr M'Choakumchild was explaining to
us about Natural Prosperity. '
"National, I think it must have been,· observed louisa.
"Yes, it was. - But isn't it the same?" she timidly asked.
' You had better say, National, as he said so,· replied
louisa, with her dry reserve.
-National Prosperity. And he said, Now, this schoolroom
is a nalion. And in this nation, there are fifty millions of
money. Isn 't this a prosperous nation? Girl number
twenty, isn 't this a prosperous nation, and aren't you in a
thriving state?"
"What did you say?- asked louisa.
-Miss louisa, ) said I didn't know. I thought I COUldn't
know whether it was a prosperous nation or not, and
whether I was in a thriving state or not, unless I knew who
had got the money, and whether any of it was mine. But
that had 4) ................... to do with it. It was not in the
figures at all,- said Sissy, wIping her eyes.
"That was a great mistake of yours,· observed Louisa.
"Yes, Miss Louisa, I know it was, now. Then Mr
M'Choakumchild said he would try me again. And he
said, "This schooJroom is an immense town, and in it
there are a million of 5) .. .. ............... , and only !ive-and-
twenty are starved to death in the streets, in the course of
a year. What is your remark on that proportion?~ And my
remark was - for I couldn't think of a better one - that I
thought it must be just as hard upon those who were
starved, whether the others were a million, or a million
million. And that was wrong. too."
-Of course it was.'
"Then Mr M'Choakumchild said he would try me once
more. And he said , Here are the stutlerings--
"Statistics,· said louisa.
b) Read again. For questions 1-5
choose the correct option A, B, C
or D.
 From the text we know t he people living in Stone
Lodge
Iways of speaking I
A had only recently met. 6 Fill in with the verbs in the list in the correct
B did not interact very much.
C we re rather dull .
D worked in different ca reers .
1
tense: whisper, chat, speak, mutter, scream, talk,
call, mumble.
May I .. ...... to Sissy, please"?
. J
2 When Sissy says she is '0 so si lly',
2 I don 't know w hat on earth you. .... .. about .
A she does so in order to please Louisa.
3 He t he boy's na me in my ear
B it makes Louisa feel clever.
4 She.. .... something but I didn't hear.
C Lo uisa tel ls her t his won't always be t he case.
S He w as so angry, he left t he room to
D Louisa feels sorry for her.
himself.
3 Sissy says she makes mist akes 6 The ch ildre n . away happ ily.
A on purpose. 7 He saw t he fire and immediately . .... for help.
B out of em barrassment. S He was so angry, he started .. .. ....... at me .
C to get attent ion
D without mean ing to .
statements I
4 'National Prosperity' refe rs to
A t he wealt h of a cou ntry. 7 ,::: Read the rubric and do t he listening task .
B t he popu lation of a count ry. r--------------------,
I You wi ll hear a radio interview about I
C t he natu ral resources of a country.
I school phobia. Mark the stat ements (1 -5) T I
D the number of states in a count ry.
I (True) or F (False). I
5 Sissy considers 25 people sta rvi ng t o death ~--------------------~
A unaccept able no matter how big a city is. True False
B acceptable in a city of a mil lion peop le. School phobia is now an inco rrect
C unacceptable only in sma ll cit ies. term.
D acceptable only in a city of a million million people. 2 Parents often fa il to recogn ise
that thei r child suffers from school
3 Match the words in bold to their synonyms. refusal.
What part of speech is each? 3 Physical symptoms associated w ith
school refusal are easily relieved.
• huge • went on • unwillingness
4 School refusal in young children
• difficu lties • rest ra int in expression • shyly
usually stems from their fear of
• intervent ion • rich • begged • pause
be ing bu ll ied.
• drying • successful • excellent • comment 5 School refusa l symptoms usua lly
ease off after a t ime.
4 Fill in : remain , state, course, clear, natural, starve,
human, wipe.
1 make sth 6 to. ... ... .... . your
2 eyes
8 a) Read th e rubric, then in pairs, do the task .

interference 7 to . to r--------------------,
You are trying to decide what to do when I
3 to . .. ... .... .. silent death
you fin ish seconda ry school. You have gone :
4 come. ..... . to me 8 in t he . ... ...... of a to your school ca reers advisor for advice. I

I
I
5 be in a thriving yea r

Think of a day at school where

Include the four pieces of information
below in your conversation.
university
school subjects
job
personality
I
:
I

something went wrong. In three minutes

~--------------------~
write a few sentences. Tell the class. b) () listen to t wo people doing the task .
Compare their conversation to yours.
35
MODULE
IJobs I 4 Read the foru m comments below and choose
the right word.
1 Which of the jobs below: can you rake 0 university
• customer • public • stuck • accounts
degree for? are indoor/outdoor? ore skilled/unskilled?
• current • personnel • caree r
• bank manager • lifeguard • miner
• interior designer • refuse collector
J
• physiotherapist • counsellor
• fashion designer • auctioneer
&zrem fmm
Hi everyone. I work in the 1) ............. ...... ... .... service
• ski instructor . chef • construction worker
department of a software firm and to be honest I need
• air traffic controller • gardener • barriste r
a change. It's not easy dealing with people is
• porter • civil servant • graphic designer
complaints all day. I'd love to work in
• Collocations 2) ............. ...... .. ..... relations. I'm really interested in
how companies present themselves to the outside
2 Fi ll in with: minimum, retail, temporary. pay,
world . Has anyone else made a similar
assistont. shift.
3) .. ... .............. .... .. move or do you think it's better to
stay in my 4) ..... ........ ... .... .. .. . position?
A: Anna, you like working in the
Jeffrey, London
1) ........................ .. trade, don't you?
8: I love it. Why?
A: Because I've just been offered a 2) ," .... ............. . Hi Jeffrey ! I used to work in the 5} .. ............ .. ......... .
job as a sales 3) ........... " . ... in a clothes department of a company but I got sick of working
shop and I don't know whether to take it or not. with numbers all day. Now I'm in sales and I much
8: Congratulat ions ! Why are you hesitat ing?
prefer it. I love being with customers instead of
A: Well, they said I'll only be getting the
being 6) ............................. behind a desk all day. I
4) ............................... wage to start off with .
B: Don't worry about that! You 'll soon get a think you should speak to the 7) ................ ......... .
5) ................... ......... .. rise if they're happy w ith manager in your company about moving to a
your performance . different department. It worked for me!
A: That's true, I guess. But the thing is, it's all
Julian, Birmingham
6) ............. ......... work . My hours will vary
every week.
B: I think you should take it. Jobs are really hard to
come by these days. Besides, I think you'll love
working with the public. 5 Fill in t he gaps in th e sentences w ith the verbs
apply, take, work, provide, make, go, give, call in
• Useful phrases their correct fo rm .
3 Complete the sentences with the words human,
, Kim ................................ shifts in a fast food
experience, job, flexible, sick. reference.
restaurant .
Do you have any previous ..... . . ... .... of 2 The factory workers decided to ....... ........... .
working with children ? on st rike.
2 I've decided to accept a ... .............. ... .... offer 3 Tom ... . ........... .......... ... . the day off yesterday
from a small insura nce company. because he was feeling unwell.
3 The best th ing about being self-employed is that 4 Usa ....................... a living as a street magICian.
you can have .... ... . .... .. .............. working hours. S I heard that Pamela has . . ......... .................. for
4 She asked her Maths teacher to give her a job the post.
6 Her boss. . ... .. her the sack last week.
5 Bob can't work because of his injury, but he 7 They immediately .......... .... ........ an emergency
receives ............... ............... pay from his employer. meeting to discuss the news.
6 Peter works in .. ... ... ..................... resources so 8 The company's goal is to . . .. ......... better
part of his job is to train new employees. customer service.
36

'The labour market I
6 look at the work-related ph rases below and
place them in the correct column.
• paid overtime • fringe benefits
• tough deadlines • maternity leave • pay rise
• work place discrimination • good team spirit
• career advancement • training opportu nities
• poor working conditions • career goals
• job burnout • work-related stress
Positive
I Negative
7 a) Fill in with:salary, wage, perks, commission,
pension, increments, promotion, dole, pay slips.
1 I've lost my job so now I have to go on t he
2 One of the ..... ................... of a job in sales
IS that you get a company car.
3 Keep all your .................. . because
you' ll need them as proof of your earnings.
4 Her basic pay is quite low but she's a good
saleswoman so she earns a lot of .
5 Because he's been in the same job for 40 years,
he'll get a good ..... in his old age .
6 The national minimum
in England has risen to £5 .93 an hour from £5.80 .
7 As manag ing director, he earns a six-figure
8 While you're a trainee here, your sa lary will go up
in monthly ........... .
9 HIS ....................... was the result of him working
very hard .
b) Fill in w it h: layoff, made redundant, promoted,
resign, retire, be sacked.
Ben was ..................... from assistant advertising
manager to advertising manager yesterday.
2 Unfortunately I was .. ... .. .. when the
company decided to dose the office I worked at.
3 There wasn't enough work to keep the factory
open so the manager had to .
most of the staff.
4 He's always late for work and he's worried t hat
he's going to ...
S I don't think it's a good idea to
from your job before you have a new one.
6 After 45 years of work, I can't wait to .
• Prepositions
8 Choose the correct preposition.
1 As the restaurant manager, the only person I have
to report aUt o is the owner.
2 Despite his having no experience in/with J
journalism, the newspaper offered him the job.
3 He handed in/on his notice.
4 Our law firm specialises in/on business law.
S rim is responsible for/by closing up the shop .
6 Phi I is able to work in/un der pressure.
7 Brian is very skilled with/at woodwork so he
want s to become a carpenter.
• Phrasal verbs
9 Fill in w ith : ocross, up, through, out, on, off.
1 Steve went .................. ........ a very difficult time
after he lost his job .
2 Paul tried to put . . .. the importance
of customer care to his employees.
3 When Jim was out of work, he had very little
money to live
4 He took ................... a loan to start his business .
5 We need to mark ............. .... .. .... our prices if
we want to increase our profit
6 After a long day at work, I like to go to the gym
to work ... ........... ... ....... stress.
• Words often confused
10 Choose the correct word.
1 He resigned/ retired/a bandoned and is living off
his pension .
2 All companies must declare their profits/earnings!
benefits to the tax office.
3 Please tell the consumer/ customer/ buyer we've
fixed the problem and his car is ready for him.
4 The lav.yer has a meeting with one of his shoppers!
customers/clients this morning.
5 As the chief su pervisor/executive/administrator,
he is the most powerful person in the company.
6 He needs to give fou r weeks' notice/ note/
warning before leaving his job.
7 lucy directs/ runs/controls her small company
successfu lly.
11 What would you like to do for a living? Why?
Which 3 factors from the ones in Ex . 6 would
you consider to be th e most important ones
when deciding on a job?
r.(.~I-:Se-:'''V'''O-'
< ''b-"''I'-'''-''.,,-,"'-0-"-,-.",,"'0) 37
 I

- ,
o·

. ~

Imagine being offered £70,000 to spend six months in a crashed ! [ID Their goal had been to generate publicity for
luxurious $2m villa on a beautiful tropical island in the Pacific Queensland, but the amount they got was be.YQ!1d the.!Lwildest
Ocean. It sounds the stuff of fantasy, but believe it or not, this dreams. They spent $1.7 mi11ion advertising the job but, by the
was a real job offered to a lucky young man from Britain, time the job was tilled, had gained more than 5100 million
named Ben Soulhall. Ben was one of thousands of hopeful worth of free publicity!
individuals who applied for the fantasy job, which was created From 34 ,000 applications, a short1ist of fifty candidates was
by Tourism Queensland in an attempt to boost tourist numbers drawn up, These fifty were narrowed---.!lo'!'lll to fifteen. Finally,
in their state, after much discussion, Ben was singLed out as the best person
Tourism Queensland placed an advertisement on their website for the job.
for what they called 'the best job in the world': a caretaker for So, how did Ben find life as a caretaker? [ill Ben had hardly
the beautiful islands of the Great Barrier Reef, off the north-east any time to relax on the beach, go snorkelling, or lie beside his
coast of Australia. The caretaker's duties were listed as exploring swimming pool. In addition to his everyday tasks, Ben had to
the Great Barrier Reef area, making friends w~h the locals, follow a gruelling schedule of press conferences, public talks,
enjoying the lifestyle and climate of Queensland, and reporting to promotional events and meetings. He ended up working long
the rest of the world about life in the r~n. As if that wasn't hours, seven days a week, in order to get everything done. Ben
enough, the perks of the job included five-star accommodation travelled around Queensland meeting local politicians and
and access to a swimming pool. @ill Would-be caretakers giving lectures. [![] And he kepI a running web commentary
were simply asked to forward their CVs and a 60-second video about what he was ulL!o. "n was a job \tlat needed 18 to 19
showcasing their skills and talents, hours' work every day-, says Ben.
The international media Quickly gQLwind oj the incredible job, Yet despite this, Ben loved the work and really enjoyed his six
and details of it appeared in newspapers around the world. months. ~ Ben's employers at Tourism Queensland were
People rushe.!!. to log on to Tourism Queensland's website. so satisfied with his pertormance that they offered him a six-
[!]:J In fact, the volume of traffic was so great, the webs~e figure contract to become a PR person and promote
-liiimiiii~~;;:;;~~~~~ ___;::==~Q~ue~e~n:Sla:n:d~w:o~nd=wide.1!IJ
seller! He hopes it will become a best-

1 If you could have any job in the
world, what would it be and why?
2 a) Look at the picture. What do you
think this man's job is? Read through
to find out.
A Well, it turns out the job was far from plain sailing.
B He gave hundreds of media interviews.
C His employer didn't see It the same way, though. .
o Ben is now writing a book about his amazmg experience .
E No experience was necessary.
F And he wasn 't the only one who was happy,
G Within three days, more than a million people had

b) Read the text again and for each viewed the ad.
H The Job turned out to be even easier than he thought.
gap choose from the sentences A-I
The people at TOUrism Queensland were stunned,
the one w hich best fits each gap'-
6. There are two extra sentences.

38
3 Read aga in and answer the How do you think Ben's persona lity has
questions. ","'c
contr;," to the success of the project? In three minutes
1 What were the caretaker's write a few se ntences. Tell the class .
responsibi lit ies')
2 What ro le did t he med ia play in .. J
mak ing t he competition a success?
Multiple choice
3 What may have been Ben's ma in
complaint about t he job)
9 C' Do the listening t ask . Justify your answers.
4 What is t he w riter's purpose! r--------------------------~
I You w ill hear an interview with someone about their job. I
I For questions 1-4, choose t he correct option A, B, or C. I
4 Fill in : apply, place, forward,
advertise, give. ~----- - --------------------~
, .. .. ... .... .. ..... interviews
o Emma became a balleri na because she
A wanted to impress her mother.
2 . an advert isement
B wanted to copy her sister.
3 for a job
©had t he right personality.
4 ajob
5 ........... a CV Emma t urned professional at
A 16. B 17. ( 18.

5 Match the words to form 2 According to Emma, t he first year as a professiona l is hard because
collocations . A you don't get to dance much
B there is so much to lea rn
( you r job isn't secure.
ffij long
gruelling
a conference
b tasks 3 When asked about her schedule. Emma says she rehearses
[IT] press c event A in the morn ings.
[IT] generate d schedule B only on the days she performs.
[IT] everyday e hours ( never for less t han an hour.
I.TIJ promot ional f publicity
4 Emma's ret irement plans have to do wit h t he fact that
A fewer people are go ing to the ballet.
B ba llet needs you ng people to publ icise it.
6 Find the underlined words in the
( ba llet audiences are mostly women
text that mean :

unbelieva ble 5 chosen

2 hu rried 6 area
3 fou nd out 7 reduced Dialogue
about 8 doing
4 amou nt
10 Read the rubric and do the t ask.
r--------------------------~
I You and your friend would li ke to find a summer job I
7 Choose the correct preposit ion. : together. You have di fferent ideas about what type of job :
I wou ld be best. Discuss your ideas and reach a consensus. I
1 Ben decided to apply to/for t he
~--------------------------~
fa ntasy job.
• Give your ideas and arguments.
2 Ben's job tu rned in/out to be very
• Find oLit' your partner's ideas and arguments.
hard work
• Try to persuade your partner to accept your ideas.
3 He ended up/off working extremely
• Try to reach a compromise.
long hours.
4 Ben's employers were very satisfied
with/by his work.

39

clauses/
Clauses of reason / result
• That's the place w here I worked last year.
That's the place in which 1w orked last year.
• Th is is Mr Brow n; his daughter is an actress.
This is Mr Brown , whose daug hter is an actress,
• M onday is the day w hen he holds meet ings.
M onday is t he day on which he holds meetings.
• The manager interviewed some people, but
none of t hem w ere suita ble fo r the job.
The manager int erviewed some people, none o f
w hom were suitable for t he job .
• No one knows the reason for her resignation.
No one knows (the reason) why she resigned .
• It was such a hard job that he decided to quit .
The job was so hard that he decided to quit.
• She fell behind so needed to do overtime .
She fell behind and as a resul t/co nsequently!
therefore needed to do overt ime.
• The deadline was too tight for her to meet.
It was such a tight deadli ne that she could n't
meet it.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold .
Use two to five words.
That's the building where my fat her works.
WHICH That's ...
.... .. my father w orks
2 She InVited five workmates to t he dinner, but none
of them were able to come.
WHOM She invi ted five workmates to the
dinner, .. ....... .... ...... ........ .... to come.
3 It was such a beautiful day t hat he spent it outdoors.
SO The day ...................... .
...... ... .. he spent it outdoors.
4 Linda broke her leg so she can't come to work .
RESULT Linda broke her leg and . .................. .
................... she can't come to work.
S 17th May is t he day when I started work.
ON 17th May ... ...... .......... ... .. ...... ..
.. .. ... ....... ......... ..... ... I st arted work.
6 Nobody knows the reason for her sadness.
WHY Nobody knows ................... ...... sad.
7 The suit was too small for him to w ear.
SUCH It w as .. ............... .. .
he couldn't wear it.
8 This is Mrs Adams; her company makes children's toys.
WHOSE This is M rs Adams, ..... .
. .... . . . .. .. ... .... children's toys.
40
• Lexicogrammatical word transformations
2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words.
Jack doesn't know what made Lisa leave t he company.
WHY Jack has .. .......................... .
.. .......... ... .................... t he company.
2 They postponed the meet ing unt il 3 o'clock. J
PUT The meeting was .. ..... ......... .
.. until 3 o'clock .
3 It was silly of him to for get about the meeting .
WHICH He didn't . . ........... ... .
.. .. .......... ... ... was silly of him."
4 The colours of her clothes were so bright that
everyone in the offi ce noticed her.
DRESSED She.
bright colours
that everyone in t he office noticed her.
S I had a lot of work. I couldn't go to the party.
BU SY As a result of ................................. ..
.. .... .. .. , I couldn't go to the party.
6 It w as such a long meet ing t hat he began to feel
t ired.
SO The meeting went ............... .
.. . t hat he began to feel tired.
7 The company belongs to Mr Johnson . He is a wealthy
businessman.
OWNS Mr Johnson, ...................... .
.. .. .... is a wealt hy bUSinessman.
B Gregory has a bad cold, so he can 't come to work.
RE SULT As .
bad cold, Gregory can't come to work .
9 They cancelled their trip because of the bad weather.
OFf Their trip ......................................... .
..... . . . ..... ........ to the bad weather.
10 They fired hi m beca use he accessed confidential
personnel flies.
GO They let . ........................................ ..
accessed confident ial personnel files.
11 I don 't plan to go into work tomorrow
TAKE I plan . . .................. ... . .. ......... .
. ......... ......................... tomorrow.
12 A lot has changed in the office in the past few years.
MANY There .... ............. ..
in the offi ce in the past few yea rs.
13 It's his duty to deal with customer complaints .
RESPONSIBLE He ...... .. .......................................... .
. ... with customer complaints.
14 It rained a lot this year.
DEAL We've had .... ......... ............ . .
... ......... .... this year.
15 You'll have no difficulty getting a job.
EASY You 'll ... . . . ... .. .. .. . a job.
 • Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items

3 Read the text and complete the gaps with the

4 Choose the correct answer A. B, C or O.

w ords derived from the words in bold . Compare 1 We need to call our ....... and order more stationery.
your answers with your partners. A supplier B client C agent 0 buyer
For many people, meetings are part of everyday 2 Are you really sure you want to hand in your ?
working life_H~r; getting a group of people A redundancy C recruitment
together in ()('le room is often 0) said than EASY B resignation 0 retirement J
done. That's wtly Keith Hams created 3 That company turned a(n) .. .. .. in its first year.
...........w.'.wnenisgoodnet. a 1) ...... ...... ....... vvebsite USE A budget B profit C interest 0 fund
that helps companies schedule meetings. His 4 The company has launched a(n) ...... drive for Web
website has revealed an interesting statistic programmers ,
2) .... ..... ...... .... . , the most suitable time to hold a APPARENT A employment C recruitment
meeting is 3 pm on Tuesday. Harris explains that 8 induction 0 appoi nt ment
the 3) .................... of office workers need time MAJOR 5 On ly ...... members of staff can open and lock the
on Monday mornings, or any other morning. to building .
organise their day. Then, they think it's too A senior C superior
4) ....... .. to attend meetings that might go RISK 8 authoritative 0 mature
on past five o'clock. And 3 pm is not too late_So 6 Always read the small ...... of a contract before you sign.
what about Tuesday? Most 5) . .................. LIKE A print 8 words C w riting 0 letters
business people have a 6) .... ............... for PREFER 7 He has a fixed-term contract at t he moment, but
Tuesday meetings because rt leaves the end of he's hoping his Job w ill become ..... .
the week to finish last·minute Jobs before the A ongoing. C o fficial.
weekend. So from nO'N on, if you ever need to
8 full -time. 0 permanent.
call a bUSIness person at 3 pm ()('l a Tuesday,
8 He was offered a(n) ..... in the Public Relations
don't be 7) ................... to hear the voice of their SURPRISE
, 8) . ... ... ... ..... asking you to call bad later. ASSIST
Department.
A employment C posit ion
B occupation D status
• Multiple choice doze 9 Workers were forced t o accept a wage.
5 Read the text and choose the correct answer. A loss B drop C cut D fall
10 The Accounts M anager was given the sack for

INEMURI accepting ..
A bonuses 8 bribes C bills D rewards

The Japanese art of sleeping at work

Most experts agree that adults should 0) at least 8 hours of sleep a night, However, In re<:ent
years, the number of hours people sleep has been falling steadily, The consequences of
1) ..... , ..... _._ .... ,. can be seen in workplaces around the world where workers rely on cups of coffee
to keep active and alert, But in Japan, where the average adult gets just 7 hours and 5 minutes of
sleep a night, workers don't have to struggle 2) ......... _....... the day With heavy eyelids Instead,
they can have a short nap! The practice is called 'inemuri' and is an acceptable part of the Japanese
work environment In fact, instead of being embarrassed 3) .............. falling asleep at work, as
most Westerners would be, the Japanese are actually quite proud of It. Inemuri is Viewed as a
4) ................... that the worker is exhausted from working very hard and the practice
so respected that 5) .......... Japanese
"workers pretend to be asleep at their desks! There ,
0 A to get
A t his
8 get
B that
C getting
C these
D have got
D those
are some unwritten rules of inemun, however. Firstly, C through D aga inst
, you must sit upright in your chair while napping so
2 A towards
3 A of
B
B
along
for C about D to
that your workmates can 6) ............ .. you up o sign
4 A w arn ing B notice C symbol
easily; you shouldn't nap in fron t of your boss; and D some
5 A any 8 much C few
you 7) ............ ..... not nap for more than about 20
6 A call 8 wake C look D put
minutes a day. All in all, many experts believe the
7 A have 8 must C need D mustn 't
West has 8) .... ........ to learn from the practice.
8 A far B lot C many D much
r 41

to
An essay providing solutions to problems is an essay
in which you discuss a problem and its cause(s), and
then present your proposed solutions and the
expected results. It consists of:
• an intro duction In which you state the problem
and its cause(s).
• a main body consisting of two or three paragraphs.
Each main body paragraph :
- states a separate suggestion.
- develops/clarifies the suggestion wit h 1 or 2
supporting sentences.
- gives the expected result(s) of the suggestion .
• a conclusion in which you summarise your
opinion
Essays providing solutions to problems are analytical
pieces of writing and are written in formal style.
Maki ng suggest ions
• One/Another way to ....
• One/Another thing to do .. " .
• One/Another way of solvlnglimproving the
problem/situation,
• A usefuVAnother solution would be to ....
• Alternatively, .
• Measures/Steps should/cou ld be taken to .' . .
Presenting results
• In doing so/By doing so, ... . . ThislThat way,
• Then .... . If ''' , then ... .
• The result/effect/consequence of this would be .
• Consequently, .. , .
• It would follow that
1 Read t he rubric, underline th e key words, then
answer the questions ,
r--------------------~
Your English school magazine has published
a letter from a young person asking for
suggestions on how to gain work
experience. Write an essay (200-250 w ords)
giving your views on the subject.
.--------------------~
What will your essay be about?
2 Who is going to read your essay?
3 What style shou ld yo ur essay be written in?
42
2 Read the essay and label the paragraphs (1 -5)
with the correct headings (A-E).
ITIJ It's never easy to find your first job, particularly
in difficult economic times. The problem for young .. I
applicants is that you usually need work experience to
be successful in the job market - but how do you get
work experience if companies prefer to employ
people who have an employment history?
[I[] First of all, it's important to remember that all
work experience - including unpaid work experience -
is valuable. One way to gain work experience,
therefore, is to do some kind of voluntary work with a
business In the field that interests you, or perhaps a
charity organisatIOn. If you're interested In working
with animals, for example, you could ask to volunteer
at your local veterinary surgery or dog shelter. By dOing
so, you would greatly improve your chances of finding
a job.
[ID Another way to gain experience to add t o your
CV and something to discuss at job interviews is to
help out with a family bUSiness. If you have a relative
who runs a shop, for example, then why not lend a
hand there? Consequently, you Will gain a range of
useful skills.
(!Cl Alternatively, you could get more involved in
your hobbles and interests. Why not take a more
leading role in any sports or social clubs you attend?
Then you can say you have experience of organising
events and being in a leadership role, for example .
~ In summary, getting actively involved in any
organisation will help you to succeed in today's Job
ma rket .
A third suggestion & results
B summary of opinion
C statement of problem
o first suggestion & results
E semnd suggestion & results
I
:
I
3 Read the essay aga in, and for each main-body
paragraph :
:
1 Underline the sentence that states the main
suggestion .
2 Circle the useful language the w riter uses to
a) make thei r suggestions
b) present expected results.
 4 Match the suggestions (1-4) to their results • Your turn
(a-d). Then write sentences, as in the example. 6 Read the rubric and underline the key words.
Then, answer the questions.
Ways to reduce stress at work
p--------------------,
I You are studying in England and your I
I university magazine is asking for students I
"J
Suggestions Results
IT:[] take a short break a avoid forgetting : to write to it offering solutions for people :
every hour to do something I finding it difficult to combine working and I
IT:[] make a list of tasks b maintain your : studying . Write an essay (200-250 words) in :
I response. I
ITIJ
for t he day
put plants on your
energy levels
c refresh your mind ._-------------------.
desk d make your work 1 What type of essay will you write?
[![] eat heakhy snacks enVIronment 2 Who will read your essay?
throughout the day more pleasant 3 What style should you use?
4 How many paragraphs w!ll you write?
5 What shou ld each main body paragraph contain?
)n way of solving the problem is to take a shorr break every
,. If. In doing so, you will refresh your mind.
7 0 listen to two people discussing ways to
5 Use the prompts to complete the main body combine studying and working successfully.
paragraphs, as in the example. Take notes in the table below.

(Problem : Trouble with co-worker)

• approach co-worker/directly
• appreciate/ not go/boss
• more likely/want to help
o 'way ro solve the problem would be to approach your co·
worker directly. They will appreciate the facr that you did not
go directly ro the boss. The consequence of this will be that
will be more likely (0 want to help you.

2 (Problem: Meetings going on too long)

• set/maximum time limit/speak for
• force/say/only important things
• meetings/more productive/everyone happier

Steps could be taken to set a maximum time limit

that people can speak for. ........ ...... .. .. .. .......... ... .

Suggestions Supporting points Expected results

- - -- - ,
3 (Problem: Can't find work)
• volunteerlcompanies .
• gain/va luable work experience/improve CV
• increase/chance/employment

One thing to do would be to volunteer your

services for free at companies..... .... ....... .......... ...
8 Now, use the ideas from Ex . 7 and/ or your own
ideas to write your essay (200-250 words).

4
 text
1 Would you like to start your own business? If
yes, what kind of business woul d it be? Why
would you choose it? If no, explain why.
2 Imagine someone setting up a business for the
first time. What mista kes would they be li kely
to ma ke ? Read through to find out.
Setting up a
business
You may have heard it sa id that experience is the best
teacher, But in the 0) world of business, you
usually don't have the luxury of trial and error. You have
to get things right the first time. Here's how to avoid
four common mistakes entrepreneurs make when
setting up a new business.
Start~ up Mistake 1: As the old saying goes, 'Jack of
all trades, master of none.' Customers prize specialised
expertise. Identify your ideal client and then go out of
your way to meet their individual needs, For instance, do
not be a 'gardener' . This is too general. There are a
million gardeners In the world and the 1) ... ... ... .. .. ... .
ones who meet with success are those who offer
something special. What sets you apart from the crowd?
Are you a landscape gardener, an expert in organic
gardening, or a vegetable gardening specialist? Narrow
your focus to broaden your appeal.
Start-up Mistake 2: You
stopped advert ising. Entrepreneurs
often start out spending a fortune
on advertising. But then the clients
roll in. they think they've done
2) ...... ..... .... ..... to make their
company known, and they decide
cut back on all advertising
ex>'em!;""e. Bad move I The key to
is repetition.
3 a) Read t he text again and complete the gaps
w ith th e w ords from the box. Th ere are t wo
words w hich you do not need t o use.
• basic • enough • competitive • essent ial
• only • personal • simply • Single I
r _____________________
1
: the mistakes you :
: don't want to make :
~---------------------~
-- . ,.
People have to think of your name when they have a
problem. If they have only seen your name once, but
your competitor has just sent them a third flyer, your
competitor will get their business.
Start-up Mistake 3: If you fail to plan, you plan to
fail. An idea is not a business plan, or a marketing plan,
or even just a goal. It is 3) .................... an idea . If you
do not have a plan in place and attainable goals, you will
never know when you've reached them or if you're on
the course to success or failure. Remember, though, that
your plan should guide you, but not constrain you . The
original plan for your business will NEVER work out. It
will change 50 times before you get t hings right. So
don't stay static, be flexible.
Start-up Mistake 4: Lack of capital. Having sufficient
capital IS 4 ).. for the survival of your
business. Therefore, it is important to create a high-
quality bUSiness plan in order to attract and secure the
right amount of funding that you need to make your
bUSiness successful. Remember also to keep your
business and S) ................... finances strictly separate.
This may sound
obvious. But all too
often, business
owners mix them.
This leads to a
mess at tax time.
 b) Find words in the text to complete the
sentences. Write no more than two words. 7 What have you learnt from the text?
Do you think th is information will ever be
o What is the article about!
useful for you? WhyfWhy not? Tell your partner.
It is about common mistakes people make when
sett ing up a business.
According to the article, what does someone Note taking I
learn from most?
People learn most from 8 0 You will hear a radio interview in wh ich
2 What do many ent repreneu rs do at first ? someone talks about their job . listen and
They often st art out spend ing a complete the sentences with one word only, as
on advertisi ng in the example.
3 Once an ent repreneu r gets clients. what do th ey Math ew is a 0) dolphin trainer.
tend to do? It's not necessary to have a 1) ............. to get t he job.
They tend t o cut back on Matthews says his job is more like a 2) ........... than
4 What does t he article say your plan shou ld not d0 7 ajob.
You r plan shou ld not ............ you. It takes 3) ................ years to become a t ra iner.
5 What is essential to t he survival of your company? Matthew describes the you nger dolphi ns as 4)
Havi ng enough. is essent ial to Matthew says that peop le haven't yet 5) .
you r compa ny's surviva l. dolphi n language.
Dolphins use vocal isations and their 6) . to
4 Match the words. Write sentences using the express themse lves.
phrases. Dolp hins see the trainers whistles to be 7) .
Matthew sometimes feels anxious about t he dolp hins'
QIJ individ ual a plan 8)
i2I] old b finances Matthew is not convinced dolphins should be in a(n)
f [I[J compet itive c funding 9) .
[![] business d saying In his free t ime, Matthew goes 10) .
r ~personal e needs
[!IJ secure f world
decisions
5 Fill in: Up, OUr (x2), on. 9 Read the rubric and do the speaking task .

We must cut back ......... spending.

r--------------------,
I Look at pictures 1, 2 and 3. Each of these I
2 They started spend ing heavily on office businesses is offering a week of work :
fu rn iture but soon realised it was a mistake. I experience for students at your school. I
r 3 M r Jones set ....... his company back in 1972 . Decide which work experience placement is I
4 He goes .... ... of his way to provide good service . most suitable for you and explain your decision. :
Explain why you are less interested in the I
6 Complete the sentences using the correct form I other workplaces. I
of the verbs: secure, prize, spend, mix, offer. ~--------------------~
In order to stand out, w e must
f something different.
r 2 You must avoid ........................... your personal
and business fina nces .
3 Fortunately, we have all the
funding we need from t he bank .
r 4 I know that their customers rea lly
their expert knowledge . I1JC besl way 10 appreciate jou r job is to imagille )IJlIrsc/f
r 5 We need ... .. .. . a lot more on marketing withollt OIlC.
r this product. .______ ____.. (Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900, Irish author)
---. _ _ _ _- --...4+5
r
MODULE
3 Complete t he sentences w it h the w ords fOHer,
strict, single-parent, extended, biological, adoptive.
1 Match the words
1 LiVing far from all their relatives, their children

~t.
below to the correct
were isolated from the ._. .. family.
ag e group(s). Some
words may fit more
than one age group.
,..,... 6-.
'IWf"$
2 The boy's .................. parents decided to adopt
him and raise him as their own son.
3 John was brought up in a(n)
• J

• newborn household . His mum raised him all by herself.

~
• grown-up • adult
• adolescent • infant
• pensioner • toddler ."
1"r.
c:' 4 His uncle and aunt became little Dan ny's
.... ....... parent s when he lost his own
parents in an accident.
• chi ld · middle-aged
person • teenager
• elderly . baby
• sen ior citizen
• youngster • juveni le
. ~.
__al'.
ttel
1"rs
S Even though he's not his .............. father, his
stepfat her treats him like his own son .
6 Marion had a(n) upbringing and
wasn't allowed to go to parties or stay out late.

• Phrasal verbs
• school·age child
4 Complete the sentences with t he w ords

'Family I brought, grew, asking, get,look, rakes, gets, break.

2 Write the correct word from the list.
• spouse • sibling • offspring • in-laws
• husband-ta-be • stepdaughter • godfather
• ex-wife • half-brother • great-grandfather
Thomas got married to Ann t hree years ago but
then he got divorced. Ann is Thomas's
2 Mandy fights with her brother Mark all t he time .
Mark IS Mandy's ....
3 Jane's grandfather's father, Harry, was 100 when
he died. Harry is Jane's .
4 When Sheila and Tom baptised their baby, their
friend Greg promised to be its moral guide. Greg
is the baby's ............ .
5 Edith and Bob lived with Bob's parents for six
months when they first got married. Bob's
parents are Edith 's ...... .
6 The Jacksons have got five children. The five
children are the Jacksons' .............. ... .
7 Stel1a is on cloud nine; she's just got engaged to
George. George is Stella's .
8 When Ellen married Fred, she already had a little
girl, Ul ly, from her first marriage Ully is Fred's
Jerry was nervous about ................ Paula out on a
date.
2 The couple realised they had many differences so
they decided to up.
3 My mum always ............. care of everyone in
the family.
4 They up their ch ildren to become
decent Citizens.
5 Jenny along with her in-laws very wel l.
6 These days, both parents usua lly work in order to
................... by every mont h.
7 The brothers had a close relationship as
teenagers, but they. ... .... apart as they got
older.
8 You shouldn't ................... down on people just
because they don't think the same as you do.
ILifestyle - everyday & leisure activities I
5 In 3 minutes, writ e as many ideas as you can
think o f under the headings. Use ideas from
the spidergrams t o t alk about your daily
routine and free time activities.

9 When Rupert's mother remarried, she had another

son called David . David is Rupert's
10 Mr Smith filled in his wife Rose's details on his tax
form . evening
46 Rose is Mr Smith's.
6 Fill in with: stress, spons, develop, varied, passive, rush, choose,
activities, weekly, positive, glued, workout.
'conflicts & problems I
8 Choose the correct word.

J
Here at Better living we cater fO( people with 1) .... ..... .......... interests by
offering them a wide range of recreational 2) ....
SPOlrTS
lfyou're a 3) ... ,.. i can i
outdoor sports, including squash, badminton, cycling and rowing. Or
take up adventure sports like kayaking and skydiving for that ultimate
adrenalin 4 ................... .
EVERVDAV & LEISURE ACTIVITIES
For those who prefer more 5) ................... recreation, why i
walking club which organises country walks on a 6) ................... basis?
Keep fit with a fun 7) ................... in our aerobics classes or take up yoga,
WHY?
an effective 8) ................... buster n you've been 9) ................... to an
The happiest of families experience conflict
at times. This is because
• family members are emotionally
10) ................... a hobby that you entoY - it's the first step towards
1) attached/joined to each other through
11) ..................... thinking! 12) ................... interpersonal skills by playing
2) widellong-term relationships.
against a chess opponent, for example, or get creative in our cookery
• families often 3) res;sUinsist interference
Of hetp from outside.
Bett9f living is fun of surprising choices. Cootact us on 010 663399 to
• there is a 4) lack/shortage of common
leam more!
sense when dealing with conflict.

'weddings I WHICH?
Which of these problems sound familiar to you?
7 Complete the ema il wit h the wo rds below. Husband and wife
• best • t raditional . bridesmaid. civil • newlyweds • 5) financiaVeconomical difficulties
• wedding • groom • memorable • aisle • domestic 6) violence/mugging
• honeymoon • reception • 7) disappearance/separation due to job
commitments
• 8) communication/speech problems
Dear Chloe, • 9) waste/neglect of family members
Last week, my brother Frank got married to Stacy. It was a Children
beautiful 1) ................. ceremony. • rebellious 10} behaviour/activity
All of our family and friends were there to celebrate thiS • social 11 ) force/pressure from peers
2) .................. day. The couple decided to have a 3) ................. . • addiction 12) to/with substances
church weddmg rather than a 4) ........ ..... ..... wedding . The • parental 1)) divorce/division
S) ... ................... man was my brother, George The • fights 14) throughlbetween siblings
6) chief ................ .. was Stacy's sister, Victoria. It was very
WHAT?
emotional when the father of the bride walked Stacy down the
What can you do to 15) answer/resolve these
7) . ... ... towards the 8) . There was a
conflicts?You don't need to struggle on your
marvellous 9) .. .. .. .... .. at a country hotel. with a four-course
own. Marriage 16) therapylcounselling
meal, and dancing aftelWards. After the wedding had finished,
services are now widely available to help you
the 10) ....... .. .. .. .. ... left for their 11 ) ................. I rea lly wish
17) manage/deal your anger and communicate
you could have come . I'll send you photographs when they are
with your family better. For details of services
developed.
in your area, see inside this leaflet.
Take care,
Samantha
(t ) See Vocabulary Bank on~. 172) 47

1 Who's your favourite realative? Why?
2 Read the title and the first sentence
in each paragraph. What is the text
about? Read through and check.
is Goihg to .fay
It wasn't a calli wanted to make. But I had little choice.
I had hit rock bottom . I'd lost my job and now I was
being thrown out of my flat. I had nowhere to go. So I
called my sister, Dara. It was a very awkward call. I told
her what had happened and I remember pleading with
her to let me stay, just for a few days, till I could make
other arrangements. She was very quiet on the other
end of the line. I didn't blame her, she had a husband
and two kids to put first. I'm sure the last thing she
needed was her homeless brother sleeping in her spare
room . Eventually, she answered 'Ok ... just until you get
yourself sorted out. '
That was nearly three years ago and I'm still there. When
I offered to leave a few months after arriving they begged
me not to go. So I didn't. The truth is that we've become
a family unit and it's been good for us all. You don't see
many extended families these days, it's usually just a
husband and wife, and their children. But perhaps more
families should try it. It has worked for us.
The day I moved in everyone was trying to be very
cheerful. But I could tell my sister was worried she'd
made a mistake. Dara is a woman with a heart of gold,
but it was quite stressful for the first few days. I suppose
that's why it was surprising how quickly I settled in and
we all developed a comfortable routine. It helped that
I had always got on with Dara's husband, Liam. We
share the same interests and both like sport and music.
And I've always adored Dara's kids too.
I didn't want to be a burden on Dara and liam, so the
first thing I did was try to make myself useful. liam
works long hours and he can't be bothered to do a lot
of household maintance, while I'm never happier tban
when I'm putting up shelves or painting a room . Also,
before I moved in, it wasn't easy for Da ra and liam to
go out. It can be hard to find a good babysitter. When
48
. -.
.~,
j
I came along. it meant they had a live in babysitter
whenever they needed one. It's also fun for me to have
the kids all to myself for an evening while Uam and Dara
go to a restaurant or the cinema.
Possibly the best thing about living with my sister and
her family is that t can spend so much time with my
niece and nephew, Colleen and Sean. My sister needs
to be alone with her husband sometimes and I think it's
also good for the children to have another role model
in their lives. And we have so much fun. They've brought
the hidden child out in me and I get a kick out of dimbing
trees again and going on funfair rides. I get to forget
I'm 32 for a few hours.
At first, I was WOrried Liam would be a bit jealous of my
relationship with hiS kids. It must have been hard for
him to get used to having another man permanently
around the house. Now t think he's really glad I'm there.
We have a great ti me watching sport together and even
take the kids to local football matches. I'm not just his
brother in law, I'm his friend. We used to get on well
before \ moved in but our friendship has grown deeply
since moving in.
Six months after moving in, I managed to find a good
job again . My intention was to stay another couple of
months to give me time to save up for a deposit on a
flat and then let Dara and lIam have their family space
back. The idea of moving out was one that filled me
with sadness, but I felt I'd more or less outstayed my
welcome after more than SIX months. I had no right to
demand any more of their hospitality when I could
aHord my awn flat. So I was shocked that they insisted
t stay. I don't think I'm going to stay here forever, but
for now, its an arrangement that suits us all and we
realty are one big happpy family.
 3 Read the text again and for questions 1-8
.r choose the best option A, B. Cor D. Justify your
I answers.
·rI When A lex called his sister
i
of"
A she begged him to move in.
B he felt very uncomfortable.
I C he was angry at her reaction.
o she said he could stay only a day or two.
2 Alex t hinks that extended families are
A unu sual nowadays.
B the norma l fam ily unit.
e difficult to organise.
D a wife. husband and children only.
3 During t he first few days o f moving in Alex
A t hought everyone w as prete nding to be
happy.
B found he settled into a routine immediately.
C and his sister, Dara, weren't very relaxed.
o realised he had made a mistake .
4 Alex likes to
A help Liam put up shelves.
B take Liam and Dara out In the evenings.
C make life easier for Liam and Dara.
D find a babysitter when Liam and Dara need
one.
5 W hen Alex is w it h his niece and nephew he
l A can't remember how old he is.
B thinks its good for them to get away from
their parents.
e only ever spends an hour or two with them .
D joins in childrens activities with them.
6 Alex feel s t ha t Li am
A is jealous of how well he gets on with t he
children .
B doesn't like having him live there all the time .
e really appreciates his presence in the house .
D is the same ki nd of fri end he's always been .
7 The writer uses t he phrase 'outstayed my
welcome' in line - to mean
A it was obvious his sister and family no longer
wanted him there.
B he believed his sister's family would want him
to move out.
e that he didn't t hink he cou ld be hospit able any
longer.
D he wanted to move out as soon as possible_
8 How did the writer's attitude change during the
passage?
A He realised that the liVing arrangement suited
everyone.
B He started to look forward to having his ow n
space aga in,
e He discovered how much he liked his sister's
•J
children.
D He started to enjoy doing things around the house.
4 Explain the words in bold, Check in your
dictionaries ,
True/ False statements
6 0 Read the rubric. Do the listening task.
r-------- ____________ •
I You w ill hear someone talking about a I
: birthday party, Mark statements ' ·5 T (True) :
I or F (False). I
~--------------------~
True False
The speaker was worried that many
people wou ldn't t urn up to her party.
2 She was surprised to see people she
didn't know at her party.
3 She has asked the DJ she hired to
help her out with another party.
4 She expected her guests to interact
w it h each ot her more.
S She had not guessed her cousins
from Australia would be at her party.
Dialogue I
7 You and your brother/sister would like to
organise a surprise wedding anniversary party for
your parents. You have different ideas about
what would be t he best thing to do; have a party
at home, at a local restaurant, or somethi ng else.
Discuss your ideas and reach a consensus.
• Give your ideas and arguments,
• Find out your partner's ideas and arguments,
• Try to persuade your partner to accept your ideas.
• Try to reach a compromise.
49
 Use of English Clauses of Time/ • Lexicogrammatical word transformations

Concession/Manner 2 Complete the sentences usi ng the word in bold.

Use two t o five words.
• When he got the eaU, he left the house immediately.
family tickets for the cinema cost the same as they
He left the house as soon as he got the call. did last year.
• Mary had been married for 3 years when she had CHANGED Cinema ticket prices for families
her first child.
............................. .. last year.
"J
Mary had been married for three years by the 2 My dad picked me up immediately aher school.
t ime she had her first child. AS My dad picked me up .
• I was leaving the house when Ji m turned up. ...................... . school had finished.
Jim turned up just as I was leaving the house. 3 Alan was surprised by his sister's rudeness towards him.
• Granny w ill turn ni nety. We wi ll have a big party. HOW Alan was ta ken.
We w ill have a big party when Granny turns ninety. his sister was to him.
• Even though/ Alt hough she tried hard, she 4 I almost missed my own 16th birthday party.
couldn't change her parents' mind. TIME I was just .....
Despite!ln spite of her effortsltrying hard, she my own 16th birthday party.
couldn't change her parents' mind. 5 He has got a good relationship with his brother.
• Howeyer much you complain, we won't let you GEB He ....................................... .
stay out late. ................. ........ his brother.
No matter how much you complain, we won't let 6 Fiona's parents were impressed by Harry.
you stay out late. GOOD Harry .................. .......................... .
• She isn't their mother but she treats them like she is. ..................... . .. Fiona's parents.
She treats them as if/though she was/were their 7 The two brothers never agree with each other.
mother. EYE The two brothers don't ................... .
' ............... with each other.
8 Your rude behaviour at the party disappointed Mum.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
LET Mum
Use two t o five words.
. .. your rude behaviour at t he party.
Mary seems to need some help wit h the children. 9 Despite his efforts, he cou ldn't convince his parents
to buy a car.
THOUGH Mary looks.
some help wit h the children. HARD Even .......................... .... , he couldn't
2 However much you ask, we can't go to the zoo this convince his parents to buy a car.
weekend . 10 Although Rose has a good voice. she doesn't like
MATIE R singing at family events.
No .............................................. ....,
we can't go to the zoo this weekend. WELL Even ... ...................................... , she
3 Paul will graduate next year. We will have a party. doesn't like singing at family events.
, 1 The wedding reception w ill be held at the Hilton Hotel.
WHEN We will have a party ....................... .
next year. PLACE The wedding re<:eption ...
4 When he arrived home, he fed his dog. .......................... at the Hilton Hotel.
SOON He fed his dog ..... ... ........... . '2 I won't talk to Steve until he apologises.
home. ONLY I will talk to Steve .................... .
S We were approaching Jim's house when he called to ................................ apologises.
cancel the party. 13 He was reprimanded by his dad for being rude to his
sister.
JUST Jim called to cancel the party .
...... ............. .................. his house. OFF His dad
6 Although Ben is an only child, he is not spoilt by his . .......... for being rude to his sister.
parents. 14 They seem to have had another argument.
SPITE In .... .. IF They look.
an only
child, Ben is not spoilt by his parents. . ................................. out again.
7 lan had just turned 20 when he took over the business. '5 Although he lives near his family, he ra rely sees t hem.
CLOSE Desp ite .
TIME lan was only 20 .
... .... .... ....... he took over the business. ......................... he rarely sees them .

50
 • Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items
3 Read the text and complete the 4 Choose the correct w ord .
gaps with the words derived from
the words in bold . Compare your She ..... as if she were the boss.
answers with your partners. A functions B performs C works 0 acts
2 My grandmother has ..... teeth.
(Ar;;nd- th; -w~rtd: -~ -14th- Feb~;;' A counterfeit B artificial C false 0 fake
people give cards and gifts to their loved
3 He continued the family ..... by becoming a lawyer.
1
ones on 5t Valentine's Day. But who 0) really REAL
was 5t Valentine? The truth is no one knows A tradition B venture C culture D effort
for sure, and in all 1) ............ any PROBABLE 4 I don't believe what he sa id. He has ..... the whole
information we have about him is made up. story.
One of these myths concerns a priest named A discovered B invented C made D thought
Valentine. 2)... ... ..... to the story, the ACCORD
5 Children, .... yourse lves, or you'l l be punished.
Roman Emperor Claudius 11 refused to let
members of his army marry because he A behave B do C act D keep
believed that married soldiers did not make 6 She gave up amateur photography and turned .
3) .............. soldiers. However, Valentine EFFECT A professional B qualified C expert D skilled
took pity on these soldiers and performed 7 Norman and Valerie are a(n) .... example of a
4) .... ... ....... ceremonies for them in MARRY devoted couple .
secret. Valentine was soon arrested and
A outstanding B principal C leading 0 major
thrown in jail to be executed. But while in
prisoo he made friends with the jailer's 8 He didn't ..... to hurt your feelings.
daughter. And on the 13th February, the day A propose B target C arrange 0 intend
before his 5) ............... , he wrote history's EXECUTE 9 She's so Incapable she can't perform even ..... tasks.
first 'valentine' card to her to say goodbye. A habitual B typical C routine D usual
Most 6) ............... claim that the story has HISTORY
10 This voice sounds ..... to me.
7) ............... no historic accuracy, but, in ABSOLUTE
8) .............. , does it really matter? TRUE A common B familiar C known D close
Valentine's Day, is surely the most romantic
~l~~~~~:e~~:.n~o!~e~r~~t~l~a: _______ )
• Text Completion - Grammar
5 Read the text and complete the gaps by putting
the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form .
/

In the past, 0) decidmg (decide) on a name for a baby was not 10 choose from. On the
a complicated matter. In cultures around the world, a baby's TV or the Internet, for
name was usually chosen based on the name of a relative or a example, we come
religious figure. Nowadays, however, particularly in Western across a far wider
Europe and North America, parents variety of names in our
1) .......................... (Ignore) tradition and choosing from a daily lives than in
much wider range of names. Laura Watternberg, the author of a previous years. Perhaps
baby·naming book, says that society is ~i n the middle of a the biggest reason, however, is
naming revolution ·, with baby names becoming more and that parents want their babies to have
more varied every year. In the USA in the 1950s, for example, uniqoe names. Some parents 6) .......................... (search) for
the top 25 mosl popular boys' names 2) ......... . names that only a few people in the world share and in a way il
(make up) half of all the baby boys born that year. On the other 7) .......................... (become) embarrassing for a child to share
hand, il 3) .......................... (take) 134 names to cover half of a name wilh a classmate or neighbour. All in all, this means that
the boys born in 2010. But why are parents choosing so many far fewer Johns and Marys 8) .. .. ...................... (raise) , and that
more names for their babies? Some sociologists think that it school teachers around the world 9) ............... (have to)
4) ................ (relate) to the 'Information Age' and the fact get used to the weird and wonderful names of their students.
that nowadays parents 5) ........... .. .. (have) more names
51

A narrative in the first person (Vwe) is a text that
relates a series of events, real or imaginary. A first~
person narrative should have:
• an introduction in Which we set the scene (e.g.
who was involved, time and place etc) in an
interesting way to make the reader want to
continue reading.
• a main body consisting of at least two paragraphs,
in which we present the events in t he order they
happened , leading up to the cli max event (the most
important event).
• a conclusion which reveals w hat happened at the
end of the series of events, as w ell as people's
feelings, final comments or reactions. A surprising
ending can make a 10ng~lasting impression on the
reader
As well as in private correspondence such as emails
and letters, first-person narratives can be found in
Internet blags, magazines and newspapers. If our
narrative is for publication, an Interesting title can
help to attract the reader's attention.
• We normally use past tenses in first-person
narratives, as welt as a variety of adjectives and
adverbs to make our story as interest ing to read as
possible. Direct speech can be used, but we shouldn't
overdo It.
• Before we st art writing our story, we should decide
on the plot line, i.e. the main events t hat make up
the story. We should make sure we write these
events in the order that they happened. We can use
link ing words and phrases such as as soon as, while,
before, first. nexr, then, to present the events.
1 Read the rubric and answer the questions.
p--------------------,
: A British magazine is inviting readers to send :
I in stories about friends they have made in I
: unusual circumstan~es. Write a st~ry {200- :
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4I
I 250 words} to submit to the magazine.
1 Who is going to read our story?
2 Whose point of view should we tell t he story from?
3 How many parag raphs should we write?
52
2 Read the model narrative and answer the
questions. •
J
When my uncle invited me to visit him in
Kenya last summer, I couldn't contain my
excitement. Knowing I loved elephants, he had
promised to lake me on an elephant safari. It proved 10
be the highlight of my stay - in more ways than one!
I'd been in Kenya for Ihree days when my uncle
announced that the day of our adventure had arrived.
We set off in my uncle's jeep early that morning. A
couple of hours laler, we entered the huge game
reserve.
Sudden~, I saw some elephants. "Look! A herd!" I
shouled excitedly. ~Keep your voice down, Joe, or you'll
scare them away," wf1ispered my unde. We drove onto a
muddy track to get a better view of the herd. At first,
our jeep moved forward easily. Then, the mud got
deeper and the next Ihing we knew, we were stuck!
Just as we were wondering what to do, a smalllruck
appeared and a game warden gal oul. ~Don't worry!"
he said calmly "I've got a rope!" Seconds laler, with the
rope attached to our jeep, the warden's assistant
started the truck. Wheels spinning, our jeep shot
forward out of the mud. To my horror, the warden was
sprayed with mud from head to toe in the process!
The warden, whose name was James, came home with
us to clean up and get some fresh dothes. Today,
James and I are greal friends and we often laugh about
the messy way we met!
1 What time of year does
the story take place?
2 Who are the main
characters?
3 What tenses does
the wnter use?
4 Has the writer used
direct speech In his
story? Give examples .
Wh ich linking words has
3 Read the story again and number the events in 7 Read the extract and underline the correct
the order they happened. tense.

At first, I 1) wasn't/wasn't being concerned when

0:J He saw a herd of elephants. Gran 2) answered/hadn't answered the phone . I
I!D A game wa rden arrived on the scene. 3) was thinking/thought she was in her garden
[£D He is now friends with James. and cou ldn't hear it ringing. But I 4) was panicking/
[QIJ The jeep was pulled out of t he road . panicked w hen my sister came home and sa id she
[I[iJ He went to Kenya to visit his uncle. 5) tried/had tried to get through to Gran several
I!D They arrived at the game reserve. t imes that day. We immed iately 6) were deciding/
@TI The warden got some fresh clothes. decided to check up on her in person and 7) drove/
[f!IJ The jeep got stuck in the mud. were driving over to her place. W hen we found
[fI] The warden fastened a rope to the Gran, she was lying/lay on t he fioor, unable to get
up. She told us that she 9) had fall en/was falling
jeep.
ITIJ The wa rden was splashed w it h mud.
down ea rlier in the day and 10) had been/wasn't
unable to get up aga in. When Mum and Dad
11) heard/had heard about it, they insisted t hat
Gran come and live with us. Dad told her that she
4 Which adjectives did the writer use to describe:
cou ldn't be by herself anymore because it
the game reserve, the track, the truck, the clothes, their 12) was/had been too dangerous,
friendship.

S Write the adverbs the writer uses in his story to 8 a) Read the rubric and underline the key w ords .
describe the following verbs: ear/y, easily, ca/mly, Then , brainsto rm to answer the questions.
excitedly. r--------------------~
I Your English teacher has asked you to w rite a I
1 set off .
2 shouted I! moved forward .
said . ... ......
: story about an unforgettable family :
I celebration you were present at. Write your I
• story (200-250 words). •
~--------------------~
6 Complete the gaps with the linking words and 1 What occasion cou ld your fami ly have been
phrases from the list. celebrati ng)
2 What could have made this family celebratio n so
unforgettable?
3 What type of narrative w ill you write: first person?
third person?
I was having ski ing lessons in 0 Swiss holiday
resor t Now it was time for me to do it a lone, b) Use phrases from the Useful language box
to write your story.
1) ,.. ,.. ,.. ,.....,..... I a rri ved at the ski slope, I p ut on my
skis and set off. I was gliding smoothly down
the slope when, 2) . ... ........ ., I sow 0 huge tree in
Useful language
my path and swerved to ovoid it. I flew through Writing stories
Setting the scene
the air and landed at the bottom of the slope.
• It was a ... day/evening last ... summerlvveekend etc
3) .........."........ everything went block. 4) . ... I
I was .
woke up I was in hospita l! I hod broken my leg
Events.
and would be there for several days, 5) ....................,
• As lIwe were ... Sudden ly, IIwe sawlheard .
another patient was brought in. I couldn't Then, .
believe my eyes! It was myoid school friend, Feelings
Jean She hod had the some accident while • I felt happy/excited because .... I could n't believe
ski ing at the some resort! my eyes when .... To my horror/amazement!
surprise, etc, .

53
 ';i¥I.!'W' Gapped text I
1 Have you eve r been on an overseas exchange?
Do you th in k it is a valuab le experience? Why?
Tell the class.
J
2 Read the text and complete the gaps with t he
words from t he box. There are two words
which you do not need to use .

• appeal • appreciate • insists • culture

• common • privacy • purpose • reason

Usually, when you study abroad through your university as

an undergrad. you get asked the big question : homestay
or dorm? Loads of the people in my Japanese language
class um-ed and ah-ed* over the choice. But for me it was
a complete non-question. There was no way I was going
to go to Japan and not totally immerse myself in the
culture.
I've been living with my host family for about three months
now and already I've learnt so much about Japanese
0) fture and everyday life. I've familiarised myself with
basic Japanese customs. r take off my shoes whenever I
enter a home. use special slippers whenever I enter the
bathroom , and exclaim 'itadakimasu' before a meal and
'gochisosama deshita ' ('thank you tor the meal') after a
meal.
Before coming to Japan, I'd heard worrying stories about
how it's 1) ..................... for host families to impose
curlews on their international guest; (it's actually just a
family's way of showing they care about your safety).
Luckily, though, my family is totally relaxed on that fronl.
They've given me my own key so I can come and go as I
please. I really couldn't have asked for a better host family.
They treat me like a son and my 2) ..................... is totally
respected .
I think students who live in international dorms don't
realise what they're missing out on by choosing not to
experience Japanese life first-hand. After all , it's all the little
things that make an experience richer. For instance, ,'ve
become addicted to my 'Japanese-style' bath every night.
In Japan everyone in a family has a bath at night - and the
,
whole family shares the same bathwaterl That's because
the point of a balh isn't to get clean. The Japanese shower
and wash before they get into a bath. The 3) .....................
of a bath is to relax and unwind atter the day's activities. ,
And then there's the food I get to eat every day. My
classmates regularly scoff down burgers. I, on the other
hand, get 10 eat home-cooked , traditional Japanese food. ,
My host mother always very sweetly 4) ..................... on
giving me 'American-size' servings - that is, servings
bigger Ihan everyone else's, - despite my explai ning that
'Japanese-size' portions are quite OKI It's things like this
hospitality and warmth that make every day here so
amazing.
Choosing to live with a host family wasn 't hard. And it was
the single best decision I made in coming to Japan. Home
stay and life away from native English speakers is the only
way to 5) ..................... what Japanese life is really like!
• 10 'um and ah' = to be unable to decide what to do in a situation

3 Compa re your answers with your pa rtner's.

•
54
,
 4 Match the words in bold to their synonyms.
• chill out
• get involved 8 0 You will hear people speaking in four ,
• fail to take advantage of different situations. Choose the best answer A,
• timekeeping rules B, or C.
• extremely fond of
J
• welcoming treatment of guests 1 You hear a girl leaving a message on an
• behave towards answering machine . Who is the message for.?
A a family member B a neighbour
• servings
• eat greedily C a friend
• as far as that is concerned 2 You overhear two people talking about t heir
friend, Angela . What's happened ?
5 Choose the correct word . A She has fallen ill.
• B She is having a baby.
1 He familiarised/trained himself with the local C She had an accident while on holidays.
cust oms/habits before he t ravelled to the foreign 3 Two sisters are talking about buying t heir mother
count ry. a present. What do they decide to buy?
2 We met people from different civilisations! A a necklace B a w ristwatch
cultures during our travels. C t heatre t ickets
3 In Japan it 's common/ordinary to eat rice.
4 A couple are talking about where to take their
4 While living in Japan, we came to estimate!
child for the day. Where do they decide to go?
appreciate how important it is to be polite.
A beach B park C zoo
5 Peter is a native/local speaker of the English
language,
Monologue

9 Look at the graph . Interpret the data and

6 The writer believes that staying
answer the questions.
with a host family is a unique experience.
What makes him say so? In three minutes
write a few sentences based on the text. Tell
the class.

7 Would you like to study abroad? If so, would

you prefer to stay with a host family or in a
student dormitory? Why? Tell your partner.

.,
1 How does Lithuania compare to other E.U
countries with regard to student mobility?
r
2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of
studying abroad?
/ 3 Would you like to study abroad? Why (not)? Give
r reasons.
55
r
J
Culture
1 look at the pictures. What
impression of Australia do they give
you? Why is Australia called the Land
down under? Read through to find
out. I
2 Read the text and for each gap (1-5)
choose the correct sentence (A-F),
Th ere is one extra sentence.
A Nuggets of the precious metal washed
down riyers for anyone to pick up.
B And, of course, Aussie is the colloquial
term for an Austral ian
C Australia is also known for its beautiful
stralia
Tile Land down under
beaches and is a paradise for surfers.
European Invasion
D They were mostly semi-nomads who
Over 40,000 years ago Australia and its islands were inhabited by at
hunted and gathered food .
E The last census, or population count,
least 250 linguistic groups of indigenous Australians. OIJ After
Dutch explorers discovered Australia in 1606, several European
was held in August. 2011 . privateers and explorers visited the continent. However, no attempt
F In fact, the British presence in Australia was made to settle there until Captain James Cook claimed it for the
had a devastating effect on the British in 1770. Later that decade, the first official British colony,
indigenous people. made up mostly of prisoners from Britain, was set up at Fort
Jackson, which is now known as Sydney Harbour. Over the
following decades, waves of settlers came to Australia in search of a
3 Read the text again and answer the •• new life. The British also shipped large numbers of convicts to
questions. • colonies throughout the country.
Story of survival
When did Europeans first reach At first, relations between the newcomers and the indigenous people
Australia? were friendly. But they quickly deteriorated when the indigenous
2 Where did the British set up their first people realised that the resources they needed to survive were
colony? gradually being taken away from them. [ID The British brought
3 WhatNVho was responsible for killing infections diseases such as measles, tuberculoSIS and smallpox with
most natives? them, wtlich wiped out a majority of the natives. Moreover, the battles
for land and other resources led to mutual distrust, and were
4 Why did so many people come to
Australia In the second half of the 19th \ responsible for the deaths of many people. 11 is estimated that the

5
century?
What happened in
I indigenous population was at least 750,000 at the time of the arrival of
Europeans. But it was greatly reduced in just a few decades.
19077 Victory of the colonies
6 How many beaches During the early 19th century, the country attracted more
are there In European settlers and the population grew steadily
despite the many hardships people faced. Around
Australia?
1850, the nature of Australia's colonies was completely
L.. 0

ID
4 Fill in: distrust, newcomers, privateers,
rebellions. shiploads.
In the 19th century. there were
several .. against English
rule _
2 After 1850, of J
immigrants arrived in search of gold.
3 The ....................... found It hard
to survive for the first few years.
transformed by the discovery of gold at several
sites around the country. [!O Shiploads of new 4 There was a lot of ....... .
immigrants, including thousands from China, arrived in the between the natives and the
hope of getting rich quickly, and the population in many areas tripled. The Europeans.
search for gold, however, brought many colonies into conflict with the British 5 In the past, governments gave
rulers, and rebellions broke out at mining towns across the country. Between the right to capture
1855 and 1690, the six colonies of Australia gained the right to have their own merchant ships.
government, and finally, in 1907, the Commonwealth of Australia was created.
Still with the queen 5 Find phrasal verbs in the text
Today, Australia is independent of the UK but is still a member of the which mean:
Commonwealth and has Queen Elizabeth IJ as its head of state. About 92% of the created/founded
population is of European origin, and about 7% is Asian. The remaining 1% are
2 destroyed
indigenous Australians. About 78% of Australians speak only English in the home.
3 gather/collect
The next most common languages are Arabic, Hindi, Greek, Italian, Vietnamese
4 happened suddenly
and Cantonese. About 12% of the indigenous population speak indigenous
languages at home. Australian English is based on British English but ~ is heavily
Influenced by American and Irish English and has a variety of slang WOfds. FOf
6 Match the words to form
collocations. Then, use the
example, 'bonzer' means great, 'creek' is a small stream and 'bush' refers to wild
phrases to talk about Australia.
parts of the countryside. ~ Australians also have a very distinctive accent.
land of Oz 1 infectious a distrust
Australia, which lies down under the equator, is a huge country with a number 2 geographical b groups
of breathtaking geographical leatures including the prehistoric gorges of
3 distinctive c features
Kakadu National Park and the Great Barrier Reel. It is home to some of the
4 indigenous d diseases
most amazing creatures on the planet, many of which are deadly. The
5 mutual e instrument
kangaroo, the dingo and the koala are some of the most well-known mammals
to inhabit Australia but the country has a variety of other animals including 6 linguistic f accent
crocodiles, venomous snaKes, and 01 course the Great White Shark. [iIJ In
fact, it has more than any other country in the world, with over 11 .000 of them. 7 Match the words In bold to their
The country has also produced a number of famous actors and music bands
meanings: native, gor worse, difficulties,
including Hugh Jackman, Nicole Kldman, and ACDC.
prisoners, impressive, eradicared, affected,
Australia is known throughout the world for the wonderful
poisonous, lived in.
sound of the indigenous instrument, the didgeridoo. With
all that Australia has to offer, there is no doubt
that it is an amazing country. 8 Say five things you
have learnt from the text.
Compare your country to
Australia . In three minutes, write
a few sentences . Tell the class.

QuotatiollS _ _
Peroa/JS ;/ is good /0 bal'e a /}(,(lItfiflll
ml/I(t, l)IIr al/ (.'1"'11 gre(/ter gift is lO
(!iscol'er a bealltiful /Jean.
". Russel/ (rowe, AuSfralian actor
57
MODULE
'Cooking methods I
1 5
..
Match the foods to the categories in the Use the verbs in box A to list the ways you can
5pidergram: beef, cherry, haddock. salmon, fig. cook the foods in box B.
turnip. veal, broccoli, ham, blueberry. tuna,lomb, B • potatoes • chicken
A • roast • grill
cucumber, cod, celery, lime. Add two more words • trout • rice • steak
to each category.
• bake • boil • fry •
• scramble • smoke • eggs • beef
• beans • vegetables
Potatoes con be roosted, baked, boiled or fried.

What is your favourite way to eat the foods in box B? •

Ipreparing dishes I ,
6 a) Fill in: cool, preheat, add, bake, weigh, sprinkle,

2 Circle the odd word out: •

1 lean - scrambled - red -luncheon meat •
2 artificial- strong - steamed - mild flavour 3 tsp baking powder
3 still - sparkling - mineral - pasteurised water
1 eggs
4 roasted - iodised - rock - table salt )7 cup water
5 grain-red - sugar-coated - breakfast - forti fied )7 (UP vegetable oil
cereal
6 granulated - energy - brow n - ici ng sugar
7 w holegrai n - w holemeal- rye - loose bread Baking instructions:
f ·Irs,t tl .......... ....... the oven to 180"(, greasef and flou r
fl rand
• Collocations a cake tin and 2) ................... the amount 0 ou d
3 Fill in: sun-dried, mashed, roast, cottage, dark, sugar you' need on a set of scales. Then, get a bowl a~
toasted. 3) ................... the eggs, sugar, oil and water together w~~~
a wooden spoon. After a few minutes, 4~ . . ..
1 There's some sliced cheese and ha m in the fridge dn! ingredients Continue to stir the mixture. Wh~n the
.'
mixture .IS smooth, S1............... ···· I't into the cake tin. Let
h
if you want to make a ........... ............. sandwich. .

2 You'U need some butter and mi lk to make the the cake 6) ................... in the oven for 40 mlnutdes, t en
To ecorate,
........................ .. potatoes. take It out and a11ow It to 71 ...... .
3 ...... .... .... ... .. ..... ....... chocolate is healthier than
..... ........ ... icing sugar on top .
milk chocolate.
4 I love ...................................... beef sandwiches. b) What's your favourite sweet? Write the recipe
5 Don't forget to buy some olives and a jar of for it.
....................... tomatoes from the supermarket.
6 Emma loves snacking on ............. ............... .
'Eating out I
cheese and crackers. 7 Match the notices to the eateries where you
would most likely see them: hotel dining room,
4 Fill in: square, poor, leafy, functions, unhealthy, canteen, exclusive restaurant, fast food restaurant, cafe.
cancer, digestive, food, bacterial, energy-giving .
® Centlemen must B -------. ,cIF
1 ....... . ..... substances 6 ..... .. ..... memory I '.If~.ervlee: r--- I rearefills
COffee
2 vital 7 ....... .... .. poisoning wear a suit and tie 1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ •

3 ...................... meal 8 ........... ... . vegetables

4 . system 9 ......... ........ infection
5 .... .............. .. lifestyle '0 .. prevention
58

8 Fill in: relaxing, skilled, tempring, family-run , Italian,
fresh , helpful, main, reasonable.
, 1 There are many health profits/benefits/earnings
This week, t visited Luigi's, a(n)
1) ........................... restaurant in
Henry Street that
2) ..... .. ... ................ cuisine. luigi's
has a(n) 3) ................ atmosphere
and a great selection of food. All
the dishes are made with
4) ................... ingredients and
are prepared by 5) .... .............. .
chefs. For my starter I chose the
soup and for my 6) ................... -_ _ _ _..,;:!
course 1ordered spaghetti in pepper
sauce. It was delicious! There are also a good variety of
7) ................... desserts! And the service is excellent. t got
my meal quite quickly and t was impressed by the
8) ................... staff. Prices are quite 9) ................... .
t highly recommend Luigi's. The quality of the food is top-
notch. Make sure you make a reservation. Opening times
Tuesday-Sunday 12:00 ;;,
pm...-1..
:00. am
_ ._ _ _ _ _ _...;
'Diets I
9 Fill in: crash, derox, low-carb, high'protein, low-far.
Ben's doctor has put him on a ...
diet in an effort to lower his cholesterol levels.
2 Juliet is on a .. ..... .. .. .............. diet; she's drinking
lots of water to get rid of the toxins in her body.
3 Trying to lose weight quickly by going on a
............ ................. diet is extremely dangerous.
4 A ............................ diet involves eating a lot of
protein-rich foods such as meat, fish and beans.
5 I could never go on a .. .. ... .......... ..... diet
because I love potatoes, bread and pasta too much!
• Phrasal verbs
10 Fill in the verbs in their correct form : pur, keep.
cut, burn.
1 Regular exercise helps you. . ... off calories.
2 Usa has ...... .. on 5 kilos since she st arted college.
3 Jane is t ryi ng to . .. .. her weight down so she
can fit into her wedding dress.
4 You'll have to ....... .. ... .... down your salt intake if
you want to stay healthy.
• Words often confused
11 Choose the correct word.
to eating unsweetened chocolate.
2 I try to avoid eating processed/developed! I
improved foods with artificial colours.
3 Some vegetarians use vitamin attachments/
addition s/s upplements to give their body all t he
nutrients it needs.
4 Junk food is usually low in nutrients and
hig h/extreme/excessive in ca lories .
5 The smell of fresh ly-baked dough nut s always
makes my mouth water/ moiste n/soak.
6 When dieting, you can control/cope/ supervise
your hunger by eating small meals throughout
the day.
7 A good way to combat/oppose/ defy stress is to
eat healthily.
8 Eat breakfast every day to keep/ hold/ mainta in
your energy levels high .
12 Fill in: quench, moderation, servings, skip, burn,
cravings, boosts. intake, refined, intervals.
Experts agree the key to healthy eating IS balance, variety
and 1) ...................... In other words, eat a wide range
of foods but avoid getting too much of anyone nutrient or
too many calories. Follow these 6 healthy eating tips and
you'll soon feel the benefits!
• Don't 2) ................... breakfast.
• Eat at least eight 3) ....................... of fruit &
vegetables a day.
• Drink water to 4) ................... your thirst, not soft
drinks.
• Eliminate 5) ................... carbohydrates from your
diet and replace with whotegrain carbs.
• Watch your sodium 6) .................... .
• Prevent fat and sugar 7) ................... by eating at
regular 8) ................... (Le. every 3·4 hours).
Finally, don't forget that a healthy eating plan must be
accompanied by regular exercise. Aerobic exercise not
only helps you 9) ......................... calories, it
10) ..................... your mood, too!
(. j See Vocabulary Bank on p. 174) 59
 2 Read the text and decide w hi ch answer, A, 8, C
o r 0 best fits each ga p.
1 l ook at the pictures. What do you think the
people are doing? What is the event? Read 0 A at 3 A be
the text to fi nd out. 6 A hears
B
C
on
on
B take
B feels I
C have
D to
C listens
D jOin
D sounds
•
A for 4 A Just
B by B almost
7 A both ••
B each •
C as C Sim ply
C by
D to D practical ly
D one •
2 A it 5 A the
B A as much
B it's B these
B
F.estival C its C their
C
the most
as many
D itself D there
D the more
If you like melons, you might like to
head to the small town of Chinchilla in
Queensland 0) February for its biennial
,
about anything with melons! One
Melon Festival. Chinchilla produces about
popular activity is 'melon skiing'.
25% of Australia's melons and is known
Participants stick 5) ............ feet into
1) ............ the country's 'melon capital'. The
squishy watermelons and ski down a slope
festival , which first took place in 1994, is held to
of soap and squashed melons. It's as difficult
promote the melon industry and encourage tourism in
the region. However, locals say 2) ............ also
to do as it 6) ............ and hilarious to watch. •
Another crazy activity is 'melon bungee'. Players
about lifting spirits and, judging by the mayhem at
are attached to an elastic cord and race 7) ........... .
the festival, it's easy to see that's the case! Thousands
other across a slippery floor to reach a melon. There
of visitors flock to Chinchilla every two years to
are also melon Iron Man and Iron Woman contests, as
3) ............ part in the fun days of back·to·back
well as a competition in which contestants try to break
entertainment. like all family· friendly festivals , there
open as 8) ............ melons as they can using nothing
are a variety of activities for both young and old ,
but their head! The Chinchilla Melon Festival is one of
including food tastings, parades and concerts. The reat
Australia's funniest and craziest festivals, and you're
fun starts with the melon contests, though. At the
guaranteed to have a whale of a time if you go.
Chinchilla Festival you can do
You're bound to get incredibly sticky
4) ........... .
and messy though, so don't
forget to bring a change of
clothes!

,
,

I
3 a) Read the text again and mark
the sentences T (True), F (False) or
DS (doesn't say). Justify your
answers. Correct the false
statements.
1 The Chi nchilla M elon
Festiva l happe ns once
a year in February
2 A quarter of Aust ra lia's
melons come from
Ch inch illa
3 Al l the act ivities are
free of charge.
4 Bungee jumping is a
pop ular act ivity at
The Ch inchilla Festival.
5 Sometimes peop le get
injured doi ng t he
act ivit ies _
b) In pairs write four T/F
statements based on the text.
Swap your questions w ith
another pair and answer them .
4 Match the words in bold to their
meanings: crushed, enjoy yourself,
happening every two years, wet or
greasy, covered in Q thick liquid
substance, chaos.
5 You are attending the festival in
the text. Write a postcard to your
English pen friend. In your
postcard write where you are,
what the weather is like, what
you are doing and how yo u like
the festival.
Think of a food festival
in your country. Compare and
contrast it with Chinchilla Melon
Festival . Camden Market.
choice
7 () Do the listen ing task. Compare with your partner.
r-------------------------,
I You will hear a radio interview with a chef who took I
: part in a TV game show. The recording will be played :
J
I twice. For each question (1 -4), choose the correct I
I answer A, B or C. I
~-------------------------.
o The TV game show Masrerchef
A isn't current ly showing on TV
B has won severa l awards.
C is not for pro fessional chefs .
W hen asked if he expected t he compet it ion to be so to ugh,
Jam ie com ments that
A peop le told him he should have won
B he wasn't as skilled as t he ot her chefs.
C he was upset he didn't w in.
2 W hen Jam ie got his bag of 10 unusual foods, he
A fa iled to put all of t hem into his dish .
B spent too ma ny min utes trying to figure out what they were.
C made t he four he didn't recognise Into a side dish.
3 The problem with Ja mie's ma in course concerned the
A taste. B port ion size . C present at ion
4 In Jamie's opi nion the count ry w ith t he best chefs is
A Thailand. B Fra nce. C China .
8 Read the rubric and do the Speaki ng task .
r--------- - ---------------,
I You and your friend would like to contribute to your :
: town's cultura l life by organising a festival. You have I
I different ideas about what kind of festival would be the I
: most popular and most widely appreciated by the :
I townsfolk. Discuss your ideas and reach a consensus. I
~-------------------------.
• Give your ideas and arguments .
• Find out your partners ideas and argu ments.
• Try to petrsuade your partner to accept your ideas.
• Try to reach a compromise.
61
 Use of English Clauses of purpose! • Lexicogrammatical word transformations

•
Exclamations

She turned off the oven . She didn 't w an t to burn

the cake.
2 Complete the sentences using the word in ·bold.
Use two to five words.

Contact Julie to ask her about the recipe she used for
1
She turned off the oven for fear she mighVso the cake.
as not to burn the cake. TOUCH Get ................. ............ to ask her
She turned off the oven to avoid burning the cake. about the recipe she used for the cake.
• Julianne left the house early. She wanted to be 2 We cancelled our picnic because Sue waS11't feeling well.
at the restaurant on time. OFF We ....... . ....... ....... to the
Jul ianne left the ho use early in order tolso as to
be at the resta urant on time.
fact that Sue wasn't feeling well.
3 Alex qUit hiSst udies With a view to becoming a chef .,
ORDE R Alex qui t his st udies ..
• Brenda wi ll stay home. Her mother mig ht need
help with the cooking .
a chef.
4 She got upset when she burnt the cake and burst
~
)
,,
Brenda will stay home. in case her mother needs
into tears.
help with the cooking .
so When she burnt the cake she ....
• The cake was so tasty I had a second helping.
. ............................. burst into tears.
1
•
It was such a tasty cake I had a second helping.
It's such a delicious meal!
5 Chris said we should have Chinese food tonight. 1
)
HAVING Chris ......... .
This meal is so delicious! ..................... Ch inese food tonight .
6 Amy wi ll go on a diet so that she can get slim before
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words.
summer.
AS Amy will go on a diet
1
Bnan put on an apron . He didn't want to get his
clothes dirty.
7 There w ere no eggs left.
RUN
....... .. ..... before summer.

We ........................................ eggs.
I
AVOID Bnan put on an apron.
............ .... hiS clothes dirty.
2 Bi ll bought some fl our. He wants to make a cake.
8 She promised she would stop eating so many sweets.
WORD She
she would stop eating so many sweets.
j
AS Bill bought some flou r
... .. .......... .. . a cake.
3 She always wears oven gloves. She doesn't want to
9 I threw the bread away as it was mOUldy.
RID I ....................... .. ...................... .
the bread as it was mouldy.
I1
burn her hands. 10 We found the cooking class really interesting in the end.
NOT She always wears oven gloves .. OUT The cooking class ......................... . 1
.. .. ................ . .......... her hands.
4 The cook added more salt to the soup. She wanted 11
.............................. really interesting .
My doctor advised me to eat fewer sugary foods.
1
to give it more flavour. DOWN My doctor told me I ........................ . 1
ORDER The cook added more sa lt to the soup
.. . . . . . . ........... .... more fla vour.
......... ................... sugary food s.
12 I ca n't believe that Jud ith made the cake herself.
1
S The restaurant was so busy I couldn't get a table . DIFFICU LT I ......................... ...................... . 1
SUCH It ..................... .
I couldn't get a table.
... that Judith made the cake herself.
13 You don't need to cook dinner as I've arranged for
i
6 She threw out the old meat. She didn't w ant to get us to eat out. 1
food poisoning. POINT There ........... .
. ...... dinner as 1
MIGHT She threw out the old meat ............. . I've arranged for us to eat out. 1
............... ..... ... ...... food poisoning. 14 lake is proud of his cooking skills .
1
7 It's such a tasty dish . PRIDE Jake .
SO This ... ....... . ....... . . t asty. his cooking sk ills.
8 I wil l make some sandwiches. The children might be 15 I can't wa it to go to that new Italian restaurant.
hungry. FORWARD I'm
CASE I will make some sandwiches ........... . to that new Italian restaurant .
............................ ............... hungry.
62
• Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items
3 Read the text and complete the gaps with the 4 Choose the correct answer.
words derived from the words in bold.
1 NPlease sit down at the table everyone. I'm ready
, to ..... dinner. N
A deliver B serve C provide D supply
2 NDo you know what the best foods are to .....
muscles?"
A form B erect C build D fix

you do if you ran out of ~__

3 It's silly to go to Asia and not try the local
0) cleaning products just as you were about to CLEAN A servings B dishes C plates D platters
finish your household chores? Would you run 4 Children must not take diet pi lls as they can .
to the superma rket to buy more? You needn't I the growing body.
Head straight for your kitchen and you'll find A involve B affect C impress D impact
1) ... .. ............. .... what you need! Take peanut EXACT 5 Soft drinks are full of ..... additives.
buner, for example. Everyone knows it makes a A destructive B risky C hurtful D harmful
great afternoon snack but did you know that
6 My favourite food is ..... tomatoes but my sister
peanut buner can also be used to remove
can't stand them .
2) ... ... .............. ... marks from a leather couch? DIRT
A crammed B filled C stuffed D packed
You might also be 3) ................ ...... to learn SURPRISE
about the cleaning 4) ....................... of milk. If PROPERTY 7 I atv-Jays ..... ~f a fresh orange juice in the morning.
you get an ink stain on your shirt, A squeeze B press C squash D crush
5) ....................... soak your shirt in a bowl of SIMPLE 8 How can I .... down on calories without feeling
milk for an hour. And don't use pepper Just to depnved?
make a meal 6) .... .. ....... ... .. ...... Put some in TASTE A lower B omit C cut D slim
your washing machine tool Adding a teaspoon
9 I really recommend this restaurant. It serves ...
of pepper to your laundry can help to prevent
Mexican food.
dark--coloured clothes from fading. It will also
A authentic 8 valid C factual D accurate
leave your clothes smelling beautiful. These
methods might sound 7) ................. .. ... , but BEUM 10 This cookbook contains a great recipe for Thai-
they work! So remember, the best recipe for a style noodles in ..... sauce.
8) ... ..... ............... home might just be in your SPARKLE A weighty 8 thick C heavy D dense
kitchen cupboard I

• Open doze text

5 Read the text and complete the gaps with the
correct missing word.

Most Europeans and Americans would never dream 0) of eating Insects, except perhaps to win a bet or as a dare. Yet,
for 1) ......................... cultures insects are an important part of a healthy diet. Entomophagy (the practice of eating
insects) is popular in Asia, Africa, Australia and South America. In all, 1,417 kinds of Insects 2) ... .. ... ... ......... .. .. eaten
by nearly 3,000 ethnic groups around the world. In Asia, diners can enjoy moths and dragonflies . Some African cultures
eat crickets and grasshoppers. There's a good reason 3) .............. , .. ....... entomophagy is so popular around the world.
Insects are very nutritious. Caterpillars, for example, contain 28 grams of protein per 100 grams, are low
4) ......................... fat, and are a great source of B vitamins. Also, insects are very cheap to farm . So, why
5) ........ ................. Europeans and Americans refuse to eat insects? Some historians think that Europeans stopped
eating insects because they had a suitable climate for producing meat from farm animals, and so started getting
6) ............ protein this way. Whatever t he reason, 7) the time being, Europeans and
Amencans will have to continue travelling abroad 8) ....................... they want to enjoy insect cuisine.

63
 b) Read the essay below and put the
the correct tense in the active or the
Then match the headings to the
A descriptive essay about an event or a
celebration consists of:
• an introduction in which we give the name,
place, and reason(s) for the event or
I
celebration.
• a main body consisting of two separate 1,
paragraphs in which we first describe the •!
preparations and then the act ual event. (We
use the present t ense to describe annual
events/festivals and t he past tense to describe
a festival we attended In the past.)
,,
i

• a conclusion in which we describe people's

feelings and make comments or give our final
thoughts about the event
Essays describing events are usually found in
newspapers, magazines, and brochures and the
style used depends on our intended reader.
• We shou ld use a variety of adjectives and
adverbs to make our description more vivid and
interesting.
• We can use the passive tenses to describe
events when the activities are more important
than the person who does/did them.
1 a) Read the rubric and underline the key
words, then answer the questions.
Which of the fol lowing should you not write
about? Give reasons.
A a festival held every year In your country
B a ceremony that takes place every year in
a foreign country
C an event held once a week in your town
2 Which of the following must you include in
your essay?
A import ant monument s in your area
B description of the actual event
C detailed description of the town
o preparation before the event
3 Which tense(s) should you mainly use? Why?
.------------------~
: A travel magazine has asked readers to : time I was really sony to go home. , can't wait for next year's
I send in descriptions of annual festivals I
I in their country. Write an essay (200-250 I
: words) describing an annual festival you :
I have attended, including preparations I
: and activities on the actual day. :
~------------------~
64
1
rn The Keene Pumpkin Festival is a food festival with a
difference. It 1) takes place (take place) every year in Keene, 1
New Hampshire, USA and it 2) ... , .............. (usually/hold) on
a Saturday in mid to late October. During the festival, residents
1
and visitors 3) ...... .. ......... .... .... .. (attempt) to set the world
I
record for amassing the largest number of lit pumpkin lanterns.
ru 1
When I 4) ........................ ... (anive) in Keene, I was
absolutely stunned by the preparations going on. All the
1
residents 5) ........ .. ..... ..... ..... .. (buy) big pumpkins and 1
6) .... .... .. ... ... ......... .. (calVe) faces in them. A huge stand
7) ........... .. .... .......... (set up) for the pumpkins in the town
i
centre and hundreds of calVed pumpkins with candles inside I
8) ........ .............. (place) on it. People 9) .................... ... . 1
"
(prepare) an sorts of delicious pumpkin dishes for the festival.
ru On the day of the festival, the streets were crowded with
people and there were food tasting stands and stages 1
I
everywhere. I 10) ........... ... ,.. , .. (take part) in a pie eating 1
competition but I couldn't eat much and so went and watched
people participating in a pumpkin seed spitting competition. It 1
was hilarious. Later, there were several live concerts where 1
everyone 11 ) ........ ......... (dance) and having fun. The climax
of the evening was the official pumpkin count. All the candles in
1
the pomp~ns 12) ............... . (light) and they 13) ........ ..... .. 1
(look) amazing. Then, there was a big fireworks display.
[IIJ At the end of the festival. everyone was thrilled when we
1
t>eat the record again! I 14) ..... ........... (have) such a great 1
1
i'
2 a) Fill in the gaps in the paragraphs with 3 Read the example. Then write paragraphs A and
adjectives from the list. Which extract(s) B, putting the verbs in bold into t he passive.
describe(s) an annual event? Which describes .cho0/CI Idren the IK celebrate f1arvf,( ,t; '11
a past event?
'.!member If Ot .)b'f.
• wonderful • friendly Harvp r ~estival is celebrated by 5Choolchildren in the UK in
Seprfml
•
• sad • fantastic
o
When the festival ended
They displ ay their traditional foods at stalls and
they offer people samples to taste. They al so give
felt a little 1) ...................... .. .
talks on their techniq ues and show documentaries
and didn't want to leave. I had
abou t their work. The public appreciate it greatly.
such a 2) ........................... .
weekend and would have liked the
events to continue. The people were People in the USA celebrate Thanksgiving on the
very 3) .. ... .. ... .......... .. ...... and all the periormances were fou rth Thursday of November. People hold parades in
4) ... ... .. ... .... ... .. ... .... I was already thinking of reserving most towns in which marching bands play tunes and
my place for my next year. young people perform dances. Floats also carry giant
cartoon characters th rough the streets. Afterwards,
• coveted • prestigious fam ilies all over the country eat a traditional meal of
• lavish • top turkey, mashed potatoes and pumpkin.
o
Cannes Film Festival is one of
the world's most • Your turn
1) ...... .... ..................... film 4 a) Read the rubric and underline the key words.
festivals. It takes place once
r--------------------~
a year in May in Cannes in An international magazine has asked its :
the South of France. This readers to write an essay about an interesting I
famous event is attended by all annual festival in their countries. Write your :
the 2 ) ................... ... .... film directors essay for the magazine (200-250 words). I
and actors from around the world. Hj 9l h li~ln8 ._------------------_.
3) ............................... opening ceremony. where a red b) Choose a festival and make notes under the
carpet is rolled out for the stars to walk on, and the handing headin gs. Name - Date/place - Events before -
out of the highly 4) ... ...... ................. Palme d'Or fi lm award . Events during - Feelings/comments

• lovely • exciting • delicious
One Of two weeks before the
'Duanwu', or Dragon Festival, the
yearly preparations begin. People
build or adapt boats to look like
dragons and paint them red, white.
yellow, and black in preparation for
the big 1) ............................ boat race.
People also prepare 2) .......... .. ................ .
a pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped
in bamboo leaves. Families make 3)
Chinese knots and aroma pouches to bring good luck to thei r
children.
b) Which paragraph is an introduction, which is a
main body paragraph and which is a conclusion?
5 Now, use your ideas to write your essay. Use
phrases from the Useful language box.
Useful Language
• ... is held every ... in . • It ta kes place in .
• Preparations sta rt .. . . • People (make floats, clean
their houses, put up decorations etc).
• On the actua l day (there are parades in the streets,
people dress up in costumes, people watch floats
carrying ... through the streets etc).
............. little
• In the evening people (have dinner with their friends
and family, have parties, watch fireworks displays etc).
• It's a (greatlamazingetc) festiva l. Everyo ne has
a great time . • It is a day fu ll of surprises.
65
 I

r---------------------
I Read the text below and match the sentences
I I
I (A-I) to the gaps (1-6). There are two extra I
I sentences that do not match any gap. I
~---------------------~ ,I

Think the colour of the food on your plate simply makes it Avocados, green apples and limes are just some of the
pretty to look at but has no real impact on you? @I] veritable bounty of green foods that are good for us.
Our brainS are hard-wired to respond to colour in food - Green foods are rich in vitamins A, K, and E, as well as
so much SO in fact, that we usually 'taste' food according fibre and calcium.IT[] It also ensures strong bones and
to its colour, not its actual flavour! In taste tests, when healthy eyes, and can speed heal ing time by 25 percent.
flavourless yellow colouring is added to vanilla Ice-cream, Blue/purple food is generally the food that people
people think they are eating banana or lemon ice-cream. find the least appealing . @:D Nevertheless, certain
IT[] Our brainS, in other words, reinterpret t he true blue/purple foods (e.g. aubergines, blueberries) are very
flavours present in food in the light of the colours healthy. Blue foods contain flavonoids which reduce the
present! risk of cancers, stroke and heart disease. Substances in
[I[] Scientists think it's because back when we were them also fight the aging process, by improving memory
hunter-gatherers, we relied on colour to identify what function and skin health.
food was good to eat. We learnt to avoid food that was So, if you want to feel as bright and vibrant as a rainbow,
blueJblack because this colour is usually a sign food is make sure you eat a selection of foods 'from the rainbow'
rotten . Conversely, we came to love brightly-coloured every day!
food because vibrant colours are usually a sign food is
fresh and full of goodness.
Today, doctors know that a diet full of foods 'from the
rainbow' (i.e. red, orange, yellow, green and blue foods)
prOVides the human body with the nutrients it needs to
stay healthy. Red foods like raspberries and pink
grapefruit for instance, have many health benefits. They
are rich in minerals such as potassium and iron, and are
packed full of anthocyanlns. [IO
Orange-coloured foods like cantaloupes and pumpkins
contain substances which help to keep our skin and eyes
healthy. They also protect us from infections by boosting
1
our immune system. Yellow foods like pineapples and corn
are filled with vitamin C. Vitamin C improves circulation,
helps to heal cuts, and prevents inflammation and heart
disease. C!IJ
66
4 Match the words in bold to their mea ning :
reexplain, decoyed. soreness, effect, depended, vivid.
attractive. programmed. blood flow, on the contrary, 10 0 You wi ll hear someone talking about
guarantees, generous amount. screngthening. rotten. healthy eating . listen and complete the
sentences with one w ord only.
S Choose the correct preposition. J
o When people come home from work, they don't
What we eat has an impact onlat how we feel always have time to prepare a healthy, nufritiou'
2 The human mind responds inlto colours and meal.
turns them into messages. Many people get ready-made meals from t he
3 Co lours are added inlto t he food t o make it look
attractive . 2 Th e spea ker advises to eat these meals
4 Red meat and dark leafy greens are rich at/in 3 The speaker says that these meals are full of
iron.
S Proteins protect us from/for viruses. 4 ................. are removed form processed foods.
6 Broccoli is filled in/with vitamin C. S The speaker advises us to eat lots of fresh . .
6 Brown rice. .......... and rye bread contain
6 Fill in : healthy, vibrant. benefirs, heal. human.
complex carbohydrates.
immune, heart, healing. Make sentences using
7 The speaker says people eat far too much.
the completed phrases.
8 Some expert s say w e should on ly eat
.... .... . colou rs 5 . .. ... ........ syst em grams of meat per day.
2 ............... ... ... body 6 to ..... .. ....... cuts 9 The speaker says it might sound. . .. . that
3 to stay. 7 ........ disease eggs are considered like meat.
4 health ... S .. time 10 The speaker says there are more ......... in
dark-coloured vegetables.
Iways of eating
7 Fill in with: munch. chew. gobble, bite. lick. nibble.
snack in their correct form . 11 You and your friend would like to organise a
party to welcome an English exchange student
1 When my mum bakes a cake. always ask to
who is visiting you for two weeks. You have
................. the bowl !
different ideas about w here t he party should
2 I love it w hen I ..... ..... ... ..... .... .. into a fresh,
be held and w hat activities t o organise. Discuss
CriSp apple. your ideas and reach a consensus.
3 My Mum is always reminding me to ............. .
my food thoroughly before I swallow it. • Give your ideas and arguments.
4 Ben at the food on his plat e • Find out your partner's ideas and arguments.
because he didn 't have much of an appet it e. • Try to persuade your partner to accept your
S I tend to . ............. ......... down my food w hen ideas.
I'm really hungry. • Try to reach a compromise.
6 It's so annoying when people ........................... .
on crisps really loudly during a film.
7 I try not to ................. during the day and • We could have the party at ....
• I think: we could have (rondwicheS/ pizza etc).
stick to eating just 3 meals .
~ We can buy (coke, ice cream etc) from the.
• We can organise a (dance competition, treasure hunt etc).
8 Tell the class three things you have learnt from
t he text.
Quotations _ _ _ __
9 IKT l ln groups. collect more information about A hollse is 1/0/ a home Ill/less it COl/taills food alld fire
the colour of food and its relation to health. for the milld as u-eIJ as lhe body.
~ .-...-fi!.enjamin Franklin, ' 706-' 790, US politician}
Present it to the class. _____ _. .;67
-.
MODULE
'Complaining I
•
1 Read the sentences and write which kind of shop or service is 4 Complete the sentences with the
being referred to. words below.

• hairdresser's • estate agent's • bakery • travel agent's • full • complain • exchange J

• greengrocer's • clothes shop • bank • toy shop • faulty • refund • re turn
1 I'd like to apply for a credit card . please. bank 1 This camera doesn't work at all. I'd j
2 We're look ing for a 3· bedroom f1 at in the area. I
like a ful l .
3 We'd like to book a beach holiday in Spain. 2 Could I ......... it for a new one?
4 This coat doesn't fit. Do you have it in a bigger size? 3 I'd like to get my money back in
5 We on ly sell organic fruit and veget ables.
6 We can fit you in at 4 pm for a cut and blow-dry. 4 This CD player is . I'll take it
7 I'm looking for a remote-control ca r for my nephew. . .......... . back to the shop.
8 I'd like six white bread rolls and a wholemeal loaf, please. S It's the wrong size. I'll ........... it to
the shop.
'Buying & selling I 6 Is the manager here? I'd like to
............ about the poor service .
• Collocations
2 Fill in the gaps in the text messages. IAdvertising I
• final • designer . opening • special • gift
5 Complete the classified ads with
the words below. Which ads are
A Sow advertisement about B Let's go together on
not trying to sell something?
Horrods sole in paper. Saturday morning! I have a
They hove 1) _ _ __ 3) Voucher for • good condition • giving away
offers on 2) _ _ __ Harrods that I want to spend. • ultra-fashionable • Iow prices
labels. Interested? Tina Con you check the 4) _ __
time? Let me know. Jo Clearing out wardrobe.
Vintage dresses,
C Opens a t 10 om. Saturdoy's the 11 .... ....... .. ....... .. . coats
~) day of the sole. and designer shoes at
We can't miss it! Tine bargain prices .
Call1Cat on 074647J849

• Verb phrases \\1llIDil!l

l8-inch frame mountain
3 Fill in the gaps w ith the correct form of the verbs below. preferably less than
• launch • pay • place • buy • be • look • try • get 2 years old. Must be
in 2) .. ..................... .
look at that amazing blue dress that ............. on display in the Text or call: O"96<~5J1r-.,. ..
clothes shop!
2 Peter lost the receipt for his shoes, so he can't ........... a refund SERVICES-
from the shop. We repair TVs and stereos.
3 The fashion label hired a famous actress.... their new product . 3) .................. ... on all second-hand
4 buy my clothes from on line catalogues, whe(e I simply electrical goods.
Visit us at 12 Duke Street.
..... a mail order and wait for the post to arrive.
S have nothing to wear and very little money, so I'm going
......... ,.... for some bargains at t he market.
IMiscellaneous I
I need space, not money.
6 Don't you want ........... those jeans on before you buy them?
7 You ca n .............. , for your new car in month ly instalments . So, I'm 4) ..... ................. ..
8 Chain stores can sell clothes cheaply because they ............ ... in my oid books and CDs.
bulk directly from the manufacturer. garyparker91@geemail.com
68
 'Banks & money I • Verb phrases
• Collocations
6 Fill in the gaps with : cash, PIN, interest. debit,
traveller's, studenr. foreign, insurance.
You should cover the keypad so that no one sees
your ....... ..... ... .. number.
2 It's safer to use .... cheques than to change
all your money at once when you go abroad.
3 You can buy .. , .. , .. """ . currency at the airport, but
it's cheaper to change your money before you travel.
4 The prem iu m for our home
•
cover has gone up to £30 per month .
S Is it all right if I write you a cheque, or would you
prefer me to pay you in _,,,. ..... ....... .7
6 I always pay my supermarket bill by .... __ ..
card . I Just key in my number and the amount
automatically comes out of my account.
7 You can open a(n) ......................... account jf
you' re going to university.
8 John is looking for a bank with a low .......
rate before he decides to take out a loan.
, 9
7 Fill in the gaps in the dialogue with the verbs in
their correct form: key in, make, charge, apply,
clear, shop, open, wirhdraw.
A: I'm thinking about 1) .................. for a credit card
for the first time.
8: Really? But you're good with money. Why do you
need a credit card?
A: I've just begun 2) .... ............ ... online - but a lot of
sites won't accept my debit card. Just yesterday I
3) .................... an account with an online retailer
that has the MP3 player I want at a good price, only
to discover that I can only 4) .. ....... .......... .
purchases by credit card .
8: I have a credit card . It's true that they're more widely
accepted online than debit cards. The problem is,
you need to make sure you 5) ............. . your
debt every month, otherwise they 6) .......... ..... .
you interest.
A: I don't think that will be a problem for me. Tell me, is
it easy 7) ..... cash from ATM machines with
a credit card?
8: It's the same procedure as with a debit card - it's just
a case of inserting the card into the cash mach ine and
8) ..... ........ ....... your PIN number. But there's usually a
charge if you use a credit card, unfortunately.
8: Oh, I see. Well I'll only use my debit card for cash
withdrawals then.
8 Fill in the correct verb in the correct form: change,
manage, wrire. take. transfer, cash, depoSit, pay.
If you show some ID you can ........................ a cheque
at any branch of the bank. J
'I ............. . .... any dollars you have
2 Youcaneasly
on you into euros.
3 Internet banking allows you .......... ............ ........... your
finances from home.
4 Money that is ................................ in your account after
3 pm is available to you the next day.
5 When ............................... a cheque, remember to fill in
the amount, sign it and date it. !
6 If you want to start your own business, you can
........................ out a loan.
7 ...... ........ .. ........ money between your accounts
is simple using the bank's online service.
8 You can set up monthly payments as a way 01
........................ off your debts.
• Word formation
Fill in the correct word derived from the words
in bold,
It's hard to imagine living without cash cards and ATMs
'(automated teller machines). They allow us to make cash
1) (withdraw) .................. quickly and easily without
entering a bank or needing the 2) (assist) .................. of a
cashier. And nowadays, they can often also be used to
carry out other 3) (transact) .................. such as paying
bills. However, there are risks involved in using cash cards
and ATM 4) (use) .................. should take steps to keep
their S} (save) .................. secure. Firstly, you should never
give out your PIN number or account details. If a 6)
(represent) .............................. from your bank calls you
and asks you for 7) (person)
....................... information, make
sure they are who they say they
are before you give them any
details. Also, be very careful
you use ATMs. Cover the keypad
With your hand when you enter
your PIN (personal identification
number) and look out for people
acting 8) (suspicious)
.............................. close by.
 I
To this day it helps to create the light and airy feel
that is part of The Passage's special appeal.
B Traders who imported t heir goods liked the fact that
one of t he fl oors of The Passage was used as
warehouse space.
C As in its early years, it's not somewhere for just
anyone to enjoy a spot of retail therapy.
o Before long people were flocking to the centre in such
droves that an admission charge was introduced.
E But one thing that's beyond dispute is that one of the
most beautiful of all the early shopping centres stands
in 5t Petersburg, RUSSia.
F The entrance cha rge was abolished a long time ago.
G Today's shopping centres are not very different.
H Not only were there coffee shops and hotels, there
were billiard facilities and a theatre. and regular arts
exhibitions were held.
By the 1960s it specialised more in women's goods.

Mi sentences I
1 Why do you th ink shopping centr~s a~e popular
with shoppers? 00 you like shopping In
shopping centres? Why I Why not?

2 In which country do you think the world's fi~st 3 Read the text. Seven sentences have been
shopping centre opened? Read through to find removed from the text . Match sentences (A-I)
out. to the gaps (' -6) so that the text makes a
logical and coherent whole. There are two
sentences that do not fit any gap.
70
4 Match the highlighted words in
the text to their synonyms below:
connected, very large, dramatic
changes, high-class, call for action,
improvements to a building, famous,
member of the upper classes, look at
goods for sale without buying anything,
people of high social standing.
5 Fill in : previous, full, claim, luxury,
establish, treat, early, survive. Make
sentences about The Passage
using the completed phrases.
1 .. ....... to be 6 to ..... ... wars
2 ... . .. owners 7 be restored in
3 .. .. ... goods
4 in it s 8 to.
years yourself to a
5 to a coffee
reputation as
6 Choose the correct verb.
1 The arch itect was inspired/
influenced by a bui lding in Moscow.
2 The bu ilding was released!
unveiled to t he publ ic in 1848.
3 The architect tried to retain/hold
the original design.
4 The shoppi ng cent re hosts/houses
1SO shops as well as coffee shops,
rest aura nts and cinemas.
5 The arch itect established/formed
an international reput at ion for his
unusual designs.
7 Compare a shopping
centre in your country to The
In groups, design
your own shopping centre. What
shops and facilities would it
house? Give it a name. Present
your shopping centre to the class.
Quotations, _ _
We used 10 /)uild civilizatiolls.Now IVC
---------
build shopping celllres,
---- .,,- BiII~n J
9 0 Read the rubric and the questions, then do the listening task.
r--------------------------~
I You will hear an interview about the decline of town I
: centre shops in Britain. For questions 1·4, choose the : J
I correct option, A, B, or C. I
~ - -------------------------~
o Ernie says trad itional shopping areas are suffering because
people now prefer to
@ use large stores. B receive American -style service.
C spend their time at home.
Ernie t hinks the main reaso n out-of-town shopping cent res are
doing wel l is t hei r
A opening hours , B low prices. C free parking.
2 Ernie predicts that t he loss of t own cent re shops will have a
negative effect on
A peop le's qua lity of life. B people's mobi lity,
C tourism figu res.
3 The presenter goes to his loca l shops t o
A fi nd good-qual ity food .
B receive good advice f rom t he staff.
C avoid parking problems .
4 Ernie suggests it should be less expensive to
A travel by taxi
B park in town centres.
C rent a shop in a town cent re
10 Look at the pictures and do the speaking task.
p-------------------- ------.
Look at pictures 1,2 and 3. It is the end of the school year I
a~d you want to thank your sports coach by buying her a :
gift voucher. I
Choose the shop which, in your opinion, would be the most I
suitable from which to buy a gift voucher for your coach and :
explain your choice. I
I · Explain why you rejected the other shops. I
~---- - -------------------- - ~
71
 ,Use of English Adjectives! Adverbs! • Lexicogrammatical word transformations
Comparisons 2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five w ords.

• Harreds is more expensive than Selfridges_ As food pnces increase, the cost of living becomes
Selfridges isn't as expensive as Harrods. higher.
Selfridges is less expensive than Harrods. UP The .................................................•
• Can't you buy cheaper jeans than those? the higher the cost of living becomes. J
Are those the cheapest jeans you can buy? 2 Shawn was tired and did not want to go shopping .
• The blue sweater costs the same as the red one. LIKE Shawn was tired and did not
The blue sweater costs as much as the red one . . ..... . .. . . .... shopping .
• I've never seen such an expensive wedding dress. 3 Jack is on good terms w ith the supermarket manager.
It's the most expensive wedding dress I've ever seen. VVEll Jack . ............ .,
• As he earns more money, he becomes greedier. the supermarket manager.
The more money he earns, the greedier he becomes . 4 Th is MP3 player was the best one that you cou ld
• Those trousers are similar to these ones. have chosen.
Those trousers and these ones are alike . MADE You couldn't
. ................ t han t his MP3 player.
• This shop assistant is very rude to customers.
S The sunglasses cost less than Peter had expected.
This shop assistant behaves very rudely towards
AS The sunglasses ............... .
customers.
. .. Peter had expected.
• I prefer shopping in the high street to shopping online.
6 My sister's new kitchen is as big as my entire house!
I'd prefer to shop in the high street ra ther than shop
SAME My sister's new kitchen .
online.
........ my entire house !
I'd rather shop in the high street than shop online.
7 I told Anna she shouldn't have quit her job at the
• She's the most helpful shop assistant of all. •
clothes shop.
She's more helpful than the other shop assistants.
FOOLISH I told Anna it was ............................ . •
....... up her job at the clothes shop.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. 8 The shopping centre was nearer than we t hought .
Use two to five words. NOT The shopping centre
My coat is warmer than my jacket. .... .. we thought.
AS My jacket my coat. 9 John didn't know anyt hing about the new deal.
2 Can't you find a nicer top than that? UNAVVARE John
NIC EST Is that ................ you can find? ... the new deal •
3 The silver necklace costs the same as the gold one . 10 I wish I hadn't lost the receipt.
MUCH The silver necklace .... .... ....... ...... . SHAME It's .................................. the receipt .
.................. ............... . the gold one. 11 That dress and this one are alike.
4 I've never seen such a beaut iful handbag . TO That dress ............ . . .. thiS one.
MOST It's the . ..... ever seen. 12 The salesman deScribed t he shoplifter to us In detail.
S As she works more hours, she becomes more t ired . FUll The salesman ............................. .
TH E The more hours ... of the shoplifte r.
.... she becomes. 13 I can't afford this car.
6 This shirt IS similar to t hat one. TOO This car is ........ . buy.
AND ThiS shirt ........................... alike . 14 I advise you to buy it as prices may go up next year.
7 The workers are very polite towards t heir manager. CASE You ................... .
BEHAVE The w orkers ............................ . ..................... prices go up next year.
................. towards their manager. 15 The cotton blouse is cheaper than t he silk one.
8 I'd prefer to go home rather than go to t he EXPENSIVE The silk blouse .
shopping centre. . .. . .. ... ... .. .. the cotton one .
RATHER I'd . 16 Wou ld you post a letter for me, please?
. . . . .. ....... to the shopping centre. KIND Would you be .
9 This is the most expensive TV we've ever seen. post a letter for me, please?
SUCH We·ve ..
..... .............. ........ ........ TV
72
 • Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items
3 Read t he text and 4 Choose the correct answer.
complete the gaps
1 What are the shops' .... hours at weekends?
with the words
A opening C working
derived from the words in
B starting 0 functioning
bold . Compare your answers with your partner.
2 This laptop comes with a two-year.
A certificate B contract C warranty 0 bond
For some 0) ((iUrisrs it's the most exciting thing
about shopping abroad , while for others it's the
TOUR f 3 He puts 10% of what he ..... into a savings account.

most dreaded I Haggling is a way of deciding on the

cost of an item by arguing for a 1) .......... .... .... .
price. In Western Europe and North America, it is
CHEAP I
I,
4
A acquires

A discount
B earns C achieves
If you show your st udent ca rd, you get a .
C deduction
D gains

usually used to decide on the price of expensive

items such as property or 2) ............. , but in many JEWEL i
,
B cut D pe rcentage
5 I tried to sell the ri ng but they said it was
parts of the world, haggling is accepted for even the , A priceless C valuable
smallest goods or 3) .......................... Usually, SERVE I B Invaluable o worthless
haggling occurs in market stalls Of small shops that
are run by one person. For tourists, it can be a 6 I'm sorry, we don't have any of those phones in
4) ................... experience! For one thing, it is MfMORf .....• but we could order one for you.
probably the best way to interact with the locals.
But be 5) .................... ! Firitly, don't begin
haggling for an item if you're not interested in it. If
CARE I A availability B supply C range D stock
7 The kiosk outside the station does very good ...... .
A business B trading C dealings 0 custom
a price is agreed, it would be 6) ............... rude EXTREME i
8 The town council has been given ..... to build a
not to buy it. Also, a 7) ................ tip is to ask the USE
new shopping centre.
shop owner for a price before you start negotiating.
This will give you some idea of the item's worth; i A funding C investment
I B capita! D property
usually around half the 8) .. " ............ firit price. TRADE I
9 Before we buy it, let's .. prices onli ne.
__-------.---h-.-------.-"-.___"~__~ A resemble B contrast C compare 0 identify
• Multiple choice doze 10 The music sto re is no longe r ma king a(n) .. .
5 Read the text and deci de which answer, A, B, C A profit B ga in C val ue 0 income
or D best fits each

Have you 0) ever wondered why most supermarkets basically look the same? companies 1} ......... ..
imagination; the fact is most supermarkets are designed with the same theories in 2) .................. Environmental psychologists
study how people react to their surroundings, and in recent years, retail companies have used this science to increase sales in
their shops. Take a closer look 3} ................. the common supermarket. In most supermarkets the first section customers arrive at
when they go through the entrance is fruit and vegetables. At first glance,
it doesn't 4) ... .............. sense; these items can easily get damaged and 0 A already 8 ever C once D yet
would be more suitably displayed at the end of the shopping trip. But
B lase C miss D deny
environmental psychologists have discovered that after customers buy 1 A tack
healthy products, they feel 5) .. ... guilty about buying unhealthy 2 A brain B thought C mind D head
products. Think about where the milk and bread are kept in your 3 A at B for C of o to
supermarket. These products are examples of 'destination items'; items
B do C make 0 seem
that 6) ................. people buy when they visit a shop. Companies place 4 A be
C least D less
destination items at the back to force customers to walk through the 5 A fewer B little
shop and see more products. What can customers do to 7) .. ............... 6 A main B every C most D whole
being the victims of these techniques? The best idea is to write a list of 7 A avoid B refuse C omit D deny
the items you need before you go shopping, whether it is for groceries
BA at B on C In o to
or clothes, and stick 8) ...................... it as strictly as you can.
~~--------~~73
 essay
An essay making suggestions for
solving problems is a formal piece of
writing in which we offer solutions to a
problem and explain the expected
results. It usually consists of:
• an introduction In which we state
the problem and our opinion on it.
• a main body in w hich we present
our suggestions and their expected
results in separate paragraphs .
• a conclusion in which we
summarise our opinion or restate it
in different words.
We link our ideas using appropriate
linkers to help our reader follow our
piece of writing.
Linkers
• introduce topic - evidently, clearly,
obviously, certainly, by and large, in
general, generally, these days,
undoubtedly
• introduce ideas - in the first place, first
of all, to start with, to begin with, for one
thing, first, firstly, secondly, finally, lastly,
lost of 011, lost but not leasr (for final
point only)
• add points (can be used at t he
beg inn ing of or wit hin a
paragraph) - furthermore, in addition,
what is more, also, moreover,
additionally, likewise, for another thing
• introouce supporting detail - for
example, for instance, in other words,
that is to say, after all
• indicate result - as a result, consequently,
thi~that way, it follows that, therefore,
accordingly, in turn, then this wil1!vvould
• show contrast - nevertheless, however,
despire/in spite of(the fact thaV
• conclude - in short, in conclusion, to
sum up, to conclude, all in all, all things
conSidered, in the end, takjng everything
inco account
Note: Linkers are used in a piece of
w riting to give it structure and to help
t he reader follow the ideas. However,
incorrect usage of linkers can ca use
confusion. Likewise, overuse of linkers
gets in the way of the ideas and can
make a piece o f writing sound repetitive.
74
1 a) Read the rubric and answer the questions.
Ir-------------------------~
You've had a class discussion about how modern I
: advertising encourages many children to want things : •
I they don't need and which their parents can't afford. I
: Write an essay (200-250 words) for your teacher I
I suggesting ways parents can limit the harmful effects of :
I advertising. I
.-------------------------~
1 What w ill the essay be about?
2 Who is going to read iP
3 Can you t hink of some ways to protect ch ildren from advertising?
b) Read the model essay. Are any of your suggestions from
Ex . 1a mentioned in it?
These days we are bombarded
with advertising for toys and
food products aimed at
children, particularly on TV.
Clearly this can have a
negative effect on families
struggling to pay their bills.
However, parents can take
steps to reduce the influence
of advertising on children .
First of all, it is a good
idea for parents to limit the .
amount of television their children watch . This way, the fewer
ads they see, the less they will ask for treats . They could
record programmes to watch together and skip the
commercials. As a result, children will be less exposed to
advertisements that make them demand material things.
Secondly, parents should make efforts to teach children
the value of money. For example, when a child asks for a new
toy, parents can offer to buy it only in eXChange for some
housework, such as doing the dishes for a week. This will
make children see purchases as rewards. Likewise, children
could receive a set amount of pocket money each week in
return for chores. Then they won 't ask parents to buy things
for them every time they go shopping with them. In turn,
youngsters will learn to save money to buy what they want.
In conclusion , I believe there are ways for parents to limit
the effects of advertising on their chitdren . If they try to limit
the time children are exposed to TV and try to teach their kids
a responsible attitude towards money, then advertising will
not be a problem anymore.
2 Read the model essay again . In pairs, answer the following
questions?
1 What two suggest ions does the writer mak.e?
2 What expected results does he give for each suggestion?
 3 a) Underline the linkers used in the model
essay. What is each linker's function ? Replace
them with other synonymous ones .
b) Match the sentences that come f rom the
same essay, then use appropriate linkers to join
them, as in the example.
~ If you think an item is overpriced, say so and
tell t he assistant what you would be willing to
pay for it. As a resu lt, you may be offered a discoun t.
[IIJ Onl ine banking is far more convenient than
going to t he bank in person
[ [ [ ] Keep a box or a la rge envelope especial ly for
receipts for anything you buy t hat could
develop a problem.
!
Open a savings account and set up a direct
I, debit so t hat a percentage of your salary goes
into it every mont h .
• mJAsk to see a sen ior member of staff as soon as
you arrive at the shop.
~ It is a good idea to ca r-share w ith a colleague
who lives in your area.
a You will save money w ithout even trying.
b You will easily be able to provide proof of
purchase if you need to.
c There is no need to queue and it is a service t hat
is ava ilab le whenever you need it .
d You may be offered a discount.
e Ask for your complaint t o be taken seriously from
t he beginn ing .
f Petro l prices are rising fast.
Making Suggestions
• You should(n 't)/cou ldlmight • Why not ...?
• You could t ry • It might work if . I suggest that
• One way to • Another t hing to do
• It's best to • In addition to • As well as
I suggest thar you buya bicycle to save moneyon transport.
Introducing supporting detail by giving examples
4 Match the suggestions (1 -5) with their
supporting det ails (a-e) and their results (i-v).
Then expand the suggestions into full
paragraphs using appropriate useful language.
Suggestions '-J
111 1Buy your fru it and veget ables from local
markets.
1"2CTI-" 1Get rid o f an ite m of clothing whenever
you buy a new one.
1"3' 1'---"1 Avoid going to the superma rket when you
are hungry.
@IIJ Take your own drinks wit h you on days out.
[ID] Joi n your local library.
Supporting details
a Don~te something you no longer wear to a
c.hanty shop, or take it to a recycli ng cent re .
b Fdl a flask with tea or coffee, or fill a plastic bott le
wit h tap water or juice.
c .Buy produce When it is in season and therefore at
Its cheapest.
d Borrow books or access the Internet t here free o f
charge .
e Write a shopping list and stick to it.
Results
i You will not overshop or buy unhealthy foods on
impulse .
ii You can stop for refreshments wherever you are,
w ithout paying high cafe prices .
iii You will know you have done some good and
your wardrobe will be free of clutter.
iv You wilt never waste money on novels you do not
finish reading and you wilt save money on your
electricity bills.
v You will taste the difference and help to reduce
the environmental impact of food transportation.
5 a) 0 Read the rubric. Listen to two people
discussing the task and make notes under the
____ =suggest
rheadings: ___ ions
c __E expect
___ ed results
~ w=c~
\ .

• For example • For instance · In ot her words

• That is t o say • Imperatives ., You are taking part in a school project on I
Use your bike instead of public transport for local journeys. I on line shopping . Write an essay for the I
Result (the outcome of our suggestions) : project (200-250 words) suggesting how :
• It follows that • In doing so • ThatfTh is way , I
I
people can make sure they shop on the
Internet safely.
I
I
• This would allow • Not on ly .. . but also • Then
Not only will you spend a lot less money on bus fares, .-------------------~
you will also get fitter. b) Use your notes from Ex. Sa to write your
essay.
75
 to 2 London is famous for its markets.
Do you know any of them? What
1 What can you buy in a street market? Why do people enjoy can visitors do there? Read
shopping in such places? through to find out.
I

@I] If you like nothing more than rummaging through
market slalls, a shopping weekend in London could be your
idea of heaven. It would be easy 10 spend a whole day or
more hunting for bargains at Camden Market alone, such is
the area it covers. So here's our essential guide to this
hugely popular attraction.
QI] Camden Market is actually something of a misnomer
as several markets, each with a slightly different feel, turn this
northern, canalside suburb into a throng of shoppers at the
weekends. The markets first appeared in the 19705, when the
Regent's Canal was being used for industry less and less. A
motorway was planned for the area in response to the
economic decline of the waterway. M it wasn't worth building
anything on the motorway site, a temporary market was set up
on it. The motorway was in fact never bui~ - but the market
stalls drew big crowds and became a permanent fixture.
IT[] The Stables Market, which is a mix of indoor and
outdoor stalls, is a particularly atmospheric place to bfO'NSe.
A lot of the market is housed under huge railway arches.
Expect to see plenty of exotic-looking furniture and household
rtems, many of 'NtIich are unique, handmade pieces. This isn't
the best market for antique fumrture, however, Portobello
Road Market being the place to go for vintage pieces. When rt
comes to clothing, the Stables Market is very much at the
a~emative end of the spectrum, with accessories stalls that
cater particularly well for those with Goth tastes. You certainly
won't find any high-street names, as only independent traders
are allowed to set up shop here.
ru If you're into arts and crafts, Camden Lock Market is
the place to head to. M well as original pottery, paintings
and jewellery, you'll find a plethora of second-hand books
and clothes here. The original Camden Market, it takes place
right on the canal where warehouses once stood. While its
waterside setting undoubtedly makes it attractive, it can also
make the market very difficu~ to negotiate, especially on
Saturday and Sunday aftemoons. Be prepared to be Jostled
a little as you make your way along the narrow walkways. If it
all becomes too mUCh , consider taking a boat trip along the
canal to London Zoo and back. It's a surprisingly scenic and
relaxing journey and you'll be back in the mood to shop until
you drop before you know it!
ffiJ If the weather is unkind to you, you can lake shelter in
•
the Electric Ballroom nightclub, which houses an indoor
market specialising in all things weird and wonderful on
Saturdays and Sundays. The other Camden Markets have
become seven-day, rather than weekend-only, operations In
recent years, and there are several conventional street
markets in the Camden area where you can pick up fresh
produce on any day of the week. Sunday remains the
busiest day for the markets, however, so much so that the
entrances to Camden Town Tube Station are closed on
Sunday afternoons 10 prevent overcrowding.
~ Another word of warning before you embark on a
spending spree in London - haggling is not nearly as
common in Britain as it is elsewhere in Europe, even at
markets. It's
certainly not
expected, so only
attempt to
negotiate a better
deal for an item if
you genuinely
think the price tag
is unreasonable.
Happy shoppingl

76
 3 Read the text again. For questions 1·5, choose
from the statements A·H the one which best
summarises each paragraph. There are two 7 0 You will hear a customer purchasing a
statements which you do not need to use. product by telephone. listen and complete the
table.
A Open for business!
B Haggler's paradise! CUSTOMER'S NAM. 0) Rurh Lynch
C longer than planned for. CUSTOMER"S HUMBER 1) ... .. . ... .......... .. ... .....
D No bargaining, thank you!
PRODUCT 2) .......... .... ...... .... .....
E A perfect day!
CATALOGUE HUMBER A 100732
F A very long history !
G Not for famous brands. COLOUR black
H TIght for space. PRICE 3) ..... ... .. ..... .. ..
EXPRESS DELIVERY 4) Yes .. ... ...... No.

4 Match the words in bold in the text to their CUSTOMEI"S 5) . .... ...... .. ... .. .. ... .. .... ... ....
synonyms. .... DDRESS Road, Headshire

1 pushed into by people's bodies DELIVERY DATE 6) .. . ..... ..... ...... .... .. .. .........
2 decrease in importance
3 large amount
4 searching for 5th by moving other things around
5 big crowd of people
6 able to create a particular mood
8 look at the graph . Interpret the data and
answer the questions.
7 classic

5 Fill in: spending, name, weird. crafrs. fixtu re, word.

Use the (ollocations and phrases to make
sentences based on the text.
high-street ............. ........ .
2 permanent
3 ........ of warning
4 arts and ... ................
5 ... ............ spree
6 .......................... and wonderful

,
Think of a market in your country.
Compare and contrast it with Camden Market.

1 How does Lithuan ia compare to ot her EU

count ries with rega rds to online shopping?
2 What are t he advantages and disadvantages t o
shopping on li ne?
3 What products or services have you or would you
buy online?
77
 MODULE
• Words often confused
transport
4 Choose the correct word .
1 Match the announcements to the means of transport.
1 I'd like to keep/ book three seats to
• coach · train • aeroplane • boat Los Angeles, please.
2 Will that be a one-way or back!
.
1 'Please ensure your seatbelts are fastened. your tray tables are
folded away and your seat backs are upright' return ticket, Sir? • J
2 'Passengers with third class tickets must sit out on deck.' 3 He got his luggage from the
conveyer/moving belt.
3 'We will be making a o ne-hour lunch stop here.'
4 'The capta in has now switched off the seatbelt sign.' 4 Additiona l pieces over t he allowance
5 'The dining car is located in the front carriage.' wil l be subject to ai rport excess/
6 'There are fi ve lifeboa ts on board t his vesse l ' extra baggage charges.
7 'We will be pulling into the station in five minutes.' 5 He went through passport control/
a 'Please do not talk to the driver whilst the vehicle is in motion' check .
6 Prices are steep because you want to
• Collocations travel in high/ hot season .

2 Fill in the gaps with the words below. 7 We stayed at a coastal town last
winter, but everything was ctosed as
• anchored • bumpy • ring • express • travel it was the off/high season .
• first-class • rear-view • crossing • turbulent S When you book a holiday with a
guid e/t our operator, they can
It was such a(n) .................... flight that the passengers all got
scared . arrange everything from the ffights
2 The port was full of ............ ships. to the accommodation.
3 We had a really smooth flight, but we did experience a bit of a(n) 9 let's check the airline's website for
.................... landing. the latest flight/flying offers _
4 You should always check the . mirror before you
10 You can find maps and travel/tou rist
reverse the car. guides for the city at t he airport's
location/information centre.
S It was a very rough ... ............. and many peop le got sea sick.
6 Take the ... .. .......... . road nort h, t hen at the roundabout ta ke
the 2nd exit onto the M23. 'Jobs in tourism I
7 My train t icket was really expensive as they only had seats in the
... carriage .
5 a) Where does each person work?
fljghr arrendant, air rraffic controller,
S You can get to the airport quickly if you take the
rour operator. customsofficer, pOt1er.
bus from the city centre .
ground steward, chambermaid.
9 I suffer from .................... sickness so I always take medicine to
prevent it when I go on a trip. b) Which of the people in Sa
• Prepositions would say the following?

3 Choose the correct w ord . 1 'You are free to land on runway 6 .'
2 'l et me help you with your suitcases.
1 I'll meet you o n/ at deck in five minutes. Sir.'
2 Our flight's boarding at/in gate 25. Let's go before we miss itl 3 'Do you have anything to declare?'
3 I can give you a lift at/t o work in the morning. 4 'Good morni ng, Sir. And where are
4 Is this the right platform to/ for the eastbound train~ you travelling to today)'
S The airport has two t ermi nals; which one will we arrive at/from ? 5 'Wou ld you like me to replace all
6 The car won't start because you forgot to fi ll it out/up. your bath towels, Mada m?'
7 The passengers got off/from the t rai n when it arri ved at t he 6 'The capta in has now switched on
station . the 'fasten seatbelts' sign .'
S Although the museum is within /between walking d istance, it's 7 'Are you interested in our all-
much easier to hop on a bus_ inclusive package)'
78

I
'Accommodation facilities I 'ACCidents & breakdowns
6 Fill in the gaps wi th : basic. bridal, counrry, full, self-
catering. twin.
1 You can book a room with .. ... . .... board
for only an extra £10 per night.
2 All our ..... .... .. ... ....... apartments have new fully-
fitted kitchens for you to prepare meals in.
3 The couple will stay in t he .. ... suite at
t he hotel after t he reception.
4 Most youth hostels offer
accommodation at low prices.
5 We would like a , room for two
nights, please .
6 We rented a really nice ... ... .. .. _ cottage
near the Lake District last summer.
• Phrasal verbs
7 Choose the correct verb.
1 You must be a guest at the hotel to be able to
run/work out in the gym for free.
2 Guests must check/ look out at the reception by
12 pm on the day of their departure.
3 I slept/went over at a friend's house when I last
came to London.
4 All the hotels were ful ly booked , but we found a bed
and breakfast that placed/put us up for the night
8 Fill in: taste and budget, thrill-seeking. crystal-clear,
inclusive. tropical jungle. nightlife. ruins. relaxation,
special deals.
Fabulous all -1) ............ package
holidays to cancun - starting from
just $1 OOO!
Escape the British chill this winter
by travelling to beautiful cancun. cancun's white
sandy beaches and 2) ... .... ........ waters make it a
paradise for beach lovers. Add to this a vibrant
3) .. .... .......... , proximity to spectacular Mayan
4) .... .. ... .. ..... and lush 5) .. ... .... ... .. .. and you
have Mexico's most popular tourist spot!
We have deals to suit every 6) ......... ......... -
whether you 're a lUXUry traveller just looking for a little
7) ....... ... ........ , or a 8) .. ................ backpacker
in search of your next adrenalin rush.
Call one of our agents today on 0492 9432 0002 to
find out more about this - and other - 9) ............. .
e:
I
9 Complete the following news sn ippets with
these words: jock-knifed. rescue operation. fatalities.
skidded. control. oncoming. emergencylanding.
.. J
brakes. control tower. overtaking. error.
'According to reports, the driver lost .
of his vehicle and ploughed into.
traffic after suffering a heart attack at the wheel'
2 'The A249 was blocked for more than two hou rs
t his evening after a lorry
3 'There were five hospitalisations but no
.. ... ... ........ in the 3-car pile-up.'
4 'A .. .. .... has been launched to evacuate
workers from an oil tanker in the North Sea.'
5 'Current indications are that the accident was the
result of human .................... and not a mach ine
malfunction.'
6 'A flight carrying 120 passengers made a(n)
.................. at Mumbai airport this afternoon.'
7 'The driver who hit the pedestrian claims his
.... .... ..... .. failed .'
B 'Despite losing contact with the ....... ..... ..... .. .. for
more than 60 seconds, the pilot managed to land
the plane safely.'
9 'The accident occurred when a driver
on an oily surface as he was . . another
vehic le.'
• Phrasal verbs
10 Choose the correct particle.
1 I was lucky to escape serious injury after I was run
over/up by a car.
2 We got stuck in the middle of nowhere when we
ran down/out of petrol.
3 The engine gave away/out just before I could get
off the motorway.
4 I pulled through/over onto the hard shoulder
when r got a nat tyre.
S r had to walk to the town centre after the bus
broke up/down on the dual carriageway.
6 The road is very icy. If you don't slow out/down,
we' ll crash .
7 I was held up/down in a t raffic jam after a t ruck
crashed on the motorway.
S She leaned out of the window and waved
goodbye to us as the train pulled out/away of
the station.
(. j See Vocabulary Bank on P.· 178) 79

[TI] It offers a variety of spectacular scenery from
mountains, volcanoes and rainforests to arid deserts
and golden sandy beaches. Its early separation from
the African continent resulted in its flora and fauna
going down a distinct evolutionary path, so it now
has species that exist nowhere else on Earth. ITD
The island has also got about 5000 km of coastline and
the world's fourth largest coral reef just off the
southwest coast, w hich is abundant in marine life. The
unique biodlversity of the island has led to it being
referred to as ' the land that time forgot' and is clearly
one of the main reasons why anyone should visit.
Madagascar offers a wide variety of things to see and do
and has been growing ~u larity as a holiday
destination in recent years. L3.lJ The Masoala region in
the north of the country is Madagascar's largest protected
area and a m ust~see for natu re lovers and even
resea rchers. It is home to a diverse array of amazing
creatures including the red-rutted lemur, an impressive
subspecies found nowhere else on the island; the
brightly coloured and very cute gold dust gecko; and a
variety of chameleons. For those who like to get wet, the
Masoala region incl udes a marine park with some of the
most pristine and interesting marine enviro nments in the
world. [![] Nobody should leave Madagascar without
sentences
1 What do you know a bo ut Madagasca r? Why
do you think it is ca lled the land rhat time forgot7
Read and fin d out.
2 Do the reading task. Justify your answers.
p----------------------~
I Read the text from w hich seven sentences have
: been removed. Match the sentences (A-I) to the
I gaps (1-6) 50 that the text makes a coherent and
I logical whole. There are two extra sentences that
I do not match any gap.
80~----------------------~
J
seeing the towering national tree of the country, the
baooob tree. For this, a trip south is necessary. Travel
through the lush volcanic region of Ampefy, known for its
spectacular waterfall and geysers and down to the
magical universe of the baobabs in the Andohahela
National Reserve. These stran gely-sh~rees are sure to
leave a lasting impression on you. ~ Hit the waves
and experience the island's surf thrills or simply take a dip
or laze your day away at the magnificent Ifaty beach,
where you can relax to the sound of the sea.
If, after all that nature, you feel like gettin g back to
town, why not try a cul tura l tou r of the capita l
Antananarivo, known as the City of Beauty, or check
out its vibrant markets and taste the delicious
Malagasy cuisine? ~ Visit the World Heritage si te
of the Palace of Ambo himanga, home to the Merina
dynasty in the 19th ce ntury and built on a much
earlier sacred si te. Alternatively, check out the Museum
of Ethnology and Paleon tology in Antananarivo and
get a fascinating glimpse of how Madagascar's ancient
inhabitants lived. In Maragtsyr, there is no shortage
of things to see and do. 6
A Moreover, many foreigners come to photograph
the wildlife.
B Or take the chance to learn some of the island's
history.
C In fact, approximately 80% of the 200,000 species
present in Madagascar are unique to the island.
D Scuba diving is popular here and you may also be
lucky enough to see humpback whales.
E This huge island has a number of very impressive
national parks and nature reserves.
F Madagascar is a very large island located in the
Indian Ocean off the southeast coast of Africa.
I G Once you've experienced this incredible island, you'll
: probably want to return time and time again.
I H In fact, people have inhabited the island since the
I 4th century BC.
I likeWise the idyllic beaches and their crystal -clear
waters will take your breath away.
3 Read the text again and answer the questions.
Wou ld you like to visit Mad"921S"") -
1 What is un ique about Madagascar) What would you expect from your trip? How
2 Name one nat iona l park of Madagascar. do you think you would feel there? In five
3 What is specia l about the baobab tree and where minutes write a few sentences. Tell the class.
ca n you see it?
4 W here can you go if you like archaeology,
5 Wha t is the author's pu rpose?
9 I ICT I ln groups f ind out more about
Madagascar and its people. Prese nt the
4 Explain the words in bold. What part of speech
information to the class.
is each?

5 Match the words to form collocations.

Matching
QIJ spectacula r a impression
[IT] arid b lover 10 () Read the rubric and the statements A-F.
[IT] sandy c area Then do the listening task.

rra
[IT]
nature
fasci nating
protected
d tou r
e g limpse
f scenery
r---- - -------- - ------~
I You wi ll hear five people t alk ing about
: travel and holiday. Match the statements A-
I F with the speakers (1 -5). There is one extra
I
I
:
[IT] lasti ng 9 beaches
I stat ement that does not match any speaker. I
[IT] cult ural h dese rt
~--------------------.
A I couldn't have imagined a bett er honeymoon .
6 Fill in: in, of( x2), on , out, ro.
B I never looked back.
You shou ld check the national museum C I didn't thin k I' d like t he place at first
wh ile you're there. D I t hink vo luntourism is a good Speaker 1
2 There is no short age ........... t hi ngs to see t here. way to travel. Speaker 2
3 This dest ination is growing popu larity. E I fina lly did what I had always
4 The count ry is home. ... some amazing wi ldlife. Speaker 3
want ed to.
5 The landsca pe w ill su rely leave a last ing Speaker 4
F It 's important to treat yoursel f
Impression ......... the visitor. every now and aga in. Speaker S
6 The island caters for a divers ity. ..... interests.

7 Choose the correct word .

Dialogue
They went on a cruise/journey around the
Med iterra nean . 11 Read the rubric and do the task in pairs.
2 The sea voyage/ trip was rough and few managed
to avoid gett ing seasick .
r--------------------.
You and your friend would like to go on I
3 They spent a lon g time planning the ir round-the- holidays together. You have different ideas I

world trip/excursion . about what would be the best type of :

4 Our travel company offers t ailor-made trekking holiday and place to go. Discuss your ideas I
and reach a consensus. I

S
expeditions/voyages in the Sumatran jungle .
When you' re in New York make sure you do a city
._------------------_.
• Give your ideas and arguments.
walking tour/trip .
• Find out your partner's ideas and arguments.
6 That tour compa ny offers dai ly excursions/
• Try to persuade your partner to accept your
expeditions to Rome .
ideas.
7 How long is the train journey/trip from Istanb ul
• Try to reach a compromise.
t o At hens?
8 We had a pleasant day's journey/outing at the
wildl ife park.
81
 Use of English Passive voice l • Lexicogrammatical word transformations
Causative form 2 Complete the sentences using the w ord in bold . .,
Use two to five words. •
• Thousands of tourists viSit the Sphinx every year.
The Sphinx is visited by thousand of tourists every year. The council is going to demolish the old hotel next week.
• You must show your passport at the check-in desk. PULLED The old hotel is ........ .. ................. ..
Passports must be show n at the check-in desk. .. next week.
• He insisted that she fasten her seatbelt. 2 She lost her phone on the train . I
He made her fasten her seatbelt MISSING Her .
• They asked Paul to drive them to the airport.
They had Paul drive them to the airport 3
.. ........... on the train .
They cancelled their journey beca use t hey were sick.
,
• She persuaded him to book business-class tickets. CALLED Their journey
She got him to book business-class tickets. . .............. because t hey w ere sick :
4 Thick fog meant t hat flights didn 't leave on t ime.
• They believe he has left the country.
PREVENTED Fl ights.
It is believed th at he has left the country.
.. ........... on time due to thick fog.
He is believed to have left the country.
5 They are bound to be tired after the long flight .
• The boys' mother is packing their clothes for them.
DOUBT There is . ...... .... .. ........... ..
The boys are having their clothes packed .
tired after the long flight.
6 Tourists had to leave the hotel because of the fire.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. EVACUATED The hotel had to .' . ... ...... ................. .
Use two to five words. . ...... of the fire.
7 Someone has disconnected the power in the hotel.
Thousands of people celebrate t he festival every year.
CUT The power in the hotel ................... .
BY The festival ................ ..
.. ............. by someone .
... of people every year.
8 You can receive information on the journey via email.
2 The cleaner ;s tidying the couple's room for them.
OBTAINED Further information on the journey .
HAVING The couple . via email.
tid ied .
9 His friends said goodbye to him at the airport.
3 The hotel manager insisted that they pay for t he
OFF He .. ,..
damage. by his friends at the airport .
MADE The hotel manage r
10 It is forbidden to t ravel abroad without a passport.
............... .... .. ......... for the damage.
ALLOWED You .
4 She asked her brother to collect her plane tickets.
.. , , abroad without a passport .
HAD She .. 11 People think the airline will go bankrupt soon .
... her plane tickets.
EXPECTED The airline . .. .............. .
5 He persuaded them to enter the tourist shop. soon.
GOT He ....................... .. ........... ..
12 The tour gu ide advised us to avoid certain areas of
............................... the tourist shop.
the City.
6 They believe she has flown to Madrid.
STAY We ................... ..
BELIEVED She .................................. .
.. ........ from certain areas of the city.
... ......... ............. to Madrid.
13 Usa didn't accept Tina's offer of a free holiday.
7 I will ask the porter to bring our bags to our room. DOWN Tina's offer of a free holiday ............ ..
HAVE I .................. .. .. ........ Lisa .
... . .. our bags to our room .
14 HIS parents didn 't let him pay for the aeroplane
S They had to dleck the plane's engine before take-off.
tickets.
CHE CKED The plane's engine.
REFUS ED His parents
... .. ............ .. before t ake-off.
for the aeroplane t ickets.
9 They think that the weather w ill improve tomorrow. 15 You can go sightseeing on a tour bus free of cha rge
THOUGHT It on Sundays .
............. . ..... w ill improve tomorrow. COSTS It
10 Is the porter taking Mary's luggage into the hotel? on a tour bus on Sundays.
TAKEN Is Mary .....
................ .... ............ into the hotel?
82
• Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items

3 Read the text and 4 Choose the correct answer.

complete t he gaps with the words The 5 pm train IS always on ..
derived from t he words in bold. A timetable B target C track o schedule
Compare your answers with your partners. 2 We flew wit h the airline with the largest baggage
Bubble cars were a 0) v( ner)' of small economical
cars that were first produced in the 1950s. They
were originally bui~ as a cheap 1) ................. .
to the larger, more expensive models of the time
and became popular with first-time car owners.
These little cars, with roofs shaped like bubbles,
became a symbol at youth and 2) ...................... ,
and were even the subject of a hit pop song in
5 I have no sense of .
1958. But over the years, the idea of 'bigger is
A situation C position
better' swept the wand and people began to
COMFORT
B location o direction
choose larger, faster and more 3) ... .................... .
6 I'd like a(n) seat if possible.
cars. The bubble car was largely forgonen - until,
A passage B aisle C lane D walkway
at an 4) ......................... in China in 2010, nwas EXHIBIT
reborn in the form of three new models known as 7 He can't read m cars or buses - he gets travel .__
EN-Vs (electric oelWor1<ed vehicles). BuiH through A sickness 8 illness C fatigue D stram
a 5) ......................... between an American and a PARTNER 8 I need to apply for a new passport - mine has.
Chinese company, EN-Vs run on electricity and A terminated C elapsed
have the 6) ......................... to communicate with ABLE B invalidated D expired
each other via satellite to avoid accidents. As with 9 Please ...... the local culture and dress conservatively.
the original bubble cars, EN-Vs are most A respect B retain C admire D value
7) ...................... for travelling short distances SUIT
10 Are you sure the car is the best option for such a b1g
within cities, And with more than 60% of the
... .... 7
wand's 8) ......................... expecled to be living in POPULATE
A excursion B travel C voyage D journey
cities by 2060, EN-Vs could well be the cars of the
future!

• Open doze
5 Read the text and complete the gaps with the correct missing word.

Agritourism A,. you I;'cd 0) of go;ng 10 discover where the food they eat comes from and how i ~
is produced, Anolher reason some tourists cho,,,,,, ,;
1 ~"'H
the same seaside resort every summer? Then 1) ........... .
not try an agritourism holiday! Agri tourism involves agrilourism is because it gives people 6) ........... .
visitors staying on farms and experiencing an agricultural parents or grandparents were farmers the chance
way 2) ............ life. In the last twenty years or so, small discover the lifestyles of their
family·run farms around the world have had to compete forebears. Some agritourism farms
3) ............ large-scale industrial farms that employ even recreate farms from other
thousands of people to produce more goods at less cost. time periods. So, whether you
Therefore, a lot of small farms need extra income in looking for a chance to herd cattle on
order to survive. One way they can earn more is through a ranch 'in Texas or make cheese in
agritourism. There are a lot of different forms of an English farmhouse, agritourism
agritourism, from visitors picking grapes in a vineyard 10 7) ........... , be an I
milking cows on a dairy farm. In general, though, most alternative for your summer
visitors choose agritourism holidays for educational holiday, Not only is it usually good
reasons. Most agriloUris\s are urban dwellers, 4) ........ .. .. value but it 8) ........... , supports small
of whom have never seen farm animals before. farms and the traditional
Agritourism gives 5) ............ people the chance 10 way of life,
 A third-person narrative I 1 Read the rubric, underline the key words and
answer the questions.

A third-person narrative is a real or imag inary story r--------------------~

about what happened to someone other than the
narrator and is written in t he th ird pe rson (he/she!
they). A th ird-person narrat ive consists of:
• an introduction in which we set the scene in an
appealing and interesti ng way to help the reader
visual ise t he scene and want to continue reading.
We should st at e who was involved in the story, as
well as when and where it happened .
• a main body consist ing of two or more paragraphs
in wh ich we develop t he st ory and present t he
events in the order in w hich t hey happened.
• a conclusion in w hich we say what happened in
the end and describe people's feelings, and make
final comments or reactions.
Notes:
• Before we st art writing, we should decide on a
plot li ne for our story. We write the events in the
order that they happened and use linking words to
show t his sequence (first, then, next, before, while, as
soon os),
• To make our narrative more interesting , we shou ld
use a variety of expressions, adjectives, adverbs
and verbs . As he had time to kill, he ambled slowly
rowards the abandoned cottage.
Techniques to start/end a story
• We start our st ory wit h a beginning that wil l catch
A teenage magazine is running aI
competition for the best short story. The I
story must end with the words: They were :
I both very glad to be safe and sound. Write your I
I story (200-250 words) for the competition. I
~--------------------~
1 What mig ht your story be about?
A A day in the life of a st udent.
B An accident that happened.
2 Wh ich of t he following could your story be about?
A You and your friend.
B Two teenagers.
3 Who is goi ng to read your story)
4 How many paragraphs shou ld your st ory have?
5 What shou ld the last sentence o f your story be?
2 Read the story and underline the correct tenses.
Then, put the events in the order they happened.
[KO They dived into the sea.
lliIJ They heard a loud cracking noise.
rn They saw a cove.
[QII] M ike and Dave were standing on the deck of
their boat
[IT] Th ey got o ut of the sea .
lID The boys were rescued by the coastguard.

the reader's attention and make them want t o m Mike shouted to get the radio from the
sinking boat.
continue reading . To do this we can:
- use senses to set t he sce ne and describe the [8IJ They dropped anchor.
atmosphere or create mystery and suspense. [ill They fel t cold in the wat er.
It was a freezing cold winters night and fog covered [ill They ran to the boat.
the town as we walked along the seafront.
- use direct speech . "Never believe whatthey tell 3 a) What adjectives does the writer use to
you, • old Mr Brooke used to tell us. describe the sky, islands, day, water, sound?
- ask a rhetorical question. Haveyoueverfeltso b) Fill in the adverbs the writer uses to describe
terrified that you thought you would faint? t hese verbs:
- address the reader direct ly. You've probably
heard 0 few 5Cary ghost stories before. 1 squawk . 4 said
- refer to feelings. Theycouldn 't believe their eyes. 2 swirl 5 run .
• To end our story we can 3 smile
- use direct speech . Tllnever forget you, ~ said the girl.
- ask a rhetorica l quest ion.
4 a) Which techniques has the writer used to

Why did it have to happen to me? sta rt/end his story?

- describe people's feelings or reactions, b) Use another technique t o w rite a beginning!
They were exhausred but were relieved to be alive , ending for the story.

84
 6 Fill in the correct synonym or antonym: disappOinted,
f fascinated, stressed, scared, thrilled, re/axed.
( squawking/squawked
loudly and 2) swirled! synonym antonym
swirling swiftly around in
worried
the bright blue cloudless
sky above t he mast of the -_~ •J
Serena as she 3) had made/made her way a long the
li
coast and past tiny unin habited islands. Mi ke a nd Dave
4) had been waiting/had waited for weeks for the
chance to go on a sa iling t ri p and 5) had stood/were
standing on the deck smil ing happily. It was a perfect • Your turn
day for sa ili ng.
"Look ! Let 's stop in t hat lovely cove over there for
7 Read the rubric and underline the key words.

a swim. It's ideal for dropping t he anchor," said Dave r---------------------~

Your teacher has asked you to write a short I
• confident ly as he 6) turned/had been turning the : story. The story must end with the words: They :
wheel and directed the boat towards the shore. As I were so relieved to be back home with their families. I
soon as they 7) were anchoring/had anchored the I Write your story (200-250 words).
boat, they dived int o the beautiful clear t urquoise ~---------------------.
[ water for a swim and some snorkell ing. After a while
8 ()
• they started to feel slightly cold and decided to swim
a) listen to someone telling the story and
keep notes. Then, answer the questions.
r to the beach .
As they 8) came/were coming out of the water , Who is/are the main charact er(s) in the story?
onto the beach, they suddenly 9) had heard/heard a 2 How does the story beg in?
cracking sound and looked around t o see that their 3 What is the climax event in the story?
,r sailing boat 10) had just smashed/had been 4 How does the story end?
smashing into the rocks. " Quick! Get to the radio 5 How does/do the charact er(s) feel(s) in the end?
before t he boat sinks," screamed Mike. They both
b) Now use your notes to write your story.
11 ) were running/ran frant ically to the boat and
, grabbed the radio.
Follow the plan. Use the phrases in the Useful
Language box.
An hour lat er the two boys were sitting in the
• coastguard rescue boat. They were cold and tired but
• they were both very glad to be safe an d sound. met:CD
Introduction
(Para 1) Set the scene (who, where, when, what).
5 Put the adjectives in the list in the correct box. Main Body
(Paras 2-4) Dewlop the story: including description
• perfect • pleased • unhappy • ideal
of the events in the order they ha,OfX",oi l
• beautiful • glad • tiny • huge • cheerful
Condusion
·f •
•
terrible •
thrilled •
great • gigantic • enormous
fabulous • upset • horrible
(Para 5) End the story, describe characters'
feelings, reactiOns.
r
-I·
• depressed

• good/nice
• It was a ... day (last year/month ete) and ...
bad • (T/iey) had arranged to spend the (day/weekend
• small ere) atlby . • Now (they) were. • When
I (they) .. . . it/they startedlbegan . • Suddenly,
r big • For a moment/At first ... , but then ... .
• (They) immediately ... • (Two hours) later. .
,( happy
• They felt ... . • They cou ldn't bel ieve it was over.
•
I sad • It had been ...

1 What do you know about Jules Verne? What types
of novels has he written? Have you read Around the
World in Eighty Days? If yes, what is it about?
1';l"Cel]l! \h~ \\'cl"ll! ~
it] ~icht\'
..... - ' . . ~t!\'~
..
Formerly one was obliged to travel in India by the old time-
consuming methods of going on foot or on horseback; now fast
steamboats are found on the Indus and the Ganges, and a great
railway, with branch lines jOining the main line at many pOints on
its route, crosses the peninsula in three days. This railway does
not run in a straight line across India. The distance between
Bombay and Calcutta, as the crow llies, is only around one
thousand miles, but the wind ing of the track increases the
distance by more than a third.
The passengers of the Mongolia went ashore at 4.30 pm; at
exactly 8 pm the train would leave for Calcutla.
Mr Fogg, after bidding farewell to his cards partners, left the
steamer, gave his servant several errands to do, urged him to be
at the station promptly at eight, and headed for the passport
office. As for the wonders of Bombay - hs famous city hall, its
splendid library, its forts and docks, its bazaars, mosques,
synagogues, Armenian churches and the noble pagoda on
MaJabar Hill- he didn't care a bit about seeing them.
After completing his business, Phileas Fogg
returned to the railway station for
dinner. Among the dishes served
up to him, the landlord especially
recommended a certain "native
rabbit', on which he
prided hirnseN.
Mr fogg
accordingly
tasted the dish,
but, despite its
spiced sauce,
found it far from
palatable. He
rang for the
landlord, and
asked
2 a) Read the rubric and the first sentence in
each paragraph. Which country is the extract
about? Which characters appear in it?
b) Do the reading task. Justify your answers.
"'"I
p--------------------~
I Read the excerpt from the novel Around the I
: Warld in Eighty Days by Jures Verne. For :
I questions ' -5 choose the correct option, A, I
I~ _
___________________ 4
B,Cor D. I
him, fixing his clear eyes upon him, "Is this rabbit, sir?"
"Yes, my lord," the rogue boldly replied, "rabbit from the jungles."
"And this rabbit did not mew when he was killed?"
"Mew, my lord? What, a rabbit mew? I swear to you ."
"Be so good, landlord, as not to swear, but remember this: cats
were formerly considered sacred animals in India. That was a
good time."
"For the cats, my lord?"
"Perhaps for the travellers as well!"
Passepartout, meanwhile, having purchased the usual quota of
shirts and shoes, took a leisurely promenade along the streets,
where crowds of people of many nalionamies were collected. 11
happened 10 be the day of a religious carnival, with processions and
shows. Indian dancing girls, clothed in rose-coloured gauze tied
with gold and silver, danced airily, but with perfect modesty, to the
sound of viols and tambourines. H is needless 10 say that
Passepartout watched these curious ceremonies with staring eyes
and a gaping mouth.
Unfortunately, his curiosity took him unconsciously farther away
than he intended to go. At lasl, having seen the carnival wind away,
he was turning his steps towards the station, when he happened to
spot the splendid pagoda on Malabar Hill, and was overcome with
an inesistible deSire to see its interior. He was Quite ignorant that it
is forbidden to Christians to enter certain Indian temples, and that
even the faithful must not go in without first leaving their shoes
outside the door. Passepartout went in like a Simple tourist, and was
soon lost in admiration of the splendid ornamentation which
everywhere met his eyes. He looked up to behold three enraged
priests, who fell upon him, tore off his shoes, and began to beat him
with loud, savage exclamations. But the agile Frenchman was soon
upon his feet again, and soon escaped the priests by mingling with
the crowd in the streets.
At five minutes to eight, Passepartout, hatless, shoeless, and
having in the SQuabble lost his package of shirts and shoes,
rushed breathlessly into the station. He related his adventures in a
few words to Mr Fogg, who said coldly: "I hope that this will not
happen again."
Just then the locomotive gave a sharp
screech. and the train set off
into the night.
•
According to the narrator, Indian trains do not
statements
, take the shortest possible route to Calcutta
because of the 6 () Read t he rubric and do the listening task .
A climate. Compare answers with your partner.
B competition from steamboats.
C number of bends in the railway. r--------------------.
IYou will hear a historian giving a talk about I
"J
o number of places they call at. : early travel and travel literature . Mark the :
~ _____ _ ______________ 4
2 Fogg's attitude towards the sights of the city is I statements (1-5) T(True) or F (False).
A enthusiast ic. C respectfu l
• B cautious. D indifferent.
True False
3 Fogg suggests the landlord is a
A liar. C rude person. The writ ings of Homer prove that
B good cook 0 cat lover. he was well-travelled.
2 The lecturer states that today's
4 Passepartout went too far on his walk because he
travellers have a different social
• A was so interested in the festivities.
status to anCient travellers
B couldn't find the pagoda .
3 Pausanias wrote books about 10
C needed to find clothes to buy.
different countries .
D became part of a procession.
4 An early example of early
S Passepartout nearly missed the train to Calcutta European travel literature
because he concerns mountain climbing.
, A got stuck In a crowd . 5 According to the lecturer, in the
B was attacked. 1800s nearly all Important writers
C enjoyed visiting the pagoda so much. wrote travel literature.
; o needed time to try to find the shirts and shoes.

3 Match the words in bold to their synonyms: Speaking Describe a picture &
tasks, grand, bought, twisting, exactly, tasty, goodbye, answer questions

l
I
4
powerful, shyness, angry, fight, share, see, moving
quickly and eaSily, decoration, wild, mixing.

Complete the gaps with: spiced, staring, went, bid,

7 Read the rubric and do the task. Describe the
picture as accurately as possible .

r-----------------·
leisurely, gaping, irresistible. mingle, breathlessly, : Describe the picture, then answer
r admiration. Use the phrases to make sentences I the quest ions.

based on the text. .-----------------~

1 ........... ashore 6 .. mouth

2 ........ farewell 7 desire
3 .. .. .. . sauce 8 lost in .
4 take a(n) . 9 ... with the crowd

I 5
promenade
eyes
10 to rush.

I you 1 What do you think the woman in the dark jacket

and a half hours to spend in an Indian city is thinking?
like the one described in the novel? Tell the 2 Do you have any fear of fl ying? Why7lVvhy not?
r class. In three minutes write a few sentences. 3 Can you describe the longest journey you've ever

r made?
87
r
 r
Culture
1 What do the pictures tell you about Wales?
What impression of Wales do you get from
looking at them ?

2 Read the text and for each gap (1-6)

choose the correct sentence (A·I). There
are two extra sentences. I
A Indeed, the daffodil and leek are the

Wales
national symbols of Wales.
B It took a long time for this t o pass.
e Like England, Wales was a land of great
mineral wealt h.
D Its use is supported by nat ional policy.
E Welsh laws were abolis hed and the Welsh Land 01 castles
language was banned .
F Rugby union IS seen as a symbol of Welsh A Roman province
national identity. Wales is a land of castles and legends. It has been
G Wales clearly has its own national identity. inhabited for thousands of years, although little is known of
H However. peace was short-lived. its history before the Romans showed up in 48 BC. It took
Today, Wales is part of the UK and Queen the Romans thirty years to conquer Wales. Their struggle
Elizabeth Uis head of state was made difficult because of the fierce (but ultimately
unsuccessful) resistance put up by Welsh tribes, and two in
3 Read the text and mark the sentences T (true) particular: the Silures and the Ordovices. The Romans
or F (False) or OS (doesn't say), enslaved many of the natives and set them to work in local
1 The Silures and Ordovices were the only mines extracting precious metals like gold, copper and
Welsh tribes to put up any fight against lead. []I£] This was well·known to the Romans and was
the Romans. one of the expected benefits of conquest. Although the
Romans encountered resistance to their presence
2 The majority of Welsh people were
throughout their occupation, the upper classes of Wales
unhappy with the Roman occupation.
began to consider themselves Roman, particularly after the
3 Romano-British kingdoms formed quickly
ruling of 212 AD that granted Roman citizenship to all free
once the Romans left Wales.
men throughout the empire. The last Roman legions pulled
4 Today, the Welsh pass their own laws on
out of Wales at the beginning of the fifth century AD.
economic matters.
Centuries of upheaval
5 Everyone in Wales must take Welsh classes
When the Romans left Wales, several Romano·British
at some point during their education .
kingdoms formed in different parts of the land.
6 The Welsh see themselves as culturally
Centuries of internal conflict and fighting followed until,
distlnd from the English.
In the 11th century, Wales finally came under the rule
4 Match the words in bold in the text to their of one king. QIJ For the next two centuries, the
meaning. Welsh had 10 defend themselves against Norman
and English invaders. In 1282, Edward I of England
1 to assert ownership of annexed Wales. The Welsh launched a number of
2 a unit of an army revolts against English rule over the centuries,
3 parVcomponent bul all were
4 the Invasion, conquest, and control of a nation by
foreign armed forces
5 to add (territory) by conquest or occupation
6 uprisin g/rebellion
7 a place where minera ls are removed from the earth
8 a group of persons gathered together for a
common reason, e.g . for legislative purposes
88
 i
5 Complete th e sentences with the
corred form of the verbs in the
list: enslave, eXffoct, launch, conquer,
encounter.

The conquerors kifled the me n and

................ .... .. .. . the women and J
children.
2 The Aztec and Inca empires in
Mexico ..... by
successfully put down by the
Spain in the sixteenth century.
English. In 1535, Henry VIII
3 The army ... .. ........ many
united Wales with England.
obstacles during their long
ill:] Many people accepted the campaign.
union, believing that with English
4 The army decided .
country would turn into a more peaceful and
its attack at daybreak .
orderly one. Others, however, believed they were i
up their cultural heritage and identity.
5 Mining engineers deal with
discovering . ......... ............ ... and
A land at peace
processing mineral deposits from
[ID However, Wales has its own national assembly and makes its own
the earth
decisions on matters such as health, education, transport and agriculture.
Wales is a beautiful country with a diverse landscape. It is a land of 6 Match t he words to form
mountains, river valleys, plains and long coastlines. It is home to a range of collocations,
mammals and birds, including foxes, badgers, otters, merlins and puffins.
Basking sharks, dolphins and seals pay regular visits to its coasts . Wales has
'T e-cultural a conflict
a huge variety of native plant life. [![] Wales also has more medieval
castles than any other country, including Britain's first stone castle.
ft I-medieval b subject
3 national c classes
A proud nallon 4 compulsory d heritage
Despite being a UK country, the Welsh remain fiercely protective of their culture
and heritage, and maintain a distinct national identity, The Welsh language is f41'-' ntemal
~ ~ upper
e
f
assembly
castle
an important element of Welsh culture, [ [ [ ] Welsh is a compulsory subject
in schools and, together with English, is an official language of Wales. Over
20% of the population speak Welsh. The Welsh are extremely proud of their 7 Find phrasal verbs in the text
achievements in the arts and in sport, Wales can lay claim to some w hich mean:
tremendous acting lalent. Anthony Hopkins and Calherine Zeta Jones are
offered
famous across the world. The poet Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) is recognised
2 left
as one of the greatest poels of the twentieth century. Wales has a tradition of
3 was governed by
producing world·class boxers and snooker players. [![]
4 brought to an end
Some of the greatest rugby
5 become
• players in the world
were trained 6 sacrificing
Welsh clubs.
• 8 Why do you think
Romans finally left Wales? Discuss,

Why do you think people would

want to visit Wa les? Write a
paragra ph . Present it to the class.

Welsh proverb _______ •

If you want to be a leader; be a bridge. I
I
-------------------~ 89
MODULE
1 In a minute w rite as many musical instrument s
as you can th ink of to complete the
spidergram. Which is your favourite?
--s"C
tr7;n
C-g
c-~ ·
violin
bl!5S drun
piano oboe
2 Fill in: sound, Jead, hit. recording. rave, notation.
score, industry, sold, composes .
1 lady Gaga's fi rst internat ional
single was 'Just Dance' in 2008 .
2 He w rites and ....... .... .. music.
3 She is finding It very difficult to make a ca reer in
the music .................. ..
4 The dance club has a state-of-the-art .. ...
system with speakers all over the room.
5 The band's debut al bum ea rned them .
reviews from critics.
6 Terry's favo urit e member of the band is t he
... si nger,
7 The musical . ... for t he hit TV show
was composed by Tom Cody.
8 The musician's alb um was produced in a
..... . studio in London .
9 I wish I could read music .
10 I wanted to go to that concert but it was
.... out.
' literature I isn't hoping that the actor will get hurt. In the theatre
3 a) Fill in with: collections. established. independent,
conremporory, exrracrs, singled.
Four poems, two by emerging poets and two by
1) ........ ......... poets, have been 2) . ........ out
for praise by the judges of this year's Brooks prize .
The purpose of the Brooks prize is to raise the
profi le of 3) ................. poetry, says head judge
Charlotte Bloch. Bloch, who is the author of over
twenty 4) ......... . of poetry, wil l be reading
5) .... .. ......... from the four poems t onight at
Bloomsfield Books, the 6) .......... .. ... bookstore on
Main Street.
b) Fill in with : best, sold. topped, paperback.
published, conrriburor. book. sponned.
Brazos Bookstore proudly presents a 1) ... ... ....... .... .
signing and discussion with 2) .......... ...... ..-selling
author James Kloss. Kloss will read from his latest
novel, Lightning Five. 3) .. ...... .... ...... earlier this J
month , Lightning Five immediately 4) ........... ..... ..
the New York Times bestsel1er li st. The book has
already 5) ....... .. ..... ... 30,000 hardback copies in
the UK, whi le it s 6) .. ..... ..... ..... . version is expected
to sell more than 100,000 copies. Kloss's prolific ,
career has 7) ...... .... ..... ... more than four decades.
He is a regul ar 8 ) ...... .... ....... . to the magazine The
M onthly Review. Don 't miss what promises to be an
entertain ing evening!
4 Identify the literary device each sentence uses:
hyperbole, rhyme, metaphor. simile. irony, alliteration.
1 I'm so tired I could sleep for a hundred years!
2 Her hair IS as soh as silk .
3 He is a lion in battle.
4 Wonderful 'express' service - taking seven days to
arrive !
5 The woolly walrus waits for when we'll walk by.
6 The fat cat with the red hat sat happily on his little mat.
'Theatre I
5 Fill in the correct words: seated, lasr, lead, theatre ,
opening, dress, title.
Before a play is about to begin on the 1) ..••••• "." .....•....
night you might hear someone say, 'break a leg' to one of
the 2) "." .........." ..... actors. But don', worry; the person
'break a leg' actually means 'good luck'! Another
superstition in the theatre concems Shakespeare's play
Macbeth . To avoid bad luck or something bad happening
to the actor in the 3) ......... """ ,, ..... role, casts pertorming
Macbeth are not supposed to uner the name of the play.
Instead, they must can it 'the Scottish play'.
Also, it is considered bad luck 10
complete a pertormance of a play
wihout .(n) 4) ..................... .
audience. Therefore, in some
,
5) " ..... "" ... ...,, ... companies, the
caslneversayslhe
•
6) "."" ..... " ...... " line of a play
during a 7) ... " "." ... "." ....
rehearsal.

90
 School of

Visual Arts
'Visual arts I Summer Exhibition , 9 Fill in with : sporfsshow, quiz show, rea/iryshow,
char show, sircoms, dramas, documenrary.
July 8 - t 11th
6 Fill in with : ArtistS: 1 I love thiS ..................... because they always
palettes, Allce Kowrposky_ diSCUSS such interesting topics.
landscape, Dan Nleuwenheuys 2 .................... are shows which try to depict real J
up-and- li fe, but they have more adion than normal to
coming. Alice Kowlposky is an exciting artist who
make them more interesting .
engravings, uses a great variety of colour 3 I'm bored with this. . It's supposed
1) ...... .......... ..... ........ in her work. Alice
canvases. to be abo ut thei r real lives, but it 's all scripted I
will be exhibiting a series of recently
completed 2) ............................ . 4 I wa tched an amazing wildlife
paintings, painted on huge about lions in the Serengeti last night.
3) .......................... Dan Nieuwenheuys 5 Both contesta nts on the were
is a(n) 4) ........................... artisl whose rea lly good at answering the general kn owledge
series of wood 5) ............................. of questions.
animals will amaze you with their 6 ..... are a genre of comedy that feature

'The press I precision and detail. recurring charaders In a common environment,

accompanied With Jokes as part of the dialogue.
7 Fill in: weekly, lead, current, colour, re/ease. foreign, 7 I like this ................. because every week they
press, figures, tabloids, broadsheet. have a top athlete on as a guest.

The ................... correspondent reported that the

war had ended
2 Today's Evening Post includes a .............. ....... .
IParticipation in culture I
supplement about the Football Worl d Cup . 10 Fill in w ith: opening, live, arf, mulriplex, concen,
3 Last night's aeroplane crash was the . opera, lisrings.
story in every national newspaper.
4 Dave writes a ... colum n for his local paper. A: Would you like to go out th is even ing?
S l en follows .... . affai rs by reading the B: Yes, why not? What do you have in mind ?
news onl ine. A: Wel l, I'd like to hear some 1)
6 The government issued a press .... ...... ...... to the music. There's an America n jazz group playing
newspaper about the election results. at the 2) ...... .. ........... hall in Henry Street.
7 ..... are newspapers with small pages; they're What do you thin k?
less serious than the larger ................. newspapers. B: No thanks, I don't really like jazz . How about
8 The tabloid ........ is always full of going to the 3) . . .............. house? It's the

sensationalist headlines. 4) .......... night of Don Giovanni t oday.

A: No, I'm not In the mood for that kind of thing .
9 The latest circulation ... .............. show a 5% drop.
Would you Itke to see a play"1
, FilmslTVl B: No, I checked the theatre 5) .................. earlier
and there's nothing good on . I know! l et's go
8 Fill in w ith : played, direcred, to the 6) ............ Cinema to see a
set, released, received, based. comedy.
l1ll' film Alice i,/ Wi.Jllderfwu/ \\~b A: That sounds OK, but I'd prefer to go to that
1) .. ... .... ......... in 201O.1im Bunon 7) . .. . .............. house film that's on at the
2) ... ...... ............... it and .~1i:l Washington St reet Theatre . Would you mind?
... ..... Ihc B: No, that's fine . l et's get ready then.
bid role of Alkc.TI1C fil m, whk h
\\"~~ 4) .. ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... . on l.cwis
C~rroll".~ f:.Hno u ~ novel A/ice ill
lri:mderftllld, was 5) ... .... ..... ..... .. in ~
fanl;l!'>}, world called ·Underland·. The film
6) .. .. ....... ...... ...... .... po ,ilil e rc vic\\'.~ from the l..Tilks.
(. j See Vocabulary Bank on p. 180) 91
 text
1 a) Name sj~ sections in a newspaper. Which are
your faVOUrite ones?
b) What do you think makes a newspa er
successful? What do you think can bring dow~ a
newspaper? Read through to find out.
2 Read the text and complete the gaps with the
words from the box. There are two words which
you do not need to use.
: advic~ ,. made • announced • established
celebrrtles • influence • confidential • rumours
END OF AN ERA
In July 2011, the biggest-selling Sunday newspaper in
the English-speaking world printed its last-ever edition.
Wrttl its winning fOOTlula of crime, gossip and scandal, the News
01 the World was, for more than a century, as much a part of
British lite as tea, football and conversations about the weather.
Every Sunday morning, the paper's racy mix of sport, scandal
and politics was hungrily devoured by its millions of readers.
John 8rowne Bell, who 0) established the NoW in 1843,
was clear from the beginning about what would shift copies of
his paper. Crime and scandal were what the public wanted 10
read about, Bell believed , so that was exactly whal the NoW
would give them.
Thanks to this simple but inspired formula, by the 1950s, the
NoW was the biggest-selling English language newspaper on
the planet. Editions of the paper regularly sold in excess of
8.5 million copies. No other British newspaper came close to
matching the NoW in 1) .................... , profitability or popularity.
In 1984, the owners of the NoW decided 10 transform it
from a broadsheet to a tabtoid. As a tabloid, the NoW began to
focus on celebrity scoops. Quickly, it gained a reputation for
exposing the wrongdoings of the rich and famous. The NoW
would send its journalists out in disguise 10 trap
2) ..................... One of the NoWs most famous undercover
journalists was Mazher Mahmood. Mahmood would pose as a
wealthy arab sheikh. In this disguise he successfully exposed
the corrupt activities of many people in the public eye. In 201 0,
posing as the sheikh, Mahmood managed to get a group of
92
•
I
inlernational cricketers to admit they were fixing matches in
international competitions. The story caused a sensation.
In 2006, 3) ........................ of phone hacking began to
surround the NoW. Soon, evidence accumulated that NoW
journalists had, in order to get stories, illegally listened in on
the private voicemail messages of thousands of Britons. Even
politicians and members of Britain's royal family had been
targeted. Evidence was also uncovered that the Now had paid
bribes worth over £100,000 to police officers for
4) ....................... information.
When the public learnt of these actions, there was a huge
outcry. People were outraged. Soon, businesses began to
pull their advertising from the NoW. In 2011, amid the
withdrawal of advertising and public backlash, the NoW
suddenly - and unexpectedly - 5) .................... that it would
close. The king of Britain's Sunday newspapers was dead.
For many people, the decision to shut down the paper
was astonishing. For better or worse, the NoW had become an
essential expression of British life. Fifteen percent of British
adults read it Week in, wee!< out, it outsold all Britain's other
tabloids combined by more than a million copies.
But on 7 July 2011 , after 168 years and 8,674 editions,
the NoW really did roll off the presses for the lasl time. The day
marked a humiliating and shameful end to a newspaper
phenomenon.
3 Match the w ords to form collocations, then use
them to complete the sentences.
~
7 () Read the rubric and do the task. Justify your
T shift
• and famous answers.

~f- phone
public
b formula
( journalist
r--------------------~
IYou will hear an interview about the BBC I J
";'f- : World Service. For questions 1-4, choose the :
~f- the rich d a bribe
I correct answers, A, B, or C. I
";'f- undercover
•I message
~--------------------~
~I- voicemail copies o The BBC World Service's audience
';'1- wi nning 9 backlash ® is the largest of any radio broadcaster.
L.!!. <- pay h hacking B numbers some 183 million list eners daily.
C are mostly English spea kers.
I love reading about the lives of .
2 There was a huge .. .. ........................ against 1 In Asia and the Middle East
the politician after it was revealed he had been A most households listen to the BBC World Service.
involved in the scandal. B BBC radio presenters are often known by name.
3 I think we're going to ... ............. ....... ...... .. .. ... a C there are round-the-clock broadcasts in Engl ish .
lot of .................................... of this book. 2 Many European-language broadcasts stopped because
4 ..................................... ... is a crime - it's illegal A more ASian language broadcasts were needed .
to listen to somebody else's voicemail if they B listener numbers across Europe fell.
haven't listened to it themselves. C Europeans prefer to listen in English.
5 I don't think we should change a t hing . We 3 The FCO funds the BBC World Service
already have a A together with the UK public.
6 The ................ . posed as a corrupt businessman . B from the BBC licence fee .
7 I left a ...... ..... .. ..... ... ... .... ... on your phone C exclusively at present.
yesterday - did you pick it up?
4 The BBC's good reputation st ems in part from it s
8 The man agreed to ..
A association with the UK government .
o f £100,000 to get t he business contract.
B independence from the UK government.
C talen ted edit orial staff .
4 Complete the se ntences with the verbs outsell,
announce, shut down, match, gain in their correct
form .

1 In Britain, tabloid newspapers always .

broadsheet newspapers.
2 I was really sad when I heard they were
........................... their business.
3 That journalist has .......................... a reputation
for being a very aggressive interviewer.
4 Science magazines will never
gossip magazines in popularity.
5 The newspaper .. ..
monthly sales were up 10%.
5 Summarise the text in about 60 words. Tell the
class.
Should the press balance f reedom
of expression with respect for privacy? In five
minutes write a few sentences on the topic.
Tell the class.
8 Read the rubric and do the task in pairs.
r--------------------~
You and your friend are preparing for a I
: school forum on whether history lessons :
I should be compulsory at all schools grades. I
I You believe that everyone should learn I
: hist ory throughout their schooling but your :
today that its I friend has different ideas about it. Discuss I
I your ideas and reach a consensus. I
~--------------------~
1 Give your ideas and arguments.
2 Find out your pa rtners ideas and arguments.
3 Try to persuade your partner to accept yo ur ideas.
4 Try to reach a comprom ise.

93
 • Lexicogrammatical word transformations ,
2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold .
Special Introductory Verbs Use two to five words.

• agreeldemandloffer/p romise/refuse/ "You mustn't enter the concert hal l w ithout tickets."
threaten/claim + fO infinitive he said to us.
• advise/allow/asklbeglcommandlencouragel
forbidlinstructlinviteiorder/permitlremindl
FORBADE He """"""",,'
the concert hall without tickets.
I
urgelwarnlwant + sb + to infinitive 2 "I don't like this film. N he said.
• accuse sb of/apologise for/admit (to)l COMPLAINED He .................. .
boast about/complain (to sb) aboutldenylinsist ... """"",, . " ...... . "". liking the film .
on/suggest + -ing form 3 "Do try and practise the gu itar a bit more." the ,
• ag ree/boast/claimlcomplainldeny/exclaimlexplain/ music teacher sa id to him.
inform sblpromiseJremarklsuggest + clause URGED The music teacher
(ALSO explain to sb + how) ...................... the guitar a bit more.
• wonder wherelwhatlhowlwhether + to 4 HOK, why don't I wait outside the cinema?" she said.
infinitive or clause SUGGESTED She ............... _._ ............................. ..
• wonder why + clause outside the cinema.
5 " No, I can't watch a horror film, N he said.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in REFUSED He ............. """
bold. Use two to five words. __ . a horror film .
" I won the Best Act ress award at t he fi lm festival," 6 "Don't worry. I'll meet you 15 min utes before the
she said. show starts," he said to me.
BOASTED She ........ ,.... ,..................... .. ...... .. the PROMISED He .............. .. .... me
Best Actress Award at the film festival. 15 minutes before the show started .
2 NYou're right. It'S the best performance we've ever 7 "I didn't steal the painting," he said to the police offICer.
attended, " he said . DENIED He ......................... ..
AGREED He .... .. ....................... the painting.
performance they'd ever attended , S "Do not touch the exh ibits," the security guard said
3 "How about going to the theatre on Saturday?" he to us .
asked us. ORDERED The secu rity guard ........ ... ", .. "
SUGG ESTED He ......... " ..... .. ............... hands off the exhibits .
.. . to the theatre on Saturday. 9 "Don't be late for your audition," my agent said to
4 NOon't forget to book two t ickets for the opera, H me
she said to him. WARNED My agent
REMINDED She ... ". .. .................. late for my audition .
two tickets for the opera . 10 " You shouldn't leave your belongings unattended."
S " I'm sorry I didn't turn up for the exhibition," she said. he sa id.
APOLOGISED She ADVISED He .. " ..
for the exh ibition . ............ , our belong ings unattended

6 "They dance very gracefully! N Kate said. 11 .. First you put the CO in the player and then you
REMARKED Kate """" ........... .. press the play button." he said to her.
very gracefully. EXPLAINED He .................... ..
.. ........... to use the CD player.
7 NCan I afford such an expensive paintingr she asked
herself. 12 "You destroyed my dance costume. Brian!" she said .
WONDERED She ... ""."",,. "". " ..... .............. " .. . ACCUSED She ......... ".. .. ............... ...... .
such an expensive painting. .. ............ ..... her dance costume ,

S "Rehearse your lines before appearing on stage," 13 "Please, please. give me your autograph ." the girl
the director said to the actor. said to t he singer.
ORDERED The director ................ . BEGGED The girl ...... "" ... .......... _................. .
hiS hnes before appearing on stage. .. .... her his autograph .

94
 • Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items
3 Read the text and 4 Choose the correct answer.
complete the gaps w ith
the words derived from 1 I didn't like the film; the plot was too . .
the words in bold. A confused C circulated
Compare your answers B complicated D criss-crossed
with your partners . 2 She's a singer who can always hit the high
A notes B vibes C sounds o chords

Klero~n:W:I:lla:m:so::n::",---..,J
3 He's been ,......... for lots of awards for his acting .
Until he was six years Old. all A honoured B selected C nominated D named
cared abOut was playing football. He Q) certainly CERTAIN
wasn't devoted to art That Is untll one day in
May 2008, when Kleron and his family visited a
i 4 The novel is ... " .. " by one of its minor charact ers.
A expressed B narrated C described D dictated
harbour In Cornwall. It was there that Kieron's 5 There's hardly any singing on the album. it 's mainly
artistic talent was awakened. After staring at
the bOats and the 11 ... he asked for SCENE
A classical B acoustic C instrumental D vocal
some paper and a penCil. and. 2) . ACCORD
to his mother. he started drawing fOr the first 6 She loves the Harry Potter stories and want s to read
time, When the family returned home. Kleron all the books in the
began drawing and painting all the time. A serial B series C sequence D cycle
Eventually. a lOCal artist saw some Of Kieron's
and was amazed by hIS natural SKETCH 7 Fiona Gleeson plays Elizabeth I very ....
"
artistic 41 She offered to help Kleron ABLE A certainly B critically C convincingly D truly
develop his skills, and soon Kleron's paintings 8 The film is . .. .. on a true story.
began to be dISplayed In 51 ............... around EXHIBIT
A based B taken C held D put
the UK Today. he Is known as 'mlnl·Mone!' and
his 6) .. .. talent has earned him a EXCEPT 9 The gallery is .......... an exhibition of landscapes
considerable sum of money. like many child paintings.
prodigies. he may not always have such fame A displaying B holding C performing 0 staging
and fOrtune - he may even decide on a
7) different career - but his family COMPLETE 10 This sitcom is funny - every ......... makes me laugh.
are sure he will always find 81 .... . in PLEASE A excerpt B ep isode C product ion D chapter
, drawing and pa inting,

• Text completion - Grammar

5 Read the text and complete the gaps by putting
the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form.

Krzysztof Kieslowski - A Master Filmmaker

Krzysztof Kieslowski was one 01 the greatest Polish filmmakers of the 20th century. By the time
he 0) in 1996 at the age of just 54, he 1) .......................... (make) over forty films, many of
which are today considered classics of European cinema But it was not always Kieslowski's
dream to become a filmmaker. As a teen growing up in Warsaw, he 2) ........................ ..
(struggle) to decide on a career, even atteoding a fire fighter training school for a short time.
But, while 3) .......................... (worl<) as a tailor for a theatre company, Kieslowski finally came into
contact with the wOOd of the arts. After two rejected applications, he 4) .. ................. ,...... (accept) by the t6di Film School and it was
there that his talent for filmmaking developed. His first films 5) .. ,.................. .,.,. (be) documentaries, most of which explored the
everyday lives of Poland's wooing class, but in the late 1970s he began writing screenplays for feature films. Kieslowski was a
filmmaker who involved himself in all of the creative elements of a film. Kieslowski not only directed his films but wrote the screenplays,
and worked very closely with his cinematographers and composers, lntemationally, Kieslowski is best known for his final three films,
the Three Colours Trilogy, which 6) ...... ,............ ....... (base) on the colours of the French Hag and the qualities they 7) .................. .
(stand for) freedom, equality and friendship. The three films won numerous awards, including the Best Film al the Venice Film
Festival, and brought Kieslowski the intemational recognition he deserved. Today, his influence can still be seen in European cinema,
and his films 8) .. .......... .......... ... . (study) lor their technical skill in film schools around the wOOd.
95
 A 2 Read the film review and
match each heading to
a paragraph .
A review is a short descnption of a book, film, play,
TV series etc. It is written to inform readers and
viewers and to give them our opinion!
recommendation about whether or not we think is it The King's Speech I
worthwhile seeing a filrnlpla y/series/performance or
reading a book. A review consists of: [ID The King's Speech is a
• an introduction in which we summarise the historical drama film about the
book/film ete (i.e. title, name of author/director. genre, unexpected rise to the throne of
setting, brief referen ce to plot ere). King George VI of Britain in the 1930s and his relationship
• a main body consisting of two paragraphs. In the with his speech therapist. Directed by Tom Hooper, the
first paragraph of the main body, we present the cast includes a number of talented actors including Colin
points of the plot in chronological order, and in the Firth as King George VI (known as Bertie), Helena Bonham
second paragraph we comment on the plot, the Carter as Queen Elizabeth, and Geoffrey Rush as the
characters. the acting and directing, etc, without speech therapist.
revealing the end of the story to the readers. [ID The story begins when Bertie becomes king after
• a conclusion in which we recommend or do not his brother abdicates. However, Bertie suffers from a
recommend the book/film etc and give reasons to speech impediment and is considered by many to be unfit
support our recommendation. to be king. He decides to employ the services of a speech
ReViews are normally found In newspapers, therapist named Uonel Logue. With Uonel's help and
magazines, or letters and the style can be formal or somewhat unorthodox techniques, the king is able to
informal, depending on the intended readers. overcome his disability and deliver an inspiring radio
We normally use present tense and a variety of speech after Britain's declaration of war on Germany in
adjectives to describe the plot and make our
1939.
comments clear and to the pOint. [ll] The film is based on a true story and is an enjoyable
and someti mes moving true-life drama. The script is
1 Read the rubric, underline the key words, then skilfully written, the cast play their roles with zest, and the
answer the questions. directing is top class. What's more, a wonderful
soundtrack of classical pieces brilliantly sets the tone for
Ir--------------------~
An international students' magazine has I the film.
I asked its readers to write a review of a I [!IJ I highly recommend The King's Speech to anyone
: biographical film they have recently seen. : with an interest in historical drama or simply great acting
I Write the review, giving a brief summary of I but also to anyone wanting to have a great
: the plot and saying why cinemagoers might : night out at the
I~ enjoy
___ it_
(200·250
_ _ _ _words).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4I a comments on film
cinema with their
b recommendation
family or friends.
c background information -
Who is gOing to read the review?
d main details of the plot
2 Which tense should you mostly use?
3 Which o f the following should you include?
3 Read the excerpts from reviews below and say
A the name of the H the main details of w hether they are for a book, film or play.
director the plot 1 I thoroughly recommend this informative guide for
B the title of the film whether you r friends students, which will also be a faSCinating volume for
C the director's have seen it anyone interested in art.
biography who the main 2 Wi ll Granger Interprets the lead role brill iantly. His
D the film genre charaders are stunning performance captivates the audience
E general comments K what your best from the moment the curtain goes up.
F how the film ends friend th inks about it 3 It's full of action and suspense t hat will keep you
G whether or not l the lead ing actor's glued to the screen . What's more, the special
you recommend it biography effects are amazing . .....
96
 4 a) Fill in the extracts with the words from the
list.
• dull • performances . visual effects
• virtuoso • acting • original • melodious
• readers • stage • entertaining • audience
• true story • soundtrack • characters • plot
• suspense • awful
• Your turn
5 Read t he rubric and underline t he key words.
Then, answer the questions.
r--------------------~
Your school English magazine has asked its I
readers to write a review of a historical film : -s
they saw recently. Write your review (200-250 I
words), giving a brief summary of the plot and :

oThe Jazz Cafe was the perfect venue to showcase

saying whether you recommend it.
.--------------------~
I

1 Th ink of a film you saw.

NTB's 1) ... .... .................. .. lyrics and a) What genre is it? c) Who stars in it?
2) ... ... ......... . .... voices . The crowd were b) Who directed it? d) What is the plot?
treated to some 3) ......................... . 2 Who is going to read your review?
musicianship, delivered with a(n) 4) ..................... . 3 What tense(s) should you use?
presence that is second to none. This band really 4 What general comments will you make?
know how to put on a(n) 5) .. . .......... . 5 Why will you (not) recommend it?
show.
6 Use your ideas from Ex. 5 to write your review
(200·250 words), Follow the plan below and
I!l use language from the Useful language box.
The film, which is based on a 6) ......................... ,
is the tale of Graham, a medical student whose
life takes a turn for the worse after he finds a '-'-- c
briefcase full of diamonds on a train . He soon Introduction
finds himself suspected of murder and stealing (P'J.ra 1) background illjormalioll (title, nameoj
the diamonds. There's plenty of 7) . author/director, (J1:Je, set/ing)
as Graham is pursued through London and across Main Body
(Para 2) main points ojlbe plol
England. The 8) .......... ....... are spectacular
(P"'J.ra 3) gelleral commenl.~
enough to make the 9) .................. . .. jump
Conclusion
at times. The 10) ............................ is superb,
(Para 4) rccommelldatiotls
with all the cast giving brilliant 11) ..... .
R&B star Jules X provides a lively
12) ............................ that suits the action well. , Useful language
• • •• I • "'.

• The book/novel was written by ... • The story/

IS] film is set in . • It is a fantasylhorrorlwar film ..
This 13) .... book will bore even • It is directed by ..
the most tolerant of 14) ............. . Main points of the plot
The author's style is Just 15) ...................... . • It tells the story of ... . • The story is about!
and the 16) ........... ...... ........... are far from begins ... • The plot is intriguingJboring .
original. What is most annoying, however, is the General comments
con fusing 17) .......................... which • It is cleverly/poorlylbadty written . • It is rat her
exasperates the reader no end . long/boring/confusing . • The acting is excellent!
i awful. • The script is very clever/dull.

I b) What is each extract about? What

Recommendations
• It's a very entertaining read . • I would definitely
I recommendation does each writer give?
A negative or a positive one?
recommend it. • Don't miss it.

J • It is well worth seeing . • I wouldn't really

recommend it because

t ~------""""'"~97
r

1 What is art to you? Tell the class,
2 Read the first sentence in each
paragraph . What is the text about?
Read through to find out.
sites are so full of recyclable Items ~ys a lot about
American culture. She has ~Id that, 'Americans create
more garbage, per capita, then any other culture, yet we
are blind to our waste.' Holsenbeck has made it her calling
"''-110 'make the blind see' and she does this through her art,
By working within communities, she feels that she can open
the eyes of people, both young and old, to the idea that

WHAi you can take ugly worthless garbage and turn it into

• something beautiful something meaningful. She can also

show them that the throw-away culture in which we live
needs to change and if It doesn't, the world will soon find
'Art for art's sake,' is a translation of a French quotation itself In very dire streets indeed Holsenbeck feels that when
whICh expresses a philosophy about what art should be. a person gets involved in her communal art projects, they
What is meant by the phrase is that art, any piece of art, become more aware of the fact that what they throw away
regardless of whether it be a novel, a play, a poem or a has an Impact on the environment , With Holsenbeck's
sculpture should be 'complete in Itself, In other words, a designs, this impact is a positive one because from the
true piece of art should be able to stand alone, to do garbage come works of great beauty.
nothing more than to please the eye. While these famous One of Holsenbeck's recent projects was a vast labyrinth
words are often repeated, Bryant Holsenbeck, an artist created from old unwanted shoes, The labyrinth was a
from North Carolina, USA, tak.es the idea behind the quote group effort and Holsenbeck had the children of the
a step further: while she does create art of great beauty, community where It was constructed write their concerns
she also creates art that carries a valuable message about the planet, and life in general, on the ind ividual shoes.
Holsenbeck is somewhat difficult to define as an artist. She Once the labyrinth was completed, an open invitation was
considers herself primarily as an enVIronmentalist artist, but extended to community members of all ages to walk
she is also a cultural artISt. Through her 'NOrk, she aims to through the labyrinth, read the messages, and learn what it
show how wasteful people have become in today's SOCiety. IS that WOffles today's modern child.
She has been involved In many art projects Widely diverse Hoisenbeck has come a long way from her early days as a
in both theme and scope. She may create a single object, a simple basket maker. Her work has been recognised across
crow for example, on one occasion, or a huge installation the US and she has receIVed t'NO grants from the North
that represents the Wildlife of the world on another. Carolina Arts CounCil Fellowship, a Project Grant and an
Whatever her subject, all of Holsenbed's art has one thing NEA Arts and Learnrng Grant which have enabled to her to
in common; It is all constructed using cast off materials continue doing her worl::. She has had her art displayed In
ranging from bottle caps, to credit cards to chop sticks. All exhibits around the country and she has taught art classes
of her art is constructed from 'stuff' that people simply from the east coast to the west. Wherever she goes, and
toss away because they had thought whatever she does, her message remains the same, 'My
it was rubbish. InstallatiOns are both meditations and questions. Where
Holsenbeck's main philosophy is does all thiS 'stuff' come from? Where does it go? What do
that noth ing is really and truly we do With it? Why is It here?' Let's hope people start
'just trash'. She believes that getting Holstenbeck 's message
the fact that American landfill

98
3 Read the t ext and decide w hich answ er A, B, C
or D is correct.
1 What is the purpose of the quote in the first line
of the text?
5 Fill in : please, impact, piece. carry, early, diverse,
A to explain how the French feel about art
B to suggest that modern art needs improvement
C to introduce t he main topIC of the text , .
D to describe the writ er's attitud e towa rds art 3 to .
5 widely ..
2 What do we learn about Holsenbeck in t he fi rst
7 t o .......
paragraph?
A She st udied art in France.
B She is very attractive.
C She writes poetry.
D She is an American .
3 According to the w riter, the artist Holsenbeck
A uses the same material in all her creat ions.
B always uses nature as her subjed.
C creates only one kind of art.
D utilises things that are unwanted by others.
4 What does the writer suggest about Holsenbeck's
attitude towards Americans in the third paragraph?
A She thinks they need to be made aware of
someth ing.
B She feels t hat t hey cannot be helped.
C She believes they know they are doing somet hing
bad.
D She considers herself better than most of t hem.
5 What is meant by the writer'S use of t he expression
'dire straits' in the fourth paragraph?
A an unchangeable state
B a terrible situation
C emotional distress
D a confUSing dilemma
6 What does 'one' refer to in paragraph 5?
A design C impact
B fact D person
7 According to the writer, Holsenbeck's labyrinth
A was made with cast -off footwear.
B was only visited by t he young
C worried some members of t he commun ity.
D was built by a group of elderly people .
8 In regards to Holsenbeck, the writ er believes that
A she has much to learn about art.
B she should be more famous t han she is.
e she makes some very important queries.
D she should make her message clearer.
4 Match the words in bold to their meaning .
per head, effect, describe, varied, intends, useless,
dreadful, worries, latest. thoughl5, allowances
recyclable. extend.
J
.... of art; 2 to .............. ... the eye;
.... .. ... a message; 4 widely ............... ,
; 6 to have an . .......... on;
... an invitation 8 ............... days
What makes Holsenbeck an
exceptional artist? Write two reasons. Tell
the class.
7 \ -.1 You will hear five people talking about
books. Match the statements (A-F) t o the
speakers (1 -5). There is one statement that
does not match any speaker. Speaker 1
A I like sequels and trilogies best. Speaker 2
B I particularly enjoy happy endings Speaker 3
e I like an unexpected ending . Speaker 4
D I like a book that allows you t o 's'"'p-e-aC"k"e'-r-s+--
use your own imagination.
E I like a book that gives you someth ing t o t hink
about for a w hile after.
F I like a book that brings tears to my eyes .
Dialogue I
8 Read the rubric and do the task in pairs.
p--------------------.
IYour teacher has asked you and your I
: schoolmate to help organise an end-oF-year :
I school play based on a play, short story, or I
I novel you have read. You and you r friend I
have different ideas about what would be :
the best play to present. Discuss your ideas I
and reach a consensus. I
~--------------------.
• Give your ideas and arguments .
• Find out your partner's ideas and arg uments .
• Try to persuade your partner to accept your
ideas.
• Try t o reach a compromise.
99
MODULE
ISports venues I
1 a) label the pictures with sports from the list. 3 Choose the correct word.

• cross-country skiing • skydiving 1 Everyone is getting together at the skating ring/

• white-water rafting • snowboarding rink to practise rollerblading.
• caving • kite-surfing • bungee jumping 2 International cricket matches are held in a large
• I ground/court,
3 Do you fancy trying to get a few strikes down at
the bowling course/alley ?
4 We all went to the race stadium/track to watc;h
The International Horse Show.
S The rugby field/court needed fresh green turf.
6 Cricket and hockey are played on a court/pitch .

I Basic equipment I
4 Match the sport with the equipment used in it.
Make sentences as in the example.

ITIJ ten nis a studs, shin pads

m=J American b rope, harness
football c mouth guard, helmet
3 rock cl imbing d racquet, visor
4 snowboarding e goggles, waterproof
b) look at the list in Ex. la again and discuss
5 water polo jacket
the following questions in pairs,
6 football I arrow, bow
1 Which of the sports would you like to try? Why? 7 archery g swimsuit, cap
2 Which ones do you think are the most dangerous?
3 Which are popular in your country? To play rennis you need a rQcquer and a' Of.

Which are not?

'professional sports I
Ipopular sports I 5 Fill in the gaps with : referee, stretching, breaking,
2 fill in the verbs: beat, catch, kJ'ck, hit, pass, race, muscle, umpire. devoted. foul, competitive.
score, serve, shoot, train in their correct form ,
The ... ...... ... . asked the tennis player to
1 Ben ................. . the ball to his team-mate, avoid using bad language or she would be fined .
who then .. .. ... it into the basket. 2 John could not take part in the weightlifting
2 Sally is ...... .... ........... ... .. hard in order to ta ke part championship beca use of his ... .......... .. ..... . inju ry.
in the London Marathon. 3 The team's strongest player was sent off after the
3 The goalkeeper jumped high Into the air and .. .. .............. showed him a red card.
.. ....... ..... .... .. the ball. 4 The coach told the tea m to do some .. , ... ..... .. .. ... .
4 I've been playing ice hockey for six months now, exercises to warm up before the game.
but I still find it extremely difficult ... ... S American football teams have millions of
a goal! ..... ....... ... ... . fans who follow every game of
5 Marge ....................... the tennis ball so high over the season .
the net that her opponent couldn't ......... it. 6 Any .... play during the football match
6 The two brothers hope ... ............ ........ each ot twr will not be tolerated.
in next year's National Cycling Championship. 7 Prolessional ice skating is a higly ..................... .
7 Tommy loves football and spends hours sport and you need great talent to be successful.
..... a ball around the ga rden . 8 The young athl et e astounded everyone by
8 Celia is such a fast swimmer it's hard ............. her. ............. the world record in the l OO-metre sprint.
100
____________________ 1
.'., 6 Complete the sentences using the words: false.
tie. disqualified, substituted, finishing, awarded,
IAdjectivesl
banned. competed. host, overtime. 8 Fill in the gaps with the words: steady,
adventurous, graceful, daring, determined, intensive,
1 Which city will ,_ ....................... the next Olympic defensive, cooperative, strong.
Games? .. j
2 World-class cricketers have .. a9 a'inSt 1 Robert proved that he was very ....... .
each other at this venue. and powerful by winning the wrestling tournament.
3 The athlete was ........................ from the race 2 Kyle maintained a high-protein diet and a{n)
when he failed the drugs test. ...................... workout regime to prepare
4 With just 30 seconds left in ........................ , the for the weightlifting championship.
home team manged to win. 3 Diana's aim was very ...................... as she
S You ca n only make one . ...... ................. _start practised archery.
6 The weightlifter was .. ................ from 4 Motocross riders peform ............................... .
competing for life after he tested positive for stunts at this open-air show.
steroids. S The ice-skater held the spectators spellbound
7 The footballer was ......................... a penalty for with her light ...... .. movements.
a foul . 6 You need to be .... ..... ....... ....... when you
8 The coach ............. .... ........ Jennings for Jones are plaYing a team sport.
when Jones injured his leg. 7 The rock climber was .................... . . to
g The game ended in a(n) ..... ........ .... with a reach new heights of the mountain.
score of 2:2. S Timothy wanted to be .................................. and
10 She was several metres ahead of the other decided to try river rafting for the first time with
runners as she crossed the ........ Iine. his friends.
9 As our team were losing badly, we were forced to
7 Complete the email with: danger, wild, thrilling, adopt ................. ........... tactics to try and
cool, physical, risk-takers, tricks. even the score.

o 9 FiU in the gaps with the words: field, longjump,

Maciek. Wow! You should have been here. I used to think regular, legend, sense, sporting, go/dmedal. pentathlon,
watching the X Games on TV was exciting, but seeing professional, individual.
these extreme sports in the flesh is even more
1) .......... ................ Some of the events are more .Miroslaw Pych .ISa P0 I'IS h Paralympian athlete H
ISmostf .e
dangerous than you can imagine. The competitors are amous ~or competing in the
definitely big 2) ................... ..... . Every day, they lace f~~~·~~~~k·~~d·2····' whICh is a diScipline involving
3) .......................... by flying through the air or down
mountainsides, yet they look so 4) ............... ........... while
takes part in ;h~ .. i .. ··········· ······
events. He also
such as the javelin, t~e·~)······················· events,
doing it. It's unbelievable! My favourite competitors are the the lOOm ' . ............................ and
snowboarders. They perform incredible 5) ......................... . spnnt. Incredibly, Mirostaw Pych h
competed at P as
that make the crowd go . 199 every aralympics since Barcelona
6) ........... ........... .... but they make ~~ 2. That's when he won his first
everything look so easy! I just .:: ..................... . In his fifth Paralym i
admire them since their sports Belling in 200B, this living 6) .... ........ P cs In
won a bronz . '. ............. .
require exceptional e medal In the Javelin. Mirosfaw Pych
7) .......................... strength. I'm ~ mu~t feel a great 7) ...................... of
having such a great time. I wish achlev~ment that many 8) .................::.: .. .
you were here, too. ~Iymplans have never felt. Not only is 'h~"~
See you soon, ) .. ~......................... hero in Poland but h .
Marta admdlred by 10) ............................ ~thletes e all~
roun t he world.

(t ) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 182) 10 1

 1 How do you think it Wo
2 Read the t
.
.
ext agaIn and co
event in a desert' Wh uld feel to do a running With the Words from the mp/ere the gaps
desert runners ex~ . at problems do you think Words which you d box. There are two
find out. [fence? Read through to o not need to Use.

Could yOU . BEAT thJae

I

DESERT¥HEAl?
Can you imagine wanting to run the 0) of five and Cl half marathons over six days through some of the
most inhospitable terrain on the planet? Believe it or not, plenty of people do. In fact around 700 people take part in
the Marathon des Sables - Of Marathon of the Sands - through the Sahara Desert in Morocco every spring.
The race is 1) .......................... not for the faiol-heaned. Not only is the 1SO-mile route punishing in the extreme,
taking if1 as il does !he highest sand dunes on the planet, but the 2) .......................... are also exceedingly basic.
There are no showers or proper toilets and in the evenings tile runners share tents with se'o'era! other competitOfS.
Getting to sleep is nol usually a problem, though, since the event involves nmning an average of 2S miles a day on
ground that is at best uneven and stony. To make matters worse, participants must carry everything they need for
the whole race 00 them while they run, barring a tent and water, which is given out in rations. People training for the
race are advised to run with a backpack the weight of a week's food supplies, clothes and a sleeping bag!
Would·be competitOfS are also warned, however, that it's impossible to 3) .......................... for this unique event -
seen as one of the toughest foot races, if not the toughest foot race, in the world. For one thing. few people live in
places where the temperature 4) .......................... 32 C by 9 am and S1 C by the middle of the day. It's not
uncommon to finish a day with a pounding headache, or to be fOfted to withdraw from the race due to serious
dehydration. Severe blisters can also hinder many runners' progress or put paid to their hopes of finishing. Even if
your body copes with the race's extremes, you may still have to contend with desert snakes and scorpions.
Day four of the race is perhaps the most gruelling of all. It's the longest stage - 50 miles - and run over an
unchanging wilderness that many competitors find hard 10 deal with on a psychological1evel. Doe year
--..... it was made even more difficult by sand stOffilS that obscured the beacons thatlioe the route,
meaning the entrants had 10 navigate for themselves. Day fNe is officially the only rest day, but
many competitOfS spend well over 24 hours Oft the S) .......................... section. It's no wonder
that many veterans of the Marathon des Sables say e.lery other race seems boring in
comparisoo!

•
3 Choose the correct word . Can you explain why Matching
the alternative w ords are incorrect in these
sentences? 8 0 Read the rubric and do the listening task.
Justify your answers.
1 Runn ing at 9 am in the Saha ra is the equality/
equivalent of ru nning in the middle of the day on
p--------------------.
I You will hear five people talking about I
a hot beach in Eu rope. : sports. Match the statements A-F to the I
2 The Marathon des Sables is a gruelling/grilling I speakers (1-5). There is one extra statement :
experience even for super-fit people. I that does not match any speaker. I

3 Th e run ners have to contend/compete w ith ~--------------------~

dangerous animals that live in t he desert A You need to be very skilful to be Speaker 1

4 The race's root/route includes the world 's largest able to do t his sport. Speaker 2
sand dunes. B Being a supporter makes me
Speaker 3
S The compet it ors have to cooperate/cope with feel part of someth ing.
Speaker 4
physical and me ntal challenges . C I adm it that it can be rather
dangerous at t imes_ SpeakerS
D I just love the action .
4 Match the phrases from the text on the left
E I can get quite emotional at times .
with their definitions on the right
F I adm irer t he mental st rengt h of t he players.

ITIJ for one t hing a end

[ID put paid t o b it's a surprising fact
QIJ to make c it's not surprising
9 a) Read the rubric and do the task in pairs.

matters worse d another negative -------------------.

Your PE teacher has asked you and your I
[!IJ it's no wonder thing is that classmate to help organise a school sports :
~ believe it e an important reason day. You want to advertise it with a poster I
or not is t hat that will attract as many students as :
possible. You have different ideas about I
5 Match the adjectives to the nouns, then use which poster would be the best Choose I
them to make sentences about the Marathon one of the posters below. Discuss your :
des Sables. ideas and reach a consensus.
-------------------~
• Give your ideas and argument s.
basic • headache • Find out your partner's ideas and argument s.
uneven b day • Try to persuade your partner to accept your ideas.
pounding c partKipant • Try to reach a compromise.
reg ular d conditions
rest e ground

6 IKT I Find out on line how the Marathon des

Sables got started. Present the history of the
event to the class, as well as any interesting
facts you find.

7 Would you take part in this

Marathon? Why (not)? In three minues write
a few sentences. Tell the class .
f
b) 0 Listen to two people doing the task.
Which poster do they choose? Why,
, 103
 • Lex;co9rammatical word transformations
Unreal Past 2 Complete the sentences using the word in
bold. Use two to five w ords.
• You need to exercise more, otherwise you won't Considering that Beth is so young, she's an excellent
be fit for the match. ice-skater.
If you don't exercise more, you won't be fit for ACCOUNT Taking ................ ............ ... .. young
the match. Beth is, she's an excellent ice-skater.
• She is scared of heights so she doesn 't want to go 2 Bryan was late for basketball practice today because
bungee jumping, his bus was delayed .
If she weren't scared o f he ights, she wou ld go ARRIVED If his bus . .... ./
bungee jumping. Bryan wou ldn't have been late for
• You'd better avo id cycl ing for a while. basketball practice today.
rf I were you, I would avoid cycling for a while. 3 If you see Mark, tell him that the game is on TV
• He didn't take part in the tournament because he tonight.
broke his leg. RUN Should
If he hadn 't broken his leg, he would have tell him that the game is on TV tonight.
taken part in the tournament. 4 We can't play football if it rains.
• I'm not fit so I can't take part in the race. PROVIDED We can play football ...... .
r wish I were fit so t hat I could take part in the race. ................. ................. raining .
• It's a shame the team lost in the finals. 5 I'd prefer It If she enrolled on the skydiving course.
SIGN ED I'd .
I w ish/If only the t eam hadn't lost in the finals.
. ................. for the skydiving course.
• If it weren't raining. we could go cycling .
6 Cathenne asked to borrow my surfing gear at the
I wish it weren 't/would stop raining so we co uld
weekend.
go cyclmg .
COULD Catherine asked if I .
. my surfing gear at t he weekend.
1 Complete t he sentences using the word in bold .
7 Leave now or you'll be late for practice.
Use two to five words.
HIGH It's . . .... . ............. .. . ; you
You'd better pract ise more for the competit ion . don't want to be late for pract ice. •
WERE If . .. ..... . ............... , I'd B If Ar ison doesn't come, we won't be able to compete. ,
pract ise more for the compet ition . UNLESS We won't be ab le to compete
2 Pam didn't play in the match because she twisted ..... ... ........ up.
her ankle . 9 You should train harder.
WOULD If Pam hadn't twisted her ank le. she HAD You ..... . ............ harder.
........ in the match. 10 We didn't win the match and now we won't go into
3 You need to arnve on time. or you won't get m. the next round.
ARRI VE if on time, LOST I . ...................... the match; then we
you won't get in. would have gone into the next round .
4 I'm not tall so I can't be a basketball player. 11 I didn't like It when you gave 5am my stopwatch .
WISH I ............................... ...... ....... .... . 50 RATHER I'd .................. .. ................ ...... ......... .
that I could be a basketball player. ... .. .... ... Sam my stopwatch .
S It's a pity I can't go to Barcelona with the football team. 12 I hope Davld won't reject our offer to join the team .
OO~ W........................ ...... ......... ........... . UP I wish David . J
Barcelona with the football team. our offer to join the t eam. ,
I'

6 If it weren't so windy. we cou ld have a game of tennis. 13 You should start a new sport . i
SO I Wish it weren't so w indy WOULD If I ...... ...... ...... . ... up a new sport.
14 He lost al l his energy and didn't make it to the end . I
. . . . . . ... . . a game of tennis.
7 It's a shame he fell off the high bar; he was doing so RUN If he . •
well. .. .................... .. ... energy, he wou ld I
FALLEN I wish ... . have made it to t he end . I
off the high bar; he was doing so well. I

104 I
 • Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items
3 Read the text and complete the gaps with 4 Choose the correct answer.
the words derived from the words in bold.
1 In the SOOm, the athletes run twice around the
Can you imagine running against a horse
A truck B trick C track D trek
in a 22-mile race? Well that's what j
hundreds of runners do every year in the 2 Sarah has begun her training ....... for next year's
• Man versus Horse race in Llanwrtyd Wells
in Wales. This 0) event attracts USUAL
ma rathon .
A regiment B reg ime C reg ister 0 region
hundreds of 1) .................. from all over CO MPETE
Europe and takes 2) ............. through PARTICIPATE 3 Joe has a(n) .... ... record in the lOOm freestyle .
some of the most 3) .. . .... scenery PICTURE A aggressive C impressive
in Wales - down country roads, forest B expressive o suppressive
footpa ths and even farm tracks! For 25
years this race never featu red a human 4 Australia completely ... the match.
4) . . ..... Then, in 2004, an Englishman WIN A overpowered C marked
named Huw l obb ran the race of his life B dominated D excelled
to become the first man to be crowned
5 It was a ......... .. defeat for the TIgers, who had never
champion. Crowds of 5) .... ............... SPECTATE
witnessed Huw cross the finishing line lost to the Dolphins before.
and claim the £25,000 prize. In the end, A humiliating B hurt ing C disgusting D moving
he finished ahead of 500 other runners 6 I don't feel ........ enough to play for two hours
and more than 40 horses in a 6) REMARK
time of 2 hours and 5 minutes. Although tonight.
Huw was an 7) ......... ..... ..... marathon EXPERIENCE A powerful B extreme C energetic D active
runner, it was his first time running in the 7 The oty has two .. football teams.
race and he had never expected to win.
A unfnendly B enemy C opponent D riva!
And what did he do with the prize
, money? He went straight out and 8 The ski ........ . is from December to April.
bought a new pair of 8) ..... . ..... He TRAIN A opportu nity B period C season D spelt
has since returned to Uanwrtyd Wells to
run the race many ti mes. 9 Sweden ......... first place, with Chile finishing second.
A obtained B ca ught C accepted D took
• Multiple choice cJoze 10 Hugo has supported the team .... . through all its
5 Read the text and decide which answer, A, B, C ups and downs.
or D best fits each gap. A gradually B loyalty C surely o evenly
o
18£
On the morning 01 the 30th June 2002, the 0)
FI of the world were on the
A view
B look
C eyes
o Sight
3 A worse 6 A beat
B worst
C teast
0 less
B earned
C gained
0 won
International Stadium in Yokohama, Japan. Brazil and Germany, two of the best 1 A to 4 A who 7 A anyhow
football learns in the world, were preparing to play in the World Cup final. Over B on B whose B anyway
70,000 fans were making their way to the stadium and around a billion people C at C whom C likewise
around the world were gathering in front of televisions to watch the sporting event 0 in 0 which 0 otherwise
of the year. But 1) ...................... the same time, in a small stadium high up in the 2 A holding 5 A less
8 A way
Himalayas, another international football match was 2) ......... place. The B taking B little
national team of Montserrat, a volcanic island in the Caribbean, was playing against method
C having C fewer system
Bhutan, a tiny country in Asia. At the time, the two countries had officially the two o keeping 0
3) .......... international teams in the world. The match was organised by
Johan Kramer, a filmmaker from Holland, 4) ....... .. ............. own country did not reach the World Cup.
So, with no team to support In the tournament, he decided to celebrate the other, 5) .................... ..
skilful side of world football. The match took place in Thimphu, the capnal of Bhutan, in front of around
20,000 people including Bhutan's kjng. In the end, Bhutan 6) ......... 4-0 and a school holiday
was announced to mark the country's first ever victory. But the match was much more than a sporting
event. Two football teams. who 7) ...................... would probably never have heard about each other,
got the opportunity to meet and share their cultures. It was a marvellous occasion that celebrated the
8) ...................... sport can bring different people together.

To ma ke t he beginning and ending of
your essay more effective in
att racting the reader's attent ion, you
can use t he following techniques:
• Address the reader directly.
If.r.qg never get out of breath or feel
your heart working, you're not doing
enough exercise in your life.
• Include a quotation from a
famous person or piece of writing,
mentioni ng the name of the
person w ho saidlwrote it
As the great tennis player 8illie Jean
Kmg ;aid 'Champions keep playing
unri theyqer ir righ t.
• Include a rhetorical question (a
question that expects no answer).
Does following jpon truly bring
people together or does it divide them?
Listing/Adding points
• In the first place/Fi rst ly
• Secondly • Lastly • Last but not least
• In addit ion (to t his), etc
Presenting arguments for
• The greatest advantage/One obvious
advantage of . _is . ,
• Another important benefit of .
• Some/Most people are in favour of .
because.
Present ing arguments against
• The main/most importa nt disa dvant age
of ... is ... • Anot her serious drawbacki
major downside of ... is .
• A further negative aspect to consider .
• Some/Most people are aga inst .
beca use.
Giving justifications
• For exampleli nst ance • In other words
• After all • Therefore · As a result
• Consequently • In t his/that way, etc
Concluding
• To conclude/sum up
• All things considered
• I th inkifeellbelieve (that) , __
• In my opinion, etc
106
L
•
1 Read the rubric and the model answer. Which techniques
does the writer use to start and end the essay?
r--------------------------.
With people being encouraged to do more and more I
exercise, w rite an essay (200-250 words) discussing the :
advantages and disadvantages of taking up a team sport I
as opposed to an individual sport. I
~--------------------------~
Hippocrates, the great physician of ancient Greece, said: "Sport is a
preserver of health." But which is the best option for improving your
wellbeing - an individual sport or a team sport?
Although team sports such as football and basketball require more
organisation than individual sports like jogging and qcling, there are
many advantages to taking part in them. For one thing, playing sport
with other people develops someone's teamwork skills, which can be
useful in your job. Not only that, team sports provide social
opportunities. Being part of a sports team that plays regularly is a
good way of making friend s and maintaining existing friendships.
Finally, doing a team sport helps people who want to do more
exercise but find it hard to motivate themselves. It is easy to skip
going to a gym, for example, when you are not in the mood. But when
there are teammates relying on you, your only option is to take part.
However, choosing a team sport does have its disadvantages.
Because you can't play sports such as hockey and volleyball on your
own, you may not be able to play as regularly as you would like.
Additionally, some people find team sports too competitive. Young
people, especially, may become obsessed with winning and go to
unhealthy extremes such as
over-training.
Taking everything
consideration, team
sports are a good
option for people who
want to do more
exe rcise. Wouldn't we
all benefit from a
weekly workout in the
company of friends?
2 list the advantages and disadvantages the writer presents in
their essay. How is each point justified? Complete the table.
Pros Justifica t ions
.
• Cons Justifications

3 Read the extracts from essays. Match the
beg inn ings to the endings and identify the
techn iques used .
ITIJ Should we force children who aren't sporty to
take part in competit ive sport at school?
Some schools think not and have decided to
put an end to competitive sports.
Ask some young people who their heroes are
and you will find many of them will name
sportspeop le.
The Olympic Games last for just two weeks
every four years, 50 can any city just ify spending
billions of pounds on hosting the event?
a All things considered, if it gives people new sports
facilities and transport services and inspires them
to get involved in sport, who could argue against
such an investment?
b In conclusion, winning and losing are part of life.
As American football coach Vince Lombardi said,
"The real glory is being knocked to your knees
and then comlOg back. That's real glory. "
c To sum up. on the whole athletes provide
positive role models. Imagine the huge amounts
of dedication and personal sacrifice it took for
your favouri te sports star to succeed in the
professional arena.
b) Match the quotations to the topics in Ex. 4a.
Use the quotations to write appropriate essay
endings.
~ "As soon as you take money for playing sport,
it isn't sport. it's work." former president of the
-J
International Olympic Committee Avery Brundage
(I[] "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing
at all. " writer He/en Keller
"A life is not important except in the impact it
has on other lives." baseball player Jaclde Robimon
• Your turn
5 a) Read the rubric and mark arguments 1-6 as
A (advantages) or D (disadvantages).
r---------- - ---------~
You have had a class discussion on the I
subject o f after-school sports dubs. NOW :
write an essay for your teacher (200-250 I
I w ords) discussing the pros and cons of :
I joining such a club.
~--------------------~
1 studies may suffer 4 break from study routine
2 long-term injuries 5 discover hidden talent
3 avoid bad habits 6 under pressure to win
b) In pairs, think of justifications for each of
the arguments for and against in Ex. 5a.
Compare with another pair.

• Supporting arguments 6 Use your ideas from Exs. 5a and 5b, and one of
the quotations below, to write your essay.
4 a) Read the main-body topic sentences from
essays and think of two supporting arguments,
Follow the plan.
in addition to the examples given .

1 There are certain drawbacks to choosing

QuotatiollS_____
jllSI p/a,), Have /llrt. Enjoy Ibe gamp.
professional sport as a career. Basketball player Michael Jordan
'
------ •..-.-
career only lasts as long as the body is capable .
11 S not u'belber lOll Il'ill or /ose - bill whether I uill or lose. :
~ Go/ferSandyLy/e I

~
2 Working as a sports coach certainly has its
advantages.
less stressful than compering
In lroduClion
'
I
(Para 1) state tbe topiC
3 There are many arguments in favou r of Main Body
participation in extreme sports. (P'dr.l 2) argumelltsjor& justifications
builds character (Para 3) arguments agaillSt & jllstifications
Conclusion
( Para 4) SlImmarise poillts Qlld give YOllropinion

107
 Multiple choice
1 Thi nk of three questions you w ould
like to ask about the ancient sport of
chariot racing. Then read the text.
Were your questions answered?
2 Read the rubric and do t he read ing
t ask. Justify your answers.
r--------------~
I You are going to read a text I
about chariot racing . Read the :
text and answer the quest ions I
(1-5) by choosing the best :
I answer A. B. C or D.
.. _------------_ ..
Chariot Racing the PREMIER SPORT of ancient Rome
or hundreds of years, chaflot racing was the most popular
F spectator sport in anCientRome. People came in droves to
watch the brutal, dangerous and exciting races, which ohen
ended in both charioteers and horses alike being killed.
The arenas where chariot races were held were known as
'circuses'. Rome's grandest circus of all was the Circus
Maximu5, said to have held over 250,000 spectators - a
quarter of Rome's popu lation.
Chariot races normally consisted of seven laps around the
circus, and the first charioteer to complete all seven of them
was the winner There were no such things as rules to chariot
faCing - between the start and finish of a race pretty much
anything was allowed. Consequently, as each race neared Its
end, tactics became Increasingly violent. Charioteers would hit
each other In the eyes with their whips and attempt to
'shipwreck' the chariot in front of them by driving their horses
Into the back of the chariot. Another favourite tactic was to
break a chariot by driving directly Into its wheels.
There were four different teams in Rome for spectators to
support. These teams were known Simply by their colours: the
Reds, the Whites, the Blues and the Greens. Fans supported
their chosen team passionately. Just as at football matches
today, violent clashes between supporters of opposing teams
regularly broke out. There was particular animosity between
supporters of the Greens (who were the most popular team In
Rome) and the Blues The Emperor Viteliius. a fanatical
supporter of the Blues. once had several people put to death
just for shouting out rude comments about the Blues.
Because of the dangerous nature of chariot racing, charioteers
were usually slaves. However. incredible fame and fortune
awaited the most successful charioteers, and slaves could earn
1ds enough money to buy their freedom. The most financially
successful charioteer ever was Gaius Appeleius Diodes. who
made over 35 million sesterces' In prize money during his
career - an estimated S15bn In today's money! No modern-
day athlete has ever come close to earning this kind of
fortune.
Charioteers drove standing upright in their chariots. Most
charioteers used very long reins which they wrapped around
their waist s. They did thiS so they could use their body weig ht
to control the horses. However, this practice was very
dangerous. If the chanoteer fell from his chariot, he was
dragged along the ground and usually killed.
Chariots were typically pulled by two or four horses, but as
many as seven horses were not unheard of. The best horses
came from North Africa and Spain. and the larger the team of
horses, the greater the driver's expertise needed to be. The
emperor Nero, who was a huge chaflot racing fan. and known
for his mad ideas (he once got charioteers to race with camels
instead of horses) once decided to compete in a chariot race
driving a 1O-horse chariot - something which had never been
done, or was ever repeated. All the other competitors in the
race were only allowed two-horse chariots. Nero's
performance was so bad that he didn't even finish the course.
In fact, he crashed several times. Nevertheless, being the
emperor, he was still proclaimed the winner.
Chariot races took place in Rome for over a thousand years.
They were so popular that at times Romans could see as many
as 24 races a day - and all for free (the government prOVided
all forms of entertainment. from theatre performances to
gladiator matches, free to the public). The last official chariot
race in the Circus Maximus was in 550 AD. The sport that had
been as popular with Romans as football is With people today
had come to an end
• sesterce: silver cOin
 Chariot races in ancien t Rome
A were all held in the Ci rcus Maximus.
B did not have ma ny rules.
e were popular with about 25% of Romans.
D usually ended in bloodshed.
5 Use the phrases in Ex. 4 to complete the sentences.
It was all going really wel! for us unt il t he.
........................... scored a goal.
2 I don't know how t he ancient Romans considered

r 2 According to the text, the Blue team

A was t he least popular t eam.
B had the most violent fans.
C didn't have t he suppo rt t he green team had.
o feared the emperor Vltellius
3 Charioteers tied their reins around themselves
A for safety reasons.
B for st eering purposes.
C because it made t he reins shorter.
...... ...... .. .. ........ .. a form of entertainment.
3 I hea rd on the news that there were
J
............ .. __ between football hooligans at
yest erday's game.
4 AnCient Greece was famous for Its open-air
5 Clalre is a(n) ....................................... of her
school football team.
6 Tom always makes very ..

.. o because it made the races more dangerous .

4 The emperor Nero
about my basketball skills.
7 The athlete won .. _of over
£50,000 .
A was the only person to ever race a 10-horse
8 Foot ball is the world's most popular team sport, as
cha riot.
w ell as th e world's most popu lar
B once raced a chariot that was drawn by camels.
C chose the wi nners when he attended chanot
races.
o was a high ly skilled charioteer.
statements
5 According to the last paragraph, chanot races were 6 .... Read t he ru bric an d do t he listenin g task .
A more pop ular t han football IS t oday.
,. r--------------------~
B held 24 hours a day. I You will hear a rowing commentator I
C pa rt of a sponsored entertai nment programme. : describing an internationa l race . Mark the :
D the official sport of Rome. I statements (1-5) T (True) or F False).
~---------------- - ---~
3 Match the words/phrases below to the words True False
in bold in the text . The commentator says t he Dutch
• contained • erupted • knowledge and skill are a popular team.
• men who are the property of others 2 The French row di fferen t ly in th is
• large crowds • technique • dedared race than in the past.
, • bitter feeling • methods • sports venue 3 A British rower suffers an injury.
• un common • pulled • rounds • very cruel 4 The Italians overtake New Zealand . f--+--l
• middle of the body • fan s 5 The race is won by the French.
•
4 Match the words in column B to the words in Describe a picture
column A. & answer
.,
A 8 7 Describe the picture . Then
1 violent a money answer the questions.
2 gladiator b performances
1 Why do you think those pec,plel
3 spectator c team
4 choose to do thiS sport?
prize d comments
5 2 What do you think is the
opposing e supporter
dangerous sport and why?
6 rude f sport
7 3 What did you like best and least
fanatical g matches
8 about PE classes at your first
theatre h clashes
school?
MODULE
, Illnesses/ Injuries I
1 a) Rank the following in order of importance 4 Fill in with: muscle, eye, blood pressure, sickness,
from 1-8, 1 being the most im portant to you. ankle, heartburn, hearing.
;

§
eating red meat The doctor says I have high ........... ..
leading a stress-free life and need to reduce my salt intake.
exercising regularly 2 My grandfather has very poor ... ......................... .
sleeping eight hours a night which is why he wears a hearing aid.
D being a healthy weight 3 Yesterday. Sam fell over while he was running and

§ eating plenty of fruit/vegetables twisted his.

drinking eight glasses of water a day 4 My dad suffers from so he
taking vitamin pills takes an antacid pill when he finishes a meal.
5 I think I've pulled a .. .. ................ in my leg.
b) Use your list to discuss with a partner what
G How did you get that black ....... .... ... ?
is most important for a healthy lifestyle.
7 I hate travelling by sea as I get motion
A. 1/ r rill In the mOH lI11p'Jftanr parr of a healthy
,IeHy,e IS e.<erwing regularly.
L. Well I think eating plenty of (ruiUvege rables ;s the 5 Fill in with : scar, stitches, bruise, sling, cast, graze,
number one thing a person can do to stay healthy. crutches.
1 How long will your arm be in that .... .................. ..
'Human body I for?
2 Match the body parts to thei r primary roles: 2 It's only a ............... .......... .. . on you r leg - you
lungs, heorc, orreries, stomach, joints, teeth, bones, don 't need a bandage.
muscles, veins, trachea, intestines, nose. 3 I wason ................. . for three months
after I broke my leg.
BREATHE AIR DIGESTFOOD
4 That's a nasty black . ............. on your leg .
MOVE CIRCULATE BLOOD
5 I have an old. on my leg from
Our lur 95 r a sk llOg accident when I was young
6 The bone's broken so we'lI need to put your arm
' Health care professionals I in a plaster ............................. .
7 The doctor says I need five . .................... in
3 Match the medical professions to the statements. my cut.

!ill
2
3
midwife
cardiologist
dentist
6
7
8
surgeon
paediatrician
dermatologist
'Symptoms & treatment
6
I
Fill in with: concussion, runny nose, vomiting. itchy
[!O paramedic 9 speech therapist
eyes, swollen glands, blurry vision.
~porter 10 GP 1 I had mild ...... ........ ......... .. .. .. after banging my
a "I perform operations on patients ." head on t he cu pboard door.
b "I treat people who have problems with their skin." 2 If I start to get ........... .......... I know I'm
c " I treat ill children." about to have a migraine headache.
d "I help women to give birth." 3 The worst thing about a cold is the
e "1 treat people's teeth ." ................ ... !
f "I treat people who have problems with their heart." 4 When I had food poisoning, I spent the whole day
9 "I take care of patients in an ambulance."
h "I move patients and equipment around a hospital ." 5 "The reason you have ............................ is that
''I'm a doctor who provides general health care." your body is fighting an infection," said the doctor.
"I help people who have speech difficulties. " 6 Matt gets hay fever every spring and suffers from

110
 7 Fill in the verbs in their correct
form: relieve, heal, apply, cure,
'Health care I
prescribe, treat. 9 Choose the correct word .

1 Many types of cancer can be The doctor w rote a(n) prescription/ recipe for some pills .
if the disease 2 Lisa had to undergo a medical scan/exa mination before she
.. J
is foun d early enough . could become a pilot
, 2 The doctor" ....... a course 3 The patient was under anaesthet ic t hroughout the surgery/clinic.
of antibiotics for his ea r infection . 4 They carried th e injured football player off t he fi eld on a trolley/
3 She took some aspirin to "., stretcher.
the pain of her headache. S The porter wheeled the patient Into the operating/working theatre.
4 Th is herba l oint ment .. 6 Greg slept in a ward /ca rriage that had four other pat ients .
wounds fa st. 7 The ambulance rushed the man from the accident scene to
! S The dermatolog ist told her to casualty/ fatality .
• the cream to 8 Her leg w as in plaster for six w eeks aher she broke one of her
I
her face twice a day.
1 6 That doctor avoids .. .. ........ ..... ".
bandages/bones.
9 When are the visit ing hours/periods?
J his pat ients w ith antibiotics. 10 He's allergic/suscept ible to nuts. He always gets a rash/ rush

~
when he eats them.
'Disabilities I 10 Match the medical fields below to their areas of speciality•
• Word formation
., then make sent ences.
~
8 Use the words in bold to form
new words t o fill in the gaps. ~ neu rology a the eyes
1 [ID geriatrics b pregnant women
c X-rays and
1 [ill
[!IJ
podiatry
obstetrics
ultrasounds
d the heart
m:J ophthalmology
e the elderly
The Paralympics are an international sports [I[J radiology f the teeth
event for 1) ............................. .
(physical) disabled athletes that are held
[2IJ cardiology g the feet
once every four years. They allow athletes [!IJ dent istry h the nervo us system
with disabitities ranging from
Neuu ?9J Tr HUt l rl
2) ........ " .. ""."........ (blind) to
r cerebral palsy to compete 00 the world
stage. 3) ............. .............. .. 'Addictions I
(compete) are placed in different
categories so that athletes with similar 11 Fill in with : behavioural, rehabilitation, withdrawal, substance.
disabilities compete against each other. For hard, former, binge.
example, people who are 4) ................ .
l (visual) impaired do not compete with BEAT YOUR ADDICTION!
ii1 people who
S) ................... ........
have
(amputate).
had
Do you , or someone you love, have a 1) ...................... abuse problem? Is it

-
, Some of the sports in the Paralympics are
6) ...........................
designed for disabled people, such as
(specific)
ruining your life? If the answer is yes, you will find help at The George Clinic -
London's premier 2) ................... ......... centre. Our experienced staff are
experts in helping 3) ............................ drug users and 4) .......................... ..
wheelchair rugby, but most sports are the drinkers beat their addictions. Our S) .......................... psychologists use a
same as those in the Olympic Games.
unique method to minimiSe 6) ............................ symptoms.
Nowadays, the Paralympics are a huge
7) ......................... addicts who have been through our programme
event, with increasing media
recommend us. So calf The George Clinic today and take back control of
7) ........................... (cover) around
the world. your life.
,. See Vocabulary Bank on p. 184 11
 Multiple choice
1 look at the picture. Imagine you are trapped by an avalanche.
How are you feeling? Tell your partner.
2 Read the title and the first and the last sentence in the text.
What is it about? Read through and check.
yron finished checking his pack for everything
~
K he'd need in an emergency. He'd been on the
avalanche control team twelve years now and
knew his job inside out. He loved every minute of it too,
feeling that the task of keeping the public safe was an
important one. Kyron picked up his mobile and dialled
Cannor's number.
-Are you just about ready, Connor?" Kyron asked his
partner.
"Yeah. I just need a few more minutes to inspect my gear
and then I'll make a start.· Gannor replied.
~ OK. I'll see you al the base of the north face, then" said
Kyron , and hung up the phone. Soon afterwards, the two
men met up at the mountain. The snow pack had
become unstable over the last few days and it was their
job 10 stabilise it. The safety of countless skiers depended
on them.
"What method should we use today?" Cannor asked .
"How about the new fuel-air explosives?" Kyron
suggested.
"Hmmm ." let's dig a hole for snow pack observation
first," Connor replied.
"Good idea. We can discuss the plan of action from
there," Kyron agreed.
The two men made their way up the mountain, admiring
the smooth white snow which glistened like diamonds
under the winter sun. When they arrived at the summit,
they attached safety ropes and snow anchors to
themselves, then began to dig a hole in the snow to look
at the snow's layers.
Kyron pointed to the thin layers of ice mixed in with the
powdery snow. "It's pretty unstable, " he said.
.' I -'
I
3 Read the rubric and do the
reading task. Justify your answers.
p--------------"
I Read the story about two I
: avalanche control workers. For :
I questions '·5, choose the I
I correct option A. B, C or D.
.--------------~
"Let's use the fuel-air explosives, then,~ Gannor replied.
As the men set about their work, Kyron felt his movement
restricted. His safety rope was caught on some rocks
above him. Kyron pulled at the rope but it would not
budge. So he unhooked himself from it for jusl a moment
to finish his job. The decision nearly cost him his life. As
he worked, he moved into an area of 'sugar snow', a term
used to describe unstable snow with the consistency of
powdered sugar. Immediately, the snow gave way
beneath his feet. Avalanche!
Without his safety rope to stop him from being carried
away with the snow, Kyron started falling down the
mountainside. Twisting and tumbling, he was dragged
along like a helpless puppet by the huge volume of snow.
The avalanche grew bigger and bigger as it progressed
down the mountainside. Kyron thought of his wife and
daughter. Would he ever see them again? And then all of
a sudden it was over. The final impact wrenched his left
ankle and wrist, which burned and ached. He knew his
right arm was badly broken because of the intense pain.
Lying in the darkness, Kyron had no idea how deeply he
was buried. He estimated that it could not be by much, as
he could hear the sound of his partner, Cannor, calling
out his name. He couldn'l move but Kyron was grateful he
could breathe in the small space he'd created by placing
his hands over his moulh when he'd come to a stop. It
seemed like an eternity before Cannor and a rescue
team had dug him out. As he rested in his hospital bed,
with his wife and daughter by his bedside, Kyron reflected
on how lucky he had been to survive the disaster, and
how he would never again make such a reck~ss safety
decision. .
•
Kyron liked his job on the avalanche control team 6 Imagine you are Connor. Describe
because it the event from you r point of view .
A was full of danger and excitement.
B carried a lot of responsibility with it
C had given him many years' invaluable experience. choice
D allowed him to meet members of the public
"J
2 When Kyron and Cannor met on the nort h face
7 0 Read the rubric and do the task. Justify
your answers.
o f the mountain, they
A noticed a large hole had formed in the snow.
r--------------------·
IYou will hear an expert talking about waist I
B cou ldn't agree what ava lanche cont rol method I .
I fat. For questions 1-4, choose the correct :
to use. Ianswers, A, B or C. I
C immediately used explosives to prevent an ~--------------------~
avalanche. o Or Ling
A specialises in men's healt h issues.
D decided to carry out a preliminary check.
B was once overweight.
3 Kyron removed his safety rope so that he could C is the world's youngest obesity expert .
; A move his body about more freely.
1 Carrying waist fat is more serious
B inspect the snow more closely.

j C communicate better with (onnor.

o finish his work more quickly.
A than carrying it elsewhere on the body.
B for skinny people than for fat people.
C for men than for women .
j 4 As Kyron was swept along by t he avalanche, he
2 The best way to determine if you have tOO much
I A w as sure he wouldn't survive .
fat around your waist IS to
", B got tWisted up in his safety rope. A see If your waist measures over 40 inches.

. C wondered about his family. B compare your waist and hip measurements.

. , D nearly passed out with the pain.

S Lying bu ried in t he snow, Kyron

C check your risk of developi ng diabetes.

3 Whether a man puts on waist fat depends mostly

A kept warm by movi ng his hands. on
B was able to shout t o Conno r. A his genes.
C was in complete silence. B how physica lly active he was w hen young .
D managed to maintain an oxygen su pply. C his lifestyle choices .
4 When it comes to weight gain around the waist,
4 Explain the words in bold .
beer
A is the worst type of alcohol.
5 rescue, impact, ached. broken. inrense.
Fill in: B is probably less harmful than wine.
tumbled, wrist, wrenched. C is no worse than most other forms of alcohol.
1 The ..... ......... .... ......... ... team managed to pull
the climber out of the avalanche alive.
2 The doctor took my pulse by placing his hand on my

his hand from the

8 Read the rubric and do the t ask .
3 Tom ..
letterbox where it had got st uck.
r--------------------·
: You are working in an office in London, but I
4 James. . . dow n the stairs. I you have fallen ill. Phone your boss to I
5 His leg muscles ... after the long hike I explain . Include the four pieces of :
6 I had to wear a plast er cast on my . information below in your conversation .
I
arm for six wee ks. symptoms of illness likely recovery time I
7 Tracy went to the dentist because of the I
doctor's diagnosis treatment I
.... pain in her mouth
8 He was badly injured due to the sudden ~--------------------~
... .. of his fall.
113
 • Lex;cogrammat;cal word transformations
Use of English Emphatic structures!
Inversion
2 Complete the sentences using the word in
bold. Use two to five words.

• Dodor Evans examined Mary_ Jamce didn't take my advice and had an accident.
IGNORED Had .............................. my advice,
It was Doctor Evans w ho/that examined Mary.
she may not have had an accident.
• She needs to have surgery.
What she needs is to have surgery.
2 If you dislike the therapy, we'll try another kind. ... j
NOT Should you
• When are you going to see the dentist?
........ , we'll try another kind.
When is it that you are going to see the dentist?
3 You must not gain more weight on any account.
• He said he wasn't feeling very well.
PUT On .
He did say he wasn't feeling very wel l.
on more weight.
• She had no idea t hat lucy was in hospita l.
4 If you want to keep fit, you need to exercise more.
little did she know that Lucy was in hospital. OUT Only by ............. keep fit.
• When/If you see him, you 'll realise how sick he is.
5 The doctor had just entered the room when his
You'll on ly realise how sick he is if/when you see phone rang.
him . WALKED No ............................................ .
• You shouldn 't stop exercising under any mto the room than his phone rang .
circumstances. 6 Erica VISits me so often that the nurses think she is
Under no circumstances sho uld you stop exercising. my sister.
DROP 50 often
1 Complete the sentences using the word in that the nurses think she is my sister.
7 I wasn't aware that Maggie was in a serious conditioo.
bold. Use two to five words.
DID Little ................................ .
Luisa had no idea that her condition was so serious. Maggie was in a serious condit ion. •
KNOW Little . . .. ................. . S The doctor promised Tom that the operation would
that her cond ition was so serious. succeed .
2 Mr Johnson said he felt too dizzy to walk to the DID The doctor ............................ word
doctor's. that the operat ion would succeed .
DID Mr Johnson 9 If you are left with no med icat ion, call your doctor.
dizzy to walk to t he doctor's. RUN Should . . ............. ,
3 The first aid course shou ld not be missed under any call your doctor.
circumstances 10 He hard ly ever participates in discussions.
NO Under . TAKE Hardly ever •
....... first aid course be missed. in discussions.
4 When are you taking Grandma to the dermatologist? 11 She only started exercising because her friends
IT When ........ ..... taking encouraged her.
Grandma to the dermatologist ? UP Had it not been for her friends, she
5 If you get some rest, you'll feel better. ...................... regular exercise.
ONLY You'll ................ . 12 He was In so much pain that he was taken to hospital.
..... .... ................. get some rest. BAD The pain ................ . ................... .
6 The patient needs a prosthetic limb. that he was taken to hospital.
15 What ...... . .... a prosthetic limb. 13 Gary never suspected the doctor had lied to him.
7 The nurse called Lee to tell him the good news. TIME At ........................................... .
WHO It the doctor had lied to him.
... lee to tell him t he good news. 14 Alex suggested join ing a health club .
S Little did Marcia know that the sna ke w as poisonous. ... FORWARD It was
IDEA Marcia the idea of joining a health club.
..... the sna ke was poisonous. 15 You should never take antibiotics without a
9 Only when you see Pete will you rea lise how mud; prescription from the doctor.
w eight he has lost. NO Under .
SEE When ................. take antibiotiCS without
realise how much weight he has lost. a prescription from the doctor.
114
 • Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items
3 Read the text and complete the gaps with the 4 Choose the correct answer.
words derived from the words in bold . Compare 1 Experts agree that a healthy diet can help to
your answers with your partners. many kinds of cancer.
, There I/IIere very few things that Indiana A prevent B halt C avoid 0 protect
Jones, the 0) film character, was FAME 2 He was badly injured in the crash, but hopefully
.. J
afraid of, but even he had a fear of he will ........ full use of his arms.
snakes! And with very good reason. A restore B win C reach o regain
•
, Around 650 speCies of snake In the world
are 1) ............... ,... These snakes have the POISON
3 Don't worry, this operation is a very
stra ightforward .
ability to inject venom into their victim'S A procedure B method C routine D
body which can cause 2) ... ,... DEAD technique
within seconds, Amazingly, however,
4 My doctor has been ........ medicine for more than
recent research has discovered that toxins
40 years,
from snake venom can help alleviate pain
A performing C rehearsing
and even treat diseases. To date, around
B applying o practising
a dozen 3) ,................. drugs have been EFFECT
developed from snake venom. For 5 They can't make a ....... until they test her blood.
example, a patient's blood pressure can A declaration C diagnosis
r be 4) .... ...... lowered by using a SIGNIFICANT B detection o discovery
chemical taken from the venom of a 6 Disease ........ faster in dirty environments.
Brazilian snake. And venom from the A expands B widens C grows 0 spreads
5) ..... copperhead Viper has SOUTH 7 He was taken to hospital to receive medical.
been proven to slow dov...n the A treatment B care C cure 0 therapy
6) ................. of cancerous tumours. The GROW
8 I'm sorry to say she's 10 a ........ condition and may
same goes for the venom of other
not survive.
creatures. The venom of the yellow Israeli
A fundamental B acute C major D critica l
scorpion, for example. IS being used in
the cure of brain cancer, Unlikely as it 9 The doctor says all my wounds will ....... in time .
seems. medical 7) ............. ,... are using SCIENCE A relieve 8 cure C heal D repair
the deadliest creatures on the planet to 10 Drink ing tea has some health.
keepus B) ... , ..... ! HEALTH A advan tages B be nefits C results 0 bonuses

• Text completion - Grammar

5 Read the text and complete the gaps by putting the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form.

HaVing needles 0) into your skin might not seem like the best wi:ry to treat an Illness, but
arupuncture 1) .................. (be) an important part of Eastern medicine for over 4,000 years. And, as the
practice becomes more and more popular in the West, recent scientific research 2) .................. (suggest)
that it actually \o'oXXks, According to Eastern philosophy, energy, or 'qi', continuously flooNs along twelve
pathways in the body. But sometimes qi can get blocked. causing a person to get an illness. Acupuncture
works by pushing needles into a person's skin to unblock the qi. This allows the body to become balanced
again. Usually the needles 3) ....... ,.......... (not/go) very deep, only around half an inch, and most people say
that you get used to the pain. In traditional Chinese acupundure there are 2,000 points on a person's body
where needles can 4) ................ ,., ..... (place). Korean acupundure, however, only uses points on the hands,
while a French type of acupundure uses the ears. Indeed, it was a French man, George Soulie de Morant.
who first 5) .............. .......... (introduce) acupundure to the West in the early 20th century. Since then,
more and more people around the world 6) .................. (benefit) from the practice. However much more
research needs 7) .. ................ (do), there is a lot of evidence to suggest that acupundure 8) ................ ..
(help) reduce pain. It can therefore be very effective on people With conditIOns such as migraines and back
pain.

Essays providing solutions to a problem are
discursive essays in which we discuss a problem
and Its causes as well as the expected resu lts or
consequences of our suggestions. An essay
providing solutions to a problem consists of:
• an introduction in which we state the problem
and reason(s) it arose.
• a main body which consists of two or more
paragraphs, presenting our suggestions and
their expected results/consequences. We
should start a new paragraph for each
suggestion and Its results/consequences .
• a conclusion In which we summarise our
opinion .
We start each main body paragraph with an
appropriate topic sentence which states the main
idea in the paragraph. Each topic sentence is
followed by supporting sentences that further
explain the main idea of the paragraph. We
normally write such essays in formal style.
1 Read the rubric and answer the questions.
r--------------------~
IFollowing a dass discussion on health care I
I and the pressure many doctors are under,
I' your teacher has asked ' an essay
you to write
I (200-250 words) suggesting ways to reduce
: the number of patients visiting doctors'
I surgeries.
._------------------_.
1 Who is going to read your essay?
2 Which of the following should you indude in the
essay?
• what it's like to work in a doctor's surgery
• reasons why doctors' surgeries are so busy
• why you dislike visiting the doctor
• a brief history of your country's health care
system
• suggestions on how to ease doctors' workloads
• how to make an appointment to see the
doctor
• the expected outcome of you r suggestions
• the advantages of having regular health checks
116
2 Read the model and match the headings (A-E)
to the paragraphs (1-5).
DJ:] Doctors' surgeries are busy places these days,
WIth patients seeking adVice on all kind of health issues,
even minor ones. In the interests of doctors and patients
alike, something needs to be done to reduce the number
of patients a doctor has to see in anyone day.
[ID The situation could be improved if the
government were to make more funding available for
national health care selVlces. Injecting extra money into
the health budget would mean that more doctors could
be employed. In this way, the number of patients in an
area would be shared, relieving individual doctors'
workloads.
[ID Another solution could be to develop more
: Internet websites where patients can look up their
I condition and receive an onli ne diagnosis and suggested
: course of treatment. This wou ld mean that. for minor
I problems at least, a visit to the doctor would be
I unne<essary, and people could be helped in the comfort
of their own homes.
[![J It would also be a good idea to step up
government health education campaigns. Many people
are simply not aware of the importance of a healthy
lifestyle. If they were better informed about following a
balanced diet and exercising regularly, the result would
be that fewer people need to go to the doctor.
~ In short, there are a number of practical
solutIOns to the problem of crowded doctors' surgeries. I
firmly believe that If such suggestions were put into
practice, the health care system would run more
,
smoothly and both patients and doctors would benefit.
A th ird suggestion and expected results
B conclusion su mmarising the writer's opinion
C fi rst suggestion and expected results
D introduction to the topic
E second suggestion and expected results
•
• 3 Which of the phrases in the Useful language • Your turn
box does the writer use in the essay in Ex. 2 to 5 Read the rubric, then match the results (a-d) to
make suggestions? present results? the suggestions (1-4).
• r--------------------,
You have had a class discussion on the I
difficulty of finding time to stay fit and :
J
• Making suggestions
• A useful suggestion would be to .
healthy when you are in full-time
I employment. Now write an essay for your
I
I
• • It would be a good idea to . teacher (200-250 words) suggesting ways :
• It would (also) help jf ... . this can be done.
• Another solution could/would be . ~---- - ---------------.
• The situation could be improved it .
Presenting results/consequences ~ Cut down on non-active leisure activities
• This would mean (that) H Then,
•• •
like watching TV and surfing the Net.
• By doing this, we could./'would ... [IIJ Work out what time is best for you to
• The effect of ... would be . • In this way, exercise and stick to your schedule.
• If ''', the result would be [!IJ Avoid using sports clubs/gyms that are
far away - use facilit ies in your own area
or create your own informal group with
friends.
4 a) Match the results (a-d) to the suggestions [!IJ Persuade your employer to provide gym
(1-4) facilities at work.

a You can take advantage of your lunch break

ITIJ Do warm-ups and a They will be less
to do some exercise.
stretching stressed and more
b Not having to travel long distances will save
exercises before productive in their job.
you valuable time.
you play a sport. b Your muscles will be
c Following a routine will help you make full
[3IJ Arrange to go to relaxed and there will
use of your spare time.
the gym with a be less risk of injury.
d You will have more time to devote to keeping
friend . c Children will not get
fit.
IT[] Encourage office bored with the meals
employees to take and go back to eating
regular breaks. junk food.
6 Use your answers from Ex. 5 to write your
[!IJ Vary school dinner d You will be less
essay. Follow the plan and use language from
menus every tempted to skip
the Useful language box.
week. exercise sessions.

b) Use phrases from the Useful language box (Para 1) state Ihe problem & its cause
to write complete sentences, as in the example. (Para 2) first suggestion & e..;pected results
(Para 3) second suggestion & expected results
Itwould be a good Idea ro do warm-ups and stretching
(Para 4) third suggestion & expected results
exercises before you play a sport. Then, your muscles
(Para 5) summarise opinion
will be relaxed and there will be less risk of injury.
2 ................... .

3 ............ .

4 ...... ....... .... .

117
 sentences 3 Read the rubric and do the reading task.
r--------------------, •
1 Have you got a mobile phone? What do you Read the text about mobile phone I
addiction . Match the sentences (A-I) to the :
use it for?
gaps (1 -6) so that the text forms a coherent I
2 How many text messages do you send each and logical whole. There are two sentences :
that do not match any gap. I
day? How many do you think a mobile phone
addict sends? Read through to find out. ~--------------------~

@
Are YOUR thumbs NUMB?
Teenager Bob Ball , 16, estimates he sends around 600 text
messages a day. A/ice Cody, 13, admits she sends text
messages 10 her friends even when they are sitting next to
. Paige Home, 15, says she sends an average of
15,000 text messages a month. @0 A11 three
,' ...15 a!lr" that they become anxious or angry
they are separated from their mobiles.
such behaviour strike a chord with yotP.
lICIlf so, you may have the beginnings of
an increasingly common addiction: contact
addiction!
'Contact addiction' is the new addiction of the
21st century. According to psychologists,
contact addicts develop the same kind of
attachment to their
mobile phones that
drug addicts do 10
narcotics. They
exhibit withdrawal
symptoms such as
tension and anger when
they are not allowed to send
texl messages. [ID Personal
relationships, schooling and jobs
- all are secondary in importance to
the contact addict.
4
•
Psychiatrists believe the root of the problem is the texler's
desire to escape from emotional difficulties such as
depression , stress or anxiety. In other words, texl addicts
focus on the pleasure-inducing activity of texling to keep
their minds off their real-life problems. ~ Texl addicts
often suffer from sleep deprivation because of their need
to keep their phones on 24 hours a day. They suffer from
eye strain from peering al their mobile screen. Denied
access to their mobile, they become moody, irritable, and •
in some cases even ill. [!Cl The most exlreme texl
addicts spend up to seven hours a day texling. Their thumb
joints are damaged from their non-stop texling. ~
Josh Dhaliwal, head of research at mobileYouth, a firm that
studies mobile usage in young people, isn't surprised. Texl
message addiction among young people was "an accident
waiting to happen', he says. 41
Do you think you might have an unhealthy relationship with
your mobile? Is your work suffering because of your need
to text? [!IJ If so, perhaps it's time to think about putting
yourself in control of your mobile, instead of letting it
control youl
A Their compUlsion to text takes
abSOlutely everything I ' . .precedence OVer
B Accord' e se In theIr l,ves.
109 to recent research
YOUng people could be addiaed ~s ma~ as .one in six
C Regarding her tech
nlque she sa
° their mob,le phones.
.,
look. I've had my ph " ys, don't even
one a ong tim d'
Where the buttons are e an I Just know
N

Read the text again and answer the questions. o They frequently be .
Then, explain the words in bold . rrow money fro f.
relatiyes to foot th . ' . m nends and
elr moblre bdls
1 How are contact addicts similar to other addicts 7 . f SU.t unfortunatelx corn " ..
2 What do doctors believe drives t ext add iction? set of problems.' pu SIYe textlng brings its own
3 What physica l and emotional symptoms can t ext F ResearCh into t hese illness . .
addicts exhib it? G Do yOu fee l depressed 'f es ISStl/l at an early stage.
4 Why did josh Dhaliwa l say t hat t ext message
H Do you feer rost W'th 1 no one texts you ~or an hour?
l out your mobil h
addiction was "an accident wa iting to happen" phone obsessively for m e or c eek your
Th . essages 7
(line 44)7 elr personal relationships and 'wo k
r can suffer.
118
 5 Fill in t he gaps with the correct word: exhibit,
non-stop, secondary, compulsive, lost, usage, numb.
r After five minutes in the freezing cold, his hands
were.

r 2 Children can often

behaviour as part of the growing up process.
... .. ...... ..... ... ..... rebellious

r 3 That man is a ........ .... ......... .. .. liar - don't believe

a word he says! 9 0
Matching
Read the rubri c and the statements A: F. Do
4 I'd be .... .. .. .. ....... .. .. without my iPod. I just can 't the listening task. Which w ords helped you

r S
live without music!
Money is of ... ....... .. .. ..... .. ...... importance to me
decide?

r--------------------~
f 6
when it comes t o a career.
There has been a dramat ic increase in Int ernet
You will hear five people talking about their
allergies and how they affect their lives.
I
:
f 7
........ ..... .. .... .. ... .. .. .... ... . rates among ol d peop le.
It rained ... ... .. .. ..... ...... ... yest erday.
Match the statements (A· F) t o the speakers I

r (1-5). There is one statement that does not :

r 6 Match the words to form collocations, then use

match any speaker.
~--------------------~
I

r the collocations to make sentences about

contact addiction.
A It was years before I understood Speaker 1
what causes my al lergy. Speaker 2
[ B I have t ried everyth ing but I Speaker 3
t C!IJ strike a im portance
can't stop it . Speaker 4
I can't take any risks with my '-p-e-. :- r.
r [3IJ drug b deprivation
C
s ke- ,-:s:+---1
allergy.
~ withdrawal c joint
D At least I only suffer for a part of the year.

m
~
•i secondary
sleep
d
e
relationships
a chord
E Good housekeeping keeps my allergy away.
rI eye f symptoms
F There's not much I can do but wait for the pa in to
go away.
rg u 9 addict
r [![]
personal
thumb h strain Monologue
r
10 look at the graph . Interpret the data and
7 Choose the correct preposition. answer the questions.

7 James is irritable because he's su ffering from/with

t lack of sleep
Female obesity in Europe (%)
2 "It's time to put yourself in control over/of the ('j.()u~~: Eu rostat 2008)
" situation," he advised.
'f 3 One in t en people in the survey admitted they
f were addicted with/ t o exercise.

! 4

S
At the moment, t raining for the marathon takes
precedence above/over everything else in my life.
"Focus at/on the positive things in your life, not

r 6
t he negative," she said.
Mum said denying me access with/ t o my mobile
was for my own good . 1 How does Lithuania compare to other E.U countries
7 Never borrow money from/over a friend un less with regard to obesity?

r you can pay it back. 2 Why do you th ink so many people in Europe are
overweight or obese?
r S "Try to keep your mind off/ from your worries,"
she said. 3 What do you think shou ld be done to reduce
obesity?
119
f
r
 )
Culture
1 Look at the pictures. What do you
infer about Sout h Africa from them?

2 Read the text and fill the gaps (1-4)

with the sentences (A-E). There is one
extra sentence. I
A Its national team, the Springboks, are
held in high regard all over the world.
B Consequent ly, many of them had no

o
choice but to work as virtua l slaves for
the colonists.
C Nevertheless, a number of distinct
social changes are forecast
On the other hand. It does have its own
uthAfrica
Modern humans have lived in South Africa for over 100,000 years
and their ancestors for over 3.3 million years. In fact, South Africa
unique characteristics was one of the first regions in the world to be inhabited by human
E In fact, experts consider the whole area to beings. [IIJ Early inhabitants were hunter-gatherers who
be one of the first cradles of civilisation. wandered the land in search of food . Sometime after 500 BC,
groups of Bantu-speaking peoples from central Africa started
3 Read the text and mark the sentences migrating to southern Africa. Gradually, these peoples conquered
T (true) or F (False) or OS (doesn't say), and absorbed the origi nal inhabitants of the region. The Bantu-
Correct the false statements. speakers had an advanced Iron Age culture. They lived in huts in
small villages, kept domesticated animals and practised
1 Humans as we now know them agriculture. They made iron tools, were skilled potters and
first appeared 3 million years ago. developed trade with other regions. Bantu-speaking peoples are
2 Many South Africans can trace their the ancestors of many modern-day South African peoples,
origins back to t he Bantu-speaking including the Zulus.
peoples of central Africa. Europeans didn't reach South Africa until the late 15th century
3 The native South African peoples when the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias sailed past what
di d not give up their land easily to is now known as the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. The first
the European settlers. permanent European settlement was established by the Dutch in
4 'Whites' are the second largest Cape Town in 1652, and served as a supply station for ships. In
the late 17th century, settlers from France, Germany and Holland
racial group in South Africa.
arrived in South Africa and developed what
5 English IS the official language of
we know as the Afrikaner culture. Almost
the South African government.
immediately the European colonists came
6 J.R. R. Tolkein wrote stories about into conflict with the
his native land. native Bantu peoples,
and a series of wars
4
1 domesticated a language
2 high b origins
3 diverse c player
4 ,ron d potter •
5 official e settlement
6 permanent f regard
:;,. ~
skilled 9 tool
.! - talented h animal
 5 Fin d words in the text w hich
mean:

highly developed (para 1)

2 a place of origin; a birthplace (pa ra 1)
3 to adopt/use as one 's own (para 3)
4 ca use to become one with (para 1)
5 to move about without a definite
destination or purpose (pa ras 1 & 4)
6 people from whom we are directly
were lought to gain control of the land. The Europeans eventually drove descended (para 1)
the native South African peoples from their land. [ID 7 respect/esteem (para 4)
Today, South Africa is a nation of some 50 million people of diverse origins 8 ack nowledged (para 4)
and backgrounds. About 80% of the population is Black African , about 10%
is White, and the remaining 10% are of various other origins . South Africa
has eleven official languages including English , Afrikaans and Zulu. Even
6 Comp lete t he phrases w ith as,
from, into, of (x2), or with (x2).
though English is recognised as the official language of business and
science, it is only spoken as a first language by about 8% of South Africans. 1 in search.
South African English is similar to British English. (I[] For example, its 2 to serve.
vocabulary includes many words borrowed from Dutch, Flemish and 3 to develop trade ..
African languages. 'Ja' means yes in South Africa and comes from Dutch , 4 to drive them ........... the la nd
'gogo' means grandmother and comes from Zulu, and 'choomie' means 5 to gain control .
friend and comes from the English word 'chum '.
6 to come .......... confl ict .
South Africa is an enormous country, rich in biodiversity. It has a vast
savannah where animals like lions, leopards, elephants , hyenas and
springboks (the national animal of South Africa and the name of the
national rugby leam) roam. Ukewise, the country has an exceptional 7 Why do you 1hink
variety of rare and beautiful plants. South Africa is strong in the arts, music Europeans w anted to settle in
and sport. The country is known for producing talented rugby players . South Africa?
[1D Some of the oldest art in the world has been discovered in South
African caves, and many South African artists are recognised today for 8 Make notes under t he headin gs;
their work . One of the most creative authors of our time, J.R. R. Tolkein , then use your notes to present
was born in South Africa. With no shortage of creativity, a long history, a South Afri ca to the class.
spectacularly beautiful landscape and majestic wildlife, South Africa is
surely one of the greatest countries on the planet.
Name Location

Flora/Fauna Brief history

Population Languages

Arts/Famous people

Quotations--:-c-_
Education is tbe mosIIX)//'CIjul weapon
II'hich )'011 callI/se to challge the I/,"()rld .
Nelson Mondelo, President of Sourh
AfricQ (1994-1 999)
_ - .I

12 1
M ODULE
'Science I 4 Fill in with: editing, back-up, delete, drive, folder,
graphics.
1 Fill in the gaps with the words: uncovered,
published, conducting. provide, announced, invented. A: Sa m, have you finished 1) ............................ that
PowerPoint file yet?
It IS important to do thorough research on a top ic
B: No, not yet. I'm done with the text but I' m still 1
before . .. ,,,. an experiment.
working on the 2) .
2 Scientists have ... .... .... ... ...... new evidence A: You're rememberi ng to 3) . .., ......... all
that life cou ld exist beyond earth . the pictures in which our old company logo
3 Yesterday, scientists ... .... ... ... ... ... .... .. .... a major
appears, aren't you?
breakthrough in the fight against malaria . B· Of course .
4 The sCientist was asked to ....
A: Good. Please make a 4) . . .................. ... copy
eVidence to support his hypothesis. of the file when you're fin ished and put it in the
5 The archaeologists .. • ' H their
5) labelled 'Presentations' In
findi ngs in t he Jou rnal .
my shared 6)
6 Who ....... ............. the microwave?

• Word formation 'Mobile phones I

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form 5 Choose the correct word.
of the words in the brackets.
1 I have to upgrade/ re-do my handset. It's old .
1 Galileo was the first , .. , 2 Give/Send me a missed call and I'll call you back.
(astrono my) to use a telescope to view the stars 3 I use a hands-free/ remote headset when I'm
and moon . talking on the phone.
2 We wanted to study the . 4 A fter someone ca lls you on your mobile, you can
(relation) between atoms and molecules. save their number t o your contacts/connections
3 The .. .......... . ..... (science) evidence for list.
biological evolution is overwhelming . S You can transfer/ down load free ringtones from
4 The research indicates that drinking coffee in this website.
(moderate) could 6 I'll message/ text Jack the pidure so he can see
have benefiCial effect s. the place himself. •
5 Aher successfully booking my plane t icket on li ne,
I received a ........ ..... ... .. .. ... (confirm ) email.
'user guides l
'computers I 6 Fill in with : charge, connect, install, set,
synchronise, disconnect. ,
3 Complete the sentences with the words anach,
disconnect, install, keep, specialise. Have a new iPod? This handy guide will help you
Can you help me ... . this 1) .. ... ... ..... .. ... it up and use it.
new sohware, please? ..... .. the latest version
• Dawnload and 2) ..
2 You should ... .. .... .... ... ..... .. ........ ... . ... backups of of iTunes from W'iy'W.itunes,com/dowoload.
all your important files. • 3) .. .. . .. your iPod to the USB port on
3 J'm studying computer science at university, but I )
your computer, using the cable .
....... ... . in programming . '. Follow the onscreen instructions to 4) ,
4 You should click ' ... . . .. : on your iPod with songs from your iTunes library.
the 'Safely Remove Hardware' icon .
• Leave your iPod conneded to you r computer to
5 Can you please show me how to fully 5) ....................... the battery.
photos to an emaiP • 6) .......... .. the cable from your iPod when
•
you are ready to use it.

122
'The Internet I ISuccess I
7 Complete the quiz questions with wi·fi,online. 9 Choose the appropriate word .
surf, purchase, write, skip, looking. Th en, answer
the questions for you . 1 Tanya couldn't believe she had accomplished/
succeeded her goal of passing all her final exams. ""J
Are you an 2 Diana finally managed/achieved her ambition of
Internet addict? becoming a marine bio logist
3 Terry had triumphed/earned over the other
Do you usually have your meals whilst entrants In the design contest.
for info rma tion online 7 4 He has won/ga in ed a reputation as a brill iant
2 Have you ever chosen holiday accommodation scientist.
simply because it had ., .. ,. .............. .. .. access? S Scientists claim they have managed/succeeded in
3 Do you contact.. .. . . ........... friends more
detecting life on other planets .
often than people you actua lly see in real life?
6 She fulfill ed/won her lifelong dream of winn ing
4 Do you ........ . .. .. ... . products on line that
the Nobel Prize in Physics .
you could buy in shops in person?
5 Do you ohen , .... .... ......... .. .... .... meals
because you get ca rried away on the Internet? • Prepositions
6 Do you read o r ..... blogs while doing
your homew ork 7
10 Choose the correct w ord .
7 00 you . ....... "' the Internet for more 1 You need to plug the USB cord int%nto the
t han four hours a day? computer to transfer your fi les.
2 I rely of/on my personal organiser to organise my
life.
3 Does t he radiatio n emitted from mobi le phones
have an effect on/of people's brains"
4 He shows a lot of interest in/for marine biology.
S This resource can be of great help t%f those
who want to learn about computer science,

• Phrasal verbs
11 Choose the correct word.

It turns up/out that Nicole cheated in the

• Wo rds often confused
8 Choose the correct word.
Facebook and Skype make it much easier to keep/
hold in touch w ith friends in ot her countries.
2 I posted/sent a video clip on YouTube for you .
3 He uploaded/loaded pictures from the party onto
Facebook.
4 Send all your friends an email to upd ate/upgrade
them on your news.
5 It's quicker to research/search a project onllne
6 Be careful not to contaminate/get a virus on your
computer w hen you're downloadingltaking files
from the Internet.
7 I use a touchscreen on my personal organiser to
input/put data
chem istry test.
2 Scientists want to find outlof more about Mars.
3 You need to slow down/u p and read all the
research material thoroughly.
4 Bi ll needed to come down/up with a new idea for
his biology assignment
S I had to turn off/down my fnend's invitation
because I wanted to finish my project
6 He carried away/out an experiment on dolphins.
7 The presen tatio n went off/out as planned .
8 M y computer broke off/down and now I have to
take It to a specialist to be repa ired.
(..) See Vocabulary Bank on p 1B6) 123

@ill When lS-ycar-old Richard Q'Shea from
County Cork, ireland, won top prize at the I3T Young
Scien tist & Technology Exhibition 2010 for his project
entitled 'A biomass-fired cooking stove for
developing countries', he cou ldn't contain his
excitement. Richard had designed a stove that
burned hot using no more than scraps of wood and
that produced almost no smoke. Not onl y that, it
could be built from old tin cans and nails using just a
Swiss army knife.
QIJ As Richard explained to the judges: "Every
day more than two billion people in the world have
to cook their food without electricity, on s toves that
use wood as fu el. And every year, thousands of
people in developing countries die from smoke
Matching ings
paragraphs
1 Read the title and the first sentence in each parag raph. What
do you think Richa rd has invented? Who is his invention useful
t o? Read through t o find out.
2 Read the rubric. then do the read ing task. Which words
helped you do the task? Co mpare with your partner.
r--------------------------~
I Read the text and choose from headings A-G th e one I
: wh ich best summarises each paragraph. There are two :
I headings you do not need to use.
124 ~--------------------------~
inhalation from cooking on these s toves in poorly-
ventil ated homes. My design makes it possible to
build highJy eff icient, almost smoke-free stoves from
everyday items. Hopefu lly, they can improve the
lives of people in the developi ng world."
lID Richard' s proud mother Belen O'Shca, who is
from MalaYSia, said that her son had grown up in a
household where there had always been a lot of
conversa tion about the challenges fa cing people in the
poorer countries of the world. She added that she and
Richard' s father, Michael, had met while they were
both working in Africa on overseas development
projects. "Charity work and volunteering arc a way of
life for our family," she said.
Q:D As the winner of the competition, Richard
received a trophy and a €5,QOO prize, together with a
€5,00Q travel b ursary to visit Afr ica to test his stove.
He aJso was g iven the honour of representing Ireland
in the annual EU Young Scientist Competi tion. The
competi tion judges said Richard had made a very
strong impression on them for coming up with a
design that used simple materia ls (tin cans and nails)
that are very easy to find in third·world countries.
~ Richard now wants to get his stoves to
developing countries as quickly as possible. He is
currently working w ith charities to make this
happen. Asked if he ever cons idered
co nunerciali sing his design, Richard said: "This is
not about making money. I don' t want to market my
prod uct. I just want to get the stove into the hands of
the people who nt.'ed it as soon as possible."
Richard's selflessn ess and enthusiasm make him a
true role model for the youth of today!
A UNHEALTHY COOKING
CONDITIONS
B NOT ABOUT PROFIT
C FROM A WEALTHY
BACKGROUND
o A TRADITION CARRIED
DOWN
E A GREAT IDEA
F PRESTIGIOUS AWARD S
G PROUD OF HIMSELF
I
• 3 Fill in the gaps with the words in their correct 7 I lcr l ln groups, find out about other teenage
form : challenge, market, honour, role, contain, come inventions that have improved people's lives.
up. Present the information to the class.
• 1 Katle IS a positive ...... model for
• asplflng young scientists.
statements I
2 They couldn't ..... . ...... their laughter
• when they saw Sill's crazy invent ion. Read the rubric and the sentences, then do
3 Researchers are invited .. ............ . with the listening task .
inventive ideas for conserving energy.
r--------------------~
4 We decided that .. .................... .. .... the product I You will hear a conversation between two I
was a good idea because it would be profitable. : friends about a new invention. Mark :
5 They discussed the many technological I statements 1-5 T (true) or F(false).
................ .. ..... ... facing developing countries . ~--------------------~
6 "It's a real ....... _.......... .. .. ... to be representing
True False
my country," he said .
1 Jimmy and Mark thought that the
referee's decision was unfair.
4 Choose the (orrect prepositions. 2 The intelligent footba ll takes the
place of the referee.
The SCientist's brilliant lecture made a strong
3 DUring the game a central
im pression talon the students.
computer sends Information about
2 We should get it at/into the hands of our
the game to the referee
customers as soon as pOSSible.
3 Not everyone has the lUxury of cooking by/on 4 The mtelligent football IS currently
electric stoves. on the market.
4 ''I' m relying at/on you to come up with a great 5 The design of the football was
idea," he said . changed because of a problem with
5 Please explai n to/for the judges your reasons for an electrica l switch .
entering this competition .
6 Many smokers die from/by lu ng cancer.

5 Match the words in bold in the text to their

9 0 Read the rubric and do the task.
synonyms. What part of speech is each? r--------------------~
You and your classmate would like to take I
. . . I
• cooker • prize such as a cup or statue part as a team In a young soent,st I
• presently competition for schools. You have different I
• su bstance burned to provide heat or power ideas about what would be the best project I
• developing • control • foreign to work. Discuss your ideas and reach a :
• thought about • discussion • effective consensus.
• organisations that help people in need ~---------- - ---------~

f •
•
•
putting on the market • impact
putting other people's interests first • aired
money given to sb to assist them to study
• Give your ideas and arguments.
• Find out your partner's ideas and arguments.
• Try to persuade you r partner to accept your

II • small pieces • process of breathing in

Do you think Richard's decision

ma" k,,, his invention but offer it to charities
was the right one? In three minutes write a
ideas.
• Try to reach a compromise .

J few sentences. Read them to the class.

125
 •
• Lexicogrammatical word transformations
2 Complete the sentences using the word In bold .
Use two to f ive w ords.
• Kate is a chemist and so is Ryan.
Both Kate and Ryan are chemists. Everyone brought thei r laptops except John .
Kate is a chemist and Ryan is as well . WHO The only. . ............ .
• Or Brown will do the experiment or else Or Smith wil l ...... ................ their laptop was John,
Either Or Brown or Or Smith w ill do the experiment. 2 It is a three-day journey to the moon.
• Bill hasn 't studied science and Jill hasn't either. TRAVEL It . ........ .......... to the moon.
Neither Bill nor 1ill has studied science. 3 He doesn't know much about computers.
• Ruth , Jen ny and Karen do n't like computer games. LlTILE He . ... ....... .. ..... of computers.
None of them like/likes computer games. 4 May I lower the volume of the music?
• He is the best data ana lyst of all. DOWN Would you ............. .
No o ne analyses data as w ell as he does ___ ___ .... the music?
• Einstein, Darwin and Newton were scien tists. S Jane dislikes chatting on line and so does linda.
All t h ree of them were S(lentlsts. FOND Neither Jane
• There isn't anything in the test tube. ___ ..... of chatting online.
There is nothing In the test tube. 6 Jack, Chloe and Fay pa rticipated in the study.
• No one can find the solution. PART All .... ..................... _._ .... .
There isn't anyone who can find the solution . ., in the study.
7 George helped me with my science homework,
1 Complete the sentences using the word in which was kind of him.
bold. Use two to five words. GIVE It was kind ... .......... .
a hand with my science homework.
My sister is st udying to be a doctor and so is my cousin. 8 This issue has nothing to do with you, Mary!
AND Both my . NONE This issue .
. ............ ...... studying to be doctors. .. business, Mary!
2 You can ask Dr Watson or the receptionist about 9 I can't fi nd my lab coat anywhere.
your appOintment ACROSS I stili .............. ............... my lab coat.
EITHER You can ... the 10 If anyone feels they can 't stay, tell me now.
receptlonlst about your appomtment FEELS If ............ .
3 I dont go to university and neither does my sister .......... .. ............. staying, tell me now.
I Neither ................ . 11 Not many people attended the SCience exhibition .
... .... . ........ . . ,. . to university. HARDLY There ............ .. ... .......... ..... .......
4 Bob, Sally and Cat h don't like the new science teacher. . ... ..... at the science exhibition.
OF None . ..... 12 Each child who went to the camp had a good t ime .
.............. the new science teacher. ENJOYED All ............. .
5 Terry Tao is the best mathe mat ician in Austral ia. at the camp.
AS No one .... _......... . ........... . 13 The scientist built the robot on hiS own .
Terry Tao is at maths in Aust ralia . TOGETHER The scientist
6 There isn't anything we can do about it now. .. ... ... ........... himself.
IS There ...... ......... ................. . 14 It was my duty to delete the files
about it now. RESPONSIBLE I ....... .. ............. ..... .. ...... the files.
7 No one is in t he lab to ca rry out the experiment . 15 Nobody understands me when I speak Italian .
WHO There isn't anyone in the lab MYSELF I can't
............ _ , the experiment. ............... when I speak Italian.
8 Julle and James didn't take part in the experiment. 16 Ben, Lucy and Tom don't like science.
NOR Neit her Julie .............................. .. KEEN None ........................ science .
.. .... the experiment
17 An experiment was performed by st udents t oday.
9 Both La rry and Pete are good at algebra. OUT The students ......... .
WELL Larry IS good at algebra ... .... today.

126
• Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items
3 Read the text and complete the gaps with the 4 Choose the correct answer.
words derived from the words in bold . Compare
your answers with your partners. 1 Life on other planets stili ........... a mystery.
A maintain B remains C keeps 0 proves
Whether there is lite on other planets has
always been one of the 0) grearen 2 You should always . new files on your Pc.
questions in science but it remains diffICUlt A support B back up ( Justify 0 hold
to prove. In 2010, a group of NASA 3 Genes help us . .......... with illnesses. J
scientists made a 1) ............... . that aroused A fight B win C face o cope
a lot of 2) ....................... Using the Kepler,
a telescope that is mounted on a satellite in 4 How many planets comprise our solar ......... . ?
space, they spotted a planet that is very A system B circle ( panel 0 way
similar to Earth. They called it Kepler 10b. 5 The company ... .. a new cel l phone on the market.
After eight months of 3) .. .......... .......... , they A presented B launched (revealed 0 started
were able 10 estimate the size of the planet
6 Who ...... in win ning a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964?
and coocluded thal Kepler 10b is the
smallest, known planet outside our solar A succeeded ( achieved
system and the only one that is B managed 0 accomplished
4) .................. .. This means that Kepler 10b 7 That was a great breakthrough in scientific _.. .... .... .
is like Mars or Earth; it has a solid surface A Investigation B process ( research 0 trial
as opposed to one lormed 5) .................. of
8 (heck your PC's recycle ........ for the lost document.
gases. However, scientists thi"kthat Keple,
A basket B bin ( box 0 bag
10b is 6) ...................... to support any form
of lite. They came to this 7) ..................... . 9 The Internet IS a rich of mformatlon
conclusion because temperatures on its A model B power ( source 0 link
surface can rise to around 1,300 d"1l'"'' 10 Mobile phones may adversely ....... our brains.
Celsius. Nevertheless, its discovery can be
A influence B control ( injure 0 affect
described as an important 8) ............ .
breakthrough .

• Multiple choice doze

5 Read the text and decide which answer, A, B, Cor 0 best fits each gap.

0 A winning
B gaining
C earning
<.1 •
after decades of careful research. Most often, winners are scientists who have answered 5 A
0 acquiring
important questions about existence Of made discoveries that have helped advance B
2) ................ human race. But not every scientist works on research projects that. for A by
C this
instance, try to cure diseases or discover life on other planets. There are also scientists B with
0 these
who spend their time on the simpler; more mundane questions of science. Take, for C to
example. the group of scientists from Newcastle, UK, who worked 3) ................ the fact 0 at 6 A although
that cows with pet names produce more milk than cows without pet names; or the 2 A a B even
team of Australian mathematicians who studied how many times you have to take a B an C despite
group photograph to make sure 4) ................ has their eyes open. Both of 5) ................ C the 0 though
research projects were awarded not Nobel Prizes. but Ig Nobel Prizes. The Ig Noble 0 - 7 A lots
Prizes began in 1991 to honour scientists who first make people laugh and then make
3 A out B much
them think. They are organised by a magazine called Improbable Reseprch and, since B off C many
1995, the awards have been presented at a ceremony in Harvard University, USA.The C around 0 lot
committee that chooses the winners often includes former Nobel Prize winners as well 0 towards
as university lecturers and sci-fi writers. And 6) ................ the fact that the ceremony 8 A play
often involves 7) ................ of fun and laughter (including the tradition of throwing 4 A all B make
B either
paper aeroplanes onto the stage), the organisers always emphasise that the prizes are C show
not meant to 8) ................ fun of the winners. In fact. most winners thoroughly enjoy the C everyone
0 do
0 each
occasion and fly across the world just to collect their awards.

essay
a famous historical
A descriptive essay about a famou s historical
person requires us to describe a famous person
from the past and to explain something about
them. e.g. why we admire them, how they have changed
our/others' lives ete. It consists of:
• an introduction in which we mention the name
of the person, when and where they were born
and what they are famous for.
• a first main body paragraph in which we briefly
describe the person (appearance/character) and
talk about their earlyl1ate years and achievements
ete.
• a second main body paragraph in which we
expla in the reasons for their success, how they
have influenced other people's lives ete.
• a conclusion where we write our comments
and/or feelings about this person.
Notes:
• Essays describing historical persons should be
written using past tenses.
• Each main body paragraph should begin with a
topic sentence that summarises the main idea of
that paragraph .
• When including information on physical
appearance or personalltylcharacter, ensure
that it is relevant to the task. For examp le, it is
hig hly unlikely that a description of a famous
scientist would require any reference to their
phySICal appearance, whereas a descnpt!on of a
film star probably would do.
• A variety of adjectives should be used to
describe the person and their achievements, as
well as linking devices to join shorter sentences
and make the essay flow.
1 Read the rubric and underline the key words.
Then an swer t he questions.
r--------------------.
IDescribe a famous hist orical person you I
: admire for their contribution t o technology :
I and expla in why they are of importance I
~ !.o~al \30.91~ !'2r~sL _________
1 How many paragraphs wil l you write)
2 What tense(s) will you mainly use?
3 Will you include a physical description of the
person? Why (not)?
128
1
2 Read the model and match the headings to the
paragraphs.
,
[!.LJ Johannes Gutenberg was born around the year
1398 in Mainz, Germa ny. His revolutionary new printing I
press was arguably the single most important invention
of the second millennium.
[3IJ A hardworking and determined man, Gutenberg
enabled books to be produced more quickly and easily.
Until Gutenberg's time, books were laboriously copied out
by hand. Gutenberg, who had trained as a goldsmith in his'
youth. was the first person who thought of using movable
metal letters in printing. These could be set in a frame to
spell words and then clearly printed on paper. Gutenberg
spent many years perfecting his machine. Then, around
1450, the first major book was printed using this new
method - the Gutenberg 42-line Bible, so cal led because it
had 42 lines per page. Despite the success of his invention,
Gutenberg never became rich. He had borrowed money to
advance his work and eventually had to sell his printing
press to pay his debts.
[!IJ The invention of the printing press has had far-
reach ing effects on people's lives. It was successful
because it initiated an information revolution and
brought knowledge to a wider reading public, not just
the wealthy few. Furthermore, the printing press was
absolutely crucial for the advance of science and
technology. Without it, the Cultural, Scientific and
Industrial Revolutions would not have taken place.
[![] I admire Gutenberg for coming up with the
IOvention that changed the lives of poorly-educated
people. He put knowledge into the hands of everyone
and can be considered
an early pioneer of a comment s/feelings
modern technology. b reasons t hey are important
c who the person is
d description of appearance!
,.."3 character!achievements
Complete with informat ion from the model.
Cha ract er!
Personal ity
~
Reasons for 1) ....... ......... .
success!
Infl uence on Z) ....... .. .. .. .. ....
people's lives
• Adjectives • Your turn
4 Fill in the ga ps with the correct adjective: impatient, shy, 6 Read the rubric. Think of a person
cheerful, bossy, selfish, persistent. and make notes under the
headings: Name - Occupation -
1 She talked in a low voice because she was rather
Born - Famous for - Description of
2 He was very ... .. .......... and always told people what to
person and achievements - Effect on
do.
our lives/Justification .
3 Marilyn was .......................... She was always in a good mood
and sm iled a lot. --------------"
Describe a person from you r I
4 Todd was so ...... ...... .. .. ....... .... ; he only cared about himsel f.
country's history who has :
5 He was ..................... .. .. and couldn't wait for anything.
made an important I
6 Paul was very . ............. ...... . and refused to give up trying
contribution to science. Explain :
to prove his theory. how they have affected our I
lives today and why you :
5 Match t he topic sentences to the paragraphs. Which main
adm ire them (200-250 words). I
body paragra ph is each? -------------_ ...
7 Use your notes from Ex. 6, the
[!IJ She had a fiery passionate personality which always came
plan and the language from the
across n her roles. In her fifty-year film career. Elizabeth proved she had
Useful language box to write
a very versatile talent. From being a child star in the film National Velvet
your composition.
in 1944, she went on to play parts as various as the Queen of Egypt in
Cleopatra to a university pl'Ofessors wife in Who's Afraid of Vnginia
11boIf? Her co-star Richard Burton, who she married twice, appeared in
11 films with her, and they gave sparkling performances together. who the person is
desCrlPtioll ofperson &
achievemerzts
(Para 3) effect 011 our lives &
[ID He coutd always predict what new mobile devices people justification
would wont in 0 couple of years' time. before they even realised it (Para 4) commf'11ts!Jeelings
themselves. This was the key to his success. He would then find
ways of producing and marketing the new technology before any Useful Language
o ther manufacturer hod even thought of It. He not only cornered
the market on mobile technology in the early 2000s but Introduci ng a person
revolutionised people's lives with It. • One of the greatest (scientists) of all
time was
• X was born in ... on ....
[!O She had to fight her father, who wanted her to be a social worker Describing a person & their
and not study chemistry, but eventually she got a research place at achievements
King's College, london. There she did pioneer work on the DNA • What was most striking about X was
molecule from 1951 -53 and was the first person to actually photograph • X was a ... person with.
the structure. Although she was on the verge of making her findings • X will chiefly be remembered for.
public, she died in 1958 at the early age of 37. Her colleague Watson • One of X's main achievements was
and his friend Crick went on to take the credit for discovering DNA and .... • X is most notable for .
were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962. Explaining and justifying
• The key factor in/main reason for X's
success is . • The result of this has
A Rosa lind Frankli n's career did not exactly run smoothly. been . • For this reason, .
B With her dark sweeping eyebrows and stunning violetf'eyes, Expressing feelings
Elizabeth Taylor had a great screen presence. • What I most admire about X is .

.....-----..J
C Not only was Steve Jobs an imaginative designer but he was • I feel extremely.
also a praalcal and far-sighted businessman. • X richly deserves to be .

129
 1 Read the definition, Do you think it is possib le to change our
genes? Read through to find out,
gene Id3i:nI (C n) part of a cell in a living thing which controls its
physical characteristics, growth and development
2 Read the rubric, then do the task. Which sentences in the
text justify you r answers? Compare your answers in
Then, explain the words in bold,
r------------------------
: You will read an article about genes, For each question
I choose the right answer by circling letter A, B, Cor 0 ,
~------------------------
It's All In The Genes
Our genes affect everything from how susceptible we are to ceria'n dIseases to how well we respond
to medicines. If's lItHe 'hat genes are the
Our genes help to determine everything about us,
from our physical appearance, to how we behave, to
what diseases we ore likely to get,
In 1990, scientists embarked on on ambitious project:
to identify every single one of the 25,000 or so genes
that make up the human genome', This project -
known as the Human Genome Project - is now
complete, Scientists now know the identity of 0 11 of our
genes (although they hove yet to figure out what
most do), Scientists soy this knowledge brings them
much closer to developing effective treatments for
hundreds of illnesses. The reason why? Defects in
genes can cause disease in humans.
Take the gene that scientists catl 'HTT'. When a person
has a defect in this gene, they develop a terrible,
incurable disease when they hit middle age. This
disease - known as 'Huntington's disease' - ultimately
leaves sufferers unable to walk, talk and even swallow ,
People who don't cony a defect in the HIT gene (the
majority of the population) never develop Huntington's
disease.
Scientists ore confident that one day they will be able
to cure diseases like Huntington's disease by
introducing healthy copies of genes into the bodies of
people who have fautly genes. This is called 'gene
therapy'.
So far about 10.000 diseases have been identified that
are caused by faulty genes, With luck. many o f these
diseases will one day be cured using gene therapy.
However. this day is still 0 long way off. as tremendous
technical difficulties must be overcome before gene
~ genome: all the DNA in an organism, including its genes
13b--__
. L-_____________________________________
In medical research
therapy becomes 0 reality, In the meantime. doctors
will hove to continue treating diseases wilh
convenHonal medicines.
Interestingly. this is where the Human Genome Project
comes in again. Why? Because our genes not only
determine our suscep tibility to various diseases. They
also determine how we respond 10 medicines!
Doctors hove long known that differen t patien ts
respond differently to the same medicine. A particular
drug may cause side effects in some people. not war\(
for others, while with yet others. it may even make the
illness worse! Now scientists know the reason why:
people respond to medicines differently because of
variations in their genes. Today. on average. any
given medicine on the market only works for about
half of the people who take it! Among cancer
patients, the rote of Ineffectiveness jumps to 75
percent. Even worse, every year over 100.000 people
die from the adverse effects of medicines, and
another 2.2 million experience serious reactions.
Doctors wish they could be ceriain how a patient
would respond to a medicine before they give it to
them. wetl. one day they may be able to. Scientists
say that once they understand how specific gene
variations respond differently to medicines. doctors will
be able to prescribe medicines based on an
individual's unique genetic profile,
What does this ac tually mean for you? It means you
would never hove to worry about 0 doctor giving you
o medicine that would not work on you. or worse.
could do you harm!
 Aher the 1990 st udy, scientists st ill
don't know
A the relations hip between genes
and disease .
B t he funct ions of al l o ur genes.
C the approximate number of
genes we have .
o w hen t hey w ill fin ish identifying
all o ur ge nes.
2 Huntington's disease
A IS unl ikely ever to be cu red.
B does not affect children
C ISnot uncommon.
o causes defects in t he HIT gene .
3 Accordi ng to t he article, ge ne
t herapy
A is now bei ng used to treat
thousands of diseases .
B IS a technique for findmg fau lty
genes
C IS only
in the ea rly stages of
development.
0 won 't ever be as effect ive as
conven t ional med icine.
4 People who take the same drug
A may experience a variety of
reactions.
B usually suffer from a number of
side effects.
C have a 75 percent chance of
being cured.
0 all recover, but at differing
ra t es
5 It is possible that doctors in t he
fu tu re w ill
A no longer need to write
prescri ptions.
B have one medicine that is
effect ive for everyone .
C use medicines to change
patients' ge net ic profi les .
0 be able t o assess patient s' drug
needs precisely_
3 Fi ll in: effecrive, incurable, gene, conventional, genetic, middle, hot,
side, ambitious, physical.
.......... age 6 ..... effect
2 treatment 7 .. t herapy
3 project B .. top ic
4 .. disease 9 .... . medici ne
5 ... appeara nce 10 profile
4 a) What are the two main points the text makes about
genes? Write a summary of about 60 words.
b) IICT I ln what other ways can the study of genes affect our
lives? In groups, collect information and present your findings
to the class.
Ma tching
6 '~I Read the rubric and the statem ents. Do the task.
r--------------------------,
I You will hear five people ta lking about inventions that I
I have improved their lives. Match the statements (A-F) to :
: the speakers (1-5). There is one extra statement that does I
I not match any speaker. I
~-------------------------- .
A A It really helps me w ith my studies.
Speaker 1
B It's got far more storage space than I need
Speaker 2
C It allows me to put all my data in one database.
0 With this, I ca n never get lost Speaker 3
E This is fa r better than t he older versions. Speaker 4
F With this I can be in constant contact w ith my Speaker 5
loved ones .
7 Read the rubric.
~ .~' Listen to someo ne doing the task. Give two reasons why
his answer is not appropriate. Then, do the speaking task.
r--- -- --- - -----------------,
I You are viSiting your brother, who is studying in Eng land .
I You have decided to buy a new mob ile phone wh ile you
: are there and you are now in an electronics store which
your brother has reco mmended. Include the four pieces of
informatio n below in your conversation.
guarantee prICe additional features you want
the new phone to have
what you mostly use your old phone for
~ - - - - - ---------------------
13 1
MODULE
• Collocations
1 Fill in: frost, breeze, gust, winds, sleet, SOQr, wave,
drizzle, mist, downpour, fog , humidity.
...... . will
Forecasters say the heat
continue well into next week.
2 It isn't easy sa iling in strong
3 $am was caught in a heavy . _ ... ... .. . .. . ... . .... .
on the way home and got soaked to the bone l
4 During the monsoon, there's a lot of .
in t he air, which makes t hings hot and sticky.
5 Last night it was so cold. the wi ndows were
covered in .... t his morn ing.
6 You must ta ke extreme ca re w hen drivi ng in t hick
7 A sudden of wind almost
blew his hat off his head.
S Temperatu res are forecasted to .
above 40 deg rees today.
9 The next morning, the hills were veiled in a fine
10 Although the day was hot. a gentle sea
. cooled it down somewhat.
11 As the day grew colder, the rain t urned into
12 You don't need an umbrella - it's only a light
... out side.
• Idioms
2 Choose t he correct word.
1 Mark was on cloud/wind ni ne aher he passed his
driving test.
2 Jane isn't well. She's feeling a little under the
weather/climate .
3 He had a face like lightning/thunder aher I
admitted cheatin g on t he test.
4 Thanks for the gih. It rea lly brightened/sh ined up
my day.
S In the warm/cold light of day, you'll real ise you
made the right decision
6 Don't chase raindrops/rainbows, Brian
never get that job .
7 Jim was just a pleasanUfair-weather friend; he
just disappea red when we needed him
8 We couldn' t go out; it was raining/blowing cats
and dogs all dayl
132
•
'Natural disasters I
3 Read the news reports and fill in the gaps with :
numerous, extreme, aerive, local, major, emergency,
violent, temporary.
Mount Merapi Ready to Blow
An evacuation of people living around Mount
Merapi, a(n) 1) ... ..... .. ............. volcano in Indonesia,
has begun in the last few hours. Experts fear a ,
2) ... .. .. .... ... .. .. eruption may take place in the next
few days. 3) .. . ..... ... .. .. ... .. .. casualties could result if
people remain in th e area. Authorities have set up
4) .. .......... .. ......... shelters for locals 20 kilometres
away from t he volcano .
~ Moref$l\ow in I<endhom
People in the Engli sh town of Kend hom experienced
another night of 5) ...................... weather yesterday.
6) ....................... gales coming in from the west
coast continue to cause damage to 7) .................. .... .
property. Blizza rds and bitter cold have forced a
number of families to leave the area.
8) ..................... services are on standby to evacuate
others if necessary.
Even though life originated in the
sea, today the biodiversity on land is
much greate r. An estimated 95% of all
species live on land; only 5% live in the sea,
'Plants l
4 Complete the sentences with the co rrect form
of the words: leaf, needle, root, trunk, deciduous,
bark, branch, chlorophyll.
The main part of a t ree is called the .
2 Trees that lose their leaves in autumn are cal led
. ... t rees.
3 The ... .. ... .... ...... of a t ree absorb sun light and
he lp make glucose for the t ree.
You' ll 4 ...... ..... . is the pigment that gives t rees their
green colour and is necessary for phot osynthesis.
5 The . of a t ree absorb wat er from the
ground .
6 Bi rds like to sit on the ..... ..... ..... of t rees.
7 The trunk of a tree is covered in .
8 Pine trees have . . .. ... .-shaped leaves.
'An imals l 7 Match the habitats (a-D to t he anima ls ( 1-6).

5 Complete the spidergram with three more

[!IJ lion
exam ples in each category.

b ird fish
[ID rabbit
r u b ee
a sett
b den
c nest
.
ffiJ badger d w arren
[ID ant e hive
~wasp f hill

• Prepositions
8 Choose the correct preposition .
reptile amphibian
frog. 1 The pink river dolphin is in/at great danger of
extinction .
2 The group is concerned o flwith the conservation of
ANIMALS
the Siberian tiger.
3 This treaty forbids the hunting for/of endangered
species.
4 The motorway has caused a lot of damage to/at the
natural habitat of badgers
mammal invertebrate 5 There is now a ban o f/on fox hunting in England.
u 6 Most of the animals in the zoo were born in/w ith
captivity.

• Collocations
6 Fill in with the correct form of: breed, hatch,
9 Choose the correct word .

habitat, lay, more, feed, species, predator, lifespan . A sun/solar system is a group of planets and t he
Do you know how many ........ .. . .... of animals sun that they orbit.
there are on the planet? 2 One bright/light year is the distance light travels
2 The ..................... o f a particular animal is the in a year.
number of years it can live. 3 A black/dark hole is a region in space from which
3 Collies and poodles are just two of the many nothing, not even tight , can escape.
different ..................... of dog. 4 Exterior/ Outer space is so big that it would take
4 Do hens .................... eggs every day? years to travel to the closest star, Alpha Centauri.
5 TIgers are among the fiercest ................. in the 5 The cratered surface of the Moon shows the effect
world. of cosmic collisions/crashes.
6 Wolves ." ........... ... .. . once a year and the female 6 According to the Big Bang/ Break t heory, the
gives birth to th ree or four pups. Universe began by expanding from an unimaginably
7 What do you usually your dog ? tiny point.
Fresh or tinned meat? 7 light, X-rays, TV and radio transm issions are all
8 Eggs need to be kept in a warm pla ce in order to kinds of electromagnet ic waves/walls .
8 Solar flares/spots are violent eruptions of gas on
9 The natural ....... of crocodiles is freshwater the Sun's surface.
rivers, lakes or swamps.
[») See Vocabulary Bank on p. lBB ) 133

Tomohiko reached into the bulging
bag of corn and withdrew a large
handful, spreading it evenly on the
ground for the hungry chickens at his feet. Then he stood
up. and looked out across the land to the blue ocean
which lay not half a mile in the distance. Ever since he
was five years old, feeding the chickens had been
Tomohiko's preferred daity chore. He looked forward to
the birds running excitedly towards him each afternoon,
clucking noisily for the tasty meal he had brought.
Sometimes he carried corn in his bag, sometimes worms,
and occasionly their favourite treat of table scraps.
[Q]£]Aher all, didn't everyone who tried their eggs agree
that they were by far the tastiest in the village?
Tomohiko tumed his face towards the sun. The air was
remal1<ably still for a mid-winter's day and the yard
unusually quiet. [IT] Today was his parents' wedding
anniversary and tonight there woukl be a celebration. His
father had gone into town to buy fCKXI for the evening's
festivities and his mother had taken his little sister to pick up
Tomohiko's grandparents. Tomohiko knew he had to hurry
himself because soon everyone would be home and he
had promised his mother he would sweep the garden path
and pick some flowers for the table before she retumed .
[ID Earthquake siren ! For a moment, Tomohiko
stood frozen to the spot. Then, he remembered what
his father had always told him: get to higher ground!
Dropping the corn bag , he started running.
The earth rolled violently beneath Tomohiko's feet as he
made his way up the steep stope behind his house.
Earthquakes were a part of life in the region where Tomohiko
lived, but he had never experienced one as forceful as this
before. This time, the ground shook so rruch, he was unable
to keep his balance and slipped again and again. Then, all
of a sudden and without knowing Vv'hy, Tomohiko stopped
and turned back to look at !he shore. lID An angry mass
1 In one minute, list as many natural disasters as
you can think of. •
2 Read the title of the text. Which natural
disaster(s) do you think the text is about? Read
through and check.
134
.. "
of thick, black water was racing inland. Tsunami!
Tomohiko watched in horror as the wall of water swept
through his Village. Bicycles, trees, cars, houses - the
wave picked up objects large and small as if they were
matchsticks. Tomohiko began shaking uncontrollably.
Were his family down there in amongst the waves? Or
had they managed, like him, to get to higher ground?
After what seemed to be an eternity, and with a huge
roar, ~he black wave retreated back into the sea. [![]
Running through the streets, he screamed out his
mother 's, father's and sister's names again and again.
All around him, people were doing the same. The
sounds of human despair filted the air.
Hours passed and Tomohiko's sense of hopelessness
increased. [1IJ Mud and the shattered remains of
houses filled the streets. How many people had been
swept away? Tomohiko wondered. And then he saw
them. Huddled together, with his grandparents by their
side, his mother. father, and sister. All , by some miracle,
were safe. Tomohiko ran sobbing into his mother's arms.
That fateful day came to be known amongst villagers as
'the day the sea rose up in fury '. ~ So many in his
Village had lost their loved ones. It was always a miracle
to Tomohiko why his family had been spared.
A The Sight that confronted him made him cry out
In terror
B Just then, a famihar and unwelcome sound
broke the sdence.
C But Tomohll,o would forever refer to It as the
luckiest day of hIS hfe.
D Tomohiko knew he dId a good Job of keeping
the chickens happy
E The Village was unrecognisable.
F The water was absolutely freezing,
G His thoughts wandered to his family.
H He Couldn't have hoped for anything better
Tomohiko raced towa rds the village.
3 Read the text and choose from the sentences A-I
the one which best fits each gap. There are two
sentences which you do not need to use.
 4 Fill in: bulging, slope, confronted, wandered, statements
huddled, shattered, balance.
8 ~,J Read the rubric, then do the task . Compare
They .... ...................... together in an attempt to your answers w ith your partner's.
keep warm.
r-------------------~
I You will hear a news report about I .. J
2 A spectacular sight ... ...... them: a
SOO-metre high waterfaU . : sinkholes . Mark statements 1-5 T(true) or :
3 The. ........ ... . was so steep he had to I F (false). I

stop and rest many times. .-------------------~

4 The bag was .. w ith sweets. True False
5 The glass .. comp let ely w hen it Sink holes are holes in the grou nd
hit t he ground . w hich always form suddenly.
6 He lost his .... ... and fell over. 2 The sinkhole in t he Sichuan province
7 He tried to concentrate but his mind swa llowed up a family home .
3 Several drivers have driven into
sinkholes on motorways.
5 Explain the words in bold in the text. 4 Sinkholes can result from man-
made or natural causes .
6 Choose the correct word . 5 Before a sinkhole opens up, water
may appear on the land
1 The nOise broke/ froze the sIlence
/ 2 We ~eed our ch ickens table pieces/scraps
3 He withdrew/ retreated his hand from the bag
4 He refers/ recalls that day as the happIest In hIs
9 Read the rubric and do the task .
life .
S laughter filled/ rolled t he air. r--------------------~
I You and your friend would like to raise
I
6 The water level rose/swept qu ickly.
: money to help people who have lost their
:
7 The eart hquake caused the ground to shake/
homes in a recent earthquake. You have
I
slope fo r more than 30 seconds.
different ideas about what would be the
I
best way to raise the most money. DiSCUSS :
, 7 Imagine you are Tomohiko's father. your ideas and reach a consensus.
Describe the experience from your point of .----- - --------------~
view. How did you feel when you saw • Give your ideas and arguments.
Tomohiko? In three minutes w rite a few • Find out your partner's ideas and
sentences. Tell the class. arguments.
• Try to persuade your partner to accept your
ideas.
• Try to reach a compromise .
•

,
,
135
 15 No one knows why she is sad.
Grammar Revision REASON No one knows
sadness.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. 16 DespIte being neighbours, they have never spoken
Use two to five words. to each ot her
FACT In spite ................. . .. .......... ..
They say that he is very good at his job. they are neighbours, they have never
~ ~. spoken to each other.
very good at his job. 17 He isn't our boss but he t reats us like one.
2 I haven 't seen Bob since secondary school. THOUGH He treats us .
lAST The. our boss .
.. Bob was in secondary school.
3 It wasn't necessary for you to buy the children gifts.
18 He installed an alarm system. He didn't want to get ,
bu rgled.
BOUGHT You . . ..... .......... .... . .... ....... ........ .. FEAR He installed an alarm system ............ .. •
the children gifts. .. .................... burgled .
4 It was very difficult to answer all the questions on the 19 Steve called the restaurant He wanted to book a
test table
DIFFICULTY ORD ER Steve called the restaurant ........
all the questIons on the test ........... . a table,
5 Samantha wants to t ravel around Asia Instead of going 20 The teacher is very patient wit h her students.
to unIVersity. SHOWS The teacher
RATHER Samantha .. with her students.
around Asia than go to university. 21 Mark prefers walking to driving .
6 All the students went to t he planet arium apart from TH AN Mark prefers
Laura. , drive,
ONE Laura was t he only 22 ~ Don't forget to collect the t ickets from the travel
... to the planetarium. agent's, H he said to he r.
7 Malcolm learn ed how to skate when he was 15. REM INDED He ................ .
W HEN Ma1colm was .. , the ticket s from the travel agent's,
how to skate, 23 He didn't go out because he was feeling ill.
8 Oliver had the smallest car that Simon had ever seen. WOULD If he hadn't been feeling ill, he ...
SM ALL Simon had never seen such ....... out.
Oliver's before 24 He had Just woken up when the phone rang .
9 You can use my laptop but don't spill your coffee on it. TH AN No sooner .................... .
LONG You can use my laptop .................. . .. ...... the phone rang,
...... ........ don't spill your coffee on it. 2S When you go outside, you'll realise how cold It is.
10 Peter is the best basketball player of all. Will Only w hen you go outside
WE LL No one ........... . ......... .......................... how cold it is.
Peter does. 26 No one could answer Steve's question .
11 I'm sure Jane hasn't forgotten about the meeting . ANYONE There ......... .................... .
W ON'T Jane ............... . .. answer Steve's question .
about the meeting. 27 Frank earns the same as Paula . •
12 Shall I help you do the washing up? MU CH Frank
HELP Would you like Paula.
I
the washing up 7 28 Debra gave me that present.
13 "Let's collect money for a charity," she sa id. WHO It
SUGGESTED She ......... .. .................. . ....... that present .
for a charity. 29 It's a shame that Steven can't come to the party.
14 The couch was too big for them to fit through the
door.
COULD If
........ to the party.
•
TH AT It was such a large couch .. 30 NI didn 't t ake the money, N he said.
it through the door. DENIED He
........ ... ... ...... ..... ...... .. .. the money.

136
• Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items
2 Read the text and complete the gaps with the 3 Choose t he correct w ord.
words derived from the words in bold . Compare
your answers with your partner's. 1 Temperatures are expected to ...... in the next few days.
A lower B drop C sink 0 dip
Most water parks around the world include
2 Our recycling efforts have already had a positive.
shows of dolphins performing tricks. But in
2008, a group of wild dolphins living along
on the envi ronment. •I
Australia's 0) coast were observed SOUTH A Impression B feeling C impact 0 mark
performing tricks similar to those performed 3 We've ..... the point where we can no longer ig nore
by dolphins in 1) .... ............... 1 Australian CAPTIVE the problem .
beachgoers were stunned to see a group of A arrived B got C reached 0 come
dolphins walk on the water with their tails, an
action serving no 2) .................... purpose. So APPEAR 4 As soon as the fog ...... , it started raining heavily.
why did these dolphins start 'tail-walking'? A raised B rose C drew up 0 lifted
Scientists believe the most likely 3) ................. . EXPLAIN 5 Global w arming is ..... Wildlife With extinction.
is they picked up the "') ......................... from a BEHAVE A da ring C warn ing
member of their group that had spent time B threatening D risking
in a dolphinarium. In the 19805. Billie, one of
the females in the group, spent a few weeks 6 Nature ...... us Wit h all we need to survive.
in a dolphinarium recovering from A lends B provides C caters D stocks
5) ............................. She received no training NUTRITION 7 We need to ............ a greater sense of responsibility.
there, but 6) ...................... saw others tail· DOUBT A develop B produce C form 0 grow
walking. BilUe must have taught her group
the trick when she was returned to them. 8 Never buy products that come from . animals.
Scientists say it's no surprise that dolphins A risky C extinct
learn from each other. What is surprising, B endangered o threatening
however. is that dolphins seem to have 9 They JOined WVVF, the world's ... environmental
'cultural' 7) .................. of ideas and skills, just TRANSMIT organisation.
like humans and apes. Dolphins have always
A important B leading C unique D head
been considered intelligent. But it seems we
are only now beginning 10 realise just how 10 Explore the fOfest and diSCover 'Nhat animals ...... there
8) ................... these animals really arel BRAIN A inhabit B occupy C exist D locate

• Multiple Choice (laze

4 Read the text and complete the gaps with the correct missing word.

Animal Communication
Human beings communicate with 0) each other in a variety of ways. And in between B An its
this 'Age of Communication' in 1) .................... we now live, we are each C The e it's
constantly coming 2) ........................... with even more ways to connect D every D - D itself
with family and friends. Animals, too, communicate in a wealth of different 4 A With 7 A also
1 A when
ways. Cats. for example. use three primary channels of communication:
B that B to B too
vocal and auditory, visual and olfactory. 3) ..................... example of
olfactory communication 4) ........... .......... felines is the production of
e where e by e just
D which D in D same
chemicals called 'pheromones', which smell. Cats use pheromones to mark
5) ..................... territory. In fact, when a cat rubs up against a person it is A down 5 A it 8 A even
leaving its scent to signal to other cats that the person is theirs! Ants also B in B its B ever
use pheromones, which they leave on the ground to guide other ants to C on C their C both
sources of food. Peacocks and chameleons communicate by means of D D them D too
spectacular visual signs. The peacock uses 6) ....... .............. magnificent tail
to attract females, while the chameleon changes its skin colour to show
different emotions. Birds use beautiful songs to communicate. Interestingly,
scientists have discovered that 7) ..................... like humans, species of
birds have different languages in different regions. And some birds that live
on the border of tINO regioos 8) ..................... become bilingual!
 A review of an event
Reviews of events are brief accounts of t he
things that take place there . Their purpose is to
inform readers abou t the event while also giving
an opinion and a possi ble recommendation.
A review of an event usually consists of:
• an introduction in which we write the name,
date and type of event as well as any
background informat ion about it (eg. when it
first started ere).
• a main body in which we describe the
pri ncipal features of the event, make general
comments and give our opinion (eg.
performances, acting ere) in separate paragraphs.
• a conclusion in WhlCh we write our
recommendation .
Reviews of an event are usually found in
newspapers, magazines, or as part of a letter. The
style used depends on the publication and the
intended reader so it can be either formal or semi·
formal. We use present t enses t o review an annual
event and past tenses to review an event we have
attended . We also use a variety of adjectives to
make the review more interesti ng and appea ling to
the reader.
1 Read the rubric and underline the key words,
then answer the questions.
r-------------------~
l it was Ea rth Day last weekend . Your school I
: newspaper has asked its readers t o submit :
I reviews of the school Earth Day event you I
I attended. Write your review giving a brief I
: summary of w hat happened and how :
I successful it was. (200·250 words)
.-------------------~
1 Who is going to read your review?
2 Which of the following should you include? Tick.
a where It took place ...
b what people did there
c what the school is planning for next year's
event ...
d number of people who attended
e how your class prepared for the event.
f anything special that happened ..
138
2 a) Read the model and match the paragraphs
to the head ings.
IJIJ last Friday was Earth Day and my school
organised a tree·planting party in a park in our town.
The aim of Earth Day is to inspire people to take action
to protect t he environment.
II[J Hundreds of people, bot h young anti old , came
to the park to participate in this worthwhile event. The
Mayor started the proceedings by giving an inspi ring
speech about the environment and planting a tree in
the centre of the park. Then, other members of the
community planted trees and flowers in various areas
of the park . After this, local actors gave a number of
clever and humorous performances all based on the
theme of trees. local chefs and other people presented
a variety of cakes, tarts and jams made with local fruit
and farmers from the surrounding area gave people
samples of their fruit crops to taste. In the evening
there was a big fruit feast followed by a fantastic rock
concert.
[IIJ At the end of the evening I felt very happy. I was
delighted that so many people came to the event and
everyone had such a great time. The food was delicious
and the bands that played were brilliant. As well as
t hat, there was a warm, caring atmosphere and you
really felt people wanted to be there.
@[] I highly recommend t he school's Eart h Day eve nt
as every year we do
something fun and a general description
exciting to help the b name, place, reason
( recommendation
environment. It is a
great family event that ..... . . ._ _ ."".r
d comments, opinion
everyone enjoys.
b) What tenses does the w rit er use? Why?
c) What adjectives does the writer use to
describe the following?
• the people who attended the party
• the tree-planting event
~ . the Mayor's speech
• t he actors' performances
• the rock concert
• how the w rit er felt at the end of the evening
• the food/ bands
• the atmosphere
• the yearly Earth Day event
 • 3 a) Read the extract from a film festival review • Your turn
and replace the words in bold with antonyms 5 a} Read the rubric. What do you have to write?
from the list. What tenses should you use?
• basic • noisy • unenthusiastic • boring r-------------------,
, An English-language magazine has asked its ,
• insignificant • long-winded • serious
• trad itional
' readers to send in reviews of an annual '
: envi ron menta l festival held in their country. :
•
The festival is held in 1) luxuri ous surroundings and , Write your review incl uding deta ils about I
IS attended by some of Hollywood's most ' what happens during the festival and '
2) celebrated stars. The festival kicks off with a : w hether you recommend it (200-250 :
3) light-hearted speech by the master of , words).
ceremOnies, followed by a screening of some of the ~-------------------~
year's most 4) interesting films, exploring, as t hey b) Cj
listen t o someone talking about an
do, the social problems facing 5) modern society. environmenta l festival in their country and
After the screening comes the awards ceremony. The make notes under the headings.
atmosphere becomes very 6) quiet in the seconds
before the winners are announced . Then . the actors I name
step up to accept their prizes and deliver a 7) short l place
speech, followed by the audience' s 8) rapturous
t ime
applause -
activities
,
tickets
b) Read the extract from a street carnival
review and fill in the gaps with adjectives from recommendations
the list,

, . • colourful • huge • spectacular • annua l

• local • great • talented
6 Use your notes from Ex. Gb to w rite your
review of the event. Use phrases from the
• • Useful language box .
During this 1) ... ... ..... festival, the town comes
alive People buil d 2) ... .. ........... .. ... floats and parade
through the town centre. 3) .... ... .. ... ......... musicians
Useful Language
from all over the world come to perform on the • It is held every year ...
• numerous stages around the town . 4) ..... . • The festival celebrates .... Ilts aim is to .
people and tourists dress in 5) .... ......... . • There are concerts/performances/parades for
costumes and sing and dance in the streets . In the everyone to attend.
• Children can take part in special workshops.
evening, there are always 6) rock
• All ages are catered for.
• concerts followed by 7) .. .... fireworks .
• Visitors can hear live musicJride to the festival on
the ir bicycles . • The atmosphere is .
r • Comments & opinion • t don't hesitate to recommend this festival
r 4 Which of the following could you use to
because . • It's a festival not to be missed.

I recommend a music festival in a review. Tick .

r It is/was a great opportunity to see the work of so ~ r;:lLL~

r 2
many talented new directors .......
The bands were simply amazing.
(Para t) IUlllle, place, lill/e, reason
(Para 2) general description of event (activities.
r ,
·
I
t
3
4
The script was really interesting/rat her du ll.
Everything was well organised.
etc)
( Para 3) comments/opillioll
5 TIckets areJwere quite expensive. (Par.! 4) recommellilatioll
I 6 There were a lot of things to do there.

139
•
r
I
 Have you ever witnessed a bright light streaking
across the sky on a dark, starry night? If so , the
chances are you were witnessing a rock from outer
space falling through the earth's atmosphere!
@J3 Rocks as small as grains of sand and as large as
huge boulders orbit the sun in their billions. Every
single day, as the Earth travels on its path around the
sun, it ploughs through millions of these rocks, or
' meteoroids' as they are called. When very large meteoroids strike the planet they
When meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere, they produce craters. In the USA, the most famous crater
fall through the air with such speed that they heat up caused by a meteoroid is the misnamed 'Meteor
and burn , leaving a bright trail in the sky behind them. Crater'. [IT] The rim rises 150 feet from the
This bright trail of light is known as a 'meteor'. Every surrounding plain, and the hole is 600 feet deep and
single day, millions of meteors occur in the Earth's nearly a mile wide. Meteor Crater was formed about
atmosphere. [!IJ Meteors are more commonty called 50,000 years ago when a meteorite of 70 metres hit
'shooting stars' or 'falling stars' in colloquial language. the Earth at a speed of nearly 60,000 km / h. ~
They are one of the most exciting spectactes in the You needn't worry about being hit on the head by
night sky, especially when hundreds of them appear one. There is not one confirmed case of a human
seconds or minutes apart. When many meteors occur being ever having been killed by a meteorite.
together, the phenomenon is catled a 'meteor shower'.
[IIJ Look on any astronomy website and you witl get
details of when the next meteor shower is taking place. A ThIs means the meteors ou
To get the best out of observing a meteor shower, drive 8 ~aused by rocks that are ~ma: ;~:~: ~~a~~ ~rr~:
to a dark spot well away from any city lights. f3TI owever meteorites la h .
L..:::.l...-J are ext'e'mely 'a'e rger t an the size of a marble
Almost every meteoroid that enters the Earth's " ,
atmosphere is tiny - just a millimetre or so in size. C The only dIfference between them was th .
'4" 0 Our Solar 5 ., e SIze.
l.2..L..J Meteoroids that are small disintegrate E lf ystem IS Irttered with rOCky debris
comple tely in the air and never hit the ground. But n act, look up at the sky 0 y I .
should be able to see ab t n, oan c ear night and you
meteoroids larger than a pebble are big enough to F Th ou per hour
survive their fiery passage through the atmosphere e early hours of the mOrning b
and land on the surface of the Earth. When a meteors can be seen then are est as more
meteoroid lands on the Earth it is called a 'meteorite'. G It's in Arizona and it's hug~.
H You Wouldn't want t b
Throughout history, meteorites ranging in size from I Meteor showers occu~ h~nunder one. when it hits.
the size of pebbles to the size of huge, life-destroying are predictable events. dreds of times a year and

I~i'ii~h~a~vte ;st~'iUC~k~t~h~e~etext
~a~'t~h~'~"""""""~;;~~~~~~
2 Read the rubric. Do the task. Which wo·rd·,·"
helped you decide? Then explain the words in
1 Do you know the difference between a meteor, a bold.
meteoroid and a meteorite? Read the text, then
match the terms (1-3) to their defin itions (a-<). r-------------------~
Read the text from which four sentences I
have been removed. Match the sentences :
CID meteor a a rock from outer space found
I (A-I) to the gap' (1-6) so that the text I
on the ground
makes a coherent a nd logical whole. There :
ITIJ meteorite b a piece of rock floating in outer
are two extra sentences that do not match I
space (and orbiting the sun)
any gap. I
[![] meteoroid c a streak of light you see in the ._------------------.
sky
140
3 Fill in w ith : spectacles,
disintegrate, Multiple
passage, misnamed, wirnessed, debris,
crater. 7 0 Read the rubric and do the task. Justify your answers.

We t he event r--------------------------~
I You will hear an interview about red tides. For questions I
completely by chance - w e just I 1-4, choose the correct answers, A, B or C. I
happened to be in the right place at ~--------------------------~
the right time, o Red t ides are
2 The tsu nami washed to ns of ~ one colour. B usually multi -coloured .
............ . ... ... ... into t he ocea n C never red
3 One of the most amazing 1 High leve ls o f nitrates and phosp hates in t he ocean
I've eve r seen is a volca no erupti ng. A kill algae.
4 "We need to find the safest B encourage the growth of algae.
" .. " .. . down the C are common in unpollut ed waters.
mountain," the hiker said.
2 Red t ides t hat produce toxins
5 Soentlsts believe the ... .. .. .. ..... .....
A kill off fish. B must not be fished .
was formed when an asteroid hit
C can cause death in humans.
the earth .
6 PlastIC bags In landfill Sites take a 3 The term 'algal bloom'
long time to A is unpopular with soentists. B is popular w ith the public.
completely C refers t o red t ides.
7 The Iflsh Elk IS 4 When asked where red tides occur, Or Samuel says t hey are
because It was neither exclusively A rare In freshwater bodies
Irish nor was It an elk - it was a deer. B usual 10 the middle o f the ocean.
C common near shorelines.
4 Fill in with the verbs in their
correct form : enter, strike, orbit,
travel, land.

The t ree was by

lightn ing and burst into names. 8 Read the situation . Do the task.
2 The Earth .. " .. .. ,, " ... the sun Use the language below.
every 365 days. r------------ .
Your English school is
3 Ash from the volcanic eruption
.. "." .. " .. on t he farmer's holding an astronomy
crops, dest roying them. lecture. Your class has
created some posters to
Parson 0
4 light takes about eight minutes to Astronomy
.... .... .................. from the sun to advertise it. Society
t he earth . Choose the poster which, "Our
5 Every day, millions of tiny dust in your opinion, ;s the most
particles from outer space suitable, and account for
...... t he Earth's atmosphere. your decision.
Explain why you rejected
the orher two ideas.
5 What did you learn
------- - ----
from the text? In three minutes
write a few sentences. Tell the
class .

To me, t he most suitable poster is ... because • I find poster.

6 11(T 11n groups coUect more the most appealing because. • I don't think poster ... is
information about meteors. suitable because ... . Poster ... doesn't appeal to me because .
Present your findings to the class.
141
 MODULE

1 Fill in the sentences about British politics with • Idioms

the words: Lord, Prime. Labour, House, High,
Member, Uberal, Secretary. 3 Fill in : arm, eyes. side. hands.

The ....... . .......... of Commons is the part of 1 The judge warned him never to get on the wrong
Parliament whose members are elected by the ........... of the law again.
peop le. 2 You can't take the law into your own ........ .. . "'"
2 The Party is a polit ica l pa rty Brian; you have to let the police deal with this .
t hat tries to improve the co nditions of ordinary 3 The drug dealer escaped this t ime but t he lo ng
working-class people . . ...... .... ... .... of t he law w ill catch him in the end.
3 The .............. Chancellor Is the head of 4 In the of the law. it is illegal to sell
the lega l system in Britain. on the streets without a licence .
4 A . ............ of State is the head of a
ministerial department such as finance or ' crime & punishment I
education .
5 The Deputy ............................ Minister Is the 4 Fill in: mugger, car thief, vandal, kidnapper, burglar.
second most powerful member of the parliament . arsonist. Then w rite the abstract nouns.
6 The .. ..... ... ..... ..... ... ... Democrats are a British
A(n) k dnaPI- r abducts a person and demands a
political party which supports the protection of
ransom for hislher return . gidnapping
indiVidual rights.
2 A(n) .... .. ....... deliberately sets fire to
7 A .. ..". ..... ... ...... of Parliament sits in the
something, a building etc. .... .. ... ............. .
)
British parliament as a representative of the
3 A(n) ............ ... steals vehicles.
people they were elected by.
4 A(n) .................. deliberately damages
B The .. ..... ...... Court IS one of the
buildings and property.
senior cou rts of law in the UK.
5 A(n) ..................... attacks people in public
places and robs them .
• Verb phrases 6 A(n) ... breaks int o a person's
2 Fill in the gaps with the verbs: gave, p055ed, won, home and steals their belongi ngs .
cut, voted, ran , outlined, came.
5 Choose the correct word .
1 The polit ical party made a promise to ...
taxes if elected . 1 Trespassing is a minor offence/defence.
2 Three candidates ................ for the position of 2 The police investigated the crime scene/stage.
town mayor. 3 We should never crack/break the law.
3 George ................ for the Conservative Party in 4 The police decided not to give/press charges and
the election. gave her a warning/notice instead.
4 The Prime Minister ............ a speech S They were accused/sentenced of murder.
encouraging the public to keep him in power. 6 The accused had noth ing to say in his defence/
S The new Minister of Finance ................ a plan to verdict but insisted he was innocent/suspected .
strengthen the economy. 7 The jury found him guilty and he was sent/charged
6 The ruling party ...... .. ... the election by a huge to prison .
majority. ·8 Hewa, the on ly witness/victim t o Ann', murder.
7 He ... to power in 2002 and has been the 9 She was sentenced/cha rged to six months'
cou ntry's president ever si nce. commun ity service/help.
8 The governmen t ......... . .... a law that ma de fo> 10 The death punishmenUpenalty has been abolished
hunt ing illegal. in many countries.
11 The young boy admitted having stolen two cars
and was put on pro bation/ trial for three years.
142
 ISocial policy I
6 Match the social issues terrorism, environmental
protection, poverty, animal rights, children's rights
to the statements.
The students have started a campaign against the
testing of cosmetics on rabbits .....
2 She has devoted her life to helping abused
youngsters,
3 It's been estimated that a sixt h of the world's
popula tion lacks running water..
4 We need to raise awareness of the damage being
done to the natural world .
S A bomb was detected at the embassy but was
detonated without causing any injuries.
'International organisations I
• AcronymS/Abbreviations
9 Choose the correct w ord to complete the names.
What does each work on?
• J
1 EU - European Unity/Union/ United
2 NATO - North Atlanta/Atlas/ Atlantic Treaty
Organisation
3 IOC - International Olympic Committee/Council/
Cooperation
4 WHO - World HabitaUHealth/ Humane Organ isat ion
S WWF - World Wildl ife Fund/ Finance/ Fortune
6 IMF - International Money/ Monetary/Market Fund
'Religions & places of worship l

• Word formation
10 Match the places of worship to the religions .
Make sentences as in the example.
7 Use the words in bold to form new words to fill
in the gaps. OIJ Islam (Muslims) a stupa
The government IS trying to promote raoal lIIJ Judalsm (Jews) b church
................ . (equal) In the workplace. [ID Christianity (C hnstlans) c synagogue
2 The law prohibits any form of . [!IJ HindUIsm (Hindus) d mosque
(discriminate) against minorities. [ID Buddhism (Buddhists) e gurdwara
3 The USA often prides itse lf on the ethnic
" (diverse) of its population .
lID Sikh ism (Sikhs) f mandir

4 The legal system has a. ... ..... (responsible) Muslims go to 0 mosque.

to prot ect cit izens' human rights.
S The . (employ) was accused of
hiring only men for executive positions .
6 The ... .... (violate) of human rights
In the country's prisons is a serious issue .
'Domestic & international conflicts I
8 Fill in: sign, hold, reach, take, resolve, bring in their
correct form .
Citizens .......... ..... a rally outside the city hall
yesterday because of the rise in unemployment.
2 The police need ........................... action against
the rioters in the town centre.
3 The two prime ministers must ..
'Economy I
• Collocations
11 Complete the sentences w ith the words:
family-run , cost, unit, worldwide, business, income,
international, srandards .
1 The government voted not to raise . _.
tax for another year.
2 In the future overpopulation may become a(n)
.............. ............. problem .
3 Our wildlife organisation is opposed to the
... ............................ trade In rare species.
4 They had to close their small, .
business dunng the recession.

~
an agreement to end disputes between their
S The .................... of living is going up all the time .
countries.
6 The pound is t he ... ...... of currency in the UK.
4 Thousands of people have ............. .. t he pet it ion
.~ 7 People in Scandi navian countries generally enjoy
against the new gun law.
high ................... of living .
r S The UN sent diplomats to the county in order to
... the conflict.
S The com pany beca me bankrupt after a fa iled

r 6 The peace agreement ............. an end to the war.

....... venture in Asia.
[. j See Voc:abulary Bank o n p. 190) 143
r
1
 During the 19th and early 20tll century the
Unued Stales government offered US citizens
a unique opportunity when they passed a law
called 'the Homestead Act'; under this law,
citizens could set up a new home way out
West and be offered the clwnce to own a
shore of the kmd for free.
@J::g Duri ng the 1840s and 1850s. the 'free soil
party" dema nded free 'homesteads' for small
independent farmers. They belie' cd the "ast
undeveloped land in the West of the nation shou ld be
opened up for widespread agricultural use.
However, it took 20 years for the Act to become law
because the Southe rn states of the US remai ned
deeply opposed to il. ITIJ They feared the
HOlllestead Act would create free states that would
create a block vote against slavery and abolish it.
Additionall y. debates over land use and ri ghts often
made it difficult to gra nt land cl a ims.
Eventually. on May 20th, 1862. the Homestead Act
was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln to
encourage Western mi gration. Anyone over 2 1 who
had never taken up anns against the US government.
includ ing imm igrants. unmarried women and former
slaves. could file a claim for up 10 160 acres of land.
I2IJ They were required to bui ld a home on their
c hosen site . farm the land successfu lly and live off it
for five years before their claim could be recogni sed .
Then, if the authoriti es were satisfied, the applicant
paid a total of $ 18 dollars in filin g fees. and received
a certificate stating the land was now legal1y theirs.
Just how successful was the Homestead Act? [I[J
Linda Soukup. a descendant of a homestead fam ily
still farmin g in Dakota uxiay says, "Iand was the
sentences I partner. Justify your answers. Then , explain
1 Read the introduction to the text . What would
you like to know about this act? Write three
questions. Read through. Does the text
answe r your questions?
144
opportunity for life in this coumry." And . indeed , the
Act gave many poor people a realistic chance of
becoming landowners. [!IJ The Act also aided the
economic development of the Western states.
eneoumging self-s uffiC iency as well as industry.
However. the Act resulted in the wides pread
displacement of Nat ive Americans who were pushed
out from the ir homes on the land . ~ Furthermore.
some appli cants claimed exclusive rights to water
sources. which forced other peop le out of the reg ion.
Historians say that the Act was of more bene fit to
large concerns, like rai lroad companies. who bought
the best Jand. pushing farmers out into remote areas.
[IT]
By 1900. only about 52% of the applicants who filed
a claim actually received legal rights to land. In 1976.
the government ended the Homestead Act, as little
available land remained . but allowed it to eominue in
Alaska until 1986. Some people feel that the
principle of land and freedom lies at the very heart of
the· American dream '. But the wider cost of the
Homestead Act was great and the results mixed.
Neverthe less. the Homestead Act playcd a significant
part in develop ing the United States as we know it
r1
today.
2 Do the reading task. Compare with your
the words in bold.
r--------------------~
I Read the text and choose from sentences A- I
: I the one which best fits each gap 1-6. There :
I are two sentences you do not need to use. I
~--------------------~
I

• Note

A A lot of the landowners \n the 6 0 You will hear an interview between a police
south were quite wealthy. officer and a burglary victim, Mr James.
B Some people argue that it brought Complete the statements with one word only.
prosperity to the US . o Someone broke the window by the front door.
e The Homestead Act was the result j
1 Mr James went to ................... with his wife.
of an ongoing political campaIgn.
2 Mr James saw that everything was in
o This meant that many homeste~ds disarray inside the house.
failed with farmers abandonmg
3 He didn't go inside so as not to disturb any
t heir homes and returning to new
urban centres . 4 Mr James says hiS .............. got concerned
E The new influx of farmers also
about him and his wife.
caused massive land erosion . S Mr James says that his DVD player, his
F The wealthy landowners of the
.................. . and his laptop have been stolen.
south forced slaves to work their
6 He says that he had insta lled fingerprint
large estates. ........ Software on his laptop.
G This caused a serious problem . 7 The police officer invites Mr James to speak to a
H Eventually about 10% of the land in
crime. .... officer.
the US was dalmed and settled
S The police officer asks Mr James if he has home
under It . . ... Insurance.
However, applicants had to prove
themselves first .

7 Read the rubric and do the t ask in pairs.

3 Fill in: undeveloped, realistic. politica/, gram, remain , r--------------------.

I You and your classmate are preparing for a I
prove. urban. rights, play, remote. I .. ,
school forum on crime prevention 10 your I
1 to ............... . ... ... a part town . You have different ideas about what I
2 . centre : measures need to be taken to prevent and :
3 .,," campaign I reduce crimes such as vandalism and I
4 " land I burglary in your to wn . Discuss your ideas :
......... opposed to
.-------------------_ .
5 to and reach a consensus. I
6 to .. ........... . ................. ...... a claim
7 to ......................................................... oneself
8 .. ... chance • Give your ideas and arguments .
9 ... .. .. areas
, 10 receive legal
• Find out your partner's ideas and arguments.

I 4 Write a summary of the text in 60 w ords and • Try to persuade your partner t o accept your ideas.
• present it to the class.
• • Try to reach a compromise .
Imagine you were a ' homestead'
farmer going to your new home. How would
you feel l What would you expect to find

145

--- - -- --
 16 The bank clerk described the robber in detail.
DESCRIPTION The bank clerk ................................. .
• Lexicogrammatical word transformations .............. ..................... of the robber.
17 laura failed to persuade her sister to join the gym
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. with her.
Use two to five words. SUCCEED laura ........................... ................. .
Pamela has always done well in maths. her sister to join the gym with her. •J
GOOD Pamela has 18 You should really have a holiday soon.
maths. HIGH It's
2 I can't attend the meeting tomorrow afternoon. .... ... a holiday.
PRESENT I won't be 19 Unfortunately, I cannot play the piano very well.
the meeting tomorrow afternoon GOOD Unfortunately, I'm not very
3 The actor became famous after he appeared in the film. . ................... the piano:
FOLLOWING The actor became fa mous. 20 I totally ag ree w ith Mr Sm ith
in the film . TOTAL I.
4 At the end of the concert, the singer thanked the ................................. wit h Mr Smith .
audience for their support. 21 Julia had never seen a shooting star before.
ENDED The singer ... FIRST It was the
the audience for their support. .... ......... . ........... a shooting star.
5 There's no chance of us gOing abroad this summer. 22 She was so tired that she couldn't continue walking .
POSSIBLE It won 't be ............. . TOO She ............................................ .
on walking .
•
abroad thiS summer.
6 Usa finds it difficult to remember people's names. 23 The teachers talked about the exam results. •
EASY It ............................... . DISCUSSION The teachers .................................. .
......... to remember people's names. . . ......... the exam results .
7 These two cars look the same to me. 24 "I'm sorry I didn't help you with your homework,"
TELL I cannot . she said to me.
these two cars. HELPING She.
8 "You broke my mobile phone!" he said to me . me with my homework.
ACCUSED He . 25 The celebrity never takes any notice of the gossip in
.... . .. .. .. . .. .... .. . his mobile phone. the newspapers .
9 What a shame that they cancel led the foot ball match! ATIENTION The celebrity never .
ONLY If. the gossip in the newspapers.
............... off the football match ! 26 "Let's postpone the meeting until later in the day,"
10 David would rather not come to the theatre with us the boss said .
FEEL David SUGGESTED The boss
to the theatre with us. off the meeting until later in the day.
11 Jane's mother didn't allow her to go out last night. 27 Only a few people visit the island during the winter
MADE Jane's mother .......................... . months.
in last night. NUMBER There ................................... .
12 John asked if he might borrow my computer. of visitors to the island during the
WOULD John asked if I ....... . winter months.
my computer. 28 "You should eat less fast food, " the doctor said to
13 Lisa is better at volleyball than Christina. Alan ,
WELL Christina doesn't DOWN Alan was advised
Lisa . . ........... amount of fast food he eats.
14 She was about to leave when she remembered to 29 She didn't know that Henry had bought her an
tu rn off the oven . engagement ring.
POINT She was IDEA She ... ............................. Henry
when she remembered to turn off t he had bought her an engage ment ring.
oven. 30 Sandra always gets angry with her workmates.
15 You should brush your teeth so as not to get cavities. TEM PER Sandra is always.
AVOID You should brush your teeth .......... ......... .with her workmates .
. cavities.
146
 • Word formation • Lexical multiple choice items

2 Read the text and complete the gaps with the 3 Choose the correct word.
words derived from the words in bold . Compare
1 Those accused of crime have the right to a fair
your answ ers w ith your partners.
A hearing 8 meeting C audit ion 0 trial
Jon Gnarr, the mayor of Reykjavik, Iceland,
is a 0) pt ian with a difference. One of POLITIC 2 The ...... was not enough to press charges against
them .
the country's leading 1) ............., Gnarr COMEDY j
entered the world of politics by founding A statement 8 indication C evidence 0 proof
his own party, the ' Best Party'! At a time 3 Everyone should have the to express their
when. Iceland was facing 2) ..... ... .. ......... FINANCE opinion freely.
difficulties, Gnarr was determined to make
A permission B right C li cence D duty
Iceland more 3) .. .. ......... self-sufficient. His ECONOMY
tactics were to make people laugh and 4 The new law was ..... after much debat e.
thereby build up a sense of trust among A validated 8 qual ifi ed C allow ed D passed
voters. During Reykjavik's 4) ............. ELECT 5 70% of the people .. ... . against the new measure.
campaign in 2010, Gnarr's party
A chose B voted C elected D cast
broadcast a video of its members 'singing'
their election promises. Gnarr even 6 Police officers who disobey t he law will
promised to put a polar bear in the city's consequences.
zoo - a pure joke considering the A experience B meet C face o deal
5) ............. location of Iceland! His first GEOGRAPHY 7 Police ought to ...... the law more strictly.
offkial act as mayor was to introduce
A authorise B force C enable 0 enforce
' Hello Day' on 1st September, when the
capital's 6) ............. had to greet each RESIDE 8 Most people believe that ...... punishment does not
other as cheerfully as possible. No doubt compensate for the crime committed_
this helped to pave the way for the A prinCipal B capital C major D head
7) .. ... ... ... .. tough measures to follow! USUAL
9 HaVing rules doesn't stop people from them.
Gnarr raised 8) ....... .... .. prices, for ELECTRIC
A violating C destroying
instance, and cut arts subsidies.
Nevertheless, humour has proved a B disturbing D suspend ing
successful recipe and the Best Party 10 He was ... .. . from jail after he served his sentence .
continues to hold the majority of seats on A released B set C issued Diet
the city council.

• Multiple Choice Cloze rext

4 Read the text and decide which answer, A, B, Cor D best fits each gap .

Some people really enjoy 0) b< mg their own boss and 6) ... .. .. ... ... apply for the money thal it would
get a 1) ............. deal of satisfaction from running a him 10 buy some baskets so that he could carry
successful business. But in order to start 2) .... ......... a vegetables to the market. But 7) ............. the smallest
business most entrepreneurs need money. This requires loans make a huge difference and over the years
taking out a loan from a bank; but what if banks don't Grameen Bank has become a wonderful success. So
wanl 10 risk giving you a loan? In poorer regions of the far, it has lent over $6.5bn to over 8 million borrowers
wortd this is often a problem. People with 3) ... .... ...... or and in 2006 Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank
no savings, property or work experience often struggle 8) ...... ....... awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.
to get the money required to become entrepreneurs.
However, an economic concept known 4) ... ..... ... ..
o A be B been C being D t o be
microlending is making a difference for these people. In
1 A ' big B huge C grand D great
1976, Muhammad Yunus, an economist from
Bang ladesh, founded Grameen Bank with the aim of 2 A up B in C on D out
lending money with low interest rates to the types of 3 A almost B few C little D none
people usually ignored by the established banks. o by
4 ' A for B as C to
5) .. ........... this end, Grameen bank started giving loans
5 A At B For C With o To
to the poor, the unemployed, and the illiterate; what
mattered was that they had a good business idea and 6 A justly B only C nearly D solely
the will to succeed. In most cases, these loans are very 7 A also B too C still D even
small. For example, a Bangladeshi villager might
8 A was B were C have o been
 An essay
a I
An essay describing a place or a
building usually consists of:
• an introduction in which we write
the name and location of the place/
building and use(s), where
appropriate.
• a main body in which we describe
the ma in aspects of the place (what
you can see and do there), the
bUilding (its interior and exterior), as
well as giving historica l facts about it.
• a conclusion in which we write our
comments or feel ings and our
recommendation .
Essays describmg places or bu ildings
can be found in travel brochures,
tourist magazines, and on websltes etc.
We normally write them in a formal or
semi-formal style. We use present
tenses to describe a place/building and
past tenses to write about the historical
facts or narrate our visit there .
When we describe a place we can use
our senses (i.e. sigh r, hearing, smell, rouch
and taste) to make the description more
interesting.
Y u '1n all rhr leve at >nee due /(
rh 1101 10 I (sight)
v, ror an Is1tm ) on 'I(,d'l de)criprron 01
e, fJ is/arp ill If ir Iwn 1·1t)guvg
(hearing)
It ::le, IISJflraohr>mer dcokelfl
11" ( I >-1 1\ im list I (smell)
rh ~m JOth morbi€' culptUl orE f or1 and
cold but b IIJfrful. (touch)
Aftelword' IDU eni a I /i us lu 1C
1 h mu iJl'" cafE (taste)
1 Read the rubric, underline the key words, then answer the
questions.
Ir--------------------------~
Your teacher has asked you to write an essay (200-250 I
: words) describing a building of historical importance, :
I including what you can see and do there as well as its I
I history. I
~--------------------------~
1 What are you going to write?
2 Who is going to read it?
3 Which of the following points should you include?
• name • how to get there • when it was built/opened
• how often you have viSited it
• wha t it looks like from the outside • what you can see there
• what it may have been used for in the past
• why you recommend visiting it
2 Read the model and match the paragraphs to the headings.
A comments/feelings/recommendation
B description of the outside (what to do/see there)
C name, location, type of building/what used for
o historica l facts
E description of the inside (what to do/see there)
the Tower
(!{ London
IT[] Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the
Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the bank of the River Thames in
London, England. With a history spanning almost 1000 years, the Tower of
London has been many things, including a royal residence, a prison, an armoury
and a treasury. Today, rt is one of England's most popular tourist attractions.
IT[] The castle is made up of several courtyards and buildings, and is
surrounded by a series of massive defence walls and a dry moat. You can take a
I free one-hour guided tour around the castle's grounds. The tours are led by
wardens called 'Beefeaters', who, dressed in historic clothes, are also
responsible for guarding the tower.
[IIJ Inside the various buildings, you can see, among other things, a
collection of medieval arms and armour, and the Tower's greatest attraction: the
Crown Jewels: of the United Kingdom. These are some of the most precious
jewels in the WOrld, set into swords, robes, and of course crowns and which are
still used on special state occasions by the Queen of England, Elizabeth 11.
[![J The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history.
Many important historical figures were held prisoner there or executed there,
including Henry VI and two of Henry VIII's queens.
[I[J I really recommend visrting the Tower of London. It is a fascinating day
out and a great opportunity to learn all about England's intriguing past.
3 Read the three extracts (A-C). Which senses • Your turn
have the writers used in their descriptions? 5 Read the rubric, underline the key words, then
Underl ine the words/phrases that tell you. answer the questions.

o The architectural beauty of the Taj Mahal in

India has led it to be regarded by many people as the
~--------------------~
Your English teacher has asked you to write I
an essay (200-250 words) describing the :

I
eighth wonder of the world . Built entirely of white
most famous building in your town/country. I
marble, the Taj Mahal seems to shimmer silver in the
Write your essay, including historical facts as :
moonlight, glow softly pink in the light of dawn and
at the close of day, reflects the fiery tints of the well as describing the interior and the I
setting sun . _
._------------------_.
exterior.

m The Acropolis in Athens is Greece's most

Who is going to read you r essay? What style
should you use?
famous tourist attraction . Set atop a small hill in
the middle of the city, the monument is visited by
2 What is the most famous building in your town!
country? What IS it famous for?
thousands of tourists every day during the high
3 What kind of bUilding is it? When was It built?
season. As you stand admiring the beautiful
Did someone Important live therelbuild it?
marble columns, the murmurings of the crowd
4 What IS It used for today?
mix w ith the sounds of the chaotic city below,
5 What does It look like from the outside J
creating a wonderful atmosphere.
6 What has It got inSide?
7 Is It worth vislttng?
[£] ' nlC T rcvi Fount,lin is :Irguahly thc mO.'it
hcauti ful fount:lin in Rome, ;tnd on a hot t>ummer's
d:ly. dipping your h:mds into the foun t:lin's
6 Use the plan below and language from the
Useful language box to write your essay.
rcfrc!'>hin~ w:l1cr" is :t grc:1I way to ('001 down. But
t:lke (':I r~'! While iT's flne to put your h:mds in the
water, policeman :Ire 011 cont>l:tnt gu:ud blowi n~
m~~
their whist!et> 21\ ho urs a d:IY :11 lUuris!s sill y cnough
Int rod uction
to think lht:y can climb into thc fountain. (Pam t) IWI1W and locatioll, lIse(s)
-----.l ~1:Iin Hody
4 Read the two descriptions and fill in the (P;lra 2) exterior details
adjectives. Which description refers to a visit to (Parn 3) illterio r detaiLI'
a place? (Para 4) historical de/ails
• extraordinary • light • world • magnificent Conclusion
o Our one-hour tour of t he Sydney Opera House
included an account of Its 1) ............. histOry, views
( Para S) coml1le1ll.'Vrt'COllllllelldatioll

of Its 2) ............ external and internal architecture,

and took us behind the scenes to stand on the stage
of the 3) .. ...... -famou s Concert Hall . We then
enjoyed a 4) .. ... ..... .. breakfast in the Green Room .
• gleaming • panoramic • familiar • bronze
Useful language
• It IS the most famous (church, museum etc) in ...
• It IS located in ... .
• It was built in .. . by . • It IS surrounded by ....
• On the inside/outside of the bui lding . ....

m The Sacn~-Coeur is a 1) ............. landmark in

•
•
It is certainly an amazinglimpressive etc sight.
It has a breathtaking/charm ing ete view over/of ..
Paris, shimmering on the skyline and visible from • There is plenty to see/do there .
many parts of the city. Built from 2) ........... .. white • It is well worth a visit.
stone, the main door has grand 3) ............. doors.
You can enjoy 4) ............. views of Paris from the
Sacn~-Coe ur's bell tower.

149
 n9 sentences I
1 The picture shows Port Arthur in Tasmania.
What kind of place do you think it is? Why
wou ld a prison be built there? Read
through to find out.

2 Read the rubric and do the task. Justify your

answers. Then explain the words in bold.
r------------------~
Read the text below, from which six I
sentences have been removed. Match :
the sentences (A· I) to the gaps (1·6) so I
that the text makes a coherent and I
logica l whole. There are two extra :
sentences that do not match any gap.
._----------------_. I

he Tasman Peninsula in the south-east of Tasmania was a
T hard·to-reach part of that Australian island In the 19th
century. roT"Hl Although the settlement of Port Arthur was
establish~ in 1830 as a timber centre, in 1833 it became a
prison for men who had been sent to Australia from Britain and
Ireland for committing crimes and had then re-offended .
rrn Firstly, the emphasis was on psychological , rather than
'pIiYsrca1, punishment. For example, particularly troublesome
prisoners were hooded and made to stay silent rather than
receiving corporal punishment. They might also be given only
bread and water, while more well-behaved inmates received
extra portions of more satisfying meals. Secondly, there was a
belief that the prisoners, then called convicts, could be
rehabilitated while serving their sentences. Tasmania's
governor, George Arthur, after whom the place was named.
designed a system that incorporated education , training in
trades and religious and moral instruction. [3IJ
Although that may suggest that Port Arthur convicts were men
with no sense of right or wrong who had committed terrible
acts, many of the prisoners were young boys who had been
imprisoned for 'crimes' as petty as stealing toys. There were
certainly some vicious criminals among the prison population,
but they were in the minority.
The government wanted Port Arthur to be a self-sufficient
settlement and to this end a range of workshops were
constructed. [ID As well as giving the men something
constructive to do, they provided training in useful trades.
Blacksmiths, shoemakers and tailors all emerged from Port
Arthur. Convicts who did particularly well in the workshops
received privileges like tea and sugar, and an added
incentive was exemption from hazardous or physically
demanding work like ploughing fields manually.
The precautions taken by the prison authorities coupled with the
remote location made escape almost unthinkable. A line of dogs
maintained a constant watch. [IT] Even so, there were
resourceful and desperate men who undertook the challenge
trying to get out of Port Arthur. The legendary Martin Cash
managed to get past the guards undetected twice. On the
second occasion he escaped with two companions. They had
secretly been putting aside food supplies for days. They then
circumvented the line of dogs by swimming across the bay at
night.lID
Transportation of convicts to Port Arthur ceased in 1853. 11 had
become exorbitant to maintain the penal establishment and
the authorities closed it in 1877. r6Tl Visitors can tour the
Imposing ruin of the prison and Vrsitihe museum to gain an
Insight into what daily life at the settlement was like.
A T~ey played a pivotal role in the success of th
prison. e
8 They .
remained at large for several months before
they were caught.
C Port Arthur needed staff to keep records, Soldiers to
ensure that no one attempted to escape and
tradesmen to teach their skills
D ~~s cO~binat~on, at least in theory, would provide
CO~VICts With opportunities to better themselves
and ultimately rejoin society.
E :hey we:en't there to attack the escaping convicts
ut to raIse the alarm by barking.
F It was one of the firs! penal colonies ever
G TOday. an important economic activity for'port Arthur
IS tourism.
H Its isolated setting made it the ideal place for a penal
colony.
Port Arthur was innovative in two ways.

150
3 Fill in the sentences with these words: offender, Matching
rehabilitate, precautions, established, large, insight.
, The Pilgnms ,.............. .................... a settlement
8 Read the rubric and underline the key words in
each statement.
in Massachusetts in 1628.
2 A lot of people argue that prisons really
o Do the listening task.
....................... criminals , r--------------------~
3 Despite the .......... ,........... .. .. .. .. taken, the You will hear five people talking about the :
prisoner escaped . issue of trespassing. Match the statement I
4 Manny was let off with a warning as he was a (A-F) to the speakers (1-5). There is one :
first-time .. ,..... ..,..... ..... .. statement that doesn't match any speaker. I
5 The escaped prisoners are st ill at ....... ..... .. ~--------------------~
A It is acceptable in order to
and police are conducting further investigations.
prevent domestic violence , Speaker 1
6 Our teacher helped us gain a(n) ,...... .. ............. ...
Into the causes of World War 11. B To save someone's life, It IS Speaker 2
totally justified . Speaker 3
4 Fill in the gaps with : innovative. exorbitanc, C It shocks me to think of it. Speaker 4
resourceful, rugged, demanding, imposing. 0 My dogs wouldn' t let anyone
SpeakerS
enter my house.
1 We couldn't afford to rent a house in the suburbs E I would appreciate It If someone were to save my
as prices were .. ... ... .................. . pets
2 The castle. With Its tall towers, was a most F I am ready to defend my house against illegal
.................................... buildmg. entry.
3 She IS a(n) ... ......................... ..... .... person who
can find ways to deal With problems.
4 My school has a(n) ..... .. ......... .
approach to language learning and makes use of
hi-tech equipment. 9 Read the rubric and do the task .
5 We t ravelled through .................................. ....... ..
mou ntain areas and admired the breathtaking --------------------~
You and your friend are interested in
views. volunteering together abroad for an
6 My new job is very .. .. .......... .. .............. and international organisation . You have
needs a lot of concentration . different ideas about what would be the
best thing to do. You would like to work
5 Summarise the text in 80 words. Tell your with children but your friend would like to
partner. work with animals. Discuss your ideas and
reach a consensus.

Do you believe serving a prison • Give your ideas and arguments.

sentence can rehabilitate a criminal? Write • Find out your partner' s ideas and
a few sentences. Tell the class. arguments.
• Try to persuade your partner to accept your
ideas.
7 l!Crl Find another example of a historic prison • Try to reach a compromise.
that is now a museum . Make notes on its
history and what you can see/do there today.
Present your findings to the class.
r

151
Culture
1 What do you know about India? ••
!
What would you like to know? I
Think of three questions. Read the
text. Does it answer your questions? ,
• ,
2 Read the text and answer the
questions.
1 How do we know th at the In dus
Val ley civilisation was an advanced
cu lture?
I•
,•• INDIA
Indus Valley Civilisation
I India is a large country - as big as western Europe - with a long
2 What was the Raj? •
history. Evidence suggests modern human beings reached the Indian
3 What did th e British ban in India?
subcontinent at least 75,000 years ago. Agriculture was well
4 Why is Gandh i considered the established in India by 7000 BC and by 3000 BC a highly complex
father of the Ind ian nation? civitisation was flourishing along the Indus River in north-western
I
5 What is meant by non-cooperation 7 India. Known as the Indus Valley civilisation, it was one of the world 's
6 What does 'out of st ation' mea n to first urban civilisations. At its peak, it may have had a population of
Indians? well over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley built
7 What is t he most popular sport in In dia? • well organised cities out of brick, sophisticated drainage and water
storage systems and mUlti-storey houses. They developed writing
3 What do the words in bold in the text systems, were skilled craftsmen and carried out international trade .
refer to? The Indus Valley civilisation was technologically advanced and had a
sophisticated culture. After its decline, India was controlled by a
it number of different emperors. Then , in the 19th century, the British
2 they . ................. ............ took control of the vast country .
3 few .. ... ........ ..... The British Raj
4 him . The British presence in India dates from the beginning of the 17th
5 Its .. century when Queen Elizabeth I set up a trading company - the East
India Company. At first the company's aim was merely to trade with
India. But It ended up becoming an occupying force. Naturally, the
various Mughal Emperors were not keen on having the British in their
country. But by the middle of the 18th century, the occupiers had
imposed their rule in what is known as the Raj. The British moved
India's capital from Calcutta to New Delhi , where they built a series of
public buildings aimed at reflecting imperial splendour. They also
imposed their language and laws, banned certain traditional
practices that they considered 'uncivilised', and attempted to
educate the Indians as English , The English claimed that they would
create a more just society . However, during their presence the
country experienced some of its worst fam ines and epidemics in
which millions of people died.
A National Hero
end of the First World War, a nationwide non-violent
movement against British rule
emerged. It was led by a small , frail
old man by the name of Mohandas
Gandhi. Few imagined Gandhi
overthrow the
I
 4 Find words in the text which
mean:

1 pOint of greatest development

(para 1)
2 very great in size (para 1)
3 fair (para 2)
4 outbreaks of disease that spread
rapidly (para 2)
5 bring about the downfall (para 3)
6 certain to happen in the future
the title of 'lather of the Indian nalion', Gandhi and his followers believed in (para 3)
non-cooperation, which meant boycotting everything English, including 7 developed gradua lly (para 4)
schools, clothing. jobs, industry and law courts. The British imprisoned
8 grand/magnificent (para 5)
Gandhi but when he was released he continued his struggle. In 1942, 'Quit
India' became Gandhi's slogan and Bntaln started to realise that Indian
independence was inevitable so they entered into negotiations with him. On 5 Match the words to form
15th August 1947, India finally gained independence from Great Britain. (allocations.

I
The Republic of India
Today. India is the world's most populous democracy with over one billion a company
international
citizens as well as one of the world 's largest economies. India is one of the 2 b advanced
national
most culturally diverse societies on the planet, with people practising a variety c society
3 Just
of religions and languages. Hindu and English are the two official languages
4 occupying d trade
of India but every state within India has Its own additional official language.
5 ski lled e force
Although a high proportion of Indians speak English, less than a quarter of a
6 technolog ica lly f system
million speak it as their first language. Indian English comprises several
varieties of English which evolved dunng the period of British colonial rute. It 7 trading 9 craftsmen
has vocabularylidioms that are unique to It. For example, 10 'shift' house 8 culturally h diverse
means to move house: to 'pass out' of university means to graduate from 9 drainage beauty
university. and 'out of station' means to be out of town. Indian accents vary 10 natural sport
greatly. Some Indians speak English with an accent very close to a standard
British accent. Others speak it with a more 'native·tinted ' accent.
6 Find phrasal verbs in the text which
Colourful India mean:
India is one of the most geographically diverse countries in the world. It has
mountains, plains, deserts, rainforests. grasslands, swamplands, and more. 1 did (a taskl
Rich in biodiversity, it is home 10 some of the world's rarest and most majestic 2 has eXisted since a particular time
animals. including the Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, great Indian one-horned 3 started/established (a business)
rhinoceros, asiatic lion and snow leopard. India has a thriving arts scene. Its 4 became eventua lly
film industry. 8011}wood, is the largest in the world. Although India's official
national sport is field hockey, cricket is far more popular. India's best cricket
players are considered national heroes. Not surprisingly, India is one of the
7 How is India different
most visited countries in the world. Its natural beauty, long , exciting to your Discuss.
culture and friendly people make
it one of the world's most 8 Why would people want to visit
fascinating countries. India? Make notes. Tell the class .

Quotations,___
• Be the change Ibm .1011 11'(111110 see il/
tbe lIor/ll.
Mohandas K. Gandhi '
• }j'w C(l 1/ lIf'1'l!r e l/ter lheS(I /}/l'

ri-....er Iu·ice. :
Indian proverb

.,.-- /" 153

 Bank
,Asking for and giving personal information I ITalking about experiences I
Asking for personal information
, Asking about experiences
• Have you got any brothers or sisters? • Have you ever (been to) .7
• Where do you live? • How long have you .7
• Do you work or are you stili at school? • When did you last ? What was It like? How was .7
• What do you do In your spare time? Resp<?:nding
Giving personal information • Yes, I have I .I • Actually, I've never been
• Yes, "ve got ... brothers/SlstersJNo, I'm an only child No, I've never . to , but I hope I will,
• I live in a house/flat In the suburbs/on the • I've been ... since/for ." . some day.lYes, I have
outskirts/near the city centre/in a sma ll town et c. • The last time I ... wasp . I went ... and it was
• Actually, I'm a Year H' school student.1I finished school It was greaVfunl fantastidboring ete.
". years ago and now I ... disappointing ete,
• When I have some time off, I usually .. iln my spare
time I really like to

'Criticising and apologising I

'Asking about and expressing likes and dislikesl Criticising
• You should have • Why didn't you tell me ... ?
Asking about likes & dislikes told me you'd be • I Wish you wouldtwouldn't
• What do you think. • Are you Interested in .. " at all? (Iate/have to leave • Couldn't you have .7
of 7 • Do you enpf/1ike'prefer ,.. Hng)? earlier/about the • I can't stand it when you ,
cost) ete.
Expressing dislikes
• I Just hatekan't • It's not my cup of tea Apologising Making excuses
stand • I find realty boring! • I'm soIrealiyl • t completely forgot that
• To be honest, it's awful etc. ternbly sorry • I Simply didn't reahse that
not reaUy my thing, • I don't like at all • Oh, no! I feel • I Just didn't have the time
Expressing likes awfuVternble to

• I think It's amazing! • I reaUy like/love , , (-ing), Accepting an apology

fantastidreally cooll • I'm crazy about it. • Never mind, What's • Don't worry about it.
Being neutral
done is done. • Never mmd , It doesn't matter.
• I suppose it wasn't • Oh, OK/all right, Let's forget
• It's OK, I suppose, • I'm easy either way, really your fault about It.
• I don't mind • Well. I don 't know, really

IGiving and reacting to news I

'Talking about others I
Giving good news Reacting to gOOd news
Asking about someone
• Guess what! I've (passed • That's fantastldgreatl
• Who's your best friend? my driving test) etc. Wel l done!
• What's your brotherlSlsterlbest friend ete li ke? • I've got some great • Wow! Really7
• Tell me about your brotherlSlstertbest fflend etc. news • WOINI That's brilliantl
• What sort of person IS .7 • You won't believe thiS! • CongratulatIons I I'm
• How well do you get on With ... ? I .... realty happy for youl
Responding Giving bad news Reacting to bad news
• My best friend is .. , We've grown up together.! • I'm afraid I've got some • Oh, no! How awfuV
We've been fflends forever I We've known each other bad news. I've (been terrible/sad!
for/since. robbed,) ete. • Oh dear! How did it
• He/She is rea lly greatlcooVamazing ete. We get on very
well together.
• Someth ing terrible has happen? r
happened. I ... . • That's a shame/a pity/
• He/She is really great, but can be a bit difficult/mean!
• It's bad news, I'm afraid , too bad.
grumpy/stubborn ete at times
• Not very welVat all.
• Poor you ! I can't believe itl ,
154
1 Match the exchanges.
Speaker A
OIJ What do you think of water sports?
w=:J What sort of person is your new neighbour?
I1IJ Do you like this video game?
~ When did you last go to the theatre? What
was It like?
~ It's bad news, I'm afraid . Tom has been In an
accident.
~ I Just didn't have time to post the invitations.
[2I] Have you ever wanted to travel abroad?
~ What's your brother like?
2 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.
A Do you like cooking?
B: To be honest, It's not really my ................... .
2 A: Tell me about your new colleague.
S: She's great We . .. "" ............... .
.......... .. .... .... ..... ...................... together.
3 A: I know I should have asked you before inviting
Sarah to the party, but I didn't think you'd
mind.
B: Never mind . What's done ............... ... ..
4 A: Have you got any brothers or sisters?
B: No, I'm an ......................... .
5 A: Have you ever been abroad ?
B No, not yet, but I ........................................ .
................................................... some day
6 A. I'm so sorry about this.
B It doesn't .................................................. .
7 A: Guess whatl I've won tickets to the
Glastonbury festival I
B: Congratulations! I'm really happy .. .... ..........
8 A: I simply didn't realise that it would take us so
long to get here.
B: I suppose it wasn't rea lly your.
Speaker B
A I went two weeks ago and It was great.
S I find it really boring .
C Never mind.
D I think they're amazing!
E He's cool.
F Actually, I've never been anywhere outside
my country, but I'm hop ing I will, some day.
G She's really great, but can be a bit noisy at
times.
H Oh, nol How did it happen?
9 A Who's your best fflend ?
B: Tom . We've known ......................... .
for a very long time.
10 A Have you heard the good news? I'm getting
married I
B: CongratulationsI That's ........................ ..... 1
11 A: Are you Interested in physics?
B: It's not my ..... ............. .
12 A: I completely forgot that we had arranged to
meet yesterday.
B: Never mind, don't .... ............................... .
13 A: I went to that new Chinese restaurant last
night.
B: Oh, what .... .. ............................... like?
14 A: I'm afraid I've got some bad news My car has
been stolen.
B; Oh dear. How did ................................... ?
, 5 A. How long have you been studying English 7
B: ,'ve been ..................... . five years .
16 A' Why didn't you tell me you were gOing to be
thiS late?
B: "m so sorry. ' simply. ... ... ... .... .... .... .
It would take me so long to get here.
17 A: Do you prefer Ch inese or India n food?
B: I'm easy .. .. .. ... .. . ...... .
18 A: Do you like comedies?
B: They're OK, .......... ......... .
155
 Bank
Making and responding to a request lAsking for and giving/refusing permission I
for information
Asking for permission
.,
Requesting information I 0 May/Could/Can I .. .1 0 Would It be alright if I . )
0 May 1ask you something? 0 Is it OK/alright If 1 •• ,1 0 Do you mind If I )
0 Excuse me, carv'could you tell me ) Giving permission Refusing permission
0 Could you plea~ tell me whereA1owfv.lhat time etc )
0 I'd like some information on , please
0 Of courseJSure Go 0 No, I'm afraid you can't
0 I was wondering if you could tell me/give me some ahead. 0 I'd ratherlt'd prefer you
Information about ,
0 Yes, go ahead didn't
0 Do you happen to know ... 7
0 All right, but make sure 0 Sorry, no,
0 I'm afraid I'll have to say
Responding to a request for information 0 Not at all. no.
0 Certa inly/Of course. 0 I'm not sure, I'm afraid
0 Gladly You'd be better off
0 Hmm, let me think. asking someone else/at
0 I'm afraid I can't help you the Information desklthe 'polite requests and offers I
0 I'm sorry, I don't know assistant etc.
Requesting Agreeing
0 Do you think you would 0 Yes, of course Here you
0 Could I have II are.
,Offering. accepting and refusing assistance I I'd like . please 0 Of course, It'S
0 Excuse me. Could you 0 Would you like anything
Offering assistance tel l me (where IS), (else) _. 1
please? 0 Yes, of course IYes, OK
0 Would you like me to 0 Can I help you?
Why don't I help you )
0 Could you do me a 0 Sure. Go ahead!
help you ) 0

0 let me give you a hand
With
Accepting assistance
0 I'd appreciate It, thanks
0 Yes, thank you . That's
very kind of you.
0 Yes, please. I cou ld do
With some help .
0 Yes, please. Thanks for
offering
0 Do you need any help favour? Certainly
With .?
0 I was wondenng If 0 No, not at aliI
you'd No problem
Refusing assistance 0 Would you mind .)
0 No, I'm OKJalright, Making indirect requests Refusing (with reasons)
thanks.
0 Could you tell .. . (that) ,,1 0 I'm sorry, but
0 No, thanks. I can
0 Can/Could you ask ... ifI 0 I'm afraid I can't, I'm
manage,
whether .. ? 0 Sorry, but I've promised
0 I can do it myself,
0 (Person/name) askedl telnot to
thanks
told me to .. Jsald to 0 I'd like to, but
0 No, don't bother

'Talking about plans I

'Telephoning I Asking
Making a call Answering a call 0 Have you made any plans for .. )
0 Hello, this is .. .. 0 Just a momentJHold on. 0 What would you like to do .. 1
Could I speak to ... 1 0 Yes, one moment, please 0 What are you dOlng/gomg to do ... 1
0 I'd like to speak to 0 Speaking 0 How will you be spending your weekendlsummerl
" please 0 I'm afraid he/she IS not In birthday etc
0 Hello, is .. . there? Can I take a message? Re~onain9
0 HI, .. .. Can you ask 0 He/She is out. Would you
0 I'm going to . ..1t'1I
... to come to the like to leave a message?
0 ,'d like to ... .It hope '"
phone? 0 Hold on, please I'll connect
0 I am about tolhoping to/planning to ...
0 Hello, can you put you,lHislHer li ne is busy at
0 I think I'l l
me through to the moment.
0 Well, I've always wanted to ... , so I might do that.
please?
0 I don't know.1t haven't decided yet.
0 I haven't planned anything, really.

156
 1 Match the exchanges.

Speaker A Speaker B
CID What would you like to do aher university? A All right. but make sure you don't stay out
[3IJ Hello, is Jessica there? late.
[![] Do you need any help with your homework? B Not at all. Here you are.
[![J Would it be alright if I went to the cinema C Would you like anything else?
with Judy, mum? D Well, I've always wanted to volunteer
~ Do you mind handing me that dictionary? abroad. so I might do that .
~ What are you going to do on your day off? E I'm sorry. I don't know.
lII:=J I'd like a cup of black coffee. please. F I haven't planned anything. really.
[![] Excuse me. could you tell me what time the G Yes. please. Thanks for offering .
last bus leaves? H Speakmg .

2 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.

1 A: Can I open a savings account here? 11 A: I was wondering jf you could give me some
B: You'd be ...... ........... ............. . information about train schedules to London .
ask ing someone at the information desk . B: I'm sorry, I .................................................. .
2 A: Why don't I help you open that?
B: Thank you . I could ......................................... . 12 A: Excuse me . Could you please tell me where
..... ...... ........ some help . the National Gallery is?
3 A: Hel lo. can you put me through to Ms Smith, B: Yes, ..... ................... ............. .... ........ ...... ... .
please? Take the second turning on the left and it's
B: Hold on please, I'll .................................. you . opposite the post office.

4 A: Is it OK if I use your car tonightJ 13 A: Have you made any plans for the long
B: All right. but . ....... ... ......... ....... ...... ... . weekend?
B: Well, I',e .
H there's enough petrol in it.
• •••• • •••••••• • •• • •••• • •••

go paraglid ing, so I might do that.

S A: Do you need any help w ith moving that sofa?
B: Yes. please. That's very ..... .. ........ .... ... .. ........ . 14 A: Could you do me a favour and open the
window?
. you.
B: No
6 A: Would you mind if Ileh my bag here?
B: No problem, go ................. . 15 A: Would it be alright if I parked my car here ?
B: No, I'm afraid ........................................... .
7 A: I'd like to speak to Mr Snowdon. please.
B: His line .......... ..... at the moment. 16 A: I'd like some information on tropical forests .
B Hmm, ...... .
8 A: Would you like me to help you with your
suit cases? 17 A: Whydon't I help you?
B: I'd ............... . ... ..... .. ...... ..... ..... .... . . it, thanks. 8. No, thanks. I ....

9 A: Do you happen to know where the closest 18 A : Hello. Can you put me through to Ms
tube station is? Patterson, please?
S' Yes, . ... .. ... .. .......... .. .. .. ... ............. . .. .. please.
B: Hmm, ..... .. .. ......... ......... .. .... ... ..... ........ . think.
10 A: Hi. Patrick. Can you ask Michael to come t o
the phone?
B: I' m afraid he is not in . Can I
.. .. ... ... .. ...... .. .. .. .. ............ ... ......... ... message?
157
 'Making. accepting and rejecting invitations I ITalking about feelings I
Inviting •• Asking someone how they feel
• Do you fancy comlnglgoingNlsltlng .. , • How are you71H0w are thmgs?
• Are you free/doing anyth ing tonlghtlth is weekend? • How is it going?
I thought we might go H. • You look happy I What's the good news?
• l'rn/lNe're going to ... on ... Would you like to come • You're in a good mood What happened?
with me/us? • Wow, you look happy/pleased I
• , was wondering If you wanted to go to . with me? • , heard you weren't feeling too well Are you -.Iflght?
• "rnl'Ne're off to Do you want to JOin me/us? • You don't look too happy Is something wrong?
Accepting • What's the matter? Is everything OK? •
• Are you all fight? You look a bit angry/upsetlsad etc
• I'd love to • Yeah I Count me In I
Descri~mg POSitive DescnDlng negative
• That sounds greatl • That would be brllllantl feelings feelings
fantastic I fun/amazing!
• I'm fine/good, thanks. • Actually, I'm haVing a bit
Rejecting
• I'm/I feelll'm feehng of a hard time at work/
• Sorry, I've already got plans excltedihappy/relaxed home/school at the
• Thanks, but "m afra id I can't, I'm busy. etc. moment
• I'd love to, but • I'm feeling very well, • Not so great, I'm afra id.
• Actually, IS not really my thlnglll'm not too keen ()(l thanks. • Could be better
• Sorry, I can't. Maybe another time • Much better than the last • I don't feel very well today
Expressing uncertainty time I saw you, thanks • I am a bltlreally nervous!
• I'm m a great moodl I fed up!tlred!stressec!
• I'm not sure Can I let you know?
• Not too badl etc.
• Yes, If I
• I don't know If I Will be free. I'l l ca ll you atlon ... and let Showing Sympathy
you know • That'S terrible, I'm sorry • I hope things get better
• I don't know It depends on • That'S a shame/pity. • Poor youl That happens
• Poor youl to me sometimes
• I'm sorry to hear that

1Asking for and giving directions I •

Asking
1 Making suggestions I
• Excuse me, could you tell me where ,,' Suggesting
• Is thiS the way to (the) ... ?
• Excuse me, ISthere a(n) ... near here? • How about ., • Perhaps we should/could
• How do I get to (the) ... ? • We could always ... • I suggest that ....
• How do you get there from the main statIOn/my house • Why don't we .. ? • I thmk It would be a good
• We could try ... Idea to
•
etc?
Is It close to the , Agreeing
• Is the far? • That's true.Nou're • Yes, If we do that we wIIV
Responding right can
• Yes. It's over there .lIfs in Street. • Good Idea/plan • I suppose that might work.
• Go up/down th is str~tlstra l ght ahead/on until you get • Well , It'S worth a try. • Yes, I suppose we could.
to the traffic lights/park/roundabout etc Disagreeing
• Go straight ahead/on and turn left/fight • I don't really like . How about mstead?
• Go past the supermarketltakeaway etc and take the • Actually, I would prefer not to
firstlsecond etc street on the leh/rlght • t've got some/! have my doubts about that, because
• You'll see ItIIt IS nght In front of/next to/after /behind • I'm not sure that's a good Idea
etc the .... • I don't see how that could worK.
• No, It'S quite near!it's a 1O-minute walk • No, we need to th ink of somethmg else.
• Yes, it's a long way/far, maybe you should take the bus

158
 1 Mat ch the exchanges.

Speaker A Speaker B
QIJ How's it gOing? A Yes, it's over there.
[IT] Excuse me, is there a pet shop near here? S Thanks, but I'm afraid I can't, I'm busy.
[TIJ We could always spend the weekend ( I'm in a great mood I'm going on holiday
white-water rafting. tomorrowl
[!D Are you doing anything tomorrow night? o Go straight ahead and turn right.
I thought we might go to a bal let. E Actually, I'm haVing a bit of a hard time at
m=J You look happyl What's the good news I school at the moment.
[!Cl How do I get to the train stat ion? F I suppose that might work.
m=J Why don't we try sending them an G I don't rea lly like water sports. How about
email? hiking instead?
[!IJ We're off to the park Do you want to H I'm not sure. (an Ilet you know tomorrow
join us? morning?

2 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.

1 A: 00 you fancy coming to the dance fest ival
with me?
B: Actually, danong ............................... thing .
2 A: What's the matter? Is everything OK?
B: Not so .......... . ................................ afraid.
3 A: How about ordering some Chinese food?
B: Good ................................. .. ................ I
4 A: Is the swimmmg pool far?
B. No, it's ............................................ .
5 A : I was wondering if you wanted to go bowling
with me .
B: Sorry, I can't. Maybe ............................... .
6 A: We could try travelhng by train .
B: I've got some ....................... ..
that because It would take too long.
7 A: I don't feel very well today.
B: I'm ................................................... that.
8 A' You don't look too happy. Is something
wrong?
B: I'm a .... ............................................... about
my Psychology exam.
9 A: Is t his t he way to post office?
B. Yes, it 's.. ........................... Bagel Street.
11 A: Are you free thiS afternoon? I'm gOing to the
Mall
B Yeahl .................. . ...................... inl
12 A: We could try leaving the house a bit earlier
B: Yes, If ...................................................... ,
we will have plenty of time to get our t ickets.
13 A: I suggest that we cut out suga r from our diet.
S: Yes, .................. . ......... ......... .. we cou ld.
14 A : I'm off to the stad ium for the match. Do you
want to join me?
S: That ........................................... brilliant!
1S A: Excuse me, is there a chemist 's near here?
B: Turn right at the corner and you ................. .
it It IS right next to the bank .
16 A I heard you weren't feeling too well. Are you
alright?
S: Much better
time I saw you, thanks.
17 A: How are things?
B: I ................. .. .............. thanks.
18 A : I think It would be a good idea to do some
filing this week.
B: Actually, I would

lO A: Perhaps we shou ld post pone the meeting.

S: I don't see ..................... ............ work.

159
 •
I Making a complaint and requesting action I 'Talking about the future I
Complaining Predicting
• I hate/can't stand It • I expected much • It's likely that .... • I'm sure it's (not) going
when .... better ... • I expect/am certain to .. .
• It really bothers me • I'm afraid I've got a • I predict/expectlhope • In years, people
that ... complaint (that) mlghtlmaylwlll
• I'm very disappointed • I'd like to complain • It's probable/possible • In (the) future, .
about .. about . Responding with Responding with
Requesting action certainty uncertainty

• Could you please change Itlglve me a refund etc? • You're right about that! • I'm not sure that .
• Can you do something about It? • I'm sure youlitll etc Wi ll • Perhapsli wonder
• I'd like a replacement, please • There's no doubt that • I don't think so
Responding positively
• I thmk soIbelieve so • J doubt that!
• Definitely/Certainly • Well. I hope not I
• Me too, It'S awfuV horrible/disgusting .
• Oh dearll don't know what to say l
• Oh, I'm so sorry We'IWII make sure It doesn't happen again
• I really apologise Would you like a refundlto exchange It?
• Of course I can I apologise again for the mistake IGoing clothes shopp ing I
Responding negatively
Shop Assistant Customer
• I'm sorry, It's not our policy to glye a refund/exchange
Items etc. • HI, do you need any • No, thanks. I'm Just
• I'm sorry but we don't help? looklng.tbrovvslng
• I'm sorry I can't do that We are not allowed to • Are you all fight • Yes, please. I'm
• I'm afraid there's nothing I can do about It there? looking for
• How about thiS one? • Actually, I want
• The changmg rooms somethmg
are . • Could I try this on,
please?
, Speculating • Where are the
changing rooms?
Inviting speculation
• I wonder ifI • Could It be that ... ?
• Is iVAre they any good? • Great thanks, I'll take
whether • Do you thlnkJbelleve that .1
• What size would you this one.
like? • I thmk I need a
Speculating ~ • Is that any better? smalleriblgger size
E
• Perhaps It's • Well, It could (mean) • Yes, hold on and I'll • I'm not sure about the
because • What may have happened IS 8
~
get It for you colour
• The explanation
could be that ....
• YoulThey etc mightlmust
have
'" ••
.S I think It looks great • Have you got a

• I can't say for sure, • What might have happened ~

~
'"c Maybe you need a
different size •
lighter/darker colour?
What do you think of
v
but It might ... . • It's on sale for itllDo you think It
"
Agreeing
~

-
~

• The till IS over there.l suits me?

;;; If you could follow me • Yes, It fits perfectly
• That could well be true I also think that .
• Yes, that's a thought1
the check out IS over • How much IS It?
• That's true
here. • Where's the tllV
checkout?
• That sounds right .
• I agree, and I must also add that • Of courseA'm afraid • Can I pay by credit
Disagreeing not, we don't take card?

• That can't be right.

:s
~
credit cards. • Can I have the receipt,
• The receipt is in the please?

'-" •
• I doubt that (very much). ~
bag . • Thanks for your help,
• That can' t be the reason . The explanation has to be
Thanks very much, we bye!
• Surely not! There must be another answer!
hope to see you again

160
1 Match the exchanges.

Speaker A Speaker B
Do you have any idea why this camera is so A I think It looks great.
cheap? B Yes, it fits perfectly.
I'm afraid I've got a complaint. You've run out of C Perhaps because they are so slow and
low·fat milk for the third time this week , crowded .
What do you think happened to that sweet old o There's no doubt that prices are dropping
man who used to live across the street? all the time.
I expected much better quality from your shop . E Well, it could be second· hand .
I've been sold a faulty phone. F Oh, I'm so sorry. I'll make sure It doesn't
I'm sure it's gOing to be cheaper to travel by happen again .
plane In the future G I really apologise. Would you like to
What do you think of It? exchange It?
Is that any better? H He must have sold hiS house and gone to
I wonder why people are so angry on buses. live with hiSdaughter

2 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.

1 A' Why do you think the concert finished early? 9 A: How much IS It7
B: I can't say ......... ..... . .. ...... ,.................... , B. It's on .................... ,............................ £20.
but It looked like there was a problem with
10 A: Thanks for your help.
the sound equipment
B: Thanks very much, we hope ....................... ..
2 A: Can you please give me a refund? .......... ,.............................. ,.. you again .
B: I'm sorry, it's not our ..
11 A: I'd like a replacement, please .
to give refunds ,
B: I'm sorry ............ ... ...... ..
3 A: If you could fol low me to the checkout. exchange goods without a receipt.
B: Can I pay . .... .. ....... card?
12 A Are you all right there?
4 A: It's possible that one day, people will get bored B: Actually, .......................................... .
of reading about celebnties. for my mum It's her birthday this Sunday.
B: I ... .. ................... ,.......... that . Celebrities
13 A: It's likely that more people Will tu rn to organic
Will always be In the news.
frUit and vegetables
S A: I'd like a replacement, please. B' You are .... ...................... ,.............. that
B: I'm afraid there's ................ ,................. .
14 A: I can't say for sure, but It might rain tomorrow.
about It
B I ....................................... very much.
6 A: What could have caused the delay? Do you
15 A: I am certain that you will do very well in your
think the train has broken down?
exam
B: Yes, that could ...................... ,.............. true.
B: I ..... . so, too.
7 A: I'm very disappointed with thiS hostel. It's
16 A: Could I try this on, please?
really dirty.
B: Yes, of course . The .... .. ..... are over there.
B: Me too, It'S ................ ........ ...... ............
17 A: I think I need a smaller size.
8 A: They might have stopped selling chips because
S: Yes, ... ,.. .. ... and I'll get you one.
they're so unhealthy.
B: Surely notl There must be . 18 A: I'd like to comp lain about the service here. I've
been waiting to order for 40 minutes.
B: Oh, I'm sorry. We'll .......... ........ .
it doesn't happen again.
161
 'Exchanging Opinions I 'Asking for and giving advice
Giving an opinion
, A sking for advice
• In my opinion, . • It's (not) true that . • I have a bit of a problem • I can't seem to What
• It seems to me that , ... • As far as I'm concerned, with . Can you glye would you do if you
• To be honest, I don't me some advice? were me?
think . • Personally, I find . • What's the best way • What do you think I
• I definitely (don't) think! • I feel that ... to . ? should do about .1
(can't) believe . • People shouldlshouldn't •
Giving advice
• I'm sure
Agreeing • Haye you conSidered! • I think It'S important to.
thought about ..? • Perhaps the best thing
• Exactlyl • That's a good point • Haye you tried .,. 7 would be to
• I feel the same way. • So do 11 • If I were you, I wou ld ... • It might be a good Idea
• I couldn't agree more • That makes sense. • You could/should ... to .
• I totally agree.
Accepting Rejecting
Disagreeing
• I'm totally against • 1see what you mean, • That's a good/great Idea • rye already t(fed that
• Definitely not. but • Thanks. I would neyer and It didn't work
• I see your point, but ... • I simply can't agree to this.
haye thought of that • I don't think that WIll help
• That's not true. • That's ridlculousl myself • I'm not sure that's a
• OK, I'll give It a try good/the best ideal
Being Neutral • That sounds like good sol utionlsuggestlon .
• I'm not sureJ1 don 't kl1O'N. • You may be fight, but adVice! • No, I can'Vdon't want to
• Not really.lNot exactly • Perhaps. • It can't do any harm! do that.

1 Match t he exchanges,

Speaker A Speaker B
[1JJ I have a bit of a problem With my roommate A OK . I'll give It a try. That way my grades wi ll
at college. Can you give me some advice? Improve .

lID Personally, I find soap operas bOring . B I feel the same way. I'd rather watch a musical.

lID skin
I'm totally against hunting animals for their
.
C No, I don't want to do that. I'd prefer a local
college .
[ill Have you conSidered becoming an exchange 0 It might be a good Idea to talk to her about
student? sharing the chores

lID Perhaps the best thing to do would be to E I couldn't agree more. They have the same
revise systematically for exams. right to life as us .

2 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.

1 A If I were you I'd buy an exercise bike. 4 A : It seems to me that we should have more
B: I've already ...... .. ............... and it didn't work . optional subjects at school .

2 A : To be honest, I don't thmk you should meet up

B: You .
but I like the school curriculum as it is.
with Todd after school.
B: That's ........................... . ..... . I Why ever not? 5 A: I can't seem to make friends easily. What
would you do if you were me?
3 A: What's the best way to improve my list ening
B: If ..... . . .. .. ... . , I'd join a youth club.
skills?
B: You ............... ..... .... ..... .... ...........watching
films in English and listening to English songs.
162
'Revision I
1 Complete the missing part of the exchanges. 2 Choose the correct response.

1 A : Do you work or are you stili at school?
B: Actually, I'm ................ 3 high school student.
2 A: What sort of person IS your brother?
B He is .......................................... ..
We get on very wel l with each other,
3 A: I'm afraid I've got some bad news. I lost my
wallet and ID card .
B: Oh dear I How ........................................... ?
4 A: l et me give you a hand with those shopping
bags
B I'd .. .. .. ... ... .. , thanks.
5 A: Would It be alright If I borrowed your car
tomorrow?
B. I'm afraid I'll ....... .. ................. no.
6 A : Do you fancy coming to my party next
weekend?
B: I'd .......................................................... to .
7 A: Guess what? I passed all my exams!
B: Congratulations I I'm ......................... for you .
8 A: I think it would be a good idea to put up a
concert to raise money for chari ty.
B: Well, ....................................... a try.
9 A . There's a hole in my jeans
B: Oh dearl I don't know .... .. ....... say!
A: I expected much more professional behaviour
from that sales assistant.
B: a) I really apologise. Would you like to
exchange it?
b) Oh. I'm sorry. We'll make sure It doesn't
happen agam.
2 A: I wonder w het her we could search t he
Internet for informat ion for our proJect.
B: a) Yes, that's a thought I
b) Surely notl There must be another answer!
3 A: What sort of person is your brother?
B: a) He's a bit grumpy at times.
b) We get on very well together.
4 A: I think It'S Important to encourage young
people to recycle
B: a) Oh dear! I don't know what to sayl
b) That sounds like good adVice.
5 A' You should have Informed me that you had to
leave earlier yesterday.
B: a) I completely forge t that I hadn't told you.
b) I suppose It wasn't really your fault .
6 A' Have you ever been t o Spai n?
B: a) I've been in Spain since last yea r.
b) Yes, I have. I went to Barcelona last year
and it was fantastic.

10 A : You must have left your car keys at the library. 7 A What do you think of boxing?
B: That can't ............... .. ................................ . B: a) I'm easy either way.
We drove to t he gym after that. b) I don't like It at all
8 A: Do you happen to know what the capital of
Finland IS?
B a) "m sorry, I don't.
b) Gladly.
9 A: 00 you mind If I sit here?
B' a) Yes, of course . Here you are.
b) Not at all.
10 A: How will you be spending you r summer?
8: a) I am plann ing to go ca mping.
b) I'd prefer not to.

163
 ,

7·
Appearance cross your legs future generations
Build drop (your head) human rights
broad shoulders fold your arms Immigration
frown Indicator
Hair purse (your lips) Infirm
dark scratch mfringement (on fights)
spiky stroke (your chi n) minority
thick sweat policy
tap (your fingers) population growth
Eyes tremble racial discrimination
puffy well up (With tears) social security
Wink
Face yawn Verbs
clear complexion provide (free education)
Useful phroses
eyebrows protest
freckled adrenalin rush treat (people)
full hps butterflies In one's stomach
hollow cheeks heart pounding Useful phrases
hooked nose to clench one's fists freedom of speech
nostrils to cross one's arms put an Issue to vote
oval to raise one's eyebrows take the fight steps
paie to shrug one's shoulders the right to vote
rosy cheeks the Will of the people
spotty Feelings
thin anxIous
upturned nose appalled
confident
Nouns (clothes) devastated
material embarrassed
pattern excited
exhilarated
Adjectives (clothes) funous
miserable
baggy
casual nervous
petrified
checked
scared
cotton
shocked
denim
sorrowful
floral
upset
formal
high-heeled
knitted Character
large confident
leather conservative
linen defensive
long gullible
long/short -sleeved Impatient
ioose moody
mu lti-coloured passionate
over-sized perfectionist
plain reliable
polka dot self-confident
polo-neck self-nghteous
short sentimental
small sociable
smart temperamental
striped tendE>r-hearted
tight-fitting trustworthy
trendy
woollen Ethical issues
abolition
Verbs death pE>nalty
bitE> (your nails) equality
blush ethniC minorities

164

•

1 Choose the odd word out.
1 striped - checked - polka dot -
woollen paffem
2 drop - shrug - scratch - stroke your
head
3 puffy - upturned - pale - freckled
foce
4 long-sleeved - loose - high-heeled
- plain shirt
5 spotty - fu ll- fair - dark complexion
6 gu llible - passionate - adrenal in -
moody girl
7 linen - trendy - plain - formal style
8 nervous - exhilarated - devastated
- over-sized feeling
9 crossed - pursed - thin - full lips
10 embarrassed - sociable - anxious -
eXCited expression
• Words often confused
2 Fill in: fir. suit. pattern, style, match.
1 Do you think this skirt and blouse
...................... I
2 That's a really nice ............. on
that material
3 Do you think this ...................... of
dress looks good on me?
4 This top doesn' t ...................... me
- it's not stylish at all!
5 I can't ... ........ .... Into these
jeans - they're too small .
3 Use the verbs in their correct
form to complete the sentences:
purse, rap, rake, rreat.
1 When Sam finds a comment
distasteful, he ..... . ..... ...... his
lips.
2 Please stop .. ..... .... your
fingers on your desk - It's very
annoying!
3 We need to ................ ... ... the
right steps to curb population
growth.
4 Alex .. . .... .. .. everyone the
same. He is very fair.
• Prepositions
4 Choose the correct preposition .
The government decided to put the issue on/to the vote.
1 How embarrassing I I have absolutely no recollection of/with
meeting him.
3 Alice raised her eyebrows on/in surprise.
4 What types of diSCrimination are faced from /by ethnic minorities
in this country?
5 She never has any doubts with/about her capabilit ies.
6 This law is an infringement for/of basic human rig hts.
7 In Europe, people are allowed to protest against/at the
government.
S Do you get butterflies inlat your stomach when you are
nervous?
• Collocations
5 Complete the collocations with the words below, then use
them to complete the sentences: human, rears , growth,
minorities, freedom, cheeks, people, fists, eyebrows, adrenalin .
1 raise your .. ... .. 6 ........... of speech
2 clench your 7 rosy ...................... .
3 rush S well up With ........... .
4 w ill of the 9 ethnic
5 ............... fights 10 population ...
1 is a baSIC human right.
2 London is a city full of ... ............................. .... .. .
3 I always ..... ... ... .. ... ....... ................ and bang them on the table
when I get angry I
4 ............................ is plaCing huge pressure on the Earth's
resources and natural environment .
6 look at the photograph and complete the description with:
exhilarated, broad, sweating, Shoff-sleeved, baggy, complexion,
casual, pale.
This photograph shows two adults dressed in
1) . . ... .... . ........ . clothes logging In
pleasant surroundings. Both are wearing
2) ... ...... .......... tops and 3) ............. ..... ..
tracksuit pants, and look rather
4) .. ..... ....... The man has
5) ................... :shoulders and, like the
woman, a rosy 6) .... .... . Neither the ~::~~::,,':"-!:';~
man nor the woma n is 7) .. .. ........ ...... so I thin k they have
probably just started their ru n. Also, neither look at all
8) ....... .... , so I would guess it is the end of summer.
165
 2 ,:'
Types of homes Adjectives (furniture)
basement (flat) bedside
bedsit bUilt-In
block of flats central
detached crystal
loft (conversion) double
mansion (fully-) fitted
maisonette 91lt-framed
mobile home private
penthouse spiral (staircase)
prefab house tiled
Studio wooden
villa
Renting
Adjectives (homes)
estate agent
'central
'Y flatmate
landlorcil1andlady
cel1 trally (located)
resident
messy
tenant
off-street (parking)
private (parkmg)
peaceful Buying & selling
spacIous credit
two-storey credit history
Interest rate
Parts of a house mortgage
price
balcony
rate
bedroom
(rea~nable) offer
entrance
floo,
Location
garage
garden outskirts (of town)
'oor suburbs
window
Useful phrases
Furniture, furnishings dose to amenities
& household objects do up (a house)
blinds fall behind on the rent
bookcase get on WIth your neighbours
cabinet give (a month's) notice
coffee table in good condition
curtains let a flat
electrical appliances make an offer
fireplace move into (a hOUse/fiat etc.)
headboard negotiate a deal
mantelpiece pay in advance
mirror sign a lease
take out a mortgage
'"9
shelves
"se
SpeCial features
alarm system
central heating
double glazing

166

•

1 Choose the odd word out.
1 wooden - spiral - glass - crystal
2 rent - mortgage -landlord - tenant
3 blinds - windows - entrance - curtains
• 4 detached house - mobile home - blade of flats -
villa
5 fireplace - built-in shelves - fitted wardrobe-
bedside cabinet
6 centre - city outskirts - conversion - countryside
• Words often confused
5 Choose the correct word.
1 The bank needs to check our credit/interest
history before they will agree to giving us a loan.
2 I plan to let/offer out my flat while I am away
overseas.
3 My bedroom has a fi tted/built-i n wardrobe.
4 The vendors are willing to negotiate/give a deal.
5 What interest rate/offer is the bank giving you?

2 Complete the sentences with: parking,

6 Fill in the correct word : clean. residents, reasonable,
conversion , appliances, double, fully fined, spiral.
• spacious, features .
1 They've got a ...... .... kitchen in their new 1 The house .......... .......... a large master
house. bedroom with en-suite bathroom.
2 We've got .... ...... glazing on all our 2 You'd better .............................. up before your
Windows which saves us a lot of money on flatmate gets home.
heating bills in winter. 3 The kitchen isn't very . .. ................. , but It
3 It's important to switch off all electrical ............ .. is very bright and airy.
in your house when you go away on holiday 4 Make me a ... .... ... ... ..... offer and you
4 I've always wanted a home With a ................. . may JUst have a deal
staircase. S Are the ............... . of this building
S We're very lucky because we have off-street friendly?

6 We're thinking of buying a loft .. ............ in

the city. 7 Fill in th e notice w ith : condition, tenant, landlord,
lease, move, rent. notice .
• Prepositions
3 Choose the correct preposition. I am an easy-going 1) ...................... wtlO has a beautiful
one-bedroom apartment to let in the centre of town. The
We have an alarm system in/on our house. apartment is In an excellent 2) .... ....... ....... .... and is
2 Can we pay our rent in/by advance?
available to 3) ............. ......... into Immediately. I would
3 Luckily, our flat is close with/to al l local amenities.
prefer a professional 4) ...................... , but mature s~udents
4 We've always made sure we've never fallen behind
are also welcome to call me. Terms of rental: you Will have
from/on the rent
to sign a 12-month 5) ....................... The first three
5 We're hoping to buy a house in/on the centre of
months' 6) ...................... will need to be paid in advance.
town
A month's 7) ...................... will be required should you
6 We've been ready to move intolat the flat fOf
wish to move out.
_ks .

• Phrasal verbs
4 Choose the correct word .

, They have just taken up/out a mortgage.

2 We need to fitl up/in this loan application form.
3 I don't really get on/by with the people in my
apartment block.
4 We spent months dOing out/up our flat when we
first moved in.

167
 School subjects Higher education
art postgraduate
biology undergraduate
busi ness studies un iverSity/tertiary education
chemistry
citizenship Nouns
drama certificate
eng llsh literature (Bachelor of Arts) degree
history diploma
Italian
expenses
maths fees
phYSics financial support
PSHE
graduation ceremony
honours
School rooms/areas Instalments
audltonum Internship
school grounds long-distance learning
lump sum
At school masters
Nouns period
assignment refresher course
detention registration fee
entrance exam scholarship
mock exam senior
roll (call) student loan
term
school assembly
timetable
Verbs tUition
attend (class) Verbs
attract (sb's attention)
cheat award (a degree)
fall charge (fees)
re-sit finance (studies)
retake
skIp (a lesson) Adjectives
study (for an exam) entitled (to 5th)
submit (an essay)
Useful phrases
Phrosoiverbs learn (sth) by heart
ca tch up (with sth/sb) prOVide the reqU ired details
drop out (of school)
fall behind (With schoolwork)
get Into (debt)
hand in (an assignment)
keep up (with schoolwork)
look over (notes)
look 5th up
take out (a loan)
tell (sb) off
turn up

Education system
Pr;mory/Secondory education
pre-school
pnmary !><:hool
secondary school

168

•
• Words often confused
1 Choose the correct w ord.
1 t have Maths next period/study.
What do you have?
2 I did well In my mock/ fake exams,
so hopefully I'll do well in my real
ones.
3 Mrs Samuels enjoys teaching/
lea rning children.
4 Can I pay my tUition
fees/expenses in Instalments?
S I don't understand how Ch loe has
managed to submit/ get herself
into so much debt.
6 Charlotte was ent itl ed/ awa rded a
Bachelor's degree from London
Universlty_
7 I have detention/punishment after
school today
S He's not sure how he's going to
supporVfi nance his studies
• Phrasal verbs
2 Choose t he correct preposition .
1 When do we have to hand on/in
our assignments?
2 Do you know the reason why
James dropped out from/ of
university?
3 I'm finding it difficult to keep
by/up with my schoolwork at the
moment.
4 Whenever I don't know the answer
to something, I look it up/th rough
on the Internet
5 I try never to fall behind/u nder
with my schoolwork
6 Katle was told off/out by Mrs
Jones for being late
7 I'm afraid I've got a lot of work to
catch in/u p on.
S If George doesn't turn down/up
soon, we'll have to leave without
him.
9 Dennis dropped off/out
university half way through his
course.
• Collocations
3 Fill in:financial, refresher, lump, heart, graduarion, registration,
required.
1 We would prefer if you paid your fees In one ............. .
sum.
2 The government offers students .................. support in the
form of loans.
3 All my family and friends were at my .................... ceremony.
4 I'm considering doing a ............... . course in Italian as I've
forgotten so much of It.
S Go to the 5th floor of the student unton to pay your
fee .
6 Have you filled in all the details on your
application form?
7 We have to learn thiS poem by ................. . for our class
tomorrow
4 Choose the odd word out.
1 wrtte - take - read - fait notes
2 postgraduate - registration - university - honours degree
3 leave - retake - go to - skip class
4 national - upper - entrance - mock examinations
5 pass - re-sit - fail - attend an exam
• Prepositions
5 Choose th e correct pre position.
, Sam was caught cheattng on/with a test, and expe lled .
2 Ten divided with/by two equa ls five .
3 The comments on/at his report card were all excellent.
4 I've decided to take out/u p a student loan
5 The school year IS diVided at/in to three terms
6 Complete the description
w ith: re-sit. submit, term,
secondary. studied, Sitting,
cheats.
This photograph shows some students 1) ...................... an exam in a
classroom. They look like 2) ...................... school pupils. A teacher is
supervising them to ensure that no one 3) ....................... Hopefully, they
all will have 4) ...................... hard for the exam, so they won·t fail and have
of
to 5) ............. it. Perhaps it is an end of 6) .................... ..
examination. Hopefully, when they 7) ..................... their papers, everyone
will feel as though they have done a good job.
169
 Jobs Working life Phrasal verbs
air traffic controller commission go through (a difficult time)
auctioneer Increments hand in (you r notice)
ba nk manager job offer live on
barrister minimum wage put across (the importance)
chef pay nse take out (a loan)
clVli sefVant pay slip work off (stress)
construction worker ped"
counselior promotion
fashion designer salary
gardener shift work
graphic designer temporary job
mtenor designer wage
lifeguard
miner Verbs
personnel manager promote/be promoted
physiotherapist report (to sb)
porter
refuse collector Useful phrases
sales assistant
apply for the post
ski Instructor
call a meeting
career advancement
Career areas
career goals
accounts career move
customer services current pOSition
human resources Oexlble work ing hours
publ ic relations fringe benefits
retail trade go on strike
hard/easy to come by
Companies/Businesses Job burnout
buyer lob reference
chent make a hvmg
consumer maternity leave
customer paid overtime
earnmgs previous experience
profits Sick pay
stuck behind a desk
Positions in companies take the day off
chief executive team spirit
manager (tough) deadline
supefVlsor work shifts
work-related stress
Verbs
Out of work/Retired
close up shop
declare (profits) dole
mark up/down (prices) pension
run (a company)
Verbs
Useful phrases give sb the sack
poor worku'lg conditions lay sb off
provide (good) customer make sb redundant
servICe resign
training opportunities retire
workplace discrimination

170
• Words often confused • Useful phrases
1 Choose the correct w ord . 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the following verbs: dose, apply, call, rake,
1 They worked through the night in order to meet make,go.
the deadline/overtime.
2 I work for a famous human/public relations firm 1 The manager's just .............. a last-minute
in london. meeting so make sure you're back from lunch on
3 Unemployed people are allowed to claim the time .
dole/pension. 2 I don't like gardenmg but It's the only way! know
4 I get a w age/salary of £2,000 a month . how to ...... . .. a decent living.
S Katie took the job because it came with good 3 My boss told me I could.. .. . ..... the day off
perks/offers . tomorrow as a reward for al l the hard work I've
6 The great thing about bemg self-employed is I been doing lately.
have flexible/ shift working hours. 4 As far as I'm aware, all public sector employees
are ,. . .. on strike tomorrow
• Phrasal Verbs 5 Do you know who's responsible for ...... . ..... .
2 Choose the correct word . up shop every day?
6 You should consider ... . ........ for the post, as
Prices are bemg dropped/marked down 20% for
you' re exadly the type of person they' re looking
the sale.
for
2 George went/passed through a tough period
when he got the sack . • Prepositions
3 Emma's gomg back to work because she and Joe
can't be/live on Joe's salary alone .
5 Choose the corred w ord .

4 tt's Important that our team's recommendations
are put/given across clearly.
5 I've been thmking of handing/putting in my
notice for a while now.
6 My employer has advised me to take/withdraw
out private health insurance .
7 Going out with friends is a good way to
work/beat off stress after a hard day at work.
• Collocations
3 Complet e the sentences w ith: rise, slips, position,
leave, wage.
1 We get our pay sent to us by
post every month .
2 Charlottte IS gOing on maternity ................. next
month so we need to find a temporary replacement.
3 I haven't had a pay .............. for several years.
4 We pay all our young employees the minimum
5 I'm dissatisfied with my current ..... . . ... .. , so I
have started looking for a new job.
, Sam has never been able to work well in/under
pressure .
2 I've got a decade's worth of expenence at/in
sales, so I am confident I can do the job .
3 Make sure you report with/to the manager on
your first day.
4 That company specialises in/at media relations for
technology-related companies .
5 It helps to be skilled with/a t public speaking if
you want to become a successful politician .
6 We need to declare our earnings by/within the
end of the month
7 I can't say tt's easy dealing to/with unsatisfied
clients all day.
• Verb phrases
6 Choose the correct w ord : ran, declared, made,
given.
1 Alice's father ........ ........ .... ... the company for
more than 25 years.
2 M~ boss has just informed me that I'm being
. .... redundant.
3 The oil company has just .... ... ... ........ . profits
of more than $8 billion.
4 He's been ............. .... .. .. the sack - that's why
he's so upset.

171
 Stages in life Adjectives (leisure activities)
adolescent recreational (adivlties)
adult varied (interests)
baby weekly (basis)
child
elderly Phrosolverbs
grown-up take up (a sport)
Infant
Juvenile Useful phrases
middle-aged
newborn glued to a computer screen
pt!nsioner positive thin king
school-age child
senior citizen Weddings
teenager aisle
toddler best man
youngster chief bridesmaid
church wedding
Family cIvil wedd ing
adoptive (parents) groom
biological (parents) honeymoon
eX-Wife newlyweds
extended family reception
foster child wedding ceremony
godfather
great-grandfather Adjectives (weddings)
half-brother memorable (day)
husband-to-be traditional
In-laws
offspring Conflicts
Sibling addiction (to substances)
Single parent communiCation problems
spouse counselli ng services
stepdaughter divorce
domestiC Violence
Verbs economiC difficulties
baptise emottona llyattached
raise financial difficulties
treat neglect
rebellious behaviour
Phrasal verbs separation
ask out (on a date) SOCial pressure
break up
bnng up Adjectives (con fliers)
get along long-term (relationship)
get by
look down Verbs (canflicts)
deal
Useful phrases manage
grow apart resist
strict upbringing resolve
take care of (sb) struggle

lifestyle Useful phrases

adrenalin rush lack of common sense
everyday activities sound familiar
Indoors
leisure activities
outdoors
sports enthusiast
,
stress bUSIer
workout

172

•
• Words often confused
1 Choose the correct w ord.
1 Fortunately, I am on very good terms with my ex·
w ifelpast·wife.
2 My brother has a lot of common/ positive sense,
3 I have a wonderful relationship with my half·
daughters/stepdaughters .
4 Alice and Emma spent most of their adolescence/
teenage years in FranCe.
5 The bride looked so beautjful when she walked
down the path/aisle ,
6 I wish my parents had had another baby because I'd
have loved to have had a spouse/sibling .
7 My graduation was a really memorable/
remembered day.
S How many long-termllong·time relationships have
you had?
9 They decided to go to a marriage counsellor to solve
their communication/t alking problems.
• Phrasal verbs
2 Choose the correct w ord.
My sister and I didn't get by/along very well when
we were little
2 It took Alex a long time to build up the courage
to ask Katie forlout on a date.
3 I really dislike how James looks away/down on
everyone .
4 There were times when I thought we would break
up/o ut, but now we're engaged .
5 Before I got married, I barely got after/ by on my
low wages.
6 Our parents brought us along/u p to be polite to
everyone.
7 I'm thinking about taking up/ on yoga next
month.
• PrepOSitions
3 Choose the correct prepOSit ion .
1 Arguments bet ween/against siblings are
common .
2 Sadly, my daughter IS addicted talo n cigarettes.
3 She really has a lack inl of common sense.
4 Mum, can I stay out/aw ay late tonight?
• Collocations
4 Fill in: positive, extended, best, chief. adrenalin, senior,
domestic, 5trict, emotionally.
My ................. ,. family doesn't get together
very often but when we do, it means a lot to all
of us.
2 Emma was honoured when Jo asked her to be her
. .................. bridesmaid .
3 I volunteer twice a week at a home for ........ ... .
citizens.
4 Practice ... ... .. .......... . thinking and you wi ll feel
happier.
5 It's Impossible not to become ... ...... ......... ..
attached to pets,
6 In my opinion, skydiVing IS the ultimate ............. .
rushl
7 If you are a vld;m of .... ................ VIolence.
there are organisations you can turn to for help.
S The man at a wedding is supposed
to give a speech
9 I wouldn 't say I had a particularly ......... .
upbringing - my parents were pretty relaxed .
• Useful phrases
5 Complet e the sentences w ith th e following
w ords: apart, sound, taken, glued.
My brother has always ......... good care of
me.
2 My son spends most of hiS day ........ ..... .. . to
his computer screen
3 Surveys Indicate one In four mothers don't have
time for leisure activities. Does this .............. ..
familiar?
4 Natalle and Joe made sure they didn't grow
while Joe was overseas.
6 Choose the odd w ord out.
1 foster - bring up - resolve - raise a child
2 extended - recreational - everyday - leisure
activities
3 adopted - biologlcal - foster - offspring son
4 civll - church - honeymoon - traditional wedding
5 resolve - struggle - experience - manage conflict
173
 Food fresn Ingredients Verbs
beef helpful staff
boost (mood)
blueberry hotel dining room burn (calones)
broccoli Italian CUIS ine
lose (weight)
celery main (ourse
put (sb) on Cl diet
cherry reasonable prices quench (thirst)
cod relaxing at mosphere skip (3 meal)
cottage cheese skilled chefs
cucumber tempting desserts Phrasal verbs
fig
Adjectives (eoting OUt) burn off (calories)
haddock
(ut down
hom top-notch
keep down (weight)
lamb
put on (weight)
lime Verbs
salmon
dine Useful phrases
tuna
turnip recommend combat stress
veal se"" control your hunger
health benefits
Adjectives (food) Cooking healthy eating plan
Verbs high In calones
artifiCial
odd keep energy levels high
dark
makes your mouth water
energy-giving bake
hod regular Intervals
freshly-baked
cool square meal
granulated
Iodised f",
lean gnU
loose m"
mashed pour
mild preheat
mineral roast
pasteurised scramble
processed smoke
protein-rich sprinkle
refined weigh
roast
roasted Diet
",e bacterial Infection
scrambled eggs cancer prevention
sparkling cravlngs
steamed digestive system
strong food poisoning
sugar-coated Intake
sun-dried leafy vegetables
toasted moderation
wholegraln poor memory
wholemeal servings
unhealthy lifestyle
Verbs vital functions
prepare vitamin supplements
snack on
Adjectives (diets)
Eating out crash
cafe detox
canteen high-protein
exclusive restaurant low-carb
family-run restaurant low-fat
fast food restaurant

174

•
1 Choose the odd word out. • Phrasal verbs
1 crash - strong -Iow-fat - high-protein diet 4 Choose the correct word .
2 prepare - serve - dine - choose a meal Alex has stopped eating Junk food in order to
3 fresh - processed - pasteurised - protein-rich keep/remain his weight down.
ingredienrs 2 Aerobic exercise is the best way to burn/heat off
4 cucumber - ham - granulated - toasted sandwich calories.
5 top-notch - family-run - exclusive - canteen 3 I'm trying to cuUreduce down on the amount of
restaurant sugar I eat.
6 steamed - scrambled - grilled - baked vegetables 4 00 you think I've taken/put on weight since you
last saw me?
• Words often confused
2 Choose the correct word. • Prepositions
1 A new vegetarian/vegetable restaurant has
5 Choose the correct preposition .

opened In town . She is trying to reduce her Intake of/from food

2 Do you have anything In the fridge we can 2 Preheat the oven to/at 1 7S~C
pick/snack on7 3 I always get cravlngs aUfor sweet thmgs lat e at
3 Dairy foods/products are usually high In fat. night.
4 Eat at (ommon/ regular intervals th roughout the 4 Spnnkle some herbs onl to the top.
day. S Bake aUwith 200 'C for half an hour.
S I avoid bUYing ready-made meals because they're 6 How many servings of/from potatoes would you
often full of fake/artificial additives. like?
6 For my main course/meal , I'd like the pasta with 7 French fries are extremely high withlin ca lories,
sun-dried tomatoes, please.
7 I skipped/jumped lunch today so I'm starving • Collocations
nght now. 6 Fill in: square, digestive, bacterial, poor. energy, food,
e Would you like scrambled/mixed eggs on toast eating, supplements, fast food, processed.
for breakfast?
9 Don 't drop/lose too much weight or you' ll look 1 Once, I got terrible .. . ...... pOisoning
awfu l. from eating shellfish.
10 I prefer dark/brown chocolate to milk chocolate. 2 If you don't want to have a .
memory In old age, eat a healthy diet.
Useful phrases 3 I don't know one child who doesn't love eating In
3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in their ...... ..... . .. restaurants
correct form : boost, pur, quench, make, control. 4 My ... ............... ,.. Ievels are real ly low at the
moment
The smell of freshly-baked bread always ............ .
5 If you have a good diet, there is no need to take
my mouth water.
vitamin ..... .
2 My doctor has .............. me on a diet.
6 Sam was In bed for a week With a .... ... ....... ..
3 Water is the best liquid to drink when you realty
infection.
need to ................. your thirst .
7 I always make su re I eat three ......... meals
4 I usually go for a jog when I need to ................ my
a day.
mood.
e My dietiCian devised a healthy
5 The hardest thing about dieting IS ................. your
plan for me.
hunger be~n meals.
9 I must have a very sensitive .......... .
system because I frequently get upset stomachs.
10 The prob lem is that ..... ............. foods are
usually much cheaper than fresh foods.

175
 Shops loao
bakery personal information
bank PIN number
clothes shop savings
estate agent's student account
greengrocer's transaction
hairdresser's traveller's cheques
toy shop
travel agent's Useful phrases (banking)
apply for a credit card
Buying & selling cash a cheque
ba rgain prices clear (your) debt
be on display make a purchase
buy In bulk open an account
deSigner label pay In cash
final day shop onhne
get a refund write a cheque
gift voucher
good condition Verbs (banking)
goods deposit (money Into account)
launch a new product exchange (dollars Into euros)
look for bargains manage (your finances)
low prices pay (bills)
opemng time transfer (money between
pay for something accounts)
place an order Withdraw (money)
special offer
ultra-fashionable Phrasal verbs (banking)
Phrosol verbs (buying) carry out (a transaction)
give out (your PIN number)
give away (sth) key in (PIN number)
try on (sth) payoff (debt)
set up (monthly payments)
Complaining take out (a loan)
faulty
full refund
poor service

Verbs (complaining)
complain (about service)
exchange
re tu rn (sth)

Useful phrases
get my money back In full

Banks & money

assistance
ATM
bank representative
cash machine
cash Withdrawal
cashier
debit card
foreign currency
insurance premium
interest rate
keypad

176

•
 • Words often confused
1 Choose the correct w ord.
1 "Hello, I need to exchange/refund some pounds
for euros, please."
2 That shop won't accept cards - you have to pay m
notes/cash.
3 Supermarkets buy merchandise in mass/bulk ,
which is how they keep their prices low.
4 The customer expects her money to be refunded
in total/full ,
S They wil l launch/start the new product next
month.
6 The shop owner said I have one month to
clean/clear my debt.
7 "Good mornmg, I would like to deposit/drop one
hundred euros Into my account, please."
8 I've just pu Uplaced an onhne order for a book I've
been wanttng to read for ages.
9 I transferlcarry money from my current account
to my savings account every month .
10 If I need to return thiS for any reason, will I
take/get a refund ?
• Collocations
2 Fill in : bargain, agents, condition, interest. gift.
representative. foreign, cash, traveller~, special.
1 How much ... . ..... .. ........ currency shall we take
wit h us overseas?
2 That shop sel ls second-hand electronic goods at
.... ........ ... prices.
3 I'm looking for a used car in good ......
4 I think we should get James a ..
voucher for his birthday
S I don't really go to travel ..... - I prefer
to book my holidays online myself.
6 That supermarket chain has loads of items on
.................. offer every week.
7 " A bank . . ....... Will be with you shortly,
Sir " .
8 I don't really like using ........... cheques
when I travel. I prefer using my cash card .
9 We need to find the bank that is offering the best
.... .. ..... rate.
10 That .... ... ..... ...... machine has run out of
money - we'll have to find another one.
• PrepOSitions
3 Choose the correct preposition.
1 I want to return thiS item to/ at the shop.
2 Can I exchange this blue top I bought here
yesterday for/by a red one?
3 I Wish to complain to the manager about/for the
poor customer service in this store.
4 Katle has applied about/for a credit card.
S It's the final day with/of the sales tomorrow.
6 Can you withdraw some money off/from your
account for me? I promise I Wi ll pay you back next
week .
• Phrasal verbs
4 Choose the correct preposition .
1 Alex needs to figure out how he's gomg to pay
out/off hiS debt.
2 You really should try that top out/on before you
buy it - It mlghtn't SUit you
3 I'm considering taking out/over a bank loan to
pay for my course
4 "Remember - cover the keypad when you're keying
in/off your PIN! "
5 It's so convenient that we can now carry
through/out banking transactIOns online .
6 I never throw out my designer clothes - I give them
away/over to friends when I don't want them
anymore.
7 My phone bill is always pa id on time as I've set
up/down a monthly payment that automatically
charges my debit card .
Useful phrases
5 Complete the sentences with the verbs in their
correct form : make, write, open, manage.
1 My WIfe ............. our finances because
she's better With figures than me.
2 let me ...... " ............... you a cheque.
3 I'm addicted to shopping - I always get such a thrill
whenever I .... .. ... ......... .... a purchase.
4 "Good morning . I'd like to ................... .... an
account, please ."
177
 Mea ns of transport beach
aeroplane Flying budget
boat airline crystal clear (water)
high season
'"
coach
airport
allowance (baggage) information centre
lifeboat control tower low pnces
lorry conveyor belt lUxury travel ler
oil tanker excess baggage museum
sh ip flight nightlife
trarn landing off season
truck one-way (ticket) package holiday
passenger relaxat ion
Jobs in tourism passport control rUins
air traffic controller return (tICket)
capta in (of a sh ip) runway travel
chambermaid seatbelt tropical jungle
customs officer smooth (nIght)
flight attendant su itcase Travelling at sea
ground steward tray table anchored
pilot turbulent (nIght) crossrng
porter webslte deck
(tounst) gUide lifeboat
tour operator Verbs (flying) pM
travel agent board (aeroplane) sea SICk
book (seats)
Accommodation facilities carry (passengers)
basic (room) fasten (seatbelt)
bed and breakfast go through (passport controQ
bridal (suite)
(country) cottage Travelling by train
five-s tar carrrage
full board dining car
hotel station
rented (accommodation) firs t class
self catering
youth hostel Travelling by car
brakes
Accidents & breakdowns dnver
brakes dual carrrageway
emergency landing flat tyre
error icy (road)
fatalities motorway
heart attack oily (surface)
oncoming (car)
Pnrasa/verbs pedestrian
be held up (in a traffic Jam) petrol
break down (car) pile-up
check out (of a hotel) rear-view mirror
fill up (With petrol) ring road
get off (a train) roundabout
give out (engine) traffic
held up (in a traffic Jam)
pull away (from a station) Verbs (travelling by car)
pull over (onto the hard hit (pedestrian)
shoulder) overtake
put up (for the night) skid
run out (o f petrol)
run over (by a car) Toursim
see sb off
all-Inclusive (package)
sleep over
backpacker
slow down
SWitch on (the sign)
work out (in a gym)

178

•
 • Words often confused
1 Choose the correct word.
This aeroplane can carry/board
100 passengers.
2 That hotel by the beach is very
cheap/budget.
3 Kate travelled all over the world
when she was a flight attendanV
officer .
4 This tram has two carriageldining
cars .
S For a hassle free holiday, we booked
a full boardlcatering hotel
6 We always try to travel In the
offlbad season because it's cheaper.
7 Always check your rear-/back-vlew
mirror when reversing.
8 Thankfully, the flight was very
smooth/soft - there was no
turbulence at al l.
9 I'm late because I was stuck in a
car/ traffic Jam.
10 It was a seriOUS crash but luckily
there were no fatalities/errors.
Prepositions
2 Choose the correct preposition .
The captain of the ship is out on/to
deck.
2 We had a great holiday last year
aVin India
3 Hurry upl I think the plane is nearly
ready to take away/off.
4 There was an accident on the
motolWay last night when a car
crashed onlinto a lorry.
S Who is James going to Australia
with/for?
6 Before landing, please fiU up/in
your landing cards.
7 If I had the money, I'd travel
over/around the world for a year
and see every continent .
8 They collected their tickets for the
boat trip at/on the reservations
desk.
• Collocations
3 Fill in : cottage, tyre, excess, crystal-clear, reor-view, emergency, bridal,
operator.
Your suitcase looks very heavy; I think we'll need to pay for
. .. .... ....... baggage.
2 If thiS storm keeps getting worse we may have to make
a(n) .............. landing.
3 Jenny has never had a flat .. ... . .... so she doesn't know how
to change one.
4 We're on honeymoon so we're staYing m the ... .... ..... . suite.
S When overtaking, you should always look in your .... .... .
mirror first.
6 I can't decide whether to book the holiday myself online or use a
tour ............. .
7 I thmk It will be cheaper to stay in a holdiay ..... .... . than in a
hotel
8 The sand on this beach is perfect, and look at the amazing
... water 1
• Phrasal verbs
4 Choose the correct word .
1 We're gOing to be late for the meeting. I didn't think we'd be held
up/on by traffic for thiS long
2 Petrol is cheap at thiS station; let's fill in/up the tank.
3 "We have to get off/down the train at the next stop"
4 That's a police car behind us and they're flashmg their lights. I think
they want us to pull across/over.
S It's only ten thirty. We have another half an hour before we have to
check off/out of the hotel.
• Useful Phrases
5 Complete the sentences with the words: declare, oncoming.
control. suit, book.
1 We offer a wide range of leisure adlvitles to .......... ... all tastes
and budgets .
2 Max lost .. .... ....... of his car while dnvmg In the snow.
3 The lorry driver braked just time to aVOid hitting a(n) ... .. .. ... ... .
car.
4 I told the customs officer I had nothing to ............. . .
S Can I ............. a one-way ticket? I'm not sure when I'm
coming back
6 Choose the odd word out.
1 relaxing - budget - travel- package holiday
2 bumpy ..J turbulent - smooth - emergency flight
3 oily - traffic - icy - blocked road
4 basic - luxury - self-catering - inclusive accommodation
179
 Music Visual arts
concert canvas
hit single exhibition
lead singer landscape (paintings)
live (music) palette
musIc Industry
musical score Verbs
notation engrave
opera house
rave reviews The press
recording studio
S'ound system broadsheet
Circulation figu res
Verbs colour supplement
current affairs
compose (music) foreign correspondent
lead story
Phrasal verbs
press release
be sold out (concert) tabloid
the press
literature weekly column
alliteration
best-selling (author) FilmITV
book Signing chat show
collections (poetry) drama
contemporary documentary
established quiz show
extracts (poems) reality show
hyperbole sitcom
Independent sports show
Irony
metaphor Verbs
paperback (book) base (on something)
rhyme be set (in)
Sim ile direct
play (a role)
Verbs receive (reviews)
publish (a book) release
sell
span (a time period)
top (a list)

Phrasal verbs
be Singled out

Theatre/Cinema
art house
dress rehearsal
lead actor
listings
multiplex (cinema)
opening (line)
opening (night)
seated audience
theatre company
title role
up-and-<:omlng (actor)

180

•
 • Words often confused
1 Choose the correct word.
1 Tonight is our last costume/dress rehearsal. The
play opens tomorrow.
2 Our press/foreign correspondent in Kenya reports
that the situation there is growing serious.
3 ! got that author's autograph when! went to his
book signing/retease .
4 I love that chat show/series . The presenter is so
funny.
5 A correspondent/contemporary w riter is someone
who is publishing at the moment.
6 The company issued a press/newspaper release
today stating that it will announce its earnings for
2011 by the end of the week
7 ! do my best to keep up with current affairs!
stories.
8 I write a weekly column/story for The Gazette
newspaper.
9 Have you read his new extract/collection of
poetry?
10 That film was publishecUreleased In 2010 .
• Verb phrases
2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in their
correct form: sell, receive, sign, set, span, rop.
1 The author Marion Scrubbs ..... .. . .. 1500 copies
of her book at our bookshop last Saturday.
2 Rihanna's single Umbrella .... ... ... .. the UK charts
for ten weeks in 2007 .
3 The actor's career .............. more than three
decades.
4 The play .............. bad reviews from the critics.
5 Harry Porter and the Deathly Hallows has ........... .
more than 40 million copies worldwide .
6 The Lord of rhe Rings trilogy is ....... ....... in the
fantasy world of Middle-earth.
• Prepositions
3 Choose the correct preposition.
Lauren's new book. has been singled down/out
for praise .
2 I have to be in/on the right mood to enjoy heavy
rock. music.
3 Is there anything good in/on television tonight?
4 He is famous for his documentaries for/about
sOcial problems.
5 Barry was so bored with/at the play that he left
before it ended .
6 The film The Dark Knight IS based on/over the
character of Batman In the old com ic strips.
4 Choose the odd word out.
1 chat - quiz - Sitcom - reality show
2 string - keyboard - multiplex - percussion
instruments
3 compose - record - exhibit - read music
4 paperback - weekly - tabloid - broadsheet
newspaper
• Collocations
5 Fill in with : opening, up-ond-coming, lead, rave, live,
opera, dress, rhearre, title.
Ebony Taylor, the 1) ...................... singer of The Taylors: is
playing the 2) ...................... role of Alice In the new mUSical
of that name. Taylor has performed in 3) ........... .
concerts all o. . er the world, but has said that she was
extremely nervous about playing with the prestigious
Upstage 4) ...................... Company in New Yorl<. The shO~
opened to 5) ...................... re . . lews there last month and IS
now moving to London's theatre land. July lomis set as the
6) ...................... night of the show and a last ml~ute
7) ...................... rehearsal will take place on that morning.
The show'S director Ga. . in Hook is a(n) 8) ..................... .
name on the London theatre scene. TIckets are on sale at the
box office of the 9) ...................... house where AJice is due
to be performed .
18 1
 Extreme sports Verbs
bungee Jumping awa rd
cavmg ban
cross-country skIIng break
kite-surfing compete
paragllding disquali fy
skydiving host
snowboardlng substitute
white-water ra fting
wind surfing Nouns
danger
Popular sports
gold medal
American football legend
cricket long-Jump
football overtime
tennis pentathlon
referee
Professional sports risk-taker
Verbs sense
beat
catch
,,,
tactics

kick tricks
umpire
""
pass
race Adjectives
score adventurous
serv, competitive
shoot cool
test POSitive cooperative
train danng
defensive
Sports venues determined
aUey devoted
course false
court field
field finishing
ground graceful
(lng Intensive
rtnk muscle
stadium phYSical
track regular
sporting
Equipment steady
stretching
arrow
thrtlling
bow
Wild
<ep
goggles
Useful phrases
harness
helmet break a record
mouth guard fal~ start
racquet foul play
rope get a strike
shin pads hig h-protein diet
studs Intensive workout regime
SWimSUit score a goal
visor sense of achievement
waterproof Jacket

182

•
• Adjectives • Prepositions
1 Fil l in: daring. sporting. thrilling. stretching. finishing. 5 Choose the correct preposition.

Regular ........... ,..... exercises will help make your body more 1 Muhammad All was very fast in/at
supple. the boxing nng .
2 The ................ contest between the top two teams had us 2 He got tired w ith/of doing so much
on the edge of our seats. training.
3 Brian has become a ....... ...... .. .. legend in his country. 3 Some people don't realise the
4 She threw her body forwards as she crossed the ............. .. dangers for/of snO'Nboarding.
line. 4 Helen has been wlndsurfing since/
S The biker performed a ................ manoeuvre to overtake his f rom she was a teenager.
rival. S The player was disqual ified from/off
the game.
2 Complete the description w ith : steady. graceful. devoted. proud. 6 The game ended aUin a tie with a
adventurous. competifive. score of 1:1,

My sister is a snowboarding world champion. She was always • Collocations

1) ...................... as a teenager, so I was sure she would end up doing
something exciting with her life. She is very 2) ...................... and hates
6 Fill in: positive. physical. ractio. foul.
false. hosts.
to lose al anything. A 3) ...................... athlete, she spends every
weekend training. She really deserves to be the wor1d champion. Her 1 The team realised the moment had
balance on the board is amazingly 4) ...................... and she looks so come to adopt defenSive
5) ...................... as she moveS down the mountain slopes. She really is
a joy to watch and the whole family is very 6) ...................... of her. 2 Any players found guilty of
.. ,..... play will be sent off
3 Wimbledon in London ........... ..
3 Choose t he odd w ord out: the world tennis champIonships
every year.
1 football - hockey - caving - rugby pitch 4 Athletes who test .... ". for
2 windsurfing - footba ll - hockey - rugby stadium performance-enhancing drugs will
3 kick - pass - race - catch Ihe ball be banned from the tournament.
4 silver - bronze - iron - gold medal 5 If you make a .. .. ... start,
don't worry - you are allowed
• Words often confused another chance.
4 Choose the correct word . 6 A sport like professional
weightlifting requires exceptional
1 1hope my team beaUwin our opponents.
.. .. strength .
2 He hopes to break/crack the world record.
3 The player was awarded/rewarded a free kick after he was
fouled.
4 Shall we go ice-skatmg at the ri nk/ring this evening?
5 The umpire/referee blew the final whistle to bring the football
match to an end
6 We were late home because the ice hockey game went to
overtime/ t ie.
7 The OlympICS are a(n) professional/a mateu r event.
8 The long Jump and the javelin are track/ field events.

, 183
 Body parts Healt h care professionals Nouns
ankle cardiologist casualty
"m
arteries
dentist
dermatologISt
chnlc
fatality
bones doctor operating theatre
feet GP stretcher
head midWife surgery
heart paramedlC ward
Intestines paediatrician
JOints porter Useful phrases
leg psychologist be al lergiC to
lungs speech therapist (hea lthy) lifestyle
muscles surgeon give birth (to a baby)
nervous system take care of (patients)
trachea Med ica l fields
veins cardiology Disabilities
dentistry amputation
Actions geriatrics blindness
breathe (air) neurology Visually Impaired
circulate (blood) obstetrics wheelchair
digest (food) ophthalmology
drink po(liatry Addictions
eat surgery
behavioural psychologist
exerCise
binge drinker
move (muscles) Treatmen t
hard drug user
sleep anaesthetIC rehabilitation centre
take (pills) antaCid (pili) substance abuse
antibiotics withdrawal symptoms
Illnesses aspmn
cancer bandage Paralympics
cold cast
amputee
food poisoning crutches
media coverage
hay fever e)(amlnation
sports event
hea rtburn hearing aid
hig h blood pressure herbal ointment
infection operation
migraine pill
motion sickness plaster
prescription
Injuries ultraround
black eye rehabilitation
broken bone scan
bruise sling
(ut stitches
graze X-ray
pulled muscle
scar Verbs
twiSted ankle apply (cream)
carry (injured person)
Symptoms cure
blurry vision heal
concuSSion help
headache perform (operations)
Itchy eyes prescnbe
rash relieve (pain)
runny nose treat
swol len glands
vomiting

184
• Words often confused 4 Choose the odd word out:
1 Choose the correct word.
1 foot - leg - cold - muscle - pain
1 Molly doesn't have carpets in her home as she is
2 radiology - therapist - cardiology-
allergic/susceptible to dust
neurology - deporrment
2 I had a bad eye infection but I got better after the dOdor
3 treat - heal - cure - prescribe
prescribed me anaesthetic/antibiotics .
patients
3 I had to stop running the race because I pulled a joint/muscle in
4 ointment - antacid - aspirin -
my leg
vitamin - pill
4 Ann broke her arm and It was in plaster/bandage for eight
weeks. • Collocations
5 A runny nose and a concussion/headache are symptoms of a
cold .
5 Complete the sentences with the
following words: theatre, lifestyle,
6 My brother used to have a problem with binge/substance
binge, symptoms, examination.
abuse, but now he's domg well.
7 John has a big scar/graze on his leg from a motorcycle accident Diet and exercise are both
he was In years ago. Important for a healthy
S When my daughter had an Itchy rash, we brought her to the
paediatrician/dermatologist for treatment. 2 Dave had to undergo a strict
9 A midwife/paramedic helps women to give birth. medical .... ......... before he
10 The heart helps the blood to circle/circulate through our vems . JOlOed the army
3 You will experience some
• Prepositions withdrawal ....... . . when you
2 Choose the correct preposition. come off the drug.
4 The surgeon has been 10 the
The doctor said he would need to operate in/on the patient operating ............... . for the
immediately. past six hours.
2 Athletes from all over the world compete against/toward each 5 Unfortunately,
other at the Paralymplcs . dnnking IS on the increase amongst
3 You've spramed your wrist so you'll need to keep your arm young peop le.
with/in a sling for a few days.
4 App ly this cream regularly tolat the infected areas of the skin . 6 Match the correct medical field to
S Tim's been suffering from/for a bad cold for a week now. people's comments about their
6 We hired a night nurse to take care for/of my grandmother. health : ophthalmology, cardiology,
7 The injured footballer was carned off the pitch in/on a stretcher obstetrics, geriatrics, podiatry.
8 James had a nasty fall and needed six stitches on/in his hand
1 NI'm going to have a baby and
9 Patients in olden times were treated by/with herbal remedies
would like advice about prenatal
• Verb phrases classes to help me prepare for it."

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in their correct form : 2 "Sometimes I get a terrible palO in
heal, write, provide, twist, reduce. my chest. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .

1 The doctor ........... me a prescription for some strong 3 "I've got an ingrown toenail, which
painkillers . is really painful."
2 You'll have .. ............ ... your calorie intake if you want to lose
weight. 4 "I can't see very well and I really
3 This cream is great for ..... ...... ... .. wounds. need to get my eyes tested ."
4 I believe governments have a duty ............... a free health
care service. S "Now I've reached eig hty, I can't
S My aunt . ....... .... .. .. her ankle when she fell down some steps. get about so easily anymore."

185
 Science User guides
archaeologist handy
astronomer Instructions
atom onscreen
breakthrough verSion
evidence
evolution Verbs
experiment charge (a battery)
hypotheSIS connect
journal install
molecule set (sth) up
research
synchronise
telescope
The Internet
Verbs
blog
announce onlme
conduct (an experiment) video clip
Invent w)·fi
prOVide (eVidence)
publish (findings) Verbs
uncover (eVIdence)
bounce
Computers download
input
back·up post (a VIdeo clip)
file
purchase
compu ter science skip
confirmation email surf
folder
update
graphics upload
ICon write
logo
programming
shared dnve Success
software ambition
entrant
Verbs goal
attach reputation
click (on 5th)
delete Verbs
disconnect accomplish
od" achieve
Install fulfil
keep (a back·up) gain (a reputation)
specialise (In sth) succeed
tnumph
Mobile phones
Useful phra~s
contacts list
handset be/get carned away
hands·free go off as planned
headset keep m touch
missed call
personal organiser Phrasal verbs
nngtone break down
touch screen carry away
carry out (an experiment)
Verbs come up (With sth)
upgrade find out (5th)
go off
slow down
turn down f
turn out

186

•
1 Choose the odd word out:
headset - telescope - hands-free - touchscreen
2 experiment - onscreen - breakthrough -
hypothesis
3 file - evolution - folder - dnve
4 atom - blog - Internet - online
5 succeed - accomplish - upgrade - triumph
• Prepositions
2 Choose the correct preposition.
I'm real ly interested in/about astronomy.
2 I'm relying on/by you to he lp me choose a new
mobile.
3 I down loaded those files atlfrom several different
websites
4 He triumphed above/over all the other entrants.
5 Plug the cord onto/into your computer.
6 Click on/to that nashlng green icon
7 He fulfilled his ambition t%f becoming a
sCien tist.
8 Ensure you make back-ups of/from all your
Important files
9 Coffee has a negative effect over/on me -It gives
me a headache.
10 He has been a great help to/for me .
• Phrasal verbs
3 Choose the correct word .
1 The archaeologist told the students to slow
up/down and not rush.
2 You can find out/over what you need to know by
looking in that Journal
3 I've come up/through with a great new idea for
my research
4 It turns out/around that those scientists
plagiarised someone else's work .
S Luckily, the presentation went over/off as
planned
6 That piece of equipment broke out/down over a
week ago
7 We plan to carry out/on the experiment
tomorrow.
8 That scientist turned off/down the chance to
work overseas.
9 The children got carried away/along w ith
excitement as they played the video games.
• Words often confused
4 Choose the (orred word .
1 She succeeded/ managed in Installing the
software on her computer.
2 When Will that company announce/uncover the
launch date of its new product?
3 I'm having trouble connecting/installing to the
Internet.
4 He gained/won a brilliant reputation over the
course of hiS career.
S Do you have Sam's number in your contactsl
connections list?
6 The Internet makes It easy to keep in touch/hand
With overseas fnends.
7 He emailed me to upgrade/update me on his
news
8 Whenever you don't have credit, give/do me a
missed call and I'll call you nght back.
9 Did you receive a confirmation/specialisation
emall after you made the booking?
5 Fill in :purchase, folder, conducf, publish, provided,
achieved, relafionship , graphics.
Which ....... did you put that Word file in?
2 We hope to . . .. ... our findings In a leading
sCien tific journal .
3 The article discusses the between
science and technology.
4 I'm not happy Wit h the ........... on this
presentatIOn .
S The students learn t the correct way to
................ a scientific experiment.
6 Why did you ............. such an expensive
piece of eqUipment?
7 The evidence .......... .. by the scientist was
not very compelling
8 He has ........... everything he set out to do.
187
 Weather extInction
breeze fish
chmate "og
downpour habitat
drizzle heron
fog hive
forecaster hill
frost invertebrate
gust hfespan
heat walle lIon
humidIty mammal
hghtlng
mIst
monsoon
""
octopus
predator
ra indrop rabbIt
sleet reptile
500' sett
wind shark
Species
Idioms warren
be a fair-weather friend wasp
be on cloud nine
brighten up one's day
Verbs
chase rainbows feed (an animal)
feel under the weather gllle birth
geVbe soaked to the bone hatch
in the cold light of day hunt
raining cats and dogs lay (eggs)
to have a face like thunder mate

Natural disasters Space

actllle lIolcano 81g 8ang
emergency services black hole
extreme weather cosmic colhslon
local property crater
major eruption electromagnetIC waves
numerous casualties light year
temporary shelter outer space
violent gales solar flares
solar system
Plants
bark Verbs
branch orbit
chlorophyll
deCiduous
leaf
needle
photosynthesis
pigment
mot
trunk

Animals
aot
amphibian
badger
bee
b,eed
captllllty
conservation
crocodile
den
endangered

188

•
1 Choose the odd w ord out.
1 hippopotamus - mammal - polar bear - cheetah
2 mate - lay - hatch - orbit
3 frost - sleet - eruption - downpour
4 chlorophyll - monsaon - leaf - photosynthesis
5 fog - gust - wind - gale
6 galaxy - space - rainbow - light year
7 species - branch - deciduous - mist
• Prepositions
2 Choose the correct preposition .
Widespread deforestation is putting the species
in/to great danger of extinction .
2 The Universe may have begun from/by expanding
from a t iny point.
3 Currently, there is a ban on/at fishing for shellfish
in thiS part of the ocean
4 ThiS lion was born from/in the Wild, not captiVity.
5 The bad weather caused damage to/for many
properties.
6 The hunting of/on whales IS forbidden in those
waters.
7 There is a lot of humidity ;n/on the air today.
8 The organisation is concerned to/with the
protection of water resources.
Collocations
3 Fill in: solar, electromagnetic, light, black, nest, 8ig,
outer.
The ......... ................ Bang theory is one of
several sCientific theories that seek to explain how
the universe began .
2 The grav;ty [,.Id of a ... ... ............... hole IS 50
strong that nothing can escape It.
3 It would take about four ...................... ... years
to t ravel to t he nearest star.
4 Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun in our
...................... system .
S light ;5 a(n) ......................... wave.
6 Many children dream of becoming astronauts and
travelling into . ..... ............ .. space.
7 Don't go near the wasps' or
you might get stung!
• Words ohen confused
4 Choose the correct word .
1 Tigers are extreme/fierce predators.
2 The eggs should hatch/lay in the next few days
3 The giant tortOise has a long lifespan/age and can
live to be 150 years old.
4 That country has a wann dimate/weather.
5 What breed/species of dog IS that?
6 In a mature tree, the roots extend far from the
branch/trunk.
7 Emergency services/authorities are evacuating t he
area .
8 At first there was Just a light downpour/ drizzle, but
then it began to rain reatly hard .
9 We drove very slowly as it was difficult to see
through the thick frost/fog In the air.
10 Temporary shelters/habitats have been set up for
evacuees.
• Idioms
5 Choose the correct word .
1 Its raining pups/cats and dogs todayl
2 He's Just a fair-climate/weather friend .
3 The rescuers were on cloud tenlnine after
successfully rescUing the little boy.
4 James is at home - he is feeling a bi t
under/be low the weather
5 "What great newsl You've rea lly brightened/lit
up my day."
6 Fill in: bark, active, humidity, forecast, soar, wind.
1 There is high ...................... dUflng the monsoon
season.
2 is the protedive outer layer on
trees.
3 Temperatures Will probably ................... above
400( today.
4 Mt Vesuvius is a(n) volcano in
southern Italy.
5 The ...... ". ... IS really strong today sa it's a
perfect day for wlOdsurfing .
6 Th. weather ................... .... ;5 for showers and
cool breezes today.
189
 State & politics Useful phrases Religions & places of
Deputy Pnme Mlntster break the taw worsl'1ip
High Court find (sb) gUilty (of) Buddhists
House of Commons press charges Buddism
Labour Party put on probationltrial Christianity
Liberal Democrats send to prison Christians
Lord Chancell()( set fire to church
Member of Partiament gurdwara
Secretary of State Social policy HindU ism
animal rights Hindus
Verbs Islam
campaign
come (into power) chil dren's rights J, ws
cut (taxes) discrimination Judalsm
gl'v'e (a speech) environmental protection mandtr
out line (a plan) ethn iC diversi ty mosque
pass (a law) human righ ts Muslims
run (for a position) legal system Slkhlsm
vo te (for sb) poverty Sikhs
wm (an electIon) racial equality stupa
terrorism synagogue
law
Idioms Verbs Economy

be on the w roncyrtght Side of detonate (a bomb) bUSiness venture

the law prohi bit cost of Itvmg
In the eyes of the law raise (awareness) fam ily-run bUSiness
take the law mto one's own Income tax
hands Domestic & international International trade
the long arm of the law conflicts rate
standard of hVlng
canflla
Crime & punishment untt of currency
diplomat
worldwide problem
accused dispute
arsonist rally
bu rglar noters
car thief
community service Verbs
crime scene l'1old (a demonstration)
death penalty reach (an agreement)
Innocent resolve (a confha)
IV,,! sign (a petition)
kidnapper take (action)
mugger
offence Useful phrases
probation
bring an end (to sth)
trial
vandal
International organisations
verdla
warning EU (European Union)
witness IMf (International Monetary
fund)
Verbs IOC (Internat ional Olympic
Committee)
abdua
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Invest iga te
Organisation)
sentence
WHO (World Health
steal
Organisation)
trespass
WNF (World Wildli fe Fund)

Phrasal verbs
break Into (a bUilding)
,

190

•
 1 Choose the odd word out.
1 arsonist - vandal - chancellor - mugger
2 JUry - rally - accused - witness
3 Mandar - Slkhism - Gurdwara - Stupa
4 trespass - steal - abduct - sentence
5 election - terrorism - speech - candidate
6 rights - venture - equality - discrimination
• Words often confused
• 2 Choose the correct word .
, They hope to reach/resolve an agreement today.
2 The police have confirmed that they are going to
press/hold charges.
3 The Judge se ntenced/accused the thief to two
years In pnson
4 He was warned to stay on the right side/arm of
the law
5 Stealing IS a Criminal offence/defence
6 Were there any w itnesses/victims to the crime?
7 Police have cordoned off the crime stage/scene
8 He is Secretary of St at e/Parliament for Foreign
and Commonwealth Affairs
9 It's time we took/raised action .
10 The government wants to lower tax rates/u nits .
• Prepositions
3 Choose the correct preposition .
1 He broke int%nto the car by smashing a window.
2 They were sent at/to prison for their crime.
3 When did he come of/ into power?
4 She has decided to run up/for president in the next
election.
S He was caught attempting to set fire in/t o the
house
6 They want to bring an end over/to the conflict.
7 I haven't decided who I am going to vote for/on
yet.
8 She decided to take the law into/through her own
hands.
9 He has been accused of/With the crime and will
stand trial.
• Collocations
4 Fill in: unit. income, legal, business, cost, living,
children's, erhnic.
standards are high in the UK.
2 They're hopeful their new ................... venture
will be more successful than their last.
3 According to the report, Australia has the third
lowest .............. of liVing in the developed
world .
4 The Singapore dollar (SGD) is Singapore's official
. ................. , of currency.
5 It is illegal not to pay .............. tax.
6 For historic reasons, the . . ..... system in
Scotland differs from that of the rest of the UK.
7 He is a ......... ...... rights lawyer.
8 We want to promote ................. diversity in our
workplace .
5 Fill in w ith: Commons, petition, cut. synagogue.
community, detonate. pass, probarion.
1 They worship at the .... every week
2 Experts were called In to . ......... the bomb
In a controlled explOSion.
3 He was sentenced to 100 hours of ............ .
servICe.
4 The UK public elects 650 MPs to represent their
interests in the House of ...................... .
5 They managed to get over a million sig natures on
the ir ................... .
6 He is currently on . . .... while awaiting
trial.
7 The government has backtracked on their
promise to .... .......... . taxes.
8 They hope to .................... the law 10 the next
few days.
191
 Word Formation
Nouns (people) Concrete/Abstract nouns Verbs Adjectives
1 1 , enacle
f------------E
~e ~'e,

(under)achiever

actor, actress
1 ,act.' 1 "."
1

I ii , I ,
. 1 ladn 1

I , ili adVISe 1 I
alar
I
alarm
I
~I

Ii t l ~ppry 1
1
1 h
.-
,any

attendant '" (in)attentlve

1 1
.-
I
,enefit 1
I ,00<0""0"".,
breathing breathe
I
I , calcu"la"'tl"'
on: ; - - - 1;:;,'0",'" , I Y '--
,
centre, 1 li ,centre
, et ,
I b,I... , characterless
1
enlld, I iI , iI i I I I I i , 1

I
I
1
I1 I Iclassify
:olle(
a I
i j
I
-
I

1 I
1 1 I, I 1
I I1 11 I

1
~ ,
1 I1
1 I
, 1 ,
,SUC/U i
I

consider

I
,e
:ure :ure
i i

~----~~
[decision, (in)decisiveness~-+= '~-1~
DeCIDe Idecidea,
1

291
 Word Formation
Nouns (people) Concrete/Abstract nouns Verbs Adjectives
deptl

I~e~p(ii
:~ I
~I ~ I
I I

I
I I
ease,

~
-- '"SV
~~ ~ ~
I
I , Itlonal,
Ielector, I"ec I , I
I i :"Y'. electrocution. electric, electrical, electrifying,
electrician
I 11 electrified
I I
. discouragement Ful ~~
~al
~e;;'~9
,

I energlsmg
lenJoy
-
"1;
envy ~vy ,er I
,
, escapism escape
I
, lexac Iexact, exacting -
= , , I ¥xi I
"", ~
~:lte I I,;>, I
I exhaust ,,[,
:exISt eXistent, I I
I lexpet'

~'\\Pn
Iexpend ,

~
lexpl"n
-
-- I I
- ' I
- fasn,on
- f,asn'on I I
-
:!i!
Ifault
Illnance - - Ifault
l linance
faulty,
I I
I

- - lU_,,~;_

I,
I glObe
19f;~ looal
I, I

governor, governance, I "0' "",

govern
Qulde guide I I I

~~ I I- l1l1 "!
-host, I nost I
I , I I I

~
Ilalom
IllIness, III
I "Y', ' I k,
imagination. image, imagery
"'" I I
i
I I I I I
I I I I I I I

292
 Contents
o Present Tenses (present simple, present continuous, statlve verbs, adverbs of frequency, present
perfect, present perfect continuous) .... P 194
D Past Tenses (past simple, past continuous, past perfect. past perfect continuous, usecitolwould,) p. 198
D Future Tenses (future simple. be going ro, future continuous. future perfect. future perfect
continuous, will/won't - shorn ................. .. ...... ,.............. ........... p. 202
Q Infinitivel-ing form (tenses of the infinitive, active, passive, tenses of the -iog form, infin itive,
-ing form, verbs taking the to Infinitive or the ·;n9 form with a change in meaning, too/enough, partICiples) p. 206
IJ Modals (use, present/future, past, continuous and simple forms with modals) .... . ...... ' .... ....... p_212
0' Adjectives/Adverbs/Comparisons (adJectives, order of adJectiVes, adverbs. formatlOn of adverbs,
order of adverbs, pOInts to conSider, qUltelrather/fairly/pretty, comparatlves and superlatives) ,.... ,.. ... ,.,. p. 217
fJ Clauses: Relative Clauses (relative clauses, prepositions in relative clauses, identifying and non-identifying
relative clauses), Time Clauses, Clauses of Purpose, Clauses of Reason, Clauses of Result,
Clauses of Concession, Exclamations, Clauses of Manner, Clauses of Place, linking Words p. 224
o The Passive (the passIVe, personallimpersonal construdlons) .. .... P 236
o Causative Form .................................................................... p. 240
mReported Speech (reported speech, reported statements, reported questions, indirect questions,
reported orders, modals in reported speech, reported command5lrequestslsuggestlOnslinstructions, etc,
reporting a dialogue or a conversatlOn, exclamations - Yes/No short answers - question tags, the subJunctive) .. P 242
m Conditionals (types 0/1/2/3, mixed conditlOnals) . ....................... ............... .. ............. .. p. 248
m Wishes/Unreal Past (wishes, unreal past, hadbetfer, would rather) p. 252
mNouns (nouns, the plural of nouns, countable/uncountable nouns, plural nouns, group nouns, nouns used
in Singular and plural with a different meaning) .. ,............. . p. 257
DJ Articles (the indefinite article alan, a(n)/one, one/ones, the definite article the) p. 261
mEmphasisllnversion ..................................... P 265
mPronouns (demonstratlves, a lot of/many/much/(a) few/fa) little, some/any/nolevery, other structures,
allJnone!both/either .. , neither/every - each, subJecVobject pronouns, reflexive pronouns, possessive
adjective5lpronouns, possessive case, there/it) ................... ..... ........... ....... .. ......... .. p. 269
mPrepositions of Place/MovementlTime .... .. ........................ p. 280
m Questions & Answers (questions with Yes/No answers, wh- questions, subject/object questions,
indirect questIOns, so - neither/nor, question tags, intonatIOn) .. ,... .................. .. .... .............................. p. 284

Word Formation ............ P 290

Phrasal Verbs ................. , _
...................... ... ......................... ,........ P 298
Verbs/AdjectiveslNouns with Prepositions ...................... ............................................ . p. 304

193
 D Present Tenses
Present Simple Present Continuous
We use the present simple for: We use the present continuous (to be + verb -Ing):
• facts and permanent states. Heathe and Po/live i, • for actions taking place at or around the moment of
rhl :entrE' of the city. speaking. Trocyls making alar f no It th' man W.
• general truths and la'vVS of nature. Th earth goes round • for temporary situations. 'fi 1 is learning to play tf-
thl ,un. drums.
• habits and routines (with always, usually, et'). Bob • for fixed arrangements in the near future. lonath n
a/ways walks to 'ichool. and I are going t )wlmg on Sott. 7\
• timetables and programmes (in the future). Our • for currently changing and developing situations.
plam arrives Qt midnight. More Id,. )fe Pi op afe exercising rhl day
• sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations. • with adverbs such as always to express anger or
ChriHopher Reev€ plays the role of~upermon in rhi~ film. irritation at a repeated action. You're a/wa~ forgetting
• feelings and thoughts. II/ke Jaml Bond film' Tt 'y're o r.oy rc>om
full of! 'lion.
The time expressions we use with the present
The time expressions we use with the present continuous are: now, at the moment, or present, chese
simple are : usually, often, always, every day/week! days, nowadays, still, today, tonight, etc.
monthlyear, erc, In the morning/afternoon/evening, or
nlghrlthe weekend, on Fridays, etc.
Stative Verbs
Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action, and so do not usually have a continuous tense.
These verbs are:
• verbs of the senses (see, hear, smell, taste, feel, look. sound, seem, appear, etc). DI I!d looks tiff:' 1.
• verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget, etc). 'think f st('r~ if {f .tl g.
• verbs which express feelings and emotions (like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want, etc). fiar! ar' n'/like
heavy m 'ral mvsic.
• some other verbs (agree, be, belong, contain, continue, cost, fit have, Include, keep, matter, need, awe, awn, possess,
require, seem, suppose, understand, want, weigh, wish, etc). Tem' has a r N III 01
Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses, but with a difference in meaning.

I I ICe· .g.
Shr Is having Q bath. (= is taking)
I am having cereal for breakfast. (== am eating)

I I ours'

i,

(= are the "

NSpaJ 'r.

Remember'
• The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses to' express a specific preference. Mybrorr'rrf:ollyenjoys
skateboarding. (general preference) BUT They ore reol/yenjoying thf' oncert. (specific preference)
• Feel (experience a particular emotion), and hurt can be used in simple or continuous tenses with no
difference in meaning. I fee/tired. I am feelingti~d. My leg hurrs. My leg is hurting.
Listen, look, and watch express deliberate actions and can be used in continuous tenses. rh 'yore
looking ar their test paper~

194
 Present Tenses a
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency show us how often something happens.
They answer the question How often ".7 We often use adverbs of
frequency with the present simple.
How often ac 1im g( I tn foom 1/1 p, ,
HHe a/ways gc son Manda (In( Cl
We use adverbs of frequency:
• before the main verb. GeorgE rarely listen} OJ ( mu
• after the auxiliary verbs be, have and do, and modal verbs such
as can, will, must, etc.
VlCky doesn't usually tidy up 'de
Niche/os Is a/ways pc it~ '1 C OH
We must a/ways eat fruit and ve~et !Jles.

The adverbs rarely, seldom and never have a negative meaning and they are never used with the word not.
-athy never .swims In wmter. (NOT: Cathy dcisrJ:t. never swim ,.. )
Phi! ~eldom goes er set JO/ b ('if. (NOT: Phi! dcw;4 seldom go on)
l

Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

We use the present perfect (hove + past participle) for: We use the present perfect continuous (hove + been +
• an action that happened at an unstated time in the verb -/ng) :
past. The emphasis is on the action, the time when • to put emphasis on the duration of an action which
it occurred is unimportant or unknown. started in the past and continues up to the present.
'hove done 01/ my h m (If rruoy h05 been re
L 1/, Lhave b 'n writing n NO t Jl.I
• an action which started in the past and continues • for an action which started in the past and lasted for
up to the present, especially with stative verbs (see some time. It may still be continuing or has finished
page 204) such as be, hove, like, know, etc. already, but the result Is visible in the present.
I hove lived in rh Iwn or /- has b en swimming fOf ur
• a recently completed action. • to express anger, irritation or annoyance.
1!lmmy has Jusr left has b~ n using (IY n,utE( WJ hrut
• persona l experiences or changes. gm
Hove IU ever flown J! 1 J 11':
The time expressions we use with the present
• an action which has happened within a specific
time period which is not over at the moment of perfect continuous are: for, since, how long, all
day/morning/month ere, lately, recently.
speaking . We use words and expressions such as
today, this mornlng!evenlng!weeklmonth, etc.
Ihove written tI Tt 1 rl nl ~. (= the time period
- this morning - is not over yet We may write more.) Remember!
The time expressions we use with the present
With the verbs /lve, work, reach and feel we can use
perfect are : for, since, already, always, Just, ever, never, so
the present perfect simple or the present perfect
far, today, this week/month erc, how long, lately, recently, continuous with no difference in meaning.
still (In negatlons), yet, by now, erc. G r~ has /ived/ha.~ been living in rh 'OUfHi sit e
rh fi 'Yl af'
Rememberl
Jan has gone to rh 'p r on (She's on her way ther
or she's there now. She hasn 't come back yet.)
P ,ulhas been rOAI/I IC a. (He has visited Australia, but
he isn't there now, He has come back,)
(hriHin has been In R(lm f?r 2 ye'w (She lives in
ome now.)

5
 Present Tenses

1 co:rr:e(~I~i:le:m:'~_ _ _ _'-::~[~7 2
fII;-- Choose the
. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
present tense .
Dakota Fanning: A R1S Dear Penny,
................................................ How are you? I'm fina lly in New York on the student
Over the last decade, teen actress Dakota Fanning 1) C to exchange programme and I 1) n VI (have) a
wonderful ti me. I 2) .......... ............ ,.... ,.. (not/have) time
make a name for herself in Hollywood. She has been in over
to write because we 3) .... ... ,.. " ... (be) busy every day,
21 fi lms, mostly as a child, and has received several awards 14) .... ... ................... ......... (meet) a lot of fascinati ng
~ nd nominations. Her roles 2) ........ her to work next to people so farl I 5) .... .... . . ..... (even/make)
some of Hollywood's greatest actors such as Robert some friends, Jared and Antonia . New York is very different
from Swansea . People 6) .. ,.. ", ............ .
DeNiro. Tom Cruise and Denzel Washington. Most
(always/rush) around and the streets are
people 3) ...... .. Dakota from her excellent periormance crowded . I 7) ............ .... ........ .. .. (not/like)
in f am Sam along with Sean Penn in 2001. Since then, the noise much because it 8)
she 4) ........ hard. As a teenage actress. her talent and (keep) me up at night. We 9) .. " ...... ..
(not/do) much sig htseeing yet, but we
beauty 5) ........ as we can see in the films The Runaways
10) , ,.. " .. " ......... ..., (go) out every nig ht
and Eclipse. Dakota 6) ........ some other talents as well. since we arrived.
She can also play the violin and 7) ... ... .. to knit. Actually, Tomorrow, the school 11) ...... .............. ..
she has knitted scarves for Tom Cruise. Oprah Winfrey and (take) us to the Statue of Liberty,
112) .... ,........... " .............. (look) forvvard
Steven Spielberg. 8) ........ , she is learning to speak French
to itl
and is dreaming of going to the Oscars one day! Talk soon,
When people ask Dakota how she feels about acting, the Liza
answer comes easily. "I've 9) ........ wanted to be an actress
and it's great fun to know that's what I 10) ........ !.
3
A manages '9 has managed
- Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
present tense.

B is managing D don't manage t.Mm lUJmJ

J: Hi, Tom , You 1) I 0 (look) upset. What's wrong?
2 A have allowed C don't allow T: Oh hi, John. Well . I 2) ... .. ,........ .. ... .. .. ,................. ,
B allow D are allowing (have) problems at work lately and I 3) ..... , ........ ..
3 A have remembered C remember ... ....... ... . ...... .. ..... .. (not/know) what to do.
B are remembering 0 have been remembering They 4) ... ........... ..... . . .. ........... (hire) a new
manager recently and I 5) . .. .... .......... ..
4 A does work C works (noVthink) he li kes me very much. He
B 's been working 0 's working 6) .. .. .. .. .. .... . ... (always/put) extra work

5 A are still growing C have still grown on my desk and 7) .. .. ....... .... ..... ..... (ask) me to
B still grow 0 have still been growing work on Saturdays.
), 1( 8) ... .. ..................... . ... ,.. ....... (sound) to me
6 A has had C has like you are t~ one he 9)
B has been having 0 hasn't (depend) on .
7 A loves C has loved T: Huh? 10) .... .. .. .. .... ........ ..... . .... ..... (you/noVbe)
B is lovi ng 0 has been loving serious, are you?
J: Yes. Actua lly I 11) ............. .. ....... (jusVfinish)
8 A Still C Lately a seminar on working relations. BaSical ly, he
B Usually D At present 12) . .... .... .. .. .... .. . .. ... . (believe) that you
9 A always C ever are qualified and responsible to take on the work .
B never D already
T: Well , if that's true, I 13) . .... .. ,......
(feel) awful .
10 A achieve C has achieved J: It's OK. Maybe he 14) .. .......................... ,........ ..
B 've achieved D 've been achieving (train) you to become the new ma nager one day!
196
 Present Tenses
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency show us how often something happens.
They answer the question How often ... 7 We often use adverbs of
frequency with the present simple.
HI)W often I
~ ,/ 'lay
We use adverbs of frequency:
• before the main verb. ,e.' I,
• after the auxiliary verbs bf, have and do, and modal verbs such
as can, will, must, etc.
do ,n't usually tidy I Ir
Ni h asisafways", I'j S
We must always ear 'rU!t md v 9 tables

Rememberl
The adverbs rarefy, seldom and never have a negative meaning and they are never used with the word not.
n rims (NOT: Cathy doeSlU never swim ...)
seldom go s (NOT: Phll dcwtt seldom go ... )

Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

We use the present perfect (have + past participle) for: We use the present perfect continuous (have + been +
• an action that happened at an unstated time in the verb -Ing):
past The emphasis Is on the action, the time when • to put emphasis on the duration of an action which
it occurred is unimportant or unknown. started in the past and continues up to the present.
i hfll{t ~ t.. ~ 9
• an action which started in the past and continues • for an action which started in the past and lasted for
up to the present, especially with stative verbs (see some time. It may still be continuing or has finished
page 204) such as b~, hav~ , like, know, etc . already, but the result is visible in the present.
I havelil{~d I ,., as bI 'n rmmlng h(
• a recently comp leted action . • to express anger, irritation or annoyance.
~ mmy has just le(t ha r b en using 1~ h)1...
• personal experiences or changes.
Hre e f'
The time expressions we use with the present
• an action which has happened within a speCific
perfect continuous are: (or, since, how long, 0/1
time period which is not over at the moment of
day/mornIng/month ere, lotely, recently.
speaking . We use words and expressions such as
today, this mornlnglevenlngl weeklmonth , etc .
I ~ I written 1 (a the time period
;
- this morning - is not over yet. We may write more.) Remember!
I
The time expressions we use with the present
With the verbs live, work, teach and 'eel we can use
perfect are : (or, since, already, always,just, ever, never, so
the present perfect simple or the present perfect
far, roday, this week/month, erc, how long, larely, recently,
continuous with no difference in meaning.
stili (in negations), yer, by now, erc. ,., rvedllla- b Ig
Remember!
has go( (She's on her way ther
or she's there now. She hasn't come back yet.)
Pard hos been toAu 0. (He has visited Australia, but
he isn't there now. He has come back.)
hfl n hos been (She lives in
ome now.)

95
 Present Tenses

4 Complete the letter. Put the verbs into the 6 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
correct present tense. meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
in bold.
Dear Carla,
I 1) (write) to you 1 Do you have any plans for this Friday?
from Sydney, Australia. 2) ......... PLANNING What art you plannmg to do this
.................. ... ..... .... (you/ ever/ be) Friday?
here? I 3) .......................... .. 2 Usa never forgets to feed the cat.
(have) a great time. ALWAYS Usa . . . ........... ....... .. ....... .
14) ................................... (already/ do) so many ......................... . ...... feed the cat.
exciting things. 3 This IS the most delICious meal I've ever eaten .
Right now, I am having lunch next to the Sydney Opera NEVER I ....... .. ... . . ............... ... ............. .. .
House, which is a beautiful white building that ................. such a delicious mea l.
5) .............................. (look) like the sails of many ships. 4 He's still writing hiS story.
One of the best things in Sydney is the food. Everything FINISHED He ...
I 6) .............................. (eat) here so far is delicious. I . writing his story yet.
7) ......................... (ride) a bike to get around the city, S Jlm has an app(Jlntment With the doctor on Monday.
which is fun . I've also been spending a lot of time lying IS Jlm ......................................... ..
on the beaches; there are so many nice ones. ................. the doctor on Monday.
Later today I 8) ......................... (visit) the Museum of 6 How many times a week do you visit your
Contemporary Art and then I'm going to Oxford Street grandpa rents?
to do a bit of shopping. Before we leave, I 9) ........... ... ... . OFTEN How ............................. ............. .
(want) to climb the Sydney Harbour Bridge; I've heard visit your grandparents each week ?
that it's a really great experience. 110) .......................... .. 7 Terry doesn't play golf very often .
(not/see) any kangaroos or koalas yet, so I am RARElY Terry ............................ ..
planning to take a trip to Taronga Zoo. You have to take ................................ golf
a ferr y boat to get therel B I can't find my keys. Have you seen them?
I hope you are doing welll See you soon! AM I ............... . .......... .
Danlelle my keys . Have you seen them?
9 This cake is delicious .
TASTES This ............................................ .
5 Fill in the gaps with a suitable time expression :
........................ deliCiOUS
ago, since, for, already, yet, how long.
10 We are enjoying ourselves a lot here In Malaga
1 A Did you know that there are more women at HAVING We ....................... .
university than men nowadays? ... ...... ...... ..... . here In Malaga
B: Yes, nearly 70% of university students were 11 She hasn't finished typing the letters yet.
male 30 years ::/ • . Sn l l She ..... ............ ..
2 A: ... ........... ....... have you been liVing in Germany? the letters.
B. ............ .. .. . .. .. .. nearly three years. 12 She is seriously considering studying medicine.
3 A: Have you found any new information for our THINKING She ................... .. ......... ..
project? ................................... medicine.
B: I have ................. .
looked at some sites, 13 I haven't driven a Jeep before .
but haven't come across anything interesting. FIRST It's the ........................ _....... _...... .
4 A: You're a very talented tennis player Kate . Have ................ a jeep .
you been playing tong? 14 Emrna goes to the gym every day after work.
B: Actually. I haven't played tennis ........... ..... . ALWAYS Emma
I left school. ............ after work.
S A: This is a very beautiful place for camping! 1S Mark isn't here because he is at the bank.
B: Yes, and tourists haven't discovered it ........... , GONE Mark ............. .. ..... .. .. ........ .
either. .. .. ........ .............. ...... .... the bank .

197
 •

Past Tenses
Past Simple
We use the past simple (verb + ·td} for:
I Remember')
• an action t hat occurred at a definite time (stated The past continuous is not used for repeatea
or implied) in the past. actions in the past. The past simple is used instead.
IIx Ightrrn
• actions that happened immediately one after the
0,
(NOT: We WfI8 WQIkln9 to school ...)
other In the past.
.h put on t (0 opened rh r' md left'
• habits or states which are now finished. Past Perfect
p d We use the past perfect (had + past participle) for:
Note: Used to can also be used instead of the past • an action which happened before another past
simple for habits/repeated actions in the past. action or before a stated time in the past.
• past actions which won't take place again . h Ihcd~tart(Jdb fm rl '
er.t .;, • an action which finished in the past and whose
For irregular forms see list of Irregular Verbs. result was visible in the past.
had brok n I 11'
The time expressions we use with the past simple
are: yesterday, then, when, How long ago .. .7, last nlghrJ The t ime expressions we use with the past perfect
weekimonrh/yearIFrldoy!Ocrober. ere, three days/weeks, are: before, after, a/ready, just, for, since, till/until, when,
ercogo, In 2005, erc. by the time, never. erc.

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

We use the past continuous (wo5/Were + main verb + We use the past perfect continuous (had been + ma in
-/ng): verb + -Ing):
• for an action which was in progress when another • to put emphasis on the duration of an action which
action interrupted it. We use the past continuous started and finished in the past, before another
for the action In progress (the longer action), and action or stated time in the past, usually with for or
the past simple for the action which interrupted It since. I had b n ~ uiting ,. t IV
(shorter action). givij 9 • for an action which lasted for some time in the past
r and whose result was visible in the past. " re
• for two or more simulta neous actions in the past. tired r :J had bun studying al If rn m
wa playing 1 ~u
The time expressions we use with the past perfect
~ alklllg continuous are: for, since, how long, before. until, erc.
• for an action which was in progress at a stated time
in the past. We don't mention when the action
started or fin ished .
Will ~ itching The past perfect is the past equivalent of the
present perfect.
• to describe the atmosphere, setting, etc and to give Compare: ~ ~u ,.. had won (The
background Information to a story. action had won happened in the past. The result
Ir ~ d was blowing 10 le was stiff raining was happy was visible in the past.) ~ is fJ lOp ~j
ho~ won (The action haswon finished in the
Note: When there are two past continuous forms in a past. The result Ishappy is still visible in the present.
sentence with the same subject, we can avoid Compare: wa~ ,., had ~n working
repetition by Just using the present participle Hng form) n )fI Ina. (The action had been working lasted for
and leaving out the subject as well as the verb to b~ . some time in the past. Its result W05 tired was
wa inqing ~ having ~as visible in the past.) I-: /s has bl:en working
singing > having, h (The action has bun working started
in the past and lasted for some time. It may still be
The time expressions we use with the past continuous going on or have finished. but its resu lt Istlred is
are: while, when, as, all day/night/morning, alldayyesrerd~ visible in the present.

198
 Past Tenses fJ
Used to - Would 3 Circle the correct item.
• Used to is used to talk about past habits, repeated
actions or rout ines in the past which no longer 1 Nicole Kidman ........ an Oscar in 2003.
happen. ~ 'used to goclimbmg when h 'was young. I A was winning (e) won
didn 'r use to ~ot fish, bur r, (lW I do. Wr or did you use to B used to win 0 had won
do wt n you wer/ younge
• We use would/used to for repeat ed act ions or 2 A: Who ........ to outside school this morning?
routines in the past. We do not use would w ith B: Kelly. She's the new girl in my class.
stative verbs because they describe states and not A was talking C you talked
actions, TI would/used to em ut on m J~ BUT
I B would you talk 0 were you ta lking
)~ used to ha~ J dog. (NOT: She WQIJ!g /;U;W6 a dog.)
3 As she entered the room, her hands ........
A were shaking C had shaken
1 Fill in: used to or would, B had been shaking 0 used to shake
When I was 10, I 1) (IIvo) In a big 4 Last night I was t ired because I ........ for six hours.
house In the suburbs . My sister and I 2) """""". A used to study C had been studying
............................ .......... (hi ve) our own rooms , but B would study 0 am studying
sometimes we 3) ................................................ ,"
(elllp) In the same room . There 4) ...................... , 5 A: Do you remember the go-kart we ........ when
"""""""""""""""""""" (be) a big swimming pool we were ten?
In the garden. At weekends, we 5) ........................ .. B: Yes, it's in the shed and it still works.
................................... (Invltl) friends over to swim. A were building C had been bu ilding
We 8) ""'" " " " """"""""'""""" " " " " " , (Ipond) all B built D had built
afternoon playing football with our friends. Mum
6 A: I .,,'" they were moving,
7) ........................................ (make) us sandwiches
B: They on ly decided two weeks ago.
and lemonade. We 8) ............................................ ..
A wouldn't know C didn't know
(go) back home only after the sun set. We
B wasn't known D didn't use to know
9) """"'"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' (hIve) a lot of
fUn together. Now, we're much older with families 7 It was late. She turned off her PC , ........ her bag
of ou r own and no time to play. and left the office.
A grabbed C was grabbing
B used to grab o had been grabbing
2 Choose the correct Item,
8 By the t ime I woke up, Sarah ........ breakfast.
Pro skateboarder Ryan Sheckler 1) used to start! A was made C used to make
started skating at a very early age. When he 2) was! B made 0 had made
used to be 18 mon ths old, he 3) wa s Anding/found his
9 A: Why are you wet?
dad's old skateboa rd. He 4) used to ride!was riding it
B: I was walking the dog when it ........ raining.
around the house. When he 5) used to be! was four,
A was start ing C had started
he 6) dld/was doing 'olHes'. Ryan 7) used to hang
8 had been starting 0 started
outlh anging out with older skateboarders and do
tricks when he was just five. His moves 8) were! were 10 We were both busy. Sam was cooking while
being just as good or even better than th e older kids: I,
A had cleaned C would clean
At the age of seven, he 9) used to skate!was skating
8 was clea ning o had been cleaning
every day on his mini -ramp in his back garden. As
soon as he 10) was being/was old enough, his mum 11 The snow ........ all night and in t he morn ing
11) tooklwas taking him to sk ateboa rding events. everything was white.
Between 1999 and 2002 he 12) was entering/ A was fa llen C had been falling
entered many competitions and then in 2003 he B was fa lling o would fall
13) was turning/turned pro. Th rougho ut his teens he
14) used to win/won many championships and
medals.
199

I
 U Past Tenses
4 Read the news report and fill in 6 Choose the correct item.
the gaps with the past forms of
the verbs in brackets.

The summer heat 1) A since early June. As newcomers to

Greece, we had heard of the intense summer temperatures,
but we had never imagined it would be so bad. Back home,
Coincidence or trick of fate?
in Bristol, our summers were warm and sunny. but the
When Charles McManus. 30, 1) walked (walk) into his
temperature rarely went above the mid-twenties. We had
home on the evening of 19 February. 2010, he
2) ................................. (not/expect) to find the man moved to Crete to enjoy the climate. but after a week of
he 3) ................................. (just/rob) standing in his suffering , we 2) ....... that the heat 3) ....... unbearable.
living room talking on the phone. That was when Tom and I decided to buy a ceiling fan. We
According to the victim, David Zar, he 4) .................... . went into the town and after hours of looking. we 4) .......
.......................... (make) a delivery for Domino's Pizza across a beautiful wooden fan which we bought on the
at around 10:00pm when Mc Manus and another man spot. The shop assistant offered to send an electrician to
5) ..................................... (approach) him. McManus
install it, but my husband refused. You see , he 5) ....... for
6) ....................................................... (hold) a kn ife
an electrician doing odd Jobs when he was a student
and 7) .......................................... (demand) that he
years ago, so he believed he could do it himself.
hand over the food, his mobile phone and the money he
8) ....................................... (make) earlier that night. As soon as we got home, Tom 6) ....... working on the fan
They 9) .............................. (also/ t ake) his motorbike and I went 10 the kitchen to prepare dinner. I had just put
keys and his motorbike before they drove away. the food on the table when he called me. We looked up
After the first ShOck, David Zar 10) ............................ . and saw that the fan 7) ....... overhead and blowing cool
(walk) as fast as he cou ld till he 11) .......................... . air into the bedroom . We sat down to eat, but a few
(see) a house with a light. He 12) .............................. . minutes later we heard a terrible noise. We rushed into
(explain) to the lady who 13) ....................... (answer)
the bedroom and saw that the fan 8) ....... onto the floor.
the door what 14) ...................................... (happen)
My poor husband 9) ....... as wh ite as a sheet.
and 15) ...................... (ask) to use her phOne to call
the police. At the time, he 16) .................................. .. When we 10) ....... from the Shock , we picked up Ihe
(not/know) it, but he 11) ...................................... .. pieces and Tom promised me that we could go back and
(call) from the McManus household after Mc Manus's get another one. We went the next day and th is time we
mother let him inl agreed to have an electrician come and install itl
Charles McManus is out on bail and awaiting trial.
lA had started C were starting
B start D use to start
5 Circle the correct item, as in the example .
2 A were rea lising C had been realising
1 By t he time we got to the theatre. the play had started . B had realised D real ised
a First we got to t he theat re. Then. the play started. 3 A became C had become
(b) First the play started . Then, we got to the theatre. B had been becom ing D used to become
2 Bob was playing football when he sprai ned his ankle. 4 A were coming C had come
a Bob sprained his ankle before he start ed playing B came D had been com ing
footba ll. 5 A would be work ing C would work
b Bob started playing foot bal l before he spra ined B used to work D was worki ng
his ankle. 6 A had started C st arted
3 Sue had been d igging in t he garden before she B was starting D had been starting
st opped for lunch . 7 A had been worki ng C worked
a Sue was d igging in t he garde n. Then, she B was working D had worked
stopped for lunch 8 A had crashed C had been crashi ng
b Sue had lunch before she started digging in t he B was crash ing D crash
garden. 9 A was goi ng C had been goi ng
4 Jimmy had breakfast and then went to school. B went D used to go
a Jimmy had brea kfast at school.
10 A were recoveri ng C wou ld recover
b Jimmy had brea kfast at home. B ha d recovered D had been recovering
200
 Past Tenses fJ
7 Complete the gaps with the correct form of the 8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
verbs in brackets. Use the past simple, past meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous or in bold.
wauld. , Tony was playrng the drums and Sandy was reading.
WHILE Sandy was reading whi P Tony was
A playl 9 the drums.
pensioner's 2 How long has it been since you finished school?

puzzle DID When .................................. .

...... school?
3 Jo hasn't visited me for three weeks.
Jack Harris is a pensioner WIth a passion for puzzles. In WAS The last time Jo " .... " ............ "."."
2002 his daughter-in-law 1) (give) him the biggest ............... three weeks ago
Jigsaw she could find; It had 5,000 pieces. Jack's family 4 It was years since Chris had been sailtng.
had always given him a large Jigsaw puzzle for Christmas NOT Chns .................. " ..
each year and he and his w ife 2) ...... " .. ... .... ... " " ..... .. ................ .. ... sailing for years.
(work) on it together. But his daughter-In-Iaw's puzzle 5 I didn't turn off the computer until after the game
was the biggest jigsaw of all. had uploaded .
Jack and his wife 3) . ....... " ........................ .. (try) BEFORE I had uploaded the game.
to fit together the 5,000 pieces for two years when, .............................. the computer
sadly, his wife 4) .... ................. .... (die) in 6 He was hot and tired from diggrng In the garden
2004 Without her help, he S) ................ . all day.
(continue) the project slowly. By May 2010, Jack Harris BEEN He .... " ........................... " ........ .
6) .......................................... (complete) the huge ............... . in the garden all day;
Jigsaw puzzle It 7) ................... (take) that's why he was hot and t!fed
him over seven years to piece It together. The picture 7 When did you move house?
8) ................................... .... (be) of a 19th century oil AGO How ................................. ..
painting by James Tissot called The Return of the Prodigal ......... you move house?
Son However, the puzzle 9) ...... ... . (have) a 8 She started working as soon as he left.
little hole In the middle because a piece UNTIL She .................................. .
10) .... ,................................. (mi~)1 ............................... he had left.
Jack 11) (look) everywhere in hiS 9 How long has it been since they moved to Italy?
house In Shepton Mallet, England for the missing piece, 010 When ............................ ..
but he couldn' t find it anY""here. His family even to Italy?
12) ...................... (contact) Falcon Games to ask for 10 They didn't go to bed until the film on TV had
a replacement piece, but they 13) ..... .. ................ .. finished.
(not/have) one. However, after hearing the story, the WHEN They ............... .......... .
company's managing director 14) .... . ............... .. . .... the film on TV finished.
(instruct) a team of designers to make a piece especially 11 I haven 't been to the gym for a week.
for Jack's puzzle . WENT The last ....................................... .
A few weeks later, the little piece 15) .... .. .............. .. .. ....... to the gym was a week ago.
(arrive) and Jack was able to place it into position Jack 12 He has been learning Dutch for SIX months
16) . .. ...... ..... .... (feel) very satisfied, Just STARTED He ........................................ " ... ..
like he had always felt after he and his Wife ......... ago.
17) ... ... .................. ........... (complete) the other 13 On bis way home, Roger met an old friend.
Jigsaw puzzles. Falcon Games were very generous and WALKING Roger ................................ .
18) .. ........... ..... . (give) Jack plenty of other puzzles to .... he met an old friend.
complete, so he could continue to enjoy his favourite 14 They started cleaning after all the guests had left.
pastime. UNTIL They ..................... .
.. ............. all the guests had left.

201
 IJ Future Tenses
Future Simple
We use the future simple (will + ba re infinitive) for:
• decisions made at the moment of speak ing.
This the T- hm J wont! 1'/1 buy I!
• predictions about the future, based on what we
think, believe or imagine, using the verbs think,
believe, expect, etc; the expressions besure, be afraid,
etc; and the adverbs probably, certainly, perhaps, etc.
In tn! ul He peoall will probably live I 1, r:. 01 rJ
• promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and
offers. Wlllyl open rh
j I 'H
• actions, events and situations which wil l definitely
happen in the future and which we can't control.
I'IIbe'[sn Kt' e
Be going to
We use be going to for:
• plans, intentions or ambitions for the future.
rE ( la is going to /1 lYel all 'I) md the \I or d
• actions we have already decided to do. I'm going to
,Irire to my pf'1I f(l nd m ~r Wt
• predictions when there is evidence that something will
happen. f' 'IS drivil 9 re I fQ ,r. Hf''s going to [ n
The time expressions we use with the fut ure simple
and be going to are: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow,
tonight, soon, next weeklmonrhlyear!summer. ere, In a
week/month, erc.
Future Continuous
We use the future continuous (wlll be + main verb + -Ing):
• for act ions which will be in progress at a stated
future time . This rim npJ( 1'1 ek we'll be lying 0'1 [
beach 11 HOI 11
• for actions wh ich will definitely happen in the future
as the result of a routine or arrangement.
Christina will be waiting for u~ 01 rh atrf 0/ O'[I()( I
• when we ask politely about someone's plans for
the near future . Will you be going our roday: "Ye
why? ·Cany( utakerh lecc, rrochepo,coP pleOlI'
Future Perfect
We use the future perfect (will have + past partici ple)
for actions that will have finished before a stated time in
the future. By ur w'willhavefinishedrhl E, glishcour.
The t ime expressions w e use with t he future
perfect are : before, by, by then, by the time, unril/till
(on ly in sentences).
Wil l can be used to express a situation we are
confident about in the present or the past.
Someone~ or rhe door. Ye thac'lI be my brother.
(simp le future) "It's leven o'clork Thei plane will
by now. (future perfect)
202
l
Future
We use the future perfect continuous (will have been +
main verb + -Ing) to emphasise the duration of an action
up to a certain time in the future. The future perfect
continuous is used with: by ... for. By rh end 0 tf man h,
Fiona will have been working h re for rwo y 'an
Time clauses when talking about the future:
When we use words and expressions such as while,
before, after, untl/hlll, as, when , whenever, on,e, as soon
as, os long os, by the time, etc to introduce time
clauses, we use the present simple or present perfect,
NOT future forms, W ~ 1 t "0
arrivf (NOT: .. , be,€Qr:e ri:!egb/em will gulll6.)
We also use the present simple and present perfect,
NOT future forms, after words and expressions such as
unles5, If, suppose/supposIng, In case, etc. I(e
'Cl inca' Itrains (NOT: ... !n~e!rwml'Qln.)
• We use future forms with:
- when when it is used as a questian word.
When willl.f> leave! (Compare: Sh ,'/1 me us in
C(lwn when ~f 'finishesl'1orl (time word)
-If!whether after expressions which show
uncertainty/ ignorance etc, such as I don't
know, I doubt, I wonder, I'm not sure, etc. I
lubt whether I will get rhl'job.
• We use the present simple to refer ta
timetableslprogrammes. Th plane leaves or :00.
• We use the present continuous far fixed
arrangements In the nea r future . I'm having
o party of rh 'W P.11.:1.
Wil/lWon 't - Shall
We use:
• Will you ,.. 7 to give an order or make a request. Will
you help m! plea P/rase help m
• won't to express unwillingness or an emphatic refusal,
even when the subject is not a person. To won't listen
tomyow, Hp rerv5e r listen.)Mycarr luterwon't5tart.
We use wouldn 't to refer to the past. asked mybrothe
t( h Ipn wm t 1/1 W rkbuth wouldn't r Hewa~
unwl 19rah I,,, )
• Shall//we ... 7
a) to make an offer (instead of w/lfJ. Shall I do the
'lashing-up Doyouw1ntml rodorh r'oshin( up?)
b) to make a suggestion (instead of wllfJ. Shall we go
sHng th;~ WI I(end? Why don't we go (/(iin (his
~'e 'nd?
c) to ask for suggestions or instructions.
"Whe 'shall I pur your book ·On my desk
'Wt lr shall we 1fa tonight, 'WI could go to Cl re icauronr. ·

1 Match column A to column B, as in the example.
[!]Q] Jane is going to be a photograp her.
[!I] I'm sure Larry will call us before the
night is over.
IT[] He w ill be thirty soon.
[![] By the end of June, we will have
been living in this house for 20 years.
[!IJ Will you be going to the supermarket
today? Ca n I come with you?
[!IJ It's too loud. I'll turn it down.
[2IJ Th is time tomorrow, she will be
sitting her exams.
[!IJ Patty will have comp leted her course
by the end of this year.
[!IJ The ship sails at 10 o'clock.
[!2[J We're having a dinner for friends this
weekend.
2 Choose the correct Item.
I am taking/take the 4 o'clock
train to Bristol tomorrow.
2 This time tomorrow, I will be hiking!
will hike in the Lake District.
3 Jeff will have though t/t hinks of a
solution by the time we see him.
4 They can't say exactly when, but
they w ill have been finishing/will
have finished the job by Thursday.
S By August, they are working/will
have been working on the new
road for two years.
6 Liam w on 't have been writing/
won't have written his report until
after lunch.
7 Chris thinks she wi ll be earning/will
have earned more money soon,
e Do you gollNill you be going to the
supermarket later? Could you pick
up some rice for dinner, please?
9 Beth and I watch/will be watching
a film this evening.
10 We're having/have a party at the
weekend. Come along I
'1 I wonder if he will tal k/tal ks to me
again,
12 The footbal l match starts/will be
starting at 10 o'clock.
Future Tenses
A for an action which will be in progress at a stated future time
B for timetables/programmes
C for actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in
the future and which we cannot control
D for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the future
E when we ask politely about somebody's plans for the near future
(what we want to know is if our wishes fit in with their plans)
F to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time
in the future
G for fixed arrangements in the near fut ure
H for an action which will have been completed by a certain
time in the future
for predictions about the future usually with the verbs think,
believe, expect, etc; the expressions be sure, be afraid, etc; and
the adverbs probably, perhaps, certainly, etc
for on-the-spot decisions
3 Write a word or short phrase In each gap.
This June, 1'111) t finishing my studies In college.
By the time I'm ready to go back home, I'll
2) .......................... living he.. In Toronto for 5
years. I can't wait to come back to all the comforts
of home again, but I'm sure I 3) ......................... .
miss college life a lot As soon as I retum home, my
fnends 4) .......................... probably throw a party
for me. I 5) .......................... looking forward to It.
4 Complete the exchanges with the correct form of the verbs in
brackets to express the fut ure.
1 A: Can you come skating this evening?
B: Unfortunately not. I b 'It (work) until 10 o'clock
tonight .
2 A: Have you finished all the arrangements?
B: Not yet, but I .... ... .............. ,....... .,..................... (finish)
everyth ing by the weekend .
3 A: How long have they been livin g in Italy?
B: By the end of th is year, they ........................................ (live)
there for exactly ten years.
4 A: Karl is really late. Maybe he missed the train.
B: Oh no! By the time he ............................................ (arrive),
the film ., .................................... (start).
5 A: Hurry up, Suel We'll miss the flight I
B: Don't worry. The plane .......... " .... " ... (leave) in three hours.
6 A: Now that you have a job in Manchester, ........... ... .. ............. .
(you/move) there?
B: Of coursel I ............. ..................................... (start) looking
for a flat immediately.
203
 Future Tenses

5 Circle the correct item. 6 Com plete the gaps using the appropriate future

.. .
• of the verbs in brackets.
'J
•••
A: Why are you peeling so many apples 7
B: I ... ... an apple pie.
. .,
.,: ~

' ::~ ~ .
....."_:,~.,.,..,,'
'
n
"'~. .'
' .'
'.

®
A going to make
'm going to make
C '11have made
D make ., .....'.:c
; '
,
~. . .';.1,.
~~".};J.JJ
. . ~,'.. '. .' ." ..... .; . ~
'"
~'/A'~_":G-
~ a.~,' ~
., ' I " ·r.,..,,,
,., -~.. ...•
,# ..

6 .... f '.\".''
.. 'l" . ' "\
, . _;..f.t :·
2 A: I can't open this jar! .... A!--~- ."-' . ,'"
• ... . _ .
; ". .~.: .:1-;.. ..1:.:',~
-
.... .". • • • l- ..-.' '''~~
~r
B: I ...... It.
A 'm going to do
B '1 1have been doing
C '1 1be doing
D '1 1do
1) Are y( ,J ~lcinf1
"..
.'-',
- ':"
'

(you/ rook) for an exciting way to

;
:... .

3 A: Do you think we ... .. all these leafiets by 5 spend. the holidays? The c ity of Both 2) ..... ............... ..
o'clock today? (hold) Its Christmas Market between 25 November and
B I hope SQ. 12 December. The organisers 3) ... ................... .
A will be del ivering (transform) the city into 0 Christmas shopper's p~;~~;~~
B will have delivered by then. 129 traditional WOOden chalets full of .
gift ideas 4 unique
C wi ll have been delivering . ) ................................... (line) the streets.
D are delivering Along With our coral singers and c hildren's entertainers
there 5) .............................. (be) three performance
4 A: What are you doing tonight?
stages se l up around the market to add to the festive
B: I think I .. .. " a DVD . atmosphere.
A am renting C '1 1have rent
B '11 rent D going to rent

5 A: Do you want to join us for dinner tonight?

B: I can't. I ... . my nephew. [!] This year we 1) ...................................... (have) the
A will have babysat C am babysltting Friendly-Community workshop at the Sheraton
B going to babysit D babysit Hotel from 20 to 22 November. We hope that all
6 A: You'll miss the train unless you leave now. participants 2) ...................................... (register) to
B: Don't worry. It .... .. every 20 minutes, I have attend before 5 November. For a change this yenr,
plenty of time . fees 3) .................................... (include) all workshops
A will be coming C is going to come and meals. When you 4) ................................... (visit)
B wil l have come D comes our registration site on li nc, you 5) ............................. ..
(have) the opportunity to choose how you want to
7 A: W ill you visit your aunt while you ... ... there? pay. Once you have completed your form and
B Yes, I think I'll have time to drop by. clicked on submit, you 6) .................................... ..
A w ill have been C wi ll be (receive) an emailto confirm your registration.
B are to be D are

8 A: Any plans for the weekend?

B: Yes, I ...... bungee jumping with my friends , Heale's one·day sale 1) .......... .. .................... (begin)
A am going C will have gone this Friday. Our doors 2) ................................. ~open)
B wil l have been going D go at 8 am sharp and dose at 10 pm. To aVOid any
confusion. we 3) ...... ................................ (have)
9 A: Has lsabella left?
extra staff on ca\! to assist you in every department.
B: No. She ..... until late this afternoon.
You 4) .... ...... .............. (be able to) find great
A is going to leave
bargains on items ranging from kitchenware to our
B isn't leaving
·h modem fumiture. We
I
C won't have been leaving ~. (also/announce)
D wi ll leave :~e·~~·~;~~~~~~·~·~·~~·~·~~~~~··~h~ ·d~~. so stick around.
We are sure that you 6) ... . .. ................ ..
(find) what you are looking for.
204
 Future Tenses D
7 Choose t he correct item . 8 Complete each senten ce so that it has a simi lar
mean ing to the first sentence. Include the word
in bold.
Dear Sally,
You won' t believe where I 1) D next month. This 1 Jake has arranged to go to the cinema tonight .
time next month I 2) ... to southern california GOING Jake is going to rhecinema tonight.
for a one-month student exchange trip. By the 2 Victoria plans to be away from school tomorrow.
time I get to California, I 3) .. .. ... for 11 hours, NOT Victoria .
but I have a feeling I 4) ....... bored on the plane .... ...... .... at school tomorrow.
with all the great films they show. 3 She promises to visit her friends on Saturday.
I 5) ... .... f orward to meeting my host fam ily. Will She promises ..................... .
16) ....... at their home in 5herm an Oaks which is .. .... ...... ...... friends on Saturday.
not f ar fr om the beach. so, I 7) ....... my 4 The Browns plan to have a barbecue on Sunday.
aftern oons either swimming, snorkelling or GOING The Browns ... .. ...
surfing. The boys go to a nearby state school, ........... " .. a barbecue on Sunday.
whic h I 8) ....... during my time there. By the end S She refuses to lend me her CD player.
Of the month, I 9) ....... many of their theme NOT She says she ..... " ........ " .. " .. " ... "
parks, museums and aqua parks. 110) ....... on .. " .. " ............. me her CD player.
visiting Disneyland and universal studios. 6 I promise I will be on time for the meeting tomorrow.
Anyway, I certainly don't know what it'll be like NOT I promise I ....... " ..... ... ....... "
until I get there. So, I promise to write to you late for the meeting tomorrow.
then. 7 The horse race takes place tomorrow.
Bye fo r now, IS The horse race
Ann ............... place tomorrow.
S My Maths exam starts at 9 o'clock tomorrow
morning.
1 A go ( will have been gOing TAKING At 9 :30 tomorrow morning,
B wi ll have gone D am going
my Maths exam .
2 A will fly C wil l be flying
9 I'll finish doing my homework and then I'll watch N .
B will have flown D will have
SOON I'll watch TV .......... .
3 A will travel C will be travelling .............. ". doing my homework,
B will have been travelling D will be 10 I'll post the letters before lunchtime.
4 A won't be ( am not being HAVE By lunchtime, ...... .. " .. ... .... " .... "
B won't have been D am not ............ .. .... " ....... the letters.
11 She'll start doing the housework when her son
5 A will look C am looking leaves for school.
B will have been looking D going to look
AS She'll start doing the housework as
6 A will be staying C going to stay
B will have stayed D stay ................... .. ... for school.
7 A spend C will be spend ing 12 My intention IS to study Art in Florence.
B will have spent D going to spend AM I .. " .... .......... ........ ..... .. ..... " .. .
.... Art in Florence.
8 A attend C will be attending ' 3 They expect him to finish the project within a week .
B will have attended D will have been Will They expect that he ............... .
9 A will have been visiting ( will have visited .................... ....... within a week.
B visit D am visiting 14 Tony plans to graduate next year.
GOIN G Tony ............................. .
10 A will also plan C also going to plan
B will also have planned . ... .. ............. next year.
D am also planning

205
 a Infinitive/-ing form
The Infinitive is the basic form of all verbs. There are two types of infinitives:
a) to infinitive (infinitive with to). Sh want to become a ~ientisr.
b) bare Infinitive (infinit ive without to). Sh."llsrudyCh 'mi5try.
The -Ing form is the form of the verb that ends in -Ing . walking, driving. helping

Tenses of the Infinitive

The infinitive has four tenses in the active and two in the passive.

Active
• The present Infinitive refers to the present or future, Iho~ !'toseeyou tCl'TIorrow.
• The present continuous Infinitive expresses an action happening now.
Hp appean to be suffering ('I 1 0 cold.
• The perfect Infinitive is used to show that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb.
It is used with verbs such as: seem , appear, believe, know, cia/m , expect and modal verbs.
He claims to have won thp lottery.
• The perfect continuous Infinitive is used to emphasise the duration of the action of the infinitive, which
happened before the action of the main verb. Shl SI m' to have been working very hard. All the work is finished.

Passive
• present infinitive: (to) be + past participle IOn hop . to be chosen for class president.
• perfect infinitive: (to) have been + past participle SUI app on to have been seen breaking into the house,

Forms of the Infinitive corresponding to verb tenses

• Present Simple/Future Simple - Present Infinitive
he work Ihe will work - 'to'~, Irk
• Present Continuous/ Future Contin uous - Present Continuous Infinitive
he IS working/he will be WI )fking - (to) bt working
• Past Simple/Present Perfect/Past Perfect/Future Perfect - Perfect Infinitive
he worked/he has worked/t had worked/he will have worked - (to) have worked
• Past Cont.!Present Perfect Cont.!Past Perfect Cont.!Future Perfect Cont. - Perfect Cont. Infinitive
he wo' working/h ha} t .en v. orking. n h , d bt:!:'n v. )!king/he will havf been working - (to) have been working

Tenses of the ~;ng form

The simple -/ng form refers to the present or future ,

Stealing is wrong.
The perfect -/ng form shows that the action of the -/ng form happened before t he action of the verb.
He admitted having lied to h, wife
We can use the simple -/ng form instead of the perfect -/ng form with no difference in meaning.
He denied having srolen/stealing rhl' in Iportant documl nts.

206
 Infinitive/-ing form 11
-;ng
The to Infinitive is used: The -Ing form is used:
• to express purpose. • asanoun. EatinglnO(lQtc mrgcodforyc If, rn
I' If t; to buy • after certain verbs : admit, appreciate, avoid, contInue,
• after certain verbs (agree, appear, decIde, expect, deny, fancy, go (for activities), ImagIne, mInd, miss,
hope, plan, promIse, refuse, etc). quit, save, suggest. practise, conslder,prtvMt.
df' ~to 11 ~ tedw I/~ fj(

• after would like, would prefer. would love. etc to • after love, like, enjoy, prefer, dIslike. hate to express
express a specific preference. general preference. Ig
et gal SUT for a specific preference (would IIke/Would
• after adjectives which describe feelings/emotions prefer/ would love) we use a to Infinitive. 'd lovf.
(happy, sad. glad, etc); express willingness/ togo, ,t lYf/

unwillingness (willing, tagtr, rtluctant, etc); refer to • after expressions such as be busy, It's no use, It's (no)
a person's character (cltvtr, kind, etc) and the good, ft's (not) worth , what's the use of. can't help,
adjectives/ucky and fortunate . there's no paInt In, can't stand, have difficulty (In).
gl dtob4 e:/I I t have trouble, etc. ell n p rr amp aIr 1(1
11' ate I hOI fOI j,
Note: With adjectives that refer to character we • after spend, waste or lose (tIme, money, etc).
can also use an impersonal structure. ,s dr2' g
It ..as kind ofy IU to mvite • after the preposition to with verbs and expressions
• after too/enough . such as look forward ta, be/get used ta, In additIon
too IV to work Sh It enough to run 11 ta, object to, prefer (doing sth to sth else).
l(loking forward ro spending I' 1 11

• to talk about an unexpected event, usually with only.

Ilyl dl • after other prepositions.
• with It + be + adjective/noun. 11 III toe I n
• after the verbs hear. listen to, notice. see. watch
• after be + nrst/stcondlnextllost etc. and feel to describe an incomplete action.
th /r.st po , tr .d l Ifehea, ing
• after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, (I only watched part of the rehearsal.)
explaIn, dtclde, find out, want, want to know, etc, BUT we use the infinitive without to with hear,
when they are followed by a question word. listen to, notice, see, watch and feel to describe the
explain howto in ,tall complete action. watched' . reheane I
Note: why is followed by subject + verb, NOT an (I watched the whole rehearsal.)
infinitive. whl' Fr 11
• in the expressions to ttllyou tht truth, to be honest, Remember.
to sum up, to begin wfth. etc.
• Help can be followed by either the to
'0 et f/ y( u the truth
... ........................................... ................. .. .... ...................... .. ..
~
infinitive or the Infinitive without to .
The Infinitive without to Is used: helped J '(to) writE l(

• after modal verbs. 8 I can repair 'I y • If two to Infinitives are linked by and or or,
• after the verbs let, make, ste, hear and feef. the to of the second Infinitive can be omitted.
rh 'madE work to stay I revis
BUT we use the to Infinitive after be made, be

.
heard, bf sun, etc. (passive form).
"
ml

Note: When see, hear and watch are followed by

• If a verb is followed by a preposition. the
preposition will appear at the end of the
sentence.
an -Ing form, there is no change in the passive. to ... t:
awm hieing • We can use to in order to avoid repeating
I ~as se. 'n hiding I a verb clause.
• after had better and would rather . v r eat n u5h, tJIII/ die to.
\' had better take n I llJ JfI

• In the expressions used to and be supposed to.

use rIght

207
 -
Infinitive/-ing form

The subject of the infinitive :

• is om itted when it IS the same as the subject of the main verb. They wont to go ro N 'W lealand. (The subject of the
main verb (wont) and the infinitive (go) is the same (they).)
• is not omitted when it is different from the subject of the main verb. The subject of the infinitive comes before the
infinitive and can be an object pronoun (me, you, them , etc), a name (Carhy) or a noun (the man), He wants her ro
dean up rh 'p (The subject of the main verb (want) is he, whereas the subject of the infinitive (clean up) is her.)
The subject of the -;ng form can be an object pronoun, a possessive adjective, a name or a possessive case
when It IS different from the subject of the main verb himlhislSamlSam's I', Cl"l ';1

Verbs taking either the to infinitive or the -ing form with a change of meaning
• forget + to infinitive = (not) remember - HI forgot to lock hi, cor.
forget + -ing form = not recali- She'll never forget meeting the President.
• remember + to infinitive = not forget - I hn(X' you remember to bring your lennis racquet with you.
remember + -ing form = recall - I remember telling you about h ,c iden' IOlt mght.
• mean + to infinitive = intend to - meant to call h r mgr b I f(
mean + -;ng form = Involve - M n .'J('~w rmeontroveJling le. ym
• regret + to infinitive = be sorry to (normally used in the present Simple with verbs such as soy, reft, inform)
We regret to inform y( tJ thoc yl' (I gh h Jyl 1.
regret + -Ing form = feel sorry about - 'regret not going I f'lh
• try + to infinitive = do one's best, attempt - He mtJl/ try to organise hiS lime
try + -ing form = do something as an experiment - You should try taking jomt." vltamrns
• stop + to infinitive = stop briefly to do something else - He stopped to buy sOlne bottenes for IllS MP4 ployt:r.
stop + -ing form = finish, give up - We must stop wasting oureorth'S natural resou((f'

1 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the infinitive. 2 Rephrase the following sentences,
as in the example.
A: Have you talked to them?
B: No. They refuse to tolk (talk) about It. 1 You must finish all the exercises.
I want you 10 finish all the exerciH .
2 A: Do you like London?
2 We mustn't make a lot of noise .
B: Yes, we are happy .... ... ..... (live) here .
They don't want .... ..................... .
3 A. Have you finished the report? 3 Sam has to wash the dishes
B: Not yet. Mr James expects it (finish) by Mary wants .......................... .
Friday. 4 It shouldn't be too close to the fire
4 A: You Will miss him, won't you? We don't want ........................... .
B: Yes, but he promised . .... ......... (write) every day.
5 A: You must ... .. ........................ (wait) a long time. I'm so sorry 5 The students must put all the books
I'm late! back on the shelf.
B: Don't worry, I read the newspaper while I was waiting . Mr Brown wants ............... .
6 A. Have you heard from your COUSins?
6 Dad has to paint the house.
B: Yes. They seem ........... . .. (have) a good time in Jamaica
Mum wants ............................... .
at the moment.
7 A: I'm glad ............ .. .... ... ....... (see) you .
7 Harry performed in the school play.
B: It's been a long time, hasn't it?
I will always remember that.
8 A: Wow, that was an amazing performance! I will always remember .... .... ........ .
B: Yes . The audience seemed . ............. (enjoy) it immensely I
9 A: The air conditioner is working aga in . 8 It's my turn to do the washing-up .
B: Yes, it appears ............... ... .. ... .. ..... (fix). Mum insists.
10 A : Is Peter stili painting the house? Mum insists on .. ...
B: No. He seemed ..................... ... .. .. .. (finish) the work when I
208
 Infinitivel-ing form a
3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct 5 Choose the correct item.
infinitive or -ing form .
1 Our company is fortunate ..... some of the best
There used to be (be) a huge wall that divided employees on staff.
East and West Berlin . A having ©
to have
2 Please remind Peter .................. (give) back my B have D to have had
dict ionary.
2 He worked all day without ... ... for a lunch break.
3 As soon as I have finished .. ... .. .. ......... (type) up
A stopping C stop
my essay, you ca n use the computer.
B to stop D to be stopping
4 Do you feel like .......... (invite) a couple of
friends for dinner?
3 She admitted to .. .... the money.
A steal C have sto len
5 Nick refused ................. (work) on Sundays.
6 They aren't used to ..... .... .... (walk) long
B be stealing D having stolen
distances, so they're very tired . 4 A: Hey. what happened to Carroll?
7 I am not interested in ................... (watch) films B: OK . I'll te ll you as long as you promise ...... it a
with violence . secret.
8 My doctor strong ly advised me ................. .. A keeping C to be keeping
(take up) exercising . B to keep D keep
9 My mum makes me ................... (tidy) my room 5 A : What are your plans once you fini sh school?
every weekend . 8: Well, first I'd like ...... through Europe for
10 It took me several weeks to get used to maybe a month or two .
.................... (drive) on the left side of the road . A travelling C travel
11 We were pleased ,................. (see) our friend s 8 to travel D to have travelled
after th e summer holidays. 6 Megan would rather ...... on a beach now instead
12 Are you getting used to ............... (work) shi ft s? of having to type letters.
13 Let me .................... (do) the exercise by myself A lying C to have li ed
now, Todd . B to lie D be lying
14 I feel strange having my own room because I
7 A: Would you like to go to the cinema with me
used to .................... (share) a room with my
ton ight?
sister.
8: Actually, I'd rather ..... at home. I don't feel well.
4 Choose the correct item. A to stay C staying
B have stayed o stay
1 We forgot to pack/packing a blanket to sit on at 8 A: How did the job interview go?
the picnic. B: It went well. I'm hoping ...... from them soon.
2 Paul wi ll never forget meeting/to meet his aunt A hearing C having heard
for the first time. 8 to hear D hear
3 We regret informing/to inform you that you have
9 In addition to . . a new gym, the company plans
failed your exams.
to expand the canteen as well .
4 Pam regrets moving/to move to the countryside.
A building C have built
S Sorry, I didn't mean to upset/upsetting you .
B to build D build
6 I won't apply for the job if it means working/to
work at the weekend. 10 A: I can't go to the pool today, Ann. I feel so tired.
7 Why don't you try to take/taking some vitamins? B: Take some rest t hen. I don't mind ...... on my
own.
8 He tried to climb/climbing the mountain, but it
was impossible because of the weather conditions. A go C to have gone
9 Let's stop eating/to eat something . I'm hungry. B to be going D going
10 We must stop polluting/to pollute the 11 Sharon appears ..... on her essay for hours.
environment . A working
11 Did you remember to pay/paying the bills? B to work
12 I remember to tell/telling him to turn off the lights. C to have been working
D work
209
 a Infinitivel-ing form
6 Choose the correct item.
Polar bears appear 1) from brown bears over 200,000 years
ago. DUring a cooling period, they were slowly surrounded b~
ice only 2) ...... themselves trapped in the c~ld north, As ,t
wasn't easy 3) ..... .. in their new frozen envlfonm,ent. they
went through a quick evolution. 4) ...... , with, they
developed white-yellow fur that made them 5) ....... Into the
landscape. They also grew catlike cla\NS 6) ....... (at~h their
prey in the water, Polar bears can 7) " ..... long distances
8) ....... food, However, as sea ice melts because of global
warming, it IS becoming difficult for them 9) ..... around .
They now have to spend more time 10) "''' '', for food and
sometimes they even 11) ....... into contact with humans ~s
they do so. Scientists expect 12) ....... mor~ of. thiS
happening. They also predict that the .polar bear IS unlikely
13) ....... extinction if this continues.
Too/Enough
• Too has a negative meaning and shows that something
is more than enough or necessary. It appears before
adjectives or adverbs and is followed by a ful l infinitive.
This exercise is too difficull (or the studenls to solve.
(NOT: ... to solve it)
• Enough has a positive meaning and shows that there
is as much of something as is wanted or needed. It
appears before nouns but after adjectives or adverbs
and is followed by a full infinitive. There arf. enough
leaflets to give oullO everyone. She IS experienced enough
to lead Ihe group. •
( Remember!')
Enough also appears in negative sentences to show
that more of something is wanted or needed.
I don't have enough apples 10 make an apple pi
(= I need more apples.)
It is never used before an adjective. Instead we use
~ ite or foirly. She's quire active.

7 Answer the questions using too or enough. as in

the example.
1 A evolving C to have evolved 1 Are you going to buy the latest smartphone?
B to evolve D evolve (money)
2 A finding C to finding Yes, /'VI got enough money to buy it.
B to find D find 2 Did you read the whole article? (long)
3 A surviving C to survive No, .. . .... .... ...... .
B to be surviving D survive 3 Can she become a model? (tall)
4 A To begin C To be beginning Yes, .....
B Beg inning D Begin 4 Old you like the oriental dish? (spicy)
5 A blend ing C to be blending No, .................................... .. ................... .
B to blend D blend 5 Can Timothy stay out late? (old)
Yes, .....
6 A being ab le to C to have been able to
6 Do you think he can win the song competition?
B to be able to D be able to
(talented)
7 A travelling C to be travelling
Yes, ..... .
B to travel D travel
7 Can Meagan reach the top shelf? (short)
8 A finding C to find No, .......................... .
B to have found D find 8 Do you think we can solve the Physics problem?
9 A moving C to have moved (clever)
B to move D move Yes,
10 A searching C to have searched 9 Can Jimmy drive? (young)
B to search D search No, ........................ .
11 A coming C to be coming 10 Can they go sailing? (windy)
B to come D come Yes, .. ........... .... .............. .. ............... .. ......... .
12 A seeing C to have seen 11 Are you going for a wa lk in the park today? (cold)
B to see o see No, ............................... ..... .... .. . .
12 Do you think he can win the race? (fast)
13 A to avoid C to have avoided
o avoid Yes,
B avoiding
210
 Infinitive/-ing form a
8 Fill in the gaps using the adjectives in brackets 10 Choose the correct item .
and too or enough.
Dear Sir I Madam.
1 Amanda stopped to talk/talking to Joe when she
I am writing to complain abou t the service I received at your
met him at the bus st op.
Southampton shop on May 18th, 2 Everyone in the class is looking forward to go/to
Firstly. your sales assistants were chatting and I had to wa it going on the excursion.
1) fOO ng (long) to get served. Moreover, they were very 3 The car needs to service/to be serviced on
rude. Not on ly did they rush me to decide on a jumper that Monday.
was 2) ...... ,............ (tight) for my li king, but they talked 4 I was not strong enough lift/ to lift the fi ling
back to me . They said that the Jumper was 3) .. cabinet on myown.
(la rg e) and that they didn't have 4) ... ........ (time) to S Harry found the students' silly behaviour
go into the backroom to look for romething sl ightly bigger annoyed/annoying,
To make things worse. It was 5) ... ......... (noisy) In 6 Mary was surprised/surpri sing that she won the
the shop The mUSIC was turned up far 6) competition.
(loud) I could hardly think, 7 We thanked our neighbour for water/watering
As you can Imagine, I am stili very upset. I expect a full our plants ,
refund as well as an explanation for the bad service I 8 John pretended to not hear/not to have heard
received. what I sa id
Yours faithfully, 9 I am too tired to take/taking the dog for a walk .
laura Danlels Could you do it for me, John?

Participles
11 Complete each sentence so that it has a si milar
• Present participles (verb + -ing) describe what meaning to the first se ntence. Include the word
someone or something is. I(citing in bold.
(How was the story? Exciting.) Could yOU open the window please?
• Past participles describe how somebody feels.
MIND Wouldyou nllfdopeningth'w1d
r, excited 0 1 ClI
please?
(How do they feel? Excited .)
2 I had difficu lty finding the address,
Remember!} DIFFI CULT I found

The participle and the rest of the sentence must ~ ............................... the address.
3 It's a pity we didn't book earlier.
refer to the same subject. I~ :.i q [
REGRET We ........................ .
Of lDLI 1/ m:la/ la
...... ,.... " ........... ,............. earlier,
(NOT: wbi'fi plgyir-~9 Q9QI+I8 'I" my 'OmplJf8~ " IOIJQ
I\e: .) 4 It was so noisy that I cou ldn't sleep.
TOO It was .
. .... .. .... sleep.
9 Fill in the correct participle. 5 It was a boring lecture.
BY The students.
L: Laura H: Henry .......................... ,,,. the lecture.
L: You must be so ') (thrill)! Studying at 6 It's no use talking to Greg. He won't change his mind,
Humboldt University is such a great opportun ity! POINT There's
And Berlin is such an 2) ................... (interest) city.
Greg. He won't change his mind.
H: True and there are so many 3) ....................... ..
7 Walking to school takes her half an hour,
(entertain) things to do! Berlin has 4) .. ............ .
TO It takes her ...
(excite) festivals and great nightlife. I'm sure I
............................. to school.
won't be 5) ...... .................. (bore).
S He'd rather play tennis than do athletics.
L: Henry. I'm startmg to get a bit 6) ............... .
PLAYING He prefers ..... ........... ..... ..
(worry). Don't forget the reason you're going
there - to study. . at hletics.
H: Of course! But that doesn't mean I can't have an 9 They can't wait to move to a bigger house.
7) .................. ....... (amaze) time too! FORWARD They are looking
.. ..... a bigger house.
211
 UModals

Present I Future
'can/can't drc , could/was able to draw whe, ~h' wo thret.
(He's able to/He isn't ab le to .. ) (past repeated action - ability in the past)

'is able to work qUi ~~ !Y. ,he was able to fl liSt: I (.(ie~ce pro}! ~l.
(managed to do - past single action)
They can't ski very well /-i coufdn'tlWasn'tabletore dwh nl vastvr'O.
(past repeated action)
rt 'Y couldn't/weren't able to olve the mvsrl~ry.
(past single action)
, can Ind rr oIuri 0 l' probl~ '11 (90% certain; it's
very possible)
It could n (50% certain; it's possible) i-" could have lost h If! (thankful ly he didn't)
/emayb ill. r he may have gone 11Il h fay.
(50% certain; it's possible that he's ill) (perhaps they did)

We might d" h VI' might have needed to fa If).

(40% certa in; perhaps we need some help) (perhaps we needed to)
It is likely that Mike , p, rh n. (It's possib le) It was likely 11 wlt/ld,l,?l Iheexom
(There was a possibility)
Mik· is likely If! pa5~ rh I (Mike will possibly pass) MII< 'was likely /0 p In xam
(It was possible but we don't know if he passed)
probabi lity p )b~ rt should, f1 '1 should have finished 1I port t
(90% certain; future only; it's probable) (He has probably finished)
rh yought fa \01" er JIOII le 11 '\I ought to have sent, le parcel bJ
(90% certain; they wil l probably win) (They have probably sent it by now)

logical ~ , must t r 'must have broken hi· g.

assumption (90% certain - I'm sure he is rich) (positive; I'm sure he has broken his leg)
y can't f ri 1. y'V! )1 r 'n up. [/ can't have 105/ QU' boo~ YOliri'ag
(negative; I'm sure they aren't tired) (negative; I'm sure you haven't lost it)
I 'couldn'tpo ltiyl o~ 11. Sh can flytJpioll It couldn't havt I ['avid IOU' 7\'1 HI In If(l, ,/.
(negative; I'm sure she isn't a pilot) (negative; I' m sure it wasn't him)

permission ~ •con/ore allowed to ad; mryrnr s W! could/were allowed to carry om; '{/' 0
(in formal; general permission) ga J rr In (general permission)
'r1 u can'tlarl' not allowed to b rin.] I Ill' or om s [ It was allowed to , I C, 'mg 1(:'

clos (informal; refusing permission) (permission for one particular action;

NOT: She wlJld go ... )
W! couldn't/vyeren't allowed to I et
Ip n 11. (no difference in mean ing)
Could JP I rh 'will( I r as (polite, asking for
permission; Would it be OK if I opened ... 7)
Might f:. <ly rt
I 1 rol
(more formal; asking for permission - Could I ..7)
y: Imayt) -:It.
(formal; giving permission; You are allowed to)
of d y( can't/mustn't wri ., p il. (informal;
refusing permission - You aren't allowed to)
v, ) may not foucl rh lib (formal; refusing
permission - It's forbidden - written notice)

212
 Modals D
Use Present I Future
necessity Imus (I'm obliged to, I say so)
~..,! to (I was obliged to)
(necessity coming from outside the speaker; he's
obliged to)
h, 9 )ter hodl
(informal; needs to) (She needed to)
Iv n, sp intinglneed5 to be painted. n, d! d pointing/to be painted
(it's necessary) (it was necessary)
. ,. '1ldon'rhovefoldon'fneedrolneedn't' 7\ didn't havl' toldidn't need to I rf:
If /rf (it isn't necessary - absence of necessity) (it wasn't necessary for him to pay and he
didn't - absence of necessity)
"4" dn 'r have broughr I ~
(it wasn't necessary for him to bring his laptop,
but he did)
advice Ih luld/DUgl tr .h 'dhovt Cl tohal Ira) d
(general advice; I advise you) (but you didn't)
hldb trer id "avl ~ n t, >ttf:t If you nt on
(advice on a specific situation; it is a good idea) (but you did)
Shl /, 01 rh 'le d the
for
CritiCIsm cauda d
houldl (but she Isn't) rj{'.ihov~ t. n (but she wasn't)
ought to j " ought to haw bo ·>n
(it's the to do) (it to do, but . doit)
obllgatlonl •must p ~ hnd to
duty (it's the law)
Neough r to uoporta rh wry. (it's the right thing to rt 'y ought to have b~ m n hi 'nfu!
do, but we don't do it) (it was the to didn't do it)
requests Canlu r:; (informal-Is it OK ",7)
Could l l ,1\

(polite - Would it be OK if I used .. ,7)

May 1 (formal- Could I , ,7)
Might I
(very formal - Is it possible that ... ?)
W 1/. ,)U
(very friendly) (Can you ", 7)
Would you mind
(polite) (Could you ... ))
offers I ~
1n (rnformal)
Shall/'WI (rnformal)
Would you like me 10
suggestions ~hall\o\e~... h In (Let's , .. )
IlWe can re ...lse for the t t C 0 Jy, rJ I

IIWe could QC , tt, r, <;h could 01 h lnl('

prohibition Yill) can't sp l~ or...,g t , am

(you aren't allowed to)
rv,muscn'c, m I! , [he b )ch. (it's forbidden)
'r1)U may nor eat ~

213
 UModals
• Be able to ca n be used for other tenses, too.
I've been able to play rh pillno sille
(present perfect)
• In quest io ns, we use con , could or might, but
not may. Couldtheyb onrlJ WO)
(NOT: A4":Y (lli)'~" OQ r/:lQ!' "'~! /.10q:ji1)
• Could and might are not used to give permission.
"Could I go hi Imf now.' ,..O:J con/may.
(NOT: 'IQ., )IQL' '-0' lid )
• We usually use be allowed to to ta lk about
pe rmission for one particular action in the
past . We were allowed to worl f()C}E
History projl'c/. (NOT: Wi ,,, .. IQ work t09itbi ( OQ
"~I( Hi,",,), pro}"" ,)
• We often use cauld to talk about permission in
the past In reported speech. )1) can/are allowed
to work together on your HI rory p the teacher
said. The teacher said w could )(1 (I get!
Historyproj :r.
• Had to is the past form of both must and have ro.
~h! must go to th! dentiSt' (nU( (present) had
to go to the demi~l~ ye ,Ierday (past)
• Must and have to have different meanings in
questions. Must I e It 011 my VI 'CIf" l (Do you
insist that I eat al l my vegetables?) Do I have to
eat all my vegetables" (Is it necessary for me to eat
all my vegetables?)
• Must is never used as an infinitive. In this case, we
use to have to. I'd hate fa have to m {rc r' Cl
(NOT: I'd hate ~ move (rom this ciry.)
J J
• We use shOUld/ought to t o give advice, but we
use must to give strong adVICe. Ynu should!
ought to go out more ofret' my (0, ld, to
(advice which mayor may not be followed)
"You must take vitamin C the doctor said to me,
(advice that is likely to be obeyed)
1 Identify the use of each verb in bold in the
sentence .
She doesn't have to fi ll out t he form. ab
necessity
2 They could have drowned.
3 I must go t o bed now.
4 We ought to inform her about the change in plans.
5 He might come lat er.
6 You had better apologise for what you did.
7 You should have called me.
8 That can't be Simon He's away on busi ness.
9 Ann had to wear a uniform when she was in school.
10 Were you able to reach t hem on t he phone?
214
2 Fill in the gaps with must, mustn't, can or needn't.
• Q5
"As you are new to our publishing company. I would t
like to tell you some of our rules. First of all, you 1) 'I
stay at your desk and avoid socia lising around your
floor. Of course, you 2) ... ................... speak with each
other, but only if it relates to work. You 3)
text or email your friends; that is not allOWed.
Whenever you enter or leave the buildi ng, you
4) ........ , SWipe your card and you 5) ,. ................ I
forget to inform the front desk If you are going to be
late or absent. Now. as fa r as supplies are concerned,
employees 6) ... ... .... .... .. buy anythi ng; we have a fu ll
supply section on the t hird floor. Also, If you need
supplies we don't have, you 7) . ,.. , ""''''" ....... ask the
secretary to order them for you ."
I(
Continuous & Simple forms with Modals
• Modal + be + ·ing expresses an act ion in progress
now. may b sleeping.
• Mod al + have been + ·ing expresses an action in
progress in the past . "" may have been working.
• Modal + have + past participle expresses a
comp lete action in t he past. Sht shouldn't have
shouted
3 Fill in : should, must, may, might, can't or could and
the appropriate form of the verbs.
~ J:JaSQn
L: I can't fi nd the report I was worki ng on last night.
I 1) I (leave) It in the car.
J: I don·t think so, I've just cleaned the car and I
didn 't find anything in there. It 2) ..................... ..
(still/lie) on your desk,
L: I thought I 3) " ................ " ... (leave) it t here, but it
wasn't there when I looked.
J: You 4) ........ ,""..... ,.. (put) it in you r bag as soon
as you finished, you know.
'nee 01 L: Thanks for t he advice I Well, that's what I thought I
did, I 5) ........... (think) of something else
when I got up to put it away. Now I don't know
where it is!
J: What about the gift bag we t ook over to Mary's
yesterday? You 6) (place) it in
there.
L: Oh my! What if I did ? I'm so abse nt -minded at
times , Mary 7) .................... (sleep) . I'l l call her
right away and as k her. How 8) .
(1/be) so ca reless?
4 Circle the correct item. 6 Choose the correct item .

He has been studying all night.

@)He must be tired.
B He can't be tired.
2 Oh nol My credit card isn't in my purse.
A I must have left it in the ATM.
Wor\dng
B I can't have left it in the ATM . towards a hea\thlelr
3 Everything is wet outside.
A It must have rained overnight. Breaking unhealthy eating hobits
B It can't have rained overn ight. Although b:ld eal ing habiL~ [If(; hard 10 break, it C:t 11 ~ donI..!. First of
4 There's a moving van outside the :l ll, you 1) 11 rid your fridge and cupboard.~ of all junk f(xxi. You
house . 2) ...... repl:'lce it wilh ht::l ILhy .~nack~ like currot Sticks, fre:-.h fruit or

A The new neighbours can't be wholt:-w hc:ll crackcrs, fur those unbear:lble hungry moments.
moving in. Sccond ly, you 3) ....... plan your mea ls :lheacl o f Lime, This way, you
B The new neighbours may be 4) ....... :Ivoid I,,-xlr i:J.st-minutc decisi{)n.~. Ont: thing you 5) .... ... do i:-.
moving in. go shopping hungJy. Avoid Ih:lt at all co.~ ts ; it can lead to disastcr!
Last ly, you 6) ....... incre:lse the amount \)f w:ltcr y()U drink, :I:-' iL ht.:lr:-.

5 Choose the correct item.

your body work properly. or coursc, yOlI 1) ... .. take l:X1f(;1lll:
mt:aM!resij Ll ~t l ake Lhings onc :-.tep:H a ti1l1!;! and lkforc you know it,
/;Jw]Q Q;J2uQ you will Ix: t:~lting :lnd l(:t.:Iing healthi!;!f.
I: I'm planning to continue my studies
in England . What do I 1) need/ Adding exercise to your daily progromme
should to do before I get there? If you want to Ix: hea lthy ancllive lon~er, you 8) ....... start exercising.
0 : Wel l. first you w ill need your student You 9) ....... lx:gin with s()1l1elhin~ tiring:1I firsL A daily w:1lk in yOur
visa. You 2) shouldn't/can 't have a neighho urhcxx! is all that you need 10 gct Manecl. ])on't forget that a
problem after the school has life without t:Xercbe 10) ....... lead to many M.!riUllS hl..!ulth issues, likl..!
accepted your application. :.trokes, ht::lrt :Ht:tcks and even high cholc:-.tero1. Once you have put
I: 3) Would/Should I rent my own flat?
w,liking into the progr:lmllH: and arc fccling better, yOLl 11 ) ....... takc
0: Well, you 4) had better/ must stay it a step further :lllcl join a gym.
in a Hall of Residence the first year
13y adding j proper dict and cXcfcise to your daily J'Outint:, yOLl
because it's cheaper. 5) Must/Can
12) ...... maint;Jin you r body's gIXXi condition. In [:lct, if you give
you get a student loan?
your body the rCM that it tll.::eds 10 renew 10:.t energy, YOll 13)
I: Yes, I th ink so. I also 6) need/may
to fo.::el beller while It:adinf( j hea lt hier lifcsty lc.
to find a part-time job when I get
there because my parents 7) don't
have to/can't support me at all.
0: Well. just remember t hat w it h a A might ( B) should C are able D would
st udent visa you B) will be ablel 2 A might B will C would D can
ought to work ten hours a week 3 A oug ht to B would C able to D sha ll
at the most. 4 A can B must C ought D should
I: It used to be 20 hours, before I think . 5 A mightn't B mustn't C wouldn't D needn·t
Oh well, t hen I 9) might/need look
6 A shal l B have to C might D may
into babysitting jobs for extra cash.
7 A can't B ought not C needn't D may not
0: I'm sure you will be all right. Ufe in
B A might B oug ht C have to D shal l
London 10) canlwould be expensrve.
H~ the minimum wage is decent
9 A won't B don 't have to C mightn't D may not
and shopping for food 11) can/must 10 A ought B may C would D shou ld
be cheap if you kl'lQ'.V \tVhere to go. 11 A can B would C ought D might
I: OK. Thanks. I 12) had better/ might 12 A could B would C should D w ill be able to
get started on my application then. 13 A must B ought C can D would

5
 Adjectives/Adverbs/Comparisons a
Adjectives
Adjectives describe nouns. They have the same form in the singular and plural. They go before nouns rrj ndlyboyl but
after the verbs be, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, seem, appear, become, get, stay, et(. I'isc/ever ( ~m fir.
• There are opinion adjectives and fact adjectives. Opinion adjectives (boring , exciting, ete) show what a person
thinks of somebody or something . Fact adjectives (tall, thin, new, ete) give us factual Information about age,
size, colour. origin, material, etC-
• There are also compound adjectives which are formed with :
a) present participles. .f-
b) past participles. rm tllnl
c) cardinal numbers + nouns. r f1 1 (NOT: four·hoors flight )
d) an adjective + noun + -ed. bIll 'yed I (instead of saying a girl with blue eyes)
e} well, badly + past participle. ~ >/I"paid I
• We can also use noun s as adjectives before other nouns. In this case the nouns have no plural form.
weather weorh 'r
• The following adjectives have a difference in meaning:
a) gold' (= nng made of gold)
1 (= sand the colour of gold)
b) ht a (ilk'" (= a blouse made of silk) Iky (= hair which feels like silk)
c) Uone 'JcJ,;t$e) IrNl (= houses made of stone)
I WI Y 1 Jt lny (= a cold look · like stone)

Order of Adjectives
When there are two or more adjectives In a sentence, they normally go in the following order:

Ir's a

• Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc) go before cardinal numbers (one, two, three , etc)
I h first two G 1y5 (NOT: the-!wOfifSufoy~
• The adjectives afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, content, glad, ill, pleased, etc are never
followed by a noun rhl m 111 ClS alive. 1nl pleased, Iy r ult
• The adjectives chief, elder, eldest, former, indoor, inner, main, only, outdoor, outer, principal, upper are always
followed by nouns. rt crmer bo
• We do not usually use a long list of adjectives before a single noun A noun is usually deScribed by one, two or
three adjectives at the most I pretty tl If F .n{h
• Certain adjectives are used With 'the' as nouns to refer to groups of people in general These are: elderfy, middle-
aged, old, young , blind, dead, deaf. disabled, living , sick, homeless, hungry, poor, rich , strong, unemployed, weak, etc
,,, th un« mp/oyed. (= unemployed people need support - unemployed people in general)
BUT The unemployed prop t(J rNe refer to a specific group of unemployed people.).
When we talk about one person we say NThe poor man/ woman, A/The deafboy/girf, etc, The young man VI'
n xrd( IflJ alawstud nt (We refer to a specific you ng ma n.)

Adverbs
• Adverbs describe verbs and past participles, adjectives or other adverbs
worh quickly. w« wrl I h ':J 'lly d, re. fal
• An adverb can be one word (sleepily) or a phrase (before dinner). Adverbs can deSCribe manner (how), place
(where), time (When), frequency (howofren), degree (to whareXfent), ete.
beautifully- (How does he paint ? Beautifu lly -0 adverb of manner)
h CD is over rhere. (Where is the CO] There. - 0 adverb of place)
She has ajob interview this afrernoon. (When does she have a job interview? This afternoon. - t adverb of time)
He usually go shoppl gat rl 1. (How often does he go shopping? Usually. • adverb of frequency)

217
 D Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons
Formation of Adverbs
• We usua lly form an adverb by add ing -Iy to the adjective. ;Iow slowly
• Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y . comfortable comfortably
• Adjectives ending in consonant + y drop the -y and take -Uy. tidy tidily
• Adjectives ending in -/ take -Ir. careful carefully
• Adjectives end ing in -ic usually take -ally. hisrofJI hiHoricolly BUT public publicly
• Some adverbs do not follow these rules.

good fast hard early late

well fast hard early late

Order of Adverbs
• Adverbs of frequency go after the auxil iary verb (be. have, do), but before the main verb,
)hp has always liked ice cream. Fred is olways on lime. Jack often travels abroad.
• Adverbs of manner go before the main verb, after the auxiliary verb or at the end of the sentence .
The children slowly walked /0 school They are enthusiastically waiting for the play to b'gin. Please speak softly.
• Adverbs of degree (absolutely, completely, totally, extremely, very, quite, rather, etc) go before an adjective, an adverb or
the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb. They are very grateful. h cif/ves quire dangerously. He totally ignored my advice.
• Adverbs of place and time usual ly go at the end of the sentence. Have you bought anything new recently?
• Adverbs of time, such as soon, now, nowond then, go before the ma in verb, but after the auxiliary verb.
Sh 'now knows IIOW to o/ve the pfob m. H n w CO is soon laming out.
• We can put an adverb at the beginning of a se ntence if we want to emphasise it.
Excitedly, they Sl'l '1n n rh! a (manner)
In France, we m t rh rn, Sf f" ndly people eVI (place)
Yesterday,l rook part in a fund raiser for charity. (time)
• When there are two or more adverbs in the same sentence, they usually go in the fol lowing order:
manner - place - time . Ht> was studying hard in his room aI/day.
• If there is a verb of movement, such as go, come and leave, in the sentence, the adverbs usua lly go in the
following order: place - manner - time . They came to work hurriedly this morning.

Points to consider
• Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives. These include: deep , early, fast, hard, high, late, long, low , near,
right, straight, wrong . Lucydrives in the fast lane. (adjective) Ted runs fast. (adverb)
• There is a difference in mean ing between the following pairs of adverbs:

The children afe working hard on their project. (hard = with effort There was hardly any milk left. (hardly = scarcely)
John lives near me. (near = close to)
Hl'got /0 school lore this morning. (late = not early)
His illness cur short hiS muwolcareer. (short = before the
expected time)
We were deep in a tropical rain fore>;t. (deep = a long way)
I aske ji about t e most /feet roure to London. irect = y
the shortest route)
Th, eagle flew high above rhemounrams. (high = at a high level
Children under six can travel on the ferry free. (free =without
charge)
I have nearly finished my essay (nearly = almost)
I haven't been feeling well lately. (lately = recently)
Mr Bell will be with you shorr/y (shortly = soon)
I am deeply grateful to you. (deeply = great ly)
All students were directly Involved In the preparatiOns.
(d irectl = immediatel )
ShE IS a highly respected professor. (highly = very)
The cast on his leg prevented him from moving freely. (freel
= Without rest riction)

• The following words end in -Iy, but they are adjectives: cowardly, deadly, elderly, friendly, likely, lively , lonely,
lovely, silly, ugly.That is a lovely poem. We use the phrase in a ... way/manner to form their adverbs .
She talked in a friendly manner. (NOT: ~olked-frieRdly.)
• The adverbs cheap(/y), loud(ly) , quick(ly) and slow(/y) are often used without -Iy in everyday English.
Don't walk quick/quickly.

218
 Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons

QuitelRatherlFairlylPretty 2 Fill in the gaps with the adjectives in the correct

• Quite (= fairly, to some degree) is usually used in order.
favourable comments. quite
Mary is wearing a '"' de" red, woo m (woollen/
Quite is used before alan 11 quitE a t,
modern/red) dress.
Quite (= completely) IS used with adverbs, some
verbs and adjectives such as: amazing, brilliant,
2 The chIldren all arrived for their first day of school
certain, dreadful, different, exhausted, horrible, with .......... ...... (black/leather/new) shoes.
impossible, perfect, right, sure, true , useless, etc. 3 The .............................................. (yellow/soft)
quite sure light from the fire was very comforting .
• Rather IS used In unfavourable comments. I<l 4 There was a ....................................... (large/
rather 1 n It can also be used in fierce-looking/black) dog guarding the entrance.
favourable comments meaning "to an unusual S last n;ght we ate at aln) ................ . ........ .. .. ..... .
degree" MI I ratherq( 1 (better than we .............. (little/Italian/friendly) restau rant.
expected). Rather is also used with comparative 6 We found a bag of .......................................... .
degree. n p rather more difficult (dirtylcotton/old) clothes in the attic.
<: Rather is also used before or after a/an .
7 We met aln) ........... .... .. ............................. .
a rarhr r I rather a,or
(old/Dutch/interesting) man In the town.
• Fairly/Pretty are synonymous With quite and rather.
They are used after a ~ a fairly/pretty I 3 Choose the correct word(s) .

1 Every month I make a donation to a charity for

homeless/the homeless
2 That's Peter - he's Martin'Selder/older son.
1 Put the adjectives in the correct order.
3 It felt strange/strangely to be back after such a
long time
HI Chloe, 4 They have a very healthy/healthily lifestyle since
It's brilliant here In Cornwall. We are staying In a they moved to the country.
1) ~ fl 9 (little, picturesque, fishing) 5 There are specia l facilities for disabled/the disabled
village cal led Mousehole with my aunt and uncle. They at our local sports centre.
are artists and everyth ing in theIr house IS handmade. 6 It's a badly-written/bad-written essay. Mark. You
They live up the hill from the harbour. A 2) ..... . have to rewri te it.
........ ... ................ ..... (stone, long, winding) path leads 7 Dad gave Mum a gold/golden ring for her birthday.
up to their cottage and they have made a gate out of S Janet was wearing high heels shoes/high-heeled
a(n) 3) ......... ..................................... ..... (beautiful, shoes.
wooden, old) wheel. 4 Choose the correct word .
Inside, there IS a cosy kitchen full of 4) . .... ... ............... .
.......................... (pottery, hand-pa inted, colourful) Workers are diggIng deep/deeply to build the tunnel.
pieces that my aunt has made. In the liVIng room there 2 The plane flew high/highly above the city
are lots of 5) .. . ....... (interesting. 3 They travelled deep/deeply into the jungle collectIng
water-colour) pIctures on the walls that my uncle has seeds
done. On the sofa there are several 6) . . ..... .... . 4 I'll be there short/shortly WaIt by the exit!
....... (round. soft. velvet) cushions and S He arrived late/lately for work agaIn .
their cat Pnnce loves to make hImself comfortable 6 The supermarket is qUite near/nearly our house.
therel He's a(n) 7) . ....................... ... .... ... . 7 She is hig h/highly experienced in her field.
(big. adorable, Persian, fluffy) cat and he rules the 8 You can fly direct/directly to Exeter now, which is
cottage! much more convenient.
I've got loads of pi ctures to show you when I get back . 9 It's hard/hardly surp rising that he failed: he didn't
Hope you 're enjoying your holiday. try very hard/hardly.
Love. 10 We went near/nearly the waterfall and felt the spray
Usa on our faces.
11 I've noticed a change in his behaviour late/lately.
12 They got in free/freely, because James knew the
owner.
219
 o Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons

5 Rewrite the sentences putting the adverbs in the 8 Rewrite the text putting the adverbs into the
correct place. correct place.

1 I have seen a dolphin. (never!in the sea)

I have never seen a dolphin in the sea. (OJT A DEL JOL
2 We were surprised because Mary t urned up.
(unexpectedly/at the house) (O~~;~f-th;-~;~t~i~it;d-h;lid-~;-d~~ii~~;i~-~;i~-;h;-~,

3 My neighbour gave me a lift. (very kindly/thi s

morning)
4 They go fo r a long wa lk. (usually/every weekend)
5 The dog barked, (excitedly/in the garden)
6 He ran to open the door. (down the stairs/quickly)
6 Choose the correct item.
1 She is a fairlylfairly a interesting person .
2 It was quite a/rather difficult to find her house .
3 This old espresso mach ine w ill take pretty/rather
a long time to warm up .
4 Th is exercise is quite/rather more di fficult than the
previous one.
S This is a pretty/quite cha llenging exercise.
6 Babysitting is quite/pretty an easy job for teenagers.
7 I am rather/pretty sure he stole t he money.
S It's fairly/rather colder today t han it was yesterday.
7 Circle the correct item.
i world, is the Costa del Sol in the south of Spain.
f (frequently/today) It attracts over two million
i tourists who arrive to lie under the sun along its
,: 300 km coastline. (eagerly/yearly) This popular
: tourist attraction can satisfy all tastes. (easily)
!, Holidaymakers can go wild with the nightlife or
enjoy their time away from all the fuss.
(peacefully) The resort town of Torremolinos
caters for families with plenty of entertainment
options such as a theme park, water park, zoo and
many water sports. (nearby/largely) It is also
famous for its evening entertainment which
includes flamenco shows and open-air discos.
(moreover/mostly) The towns of Marbella and
Malaga are popular with younger travellers seeking
late night clubbing. (meanwhile/hungrily/very)
There are also excursions to all the traditional
towns located on the surrounding hillsides.
(magnificently/finally)
One of rhe mOlt freque 1rly VI~ltf'd /lOfId'3y df'Sri!11r1)m in the
worI1IOd':W .... ... .. .... .... ..... .. ... .. ... ... ... ...

Taki ng a coach is cheaper t han taking the

train .
A quite B rather
2 Th is was ...... an emotional film.
A fairly B qu ite
3 They spent ..... a long time on solving that
problem.
A ra t her B pretty
4 The boys were sat isfied with t heir ma rks .
A a pretty B quite
5 I have a ... ... good idea what he 's going to do.
A rather B pretty
6 The ho use has a ...... large garden.
A fairly S quite

220
 Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons a
Comparatives and Superlatives
We use the comparative to compare one person or thing with another. We use t he superlative to compare one
person or thing with more than one person or thing of the same group. We often use than after a comparative and
the before a superlative. than tf tal t·

• • •• .. . Superlative
of one syllable add -(er)r/-(e)st to form tall taller (than) the tallest (oflin)
• their comparative and superlative simple simpler (than) the simplest (oflin)
forms thin thinner (than) the thinnest (oflin)
of two syllables ending In ·Iy, -r , -w easy easier (than) the easiest (oflin)
also add -er/-est or -ief/-iest narrow narrower (than) the narrowest (offln)
of two or more syllables take powerful more powerfu l (than) the most powerful (oftin)
more/most intelligent more intelligent (than) the most intell igent (oflin)

• We normally use thon w it h the comparative form. fo!>te, ~n We normally use the... of/ in
(Hin" refers to places, groups, etc) with the superlative form. e f
• Certain adjectives form their comparative and su perlative either with -er/-es t or more/most . These are: cfever,
common, cruel. friendly , gentle, narrow, pleasant, polite, shallow, simple. stupid, quiet.
ALSO If lp ,r m r

Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative

adverbs having the same form as their adjectives add -er/-est fast faster the fastest
early drops -y and adds -ier/-iest early earlier the earl iest
two syllable or compound adverbs take more/mast (Compound often more often the most often
adverbs are adjectives + -Iy , I/y) qUICkly more quickly the most qu ickly

Irregular Forms • elder/eldest (+noun) (adj) = for members of a family

BUT
AdJective/Adverb Comparative Superlative
(NOT QldQr thill=t)
good / well better best • further/ farther (adv) = longer (in distance)
bad I badly worse worst f!Nth'r/fartheru\o'l
much more most rt; mo
many / a lot of more most further (adj) more
:::r:
httle less least fur
far farther farthest • very + positive degree - very t ah.,u
far further furthest

Types of comparisons
• as + adjective + as (to show that two people or things are similar/ ry as imaginative as h 11
different in some way). In negative sentences we use not as/so ... as. II,n'tastallas 1m}

• less + adjective + than (expresses the difference between two people or

things). The opposite is more ... than .
• the least + adjective + of/in (compares one person or thing to two or more t the least attention In Cl{
people or things in the same group), The opposite is the most ... of/in .
• + comparative (expresses the
even/much/a lot/far/a little/a bit/slightly It slightly faster than Tl
degree of difference between two people or things).
• comparative + and + comparative (to show that something ;s increaSing ]r r ng more and f7l rE

or decreasing). pr.)(j t5
• the + comparative ... , the + comparative (shows that two things Themorelprol 'ill/m the more con
change together, or that one thing depends on anoth er thing). h me
• by far + the + superlative (emphasises the difference between one I~ by far the funniest )y
person or thing and two or more people or things in the same group).

221
 D Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons
9 Complete the interview. Use the positive,
comparative or superlative forms of the
adjectives below.
How many times have you climbed Mount
Everest?
Seven times. The first time I climbed
without oxygen, but every other time I
, used oxygen and it was so much 1) b.rre. ,
The oxygen makes a big difference . I
enjoyed the whole expenence so much
more using oxygen . To begin with. I felt
much 2) " .. ,...................... ; my feet and
hands didn't get so cold. Then, I was able
to stay at the top and enjoy the summ it .
It's one of the 3) ......... ................
experiences you can Imagine - words
cannot express the feeling . Without the
oxygen, I just had to keep moving and
couldn 't stop to take it all in.
Isn't that what mountaineering is 011 about -
reaching the summit?
Yes and no. The summit IS the goal, but
the process of getting there is as
4) ........................ ... as being there . IMPORTANT
Is the icefall 05 bad os peaple soy on the way
to the south ridge?
Definitely! You never know when
something will give way. It is without a
doubt the 5) ... ..... ........... part of DANGEROUS
the mountain. I've travelled it over a
hundred times and it always terrifies me .
You have become very close to the Sherpas,
haven't you?
Oh yes, they are the experts and I
absolutely respect their skil ls and their
knowledge of the mountain . But not on ly
that, their 6) ............. .............. qua lity is IMPRESSIVE
that even in the 7) .............. ... .. .
situations, they are so good-natured. I
believe that t his is the source of t heir
strength and endurance. They have taught
10 Circle the correct item.
Fred is the least successful journalist on TV.
A No one is as successfu l as Fred.
B Fred is not very good at what he does.
2 This must have been the t astiest pizza I have ever
had.
A I've had better pizza
B I've never had such good pizza.
3 It' s not as cold as it was yesterday.
A It's warmer today.
B Yesterday was warmer.
4 The more she thought about it , the more she
wa nted to go ahead w it h the plan .
A The plan became more and more interesting
GOOD
WARM
B The plan became more and more unatt ractive.
5 This car is slight ly older than the one in t he corner.
A This is a much older car.
B This car is not much older.
11 Read the text and fill in the word which best fits
each space. Use only one word for each space.
AMAZING
Venice is one of 1) oldest and 2) .................... beautiful
cities in Italy. The 'City of Water', as they call it, is the only one
of ~s kind 3) .................... the wand. It rests on 117 small
islands connected by 150 canals. As it is surrounded by
water' n. has 4) ................... most onglna
" I means of transport;
no tounsl should miss a ride in a gondola or water bus.
But the City of Water offers a lot more 5) ....................
Venetian rowing boats and beautiful surroundings. Its
museums are famous for housing some of the 6) .................. .
paintings by Venetlan painters of the 14th to the 18th century.
The centre of the city is San Marco, which is always the
7) .................... crowded with tourists. The only way to avoid
the crowds is to get lost in mysterious alleys and endless
mazes of backstreets where you can discover the true colours
of the place and its people.
However, Venice's future is threatened by the most serious
problem 8) .................... the modem world; global warming.
The 9) .................... sea levels rise, 10) .................... more
the city floods. In the best-case-scenario, city leaders will
invest money in the construction of huge steel gates to block
the floods . In the 11) .................... case, th e City
' wll'I go under
water; something Venetians are fighting hard to avoid.
TOUGH
(" ~.
•
• I
>1
 Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons

12 Circle the (orrect item. 13 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
1 A: When wi ll the fruit be ready to eat?
in bold .
B: It's difficu lt to
A exact say C say exactly As the trainees get fitter, they feel healthier.
B say exact 0 exactly say THE The fitter
2 A : What did you have to eat? they feel.
8; We had sushi and it ..... . 2 Is that the highest mark you can get?
A wonderfully tasty C tasty wonderful THAN Can't you ............................ ..
B wonderful taste 0 tasted wonderful ................ that?
3 The little girl was being very selfish With her toys.
3 A: Did you call William?
WAY The little girl was behaving ...... .
B: No, I was .....
.. ..................... with her toys
A as busy C very busy
4 I have never attended such an interesting lecture.
B much busier o the busiest
MOST It was ........... ......................... ,
4 A: Where is Kyle?
I have ever attended
B He has been ...... .
5 As we climbed higher, the air became thinner.
A studYing all afternoon In his room
THE The ................................ .
B studYing In his room all afternoon
........ the air became .
C in his room all afternoon studying
6 Mary's the best cook of all.
D In his room studying all afternoon
AS No one else ............................ ..
5 A: How is he getting on7 .............. ,.................. Mary does.
B: OK. Recently he's been making ...... mistakes. 7 Sheila isn't as beautiful as her sister.
A least C fewer LESS Sheila is . ...... .. .......... ..
B much 0 fewest .............. her sister
6 A: Old you call Phllip7 8 Jean viSits the local art gallery frequently.
B: No. I ... FREQUENT Joan is ...................... _...... ,.... _
A later will call him C will later call him .. .......... to the local art gallery
B will call later him o will call him later 9 I couldn't get a better seat.
7 A: So many people have recorded that song. BEST It was ................................ ..
S: Yes, but this version is .... anyone has produced. ... get.
A by far good C the by far best 10 He has never run such a long distance before .
B by far the best D good by far THE It's .................. ..
............................. he's ever run.
8 A: They look the same size to me.
11 My own pasta sauce IS tastier than this one
B: No. ThIS one ...... than the other.
AS ThiS pasta sauce ..................... .
A slightly is bigger C IS slightly bigger
.............................. , my own.
B IS slight bigger D slight IS bigger
12 He sings well and the audience love him.
9 A: How long will the station be closed? A He' s ................ ..
B: No one knows. The sign says 'Closed until and the audience love him.
", ... notice'. 13 She had never received such an expenSive gift
A far C farther before.
B further D furthest MOST It was .................................... .
10 A: Did you see Carl yesterday? ................... she'd ever receIVed
B: Yes He was behaving In a very 14 Peter's more careful than any other driver.
A strangely manner DRIVES Peter ........... ..
B more strangely manner ........... than anyone else.
C strange manner 15 Sophie has been a profeSSional singer for six years.
D more strange manner PROFESSIONALLY Sophle .......................... ..
... ........... .... for six years.

223
 U Relative Clauses
Relative clauses
Relative clauses are introduced by: a) relative pronouns i.e. who, whom, whose, which, that or b) relative adverbs
Le. when, where, why .
a) Relative pronouns

IV who/that (who/whom/that) v. rh 1(" rh gir1whosebrorl ~ri5

'" P j ~ ith" "re
It 'ind. mm

Ixl at ( which/that w y rhp'i ,(which/that) ir frl, ly rhot', hou the windows

g. u of which/ whose windows
\'.' , I. broil'n.

• Whom, which, whose can be used in expressions of quantity with of (some of, monyor, ha/fof, etc) ,
WI (t 0 any' ar .M
read I '1n\ many of which J(I

• That can be used instead of who, whom or which but it is never used after commas or prepositions.
rr I who/that I J) dl
which, t 'lU " (that IS not possible here)
b) Relative adverbs
'P
"'

iW~h~e~n~(t=~i~n~/o~n~/iat~W~hi C~h~)-~~c~a~n~b~~e ~~~-i'~n~'~'~n~'~'~'r~h~'~'~~~~~~~~~d~"~9. ~~~~

'hI '", "ihl)O" 'd where he IJvf'~
~ {/lL' (NSI"lfl
I~

. iike ~"olefl! TV programmes.

Remember!
• When using where or when, we do not need a preposition . stili I 1 rh t IU, where 5h grew up.
(NOT: Sl:li sril'lilliS j~ rhe /:louse where ,hi g"i".!,lUp !' Q.)
• We can replace where by a preposition fol lowed by which . In informal English, this preposition is placed at
the end of the sentence. /1 where/at which \1\ ay~ -1 f1 Id 0 I1I :)1, rh can: 0 Silt wh ich we
:lyt af 1'/ sw rll ~ The same can be done with when. I at w rh far when/in which I
adtJ .1., rhm r It y which dllQt I in.

Prepositions in Relative clauses

We do not normally use prepositions before relative pronouns_
5" on which ~ or (forma l - not usual)
which 'k ,on. (usual)
lh on (more usual)

Identifying and Non-Identifying Relative clauses

• An identifying relative clause gives necessary information essentia l to the meaning of the main sentence. It is
not put in commas and is introduced with who, which, that , whose, where, when or the reason (why) .
who (/ rll Iy b
• A non-identifying relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main
sent ence. It is put in commas and is introduced with who, whom, which, whose, where or when.
'IJ 9 1f ](1 col ,j< I' ral nte
We cannot omit the relative pronoun or replace it with that.
on"ie who m Cl! (NOT: ~IQ"(QQdQ; Ig'~, Q,qi'+1Qt.f;, ~1.Q"(QQdQS ~I:IQt !ollQ' QQir:t.lQI., on)

224
 Relative Clauses fI
1 Fill in the gaps with the correct relative pronoun 3 Combine the following sentences using relatives.
or adverb. Put commas where necessary. Write
(I) for identifying, (NI) for non-identifying and 1 This is the archaeological museum . It was built in
say whether the rel ative can be omitted or not. 1958.
Th IS r~ar(haPOlogicalm I tlm wh r} wasbuill '1 '9~ 9
Rio de Janeiro which is famous for its carnival is the 2 That's the librarian . She helped me with my
most visited city in South America. NI not omitred research project .
2 Having full service is the reason ........... ....... I
always choose resort hotels for my holidays. 3 This is Rick's brother. He bought me a ticket to the
football finals.
3 Mery! Streep .................. is an American actress still
holds the record for the most award nominations. 4 I'm reading Eclipse. It was written by Stephenle
Meyer.
4 Rock climbing is an activity ............. ... .. needs a
lot of courage and strength . ............... . 5 Here's a photo of the ski resort. We stayed there
5 Students .................. are planning to volunteer last winter
at the Winter Games must give In their names by
tomorrow. ....... ................ .. 6 ThiS IS the painting . Riley bought It at the new art
6 She is the singer ............ new Single went straight gallery.
to number one in the charts ...................... ..... .
7 1997 was the year ................... Rabble Williams
released his first solo sing le. ....... ................ .. 4 Complete each sentence so that it has a simi lar
S ThiS film .................. IS about Vietnam IS fantastic. meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
in bold.
1 She's learning German, not French.
2 Complete the pairs of sentences, as in the THAT It's ,n rh ~/1 :, not
example. French .
Jason is playing basketball with a boy. The boy IS 2 He has a class of twenty students; half of them
are A students .
his friend Mike.
A The boy whom/who Jason is playing basketbalf WHOM He has a class of twenty students,
with i his friend Mike.
B The boy Jason I~ playing basketball With is his .................... are A students.
fn nd Mil( 3 The person met on safan was strong and
courageous.
2 Martha has gone to a play. The play is at her
WHO Imeta .................................... ..
school.
A The play ...... was strong and courageous .
4 The coffee table on display IS damaged .
WHICH The coffee table ..... ................... .
B The play ................. .... .. ....... .
. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ............... is damaged .
3 ~ w~~· ~h~~~;~~· ~;~h' ~·~;~i.· 'T'h 'e ' ~;~i' ;~.~~ ·~·~·~~i·~.. ·· 5 RICk solved the problem first, not Bob.
WHO It ....................... .......... .. ... .. .. .... .
A The girl .................................. ............... ..
..................................., not Bob
B The girl .................................................. .. 6 I wonder who owns that black Porsche.
WHOSE I wonder ... .........
4 I lent my coat to Elaine. The coat is made of
.... ... ..... . is.
7 The man in the blue SUIt IS my father.
leather.
WHO The man.. . .. ............. ..
A The coat ............ .... .. .......... .. .. .
...... .. ....... .. blue suit is my father.
8 The coat S September is the month classes begin.
WHEN September is ..... .......... ..
............ .................... .. .. .. begin.
225
 Time Clauses
Time Clauses
We use t he following t ime conjunctions to int roduce Sequence of Tenses
time clauses. Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of tenses.
That is, w hen the verb of the main clause is in a present
when, as, while, before, after. since, unci//rill, whenever, as
or future form, the verb of the time clause is In a present
long as, by (he time, as soon as, the moment (rhor), no
form. When the verb of the main dause is in a past form,
sooner .,' than, hardly ... when, once, immediately, the
the verb of the time clause is in a past form too.
firsfllosrlnext rime, etc.

• When the time clause precedes the main clause, a

comma is used.

'r
I
time clause mam clause b..'d before VOllgo to" h, )0/
i or
past perfect past perfect
I I ': ,
main clause time clause cleoned fllt" liuu5E' before Mum

• will/Would are never used In time clauses . C ,to my offj e as soon as y()u arrive. (NOT: ......""""'....""w,~,"'"~!!,. . .)
• when (time conjunction) + present/past - olY50me(rultwhenlgororf mar r
when (question word) + will/Would - W :>w when h '/I be home rhl" e I m

5 Choose the appropriate time words and put 6 Fill in : themoment,

the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. until/till, when, before,
or 05.
1 Call me till/as soon as you (get) your test results.
2 The secretary was typing the memo while/until
1) Wr Jim Dovis
the ma nager ........... .. (talk) to a cl ient.
introduced his new
3 He started blushing while/once he comic strip in 1978,
(realise) his mistake. lillle did he know
4 I found my scarf since/as I ................ (pull) a how popular it would
sweater from the shelf be even tod ay,
5 She takes a hot bath once/whenever she over thirty yea rs
............... (have) a long day later. Even though
6 By the timelNo sooner had I started t he car than Garfield wa s just
I .................. ... .. (notice) It was low on petrol. the moin c haracter's
7 We had put up t he party decora tions when/by friend o t first, it
wasn' t long
the time Carol ... ..... (come) back from
2) ........................... he become the star o f the strip.
school.
This fat. lazy co t, which lies in his basket 011 day
8 I will be by your side for as soon as/as long as you
3) ........................... it's time for lunch. has become
..................... (need) me
famous. 4) ........................... time wen t by, he gained
9 They promised to call the momenUas long as t hey many loyal fans and now has over 260 million
.. ....... (arrive) at the station. people worldwide w ho read the strip every day.
10 As soon as/By the time Janet got to the theat re, Garfield is 0 charming and witty cat, and alt hough
the performance .................. . he some times p lays tric ks on his owner, Jon, d eep
(already/start). down he lo ves him and is his friend. Above all, he
ha s one weakness tha l makes him special and so
lovable; lasa gna! 5) ........................... he sees freshly
baked lasa gna, he is putty in a nyone's hands.
226
 Clauses of Purpose U
Clauses of Purpose
Clauses of purpose are used to explain why somebody does something.
We can exp ress positive purpose using ' We can express negative purpose using:
• fa + infinitive • in order not to/so as not to + infinitive
Ra .f, .:1 b 'robook " 'h b so as not tolin order nor to bt
• in order ta/50 OS to + infinitive (formal)
h r order fa wor"
"f) Note: We never use not to to express negative
• so that + can/will (present/future reference) purpose.
r h Jr'i so that 'can suppor' • prevent + noun/pronoun (+ from) + -;ng form
• so that + could/would (past reference) ,prevent drivl (from) having m
WE tr arr lsofhat woo/dnl, 'lost • avoid + -jng form
• in case + present tense (present or future reference) II d ' 11 d to avoid failing It lE ,I.
Take Imt ~ mdwich ,in case VOtl ( hungry. • so that+ can'tlwon't (presenVfuture reference)
• in case + past tense (past reference) , so that won't' 11
rtaJ in"l€ m~dEf,
Note: in case is never used With will or would. • so that + couldn't/ wouldn't (past reference)
• for + noun (expresses the purpose of an action) so char wouldn't )(I",
c rforth4"ann; '(S o 'y.
• for + -;ng form (expresses the purpose of something (Remember0
or Its function)
So has many different uses . Be careful not to
CDR! m oreul dforstoring, lform
confuse them when using so to express purpose ,
• wirha viewro + -jng form
I ~ '11'g IIn d so I w 111} b or/)' (th iS shows
)nck. t. lugll1 an lid flOI 'with a view to renovating ,
result, not purpose) I- Ill" d d so
that (thiS shows purpose)

7 Join the sentences using the words in brackets. 8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
He took his compass. He didn't want to get lost in in bold.
the woods. (in case)
11t: If hi, ( mpo' In Q~ hl;}c H '1 1 Rick woke up early He didn't want to miss his
2 ThiS is a toaster. You use it to toast bread. (for) morning flight.
AS RICk woke up early
3 lan set hiS alarm clock. He didn't want to miss the hiS morning night
meeting . (so as not to) 2 Jocelyn took a Spanish class. She Intended to
move to Madrid someday
4 Jess called me . He reminded me to bring his MP3 VIEW Jocelyn took a Spanish class
player. (in order to) ." ............... to Madrid someday.
3 She hid her journal under her pillow, She didn't
5 I spoke softly. I didn't want to wake the baby.
want her brother to read It.
(so that)
SO She hid her Journal under her pillow

6 They took an umbrella. They didn't want to get

wet. (avoid) ............... .. ............ read it.
4 He's packing a lunch . He might feel hungry later.
7 Dan kept the old coin . He wanted to start a coin CASE He's packing a lunch ....
collection, (with a view to) ... hungry later.
5 Nicolas boug ht some ICe tea . He wanted to have
8 I'll write it down in my agenda. I don't want to something cold to drink .
forget. (so that) TO Nicolas bought some ice tea .....
............ something cold to drink

227
 U Clauses of Reason
Clauses of Reason
Clauses of reason are used to express the reason for somet hing. They are introduced with the fo llowing
words/expressions : because, as/since, the reason for/why, because ofI on account of/due to, now that, fot; etc.
• because - II..Jrned on the hearing because it was cold. Because it was cold, I wmed on the hearing.
• as/since (= because) - We couldn't go oul as/since it was raining. Aslsince it W05 raining, we couldn't go out.
• the reason for + noun /-ing form - The reason for his de/ay was the heavyrraffic. The reason for his being delayedwm the
hEavy traff,(
the reason why + ctause - rh 'heavy traffic WQS the reason why he was delayed.
• because of/on account of/due to + noun - All ~I ghlS werecance/led because of/on accounfof/due to the thic~ fog.
because of/on account of/due to the fact that + clau se - 5hf' was thrilled because of/on account of/due to the fact that
she won the competition.
• now (that) + clause Now (that) she has a driving licence, she can drive to work
• for (= because) (informal written style) A clause of reason introduced with for always comes after the main clause.
He auldn'( reud the small print, for his eYI' sigh was poor.

9 Join the sentences using the w ords in brackets. 10 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning t o the first senten ce. Includ e the word
1 She left early today. She wasn't feeling very well in bold .
(beca use)
She left early today because she wasn"r feeling very well. He wanted to se ll his drum set so he put an
2 Mum had a lot of preparations for Sunday lunch . advertisement in the paper,
She had invited some old friends from school. (as) SINCE He put an advertisement in the
paper since hi' wanted 10 sell his
drum set.
2 Sophie doesn't make enough money to buy a car,
3 Everything in the fridge spoiled . There was a FOR Sop hie can't buy a car. .
power cut. (due to) .......... . ....... ................... enough money.
3 All flights were cancelled on account of the ice
storm .
4 The company sent drivers to pick us up. There was REASO N The Ice storm was .................... ..
a massive strike. (on account of) .. ....................... were cancelled .
4 Morgan wasn't feeling well so he called in sick .
BE CAU SE Morgan called in sick ........
5 They cancelled the school trip . There was a severe .... .. ..... feeling well.
snowstorm . (the reason) 5 Richard can't play rugby because he has a bad
knee,
AC COUNT Richard can't play rugby .
6 We can bring you your CDs in the morn ing . We'll ................ .. .. .. bad knee.
be driving by your area . (as) ... .. .. .. ,... ... . 6 Since exams are over they can go out with friends .
NOW They can go out with friends ...
...... .. .. .. ....... are over,
7 We quickly got bored . There was not hing to do. 7 She was in a bad mood because of their
(since) .......... .. .. .. ............ .. argument.
FOR The
her bad mood was their argument.
S Nick's teacher wanted to see his parents because
he was misbehaving.
f OF Nick's teacher wanted to see his
parents .
. bad behaviour.

228

Clauses of Purpose
Clauses of purpose are used to explain why somebody does something.
We can express positive purpose using:
• to + infinitive
Rachel phoned the boxofficf to book the r;o '(5
• in ordertolso as to + infinitive (formal)
She bought a lap top computer in order to work at horn
• so that + can/will (present/future reference)
He works hard so that hi can support h lmily.
• so that + could/would (past reference)
We took 0 map so thatw wouldn'rgPt lost.
• in case + present tense (present or future reference)
Tak~ some sandwIChes in case YUlI get hungry.
• in case + past tense (past reference)
She had taken orne man y with" 'r in case' he needed ,t.
Note: in case is never used with will or would.
• for + noun (expresses the purpose of an action)
I've sent rhem a cord for their anniversary.
• for + -ing form (expresses the purpose of something
or its function)
CD Rams ore used for storing informatl '1
• with 0 view to + -ing form
Jack bought all old hau~f with a view to renovating 1/
7 Join the sentences using the words in brackets .
He took his compass. He didn't want to get lost in
the woods. (in case)
He took his compaH in (me he got lost in tr y" ads
2 This ISa toaster. You use it to toast bread. (for)
3 lan set hiS alarm clock. He didn't want to miSS the
meeting. (so as not to)
4 Jess called me. He reminded me to bring his MP3
player. (in order to)
5 I spoke softly. I didn't want to wake the baby.
(so that)
6 They took an umbrella. They didn't want to get
wet. (avoid)
7 Dan kept the old coin. He wanted to start a coin
collection. (with a view to)
8 I'll write it down in my agenda. I don't want to
forget. (so that)
Clauses of Purpose D
We can express negative purpose using:
• in order not to/so as not to + infinitive
le had )m! brt"okfosl so as not to/in order not to be
hung,..,
Note: We never use not to to express negative
purpose.
• prevenr + noun/pronoun (+ from) + -ln9 form
Sf al b 'It' prevent drivers (from) having riaus injurie
• ovoid + -in9 form
He Hudled hard to avoid failing tht rE-sf.
• so that + can't/won't (present/future reference)
I'll take om notes so that J won 't forget rhelmportant
I1 orn'ation.
• so that + couldn't/wouldn't (past reference)
~ •Ct rill '1 rh 1 u down so that h wouldn't I va~, rh baby.
(Remember!)
So has many di fferent uses. Be careful not t~
confuse them when using so to express purpose.
1\11 fEl!ling tired. so I wrnt to b.. d fatly. (this shows
result, not purpose) He turned tht music down so
thath wouki/ltwak rh . baby (this shows purpose)
8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
in bold .
1 Rick woke up early. He didn't want to miss hiS
morning flight.
AS Rick woke up early so 0' /lOr to ml ~
his morning flight .
2 Jocelyn took a Spanish class. She intended to
move to Madrid someday.
VIEW Joce lyn took a Spanish class .
.............. to Madrid someday.
3 She hid her journal under her pillow. 5he didn't
want her brother to read it.
50 She hid her journal under her pi llow
..................... read it.
4 He's packing a lunch. He might feel hungry lat er.
CASE He's packing a lunch .............. .
.............................. hungry lat er.
5 Nicolas bought some ice tea. He wanted to have
someth ing cold to drink.
TO Nicolas bought some ice tea .
. ... ... ... somet hing cold to drink.
227
 U Clauses of Reason
Clauses of Reason
Clauses of reason are used to express the reason for something. They are introduced w ith the following
words/expressions: because, as/since, the reason forlwhy, because of/on account of/due to, now that, for, etc.
• because - / turned on the hearing because it was cold. Because it was cold, I turned on the heating.
• as/since (= because) - We couldn"t go out as/since il was raining. As/since it was raining, we couldn't go out.
• rhereason (or + noun/-ing form - The reason {or his delay was the heavy traffic. The reason for his beingde/ayed was the
heavy lroff
the reason why + clause - The heavy traffi! was the reason why he was delayed.
• because ofIon accQuntof/due to + noun - All flighu were cancelled because of/on account of/due to the rhic~ fog.
because of/on account of/due to the fact that + clause - Sh«' was thrilled because of/on account of/due to the focr that
she won the competition.
• now (that) + clause Now (that) she has a driving licence, ,h 'can drive to work
• for (= because) (informa l written style) A clause of reason introduced with far always comes after the main clause.
He couldn't read rh« 5mall print far his ey/' light wm poor.

9 Join the sentences using the words in brackets . 10 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence, Include the word
1 She left early today. She wasn't feeling very well. in bold.
(because)
She left early raday because Ihf wasn't f~/ing very well. He wanted to sell his drum set so he put an
2 Mum had a lot of preparations for Su nday lunch. advertisement in the paper.
She had invited some old friends from school. (as) SINCE He put an advertisement in the
paper since hi wantedrosell his
drum set
2 Sop hie doesn't make enough money to buy a car.
3 Everything in the fridge spoiled. There was a FOR Sophie can't buy a car, .. .... .. .. .
power cut. (due to) ............................ .. ... ....... enough money.
3 All nights were cance lled on account of the ice
storm.
4 The company sent drivers to pick us up. There was REASON The ice storm was .................. .
a massive stri ke. (on account of) .. .............. .. ... .. .... ............... were ca ncelled .
4 Morgan wasn't feeling well so he called in sick .
BECAUSE Morgan called in sick .
5 They cancelled the school trip . There was a severe .. ....... feeli ng well.
snowstorm . (the reason) ......... ...... ... .. .. .. 5 Richard can't play rugby because he has a bad
knee.
ACCOUNT Richard ca n't play rugby.
6 We can bring you your CDs in the morning. We'll .......... bad knee.
be driving by your area . (as) ..... .. ...... ... .. 6 Since exams are over they can go out with friends.
NOW They can go out with friends
.............. are over.
7 We quickly got bored . There was nothing to do. 7 She was 10 a bad mood because of their
(since) .. .. .... ..... . ............ .... ... ... ... .... . arg ument.
FOR The ....
her bad mood was their argument.
S Nick's teacher wanted to see his parents because
he was misbehaving.
f OF Nick's teacher wanted to see his
parents .
............. ... ... ..... bad behaviour.

228
 Clauses of Result U
Clauses of Result
Clauses of result are used to express resu lt. They are int roduced w ith the following words/expressions:
• as a result/therefore/consequently/as a consequence - We want to go on holiday. As a resultlThereforelConsequenrlylAs
a consequence, WI' are ~av;t1g up money.
• sO - /W("ff ingill.so/ lttott d(,:rnr',
• such a/an + adjective + singular countable noun - s such a great performance that we w 1t to ( e 11 ~o'n
• such + adjective + plural/ uncountable noun - suchnicepeopfe n'Jliam '1om1 .., WIfe hPmtumypcrty.
ft such good advice 1
• such a fot of + plural/uncountable noun - ~re such a for of books ,n my J ~ that I cou 1ft t work.. n-,e e .vas
surh a lot of dust rh rh ~b
• so + adjective/adverb - '11 ry ~ ,so boring that h SI Jdpn't; lost 1r (est
• so + adjective + o(n) + noun - f • WOHO c/evero boy /l,ar he pa~ cd 0'1 h XQ/m.
• somuch/lirr/e + uncountable noun - rh, re s so much pollution In the ( ryrhar John wonts to m \< Paul has got so litfle
rime rhat h 1'( go out .:1.
• so manylfew + plural noun - rh re so many people (l/ the perform1nce hlllhe e wa~ )rond n ~ room only. She haG
sa (ew (riends In y.

11 Rewrite the two statements using the word(s) in 12 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
brackets. meaning to the first sentence. Indude the word
in bold.
A : The t eacher cou ldn't find the students' tests
anywhere. 1 They were in such a rush they couldn't stop for
B: I know! The whole class had to retake the test. lunch .
(as a result) UTILE They had they
.11 ~r f: ~f' (to As a couldn't stop for lunch.
result.,t h
; " "
2 She's such an energetic person she prefers to Jog
to work .
2 A: There ;s plenty of In formation on the tOPIC on
the Internet.
SO She's
..... she prefers to jog to work
B: Yes, bu t it cou ld take hours to find exactly
what you 're looking for. (such a lot of .. . that)
3 Joe hurt his leg w hile ska teboard ing because he
wasn't care ful.
CONSEQUENTLY Joe wasn't careful while
skateboarding ............... .
3 A: My new school is very close to home. . ................. his leg .
B: You can even walk there. ( so ... that) 4 We didn't take long at the bank because there
was a short queue.
FEW There were ............ ..... ......... .
4 A: It's cold here ! ....... ....... . waiting at the bank
S: Yes, I know. I' ll turn on the heating . (so ... that) that we did n't take long.
S It was such a tiring lecture that I could n't keep my
eyes open .

S A: The world population is increasing too fast. SO The lecture ........................... .

I couldn't keep my eyes open.
S We won't have enough food to feed everyone
soon . (as a result)
6 That cat is so lazy it's always lying on the sofa.
SUCH It is ....................... .... .. .
it 's always lying on t he sofa .
7 Parents have t o supervise their children because
6 A: That was a w o nderful holiday. t here is a lot of violence on TV.
B: I agree. I t hink I want to go back there again. SO There is ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . ..
(such a ... that) ... ... .. .......... on TV that parents
have to supervise their children .

229
 U Clauses of Concession
Clauses of Concession
Clauses of concession are used to express a contrast. They are introduced with the following words/expressions:
• bur - He wa~ ill, but h~' Hill went to work
• although/even though/though + clause
Even though is more emphatic than although . Though is Informal and is often used in everyday speech . It can also
be put at the end of a sentence. Although/Even thcluqhlThough d, d.
although/even rhl Igh hot gh " though.
• ;n spite of/despite + noun/-jng form - In spire of/Despite our hard work, h C 1nl fintsh 0' 'itnL We Mn' fin h on
in spite of/despite working
• in spire of/ despite + the fact that + clause - In ;pire of/~ lill'tht fact that he was rich. h wasn h1PDy.
• however/nevertheless - A comma IS always used after however/nevertheless. r ISn nv (I'd tu thP party. However/
Nevertheless, h 'tUfl d, IP .
• while/whereas - :;f r. 'IH, whileiwhereas I broIl ,n "P -("a
• yet (formal)/srill - / f1 '1 WJS 5hmtn".j, yet wa~ ramer warm, .My qran tfarh r 15 90, Yet, le Il still oble to look 1fter hims.elf.
• on the other hand - //.:J I to f'ar ut a fe . • On 1hf' othf'f hand, " d;

I(Remember!)
• In spite of/Despite can be placed in the middle of the sentence , )j , . spIre
race In ~
of/despitl t "
• We use the perfect -;ng form to show that the action happened before the result , Th~y idn'r Win, in spire
of/despite having tminl 'd m hard.

13 Circle the correct item, 14 Rephrase the sentences using the words in
brackets, as in the example.
, .. the heavy traffic, we managed to get to work
on time. 1 I paid attention In class. I didn't understand the
A However B In spite of C While Maths problem. (despite, although)
{)flpilf paying otrentl( 1/1 '/0 I didn't underHand
2 I eat a lot of meat .. ,... my sister is a vegetarian. Ih . Maths problem.
A in spite B while C despite A/lh ugh I P d (l/("Iltion ill elos I didn'r under5tand
3 He enJOYS the opera He doesn't like rock concerts, 'Mathsp )b
2 Sue tried her best She didn't Win the public
A whereas B on the other hand speaking contest. (nevertheless, in spite of)
C though
4 The music at the party was great, ' .. " the food
3 George sings in a band. He can't play any mUSICal
was hOrrible.
Instruments, (however, but)
A despite B but C in spite
5 Bobby felt off his bike, ..... ., he wasn't hurt.
A While B Although C However 4 They look tired. They spent the weekend at the
6 They decided to go for a walk .... the roads were cabin. (even though, despite)
'cy.
A whereas B even though C despite
5 It was late. Patnck deCided to go out with friends
7 .... it sounds like a good idea, there's something (although, however)
about it I don't like.
A Although B Despite C In spite of
8 We followed the recipe, the result wasn't 6 Rihanna is my favourite singer. I don't have her
very good. latest CD. (though, yet)
A whereas B while C yet

230
 Exclamations U
Exclamations
Exclamations are words or sentences used to express admiration, surprise, etc.
To form excla matory sentences we can use what (olan), how, such, so or a negative question .
• so + adjective/adverb - rh" VI 15 so marvellous" Ht dl so beautifully.'
• such + a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable noun - such a playful puppy'
• such (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun - 'h ouch beaur;fulfumiwre' T'loseor suchpolitechildren l
• what + a/on (+ adj ective) + singu lar countable noun - Whataprettygirf'
• what (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun - Wh.,O IpfuladVl eIWhatt,endy'lorhe~
• how + adjective/adverb - Huw cl ..... ,
• negative question (+ exclamation mark) - Isn't hI Ifte1 Sin rl

15 fil l in: what (% n), how, 5uch (a/on) , or 50. 17 Fill in the missing words in the email below.
1 WI perfect diamond t
2 He's ... . .............. strangel
3 .............. nice clothesl
4 ........................ fast he sWims!
5 It's .... ............ ......... expensive car !
6 ..... ... .. .. .. ...... .. clever she Isl
7 It's .... .......... difficult exam I
8 ... .. lovely weatherl
9 ......... kind she isl
10 .................. beautjful eyes she's got!
11 It was ........................ great partyl
Dear Mr and :\1rs Pappas,
12 The Journey was ............... . .... tlong!
13 . nice day I rm wri ting to thank you for letting me st.ay at
14 These bags are .... ....... heavyl your summer house in a ntorini la st week . I t
15 .............. .. .. .. .. . noisy child ren I
WM S 1) a wond erful experience! I t was my
fil' st time in Greece Ilnd youI' wfll"m hospitnlit.y
16 She's ................. .... ... .. clumsyl
made me feel 2) ............... much a part. of yo ur
17 He's ..... ......... ......... . graceful dancer I
f!lmily~
18 ............... .... .. . exhausted you look I
I truly e njoyed our tour of the ancient cily at.
19 It was ............. .. scary film! Akrot.iri. 3) ............... an a maz ing civilisation it
20 Karen cooks ... . ....... well! was ~ I didn't rea lise h ow advanced the ir
architect.ure was . And the bOl.lt ride to Caldera
16 Make exclamations using negative question a fterwards was 4) .. ... .. ........ an excit.in g way to
see the volcano up close and catch a view of the
forms .
Santodni cliffs! Lstill ca n't beli eve 5) .............. .
1 It's so exciting! im'fite (ilingi spectllcular this island is !
2 He dresses smartly! Thank you for welcoming me into your homc
3 They can play well! a nd making me feel so re laxed. It was
4 James IS so strongl ..... . 6) ............... a wonderfu l experience! If you arc
S She talks too muchl .. . ever in Barcelona, don't forget to come visit.
I wou ld be more than willing to offer you a
6 He can draw perfectly!
place to stay to return your kindness. Above all,
7 They are so friendly! .
it. would be 7) ............... nice to see you both
8 Julie sings beautifutly! ........... ...... .. ..
again!
9 It's unbelievable! .............. ... . ..... ...
Best wishes,
Pcdro

231
 Exclamations U
Exclamations
Exclamations are words or sentences used to express admiration, surprise, etc.
To form excla matory sentences we can use what (a/an) , how, such, so or a negative question .
• so + adjective/adverb - rh, ,1 iJ so marvel/ous,1 d( n( so beautifully.'
• such + a/ an (+ adjective) + singular countable noun - uct! a playful puppy!
• such (+ adjective) + uncountable/ plural noun - 'h I such beourifulfurniwre' r..,o ear suchpolirechildren.
'
• what + a/on (+ adjective) + singular countable noun - What 0 prettygirf'
• what (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun - What hl/pful advice' What trendy clorhe~,
• how + adjective/adverb - Ho .... C!PVf
• negative question (+ exclamation mark) - Isn'th! l{fe1 mg rl

15 fill in: what (alon), haw, such (alon), or 50. 17 Fill in the missing words in the email below.
1 WI perfect diamond t
2 He's.. .............. strangel
3 .......... nICe clothes I
4 ........................ fast he SWims!
5 It's ..... .................. expensive car !
6 .... .. .. .... ....... .. . clever she is!
7 It's ........... ....... difficult exam!
8 love ly weatherl
9 kind she isl
10 ................ beautiful eyes she's got!
11 It was ........................ great partyl
Dear Mr and Mrs Pappus,
12 The Journey was ..... ..... .......... .. tiring!
13 .. .... ... ..... .... . nice day! I'm wri ting to t.hank you for letting me st.ay at.
14 These bags are .............. ....... heavyl ymlr summer house in • antorini last week. It
15 .............. .. ...... noisy children I wu s 1) a wonder ful experience! It was my
fil' st ti me in Greece and yOll !' warm hospitAlity
16 She's .... , ............ .. . .. . clumsy !
mude me feel 2) ............... much a part. of yOU!'
17 He's ....................... .. graceful dancer I
f!lmily~
,8 .... exhausted you look I
I tl'uly e njoyed our tou r of the ancient city at
19 It was ...................... .. scary film ! Akrotiri. 3) ............... an a maz ing civilisation it
20 Karen cooks ... .. . . well! was! I didn't. rea lise how advanced the ir
architecture was. And the boal ride to Caldera
16 Make exclamations using negative question a fterwards was 4) ............... an excitin g way to
see the volcano up close and ca tch a view of the
forms .
Santorin i cliffs! I still can't beli eve 5) ... .. ......... .
1 It's so exciti ng! 15n'( it ex(ilingi spectllcular this island is !
2 He dresses smartly I Thank you for welcoming me into your home
3 They can play well! a nd making me feel so re laxed. 1t was
4 James IS so strongl 6) ............... a wonderfu l experience! If you arc
5 She talks too muchl ... ever in Barcelona, don't forget to come visit.
I would be more than willing to offer you a
6 He can draw perfectly!
l,llace to stay to return your ki ndness. Above all,
7 They are so friendly! ....... , .
it would be 7) ............... nice to see you both
8 Julie sings beautifully! ...... .
again!
9 It's unbelievable! ................. ..
Best wishes,
Pedro

23 1
 Clauses of Place U
Clauses of Place 22 Circle the correct item .
Clauses of place are introduced with where, wherever,
everywhere, anywhere, etc. We'll enjoyoufse/ves wherever .. .... it was snowing heavily, they started climbing
we go. the mountain .
WiII/Wou/d are never used in clauses of place. Everywhere A Despite © Even though
I look I find your things. (NOT: £vel)'Wh"", I will /oQk ) B In spite of D Howeve r

2 Tom and Rick were making .... .. .. noise that Dad

20 Fill in: where, wherever, everywhere or anywhere. told them to be quiet.
A such a C such a lot of
Wherever I looked, there were people protesting in B so many D consequently
the streets.
2 Did you see ............ , ....... I placed my folder? 3 I'll call you . I leave the office .
3 Sit ............. .. ......... .. .. you like . A the time C immed iate ly
4 You can find this book ... .. ...... ..... . . It's a best B the moment o since
seller right now.
4 the fact that her dodor told her to rest,
S I cou ldn't fjnd a parking place '"' ... , near the Laura went to work.
shops, A Although C Despite
B However D Nevertheless
21 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Include the word 5 I'll drive you ... you want to gal
in bold. A everywhere C where
B whereas D wherever
Mr Mltchell he ld onto his daughter's bike so she
wouldn't fall. 6 Parcels will not be delivered, ....... posta l workers
PREVENT Mr Mitchell held onto his daughter's are on strike .
bike to prevent her from falling. A because of C for
2 John was late for work because he had trouble B now o on account of
starting his car, 7 ........ the delay was the thick fog .
THEREFORE John had trouble starting his car, A Due to C The reason for
B The reason why D On account of
.,,"" ." ., .... for work.
3 The children were frightened on account o f the B Scott brushes his teeth . he goes to bed at
thu nder storm . night.
REASON The th under storm was .. "." ... ,.. A the moment C no sooner
..... .. were frightened . B before D by the time
4 I live so close to schoo l that I don't have to take 9 I was feeling hot . '" I decided to open a
the bus . window.
SINCE I don't have to take the bus ... A As a resu lt C So much
" ... " ....... to school. B Such D Such a
5 2003 was the year my son was born .
WHEN 2003 was the year ... ... ... .. ... .. 10 .. ... .. you're all here, we can st art the meeting .
.. .. .. .... .. . born , A For C The reason for
6 The Davidsons wanted to buy a house so they B Now that D Consequent ly
asked the bank for a loan.
ORDER The Davidsons asked the bank for 11 He looked through the paper ........ finding a job ,
a loan ............ . A so that C to
a house , B w ith a view to 0 for
7 They went to the animal shelter as they intended 12 I've bought her a watch ... . her birthday.
to choose a pet A for C soas
VIEW They went to the animal shelter B with a view 0 in order
.. ................ . ... ............... a pet.

233
 fI Linking Words
Linking Words
linking words show the logical relat ionship between sentences or pa rts of a sentence.
Positive Addition
and, both ... and, too, besides (this/that) , moreover, what
;s more, in addition (to) , also, as well as (this/tha t),
furthermore, ete - We were both happy and excited.
Negative Addition
neither ... nor, nor, neither, either
Nt?ither Sarah nor )im lives here.
Contrast
but, although, in spite of, despite, while, whereas, even
though, on the other hand, however, yet, still, etc.
Claire is hardworking, but not very sociable.
Giving Exa mples
such as, like, for example, for instance , especially, in
particular, etc. - All the stories were funny, bul the last one
in particular was hilarious.
Cause/Reason
as, because, because of. since, for this reason, due to, so,
as a result (of) , etc. - We couldn't watch the film because
we weren't old enough.
Condition
if, whether, only if, in case of, in case, provided (that),
providing (that) , unless, as/so long as, otherwise, or (else),
on condition (that) , ete
I'll write your telephone number down in case I forget it.
Purpose
to , so that, so as (nor) to , in order (not) to , in order that,
in case, etc.
We hurried home so that we wouldn't be lore for dinner.
23 Choose the correct item .
1 There's a tra in that goes up north, and/but/50 it
doesn't go by that town .
2 He's going to have the party after/if/unless his
parents change their plans.
3 Can you pick up some groceries for me until/while/
before you come home?
4 We went out although/in spite/despite t he heavy
rain.
S If/Because/Although of t he strike, we had to
take a taxi to get t o work.
6 I needed to hear her voice, because/and/so I called
her on the phone .
7 We all enjoy skateboarding , wh ile/so/and Jake
prefers riding his BMX.
8 WhereverlWherelWhenever Pet er goes, he always
makes new frien ds t here.
234
EffecUResult
such/so n. that, so, consequently, as a result, therefore,
for this reason, ete.
It was so cold that we stayed indoof5.
Time
when , whenever. as, as soon as, whife. before, until/ till,
after, since , etc. - I didn't leave the class until/till rd finished
mypro;ect.
Place
where, wherever
We don't know where to spend our holidays this summer.
Exception
except (for), apart from
My party was great apart from the mess we mode.
Relatives
who, whom, which, what, that
nlO/'5 the song which/that made it 10 the top of/he charts.
Listing Points/Events
To begin: initially, first , at first , firstly, to start/ begin with ,
first of 01/, etc. - First of all. I opened 0 new document.
To continue: secondly, after this/that, second, afterwards.
then , next, etc. - Then. I typed the report
To conclude: finally, lastly, in the end, at last, eventually,
ete - Finally, I soved it under a new nome.
Summarising
in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, on the whole ,
01/ in all, altogether, in short, ete
To sum up, we {€I 'I fhm more money should be spent on
education.
24 Join the sentences using the linkers in brackets.
The chi ldren we nt for ICe cream . They had eat en
all their di nner. (after) The children went for ice
cream aher they had eaten all their dinner.
2 She didn't tel l her t he whole t ruth She didn't
want to hurt her feelings . ( so as not to)
3 Fi rst you clean out you r room . Then, we'l l go
shopping (only if) .. . .......... .............. .. ............ .
4 The twi ns are very sweet. They are charmi ng, too.
(both .. . and) .. .. ........ .
S She left work. All t he shops ha d closed. (by the
time) .. .. .. .. .. ........ ..
 Linking Words U
25 Choose the correct item. 27 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate lin kers.
1 Whl nfl , I see George, he's In a hurry
There are plenty of
2 They left for school... .. .................. they had
reasons for planning your next breakfast
trip to the city of Madrid. I) C 3 He looks .... ............ he's gOing to eat
it is a city with a rich history. It that cake all by himself.
has been the c.1.pital of Sp..1.in 4 That was ............... ..... .. a terrible thing to do
sincc 1562. Moreover, Madrid to him You should apologise!
5 I'll bring a change of clothes With me ............... .
is tI vcry special place 2) ........ its medieval centre,
I stay overn ight.
Prado Museu m, great chu rches and squares. It 3) ........
6 You'll miss t he flight ....... .. .............. you hurry.
has an impressive 0lx:=nl house rlnd mHny of the city's 7 They couldn't remember ........... they
monuments and palaces are well-prcsclVcd, 4) ........ it is had parked their car.
~ ibl e to relivc lhe history of the c.:ity. For this reason. S That man over there is the one
many people visil Madrid every year. 5) ........ , I believe house has burnt down
that 6) ........ a trip like Ihis may be costly. Madrid is a city
worth vi!.iting. 28 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Include the word

1 A As
in bold.
B In short C Firstly
2 A due to B so C because 1 I grew up m that house.
3 A t herefore B however C also THE That's theh£ stwfl re I grew up.
4 A and B so C but 2 She has deCided to buy a motorbike, we can't
5 A To sum up B Even though C For example stop her
6 A also B althoug h C because of PREVENT We can't ...
........ a motorbike.
3 I gave them a summary of the events beca use I
didn't want to bore them with the details.
26 Join the sentences using a suitable word or SO I didn't want to bore them with
phrase from the list.
the details, ............................. .
• such ... that • where • as well as ........... a summary of the events .
• even though • neither ... nor • provided (that) 4 He got a speedm9 ticket because he was drivm9
very fast
1 The government passed the law The people did
RE SULT He was driVing very fast ............ .
not agree.
The governm 'nt passed rh aw. even though th'
he got a speeding ticket.
peop/p did /l If agree.
5 It was such a great party that we all stayed until late
2 They have a house In Italy They have a Villa In Spain .
SO The party was ................... _.. .
.... .. ..... we all stayed until late.
3 I don't feel like watching a DVD . Angela doesn't
6 He bought a bicycle as he intended to fide It to
feel like watching a DVD
work every day.
VIEW He bought a bicycle
4 He can come with us. He behaves himself.

it to work every day.

5 This is the flat. I used to live here.
7 Martha IS tall and thin . Her sister IS short and plump .
WHEREAS Martha IS tall and th in ... ........... .
6 It was a perfect sunny day. We went on a picnic.
....................... short and plump.

235
 B The Passive
The Passive
We form the passive w ith t he verb to be in the appropriate tense and the past participle of t he main verb.
Active Passive
Present simple They clean rh! office every day. The office is cleaned every day.
Present continuous They Ofe cleaning the office now. The office is being cleaned now.
Past simple They cleaned the office yesterday. The office was cleaned yesterday.
Past continuous They were cleaning the office ar 6:00 this morning. The office was being cleaned or 6:00 this morning.
Future simple They will clean the office lomorrow. The office will be cleaned tomorrow.
Present perfect They have already cleaned the off;( e The office has already been cleaned.
Past perfect They had cleaned che offiCe berOft we arrived. Thf'office hod been cleaned bf>forf we amved.
Modals They can clean the offj(e Thl' office can be cleaned.
Infinitive They want to clean the office They want the office fa be cleaned
Notes :
a) The present perfect continuous and the past perfect co ntinuous are not normally used in the passive.
b) We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that happen
by accident or unexpectedly. Mary's (flt got run C r by 0 car. (instead of Mary's cat was run aver ... )
Us.
We use the passive :
• when the person or peop le who do the action are unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. TiJ book
will be published next w (We don't know who wi ll publish the book .) Th [(1 fumes are being prepared. (It's
unimportant who is doing it .) /-:' was arrested on Monday (it's obvious that the police arrested him.)
• when the action itself is more important than the persorJpeople who does/do it, as in news headlines, newspaper
articles, formal notices, advertisements, instructions, processes, etc. v>vera/ hou 'S were destroyed in the eorthquok
• when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an action, or when we refer to an unpleasant event and we
do not want to say who or what is to blame. Apoge was tom outof my book ex.
~myone now anything about i/:
• to emphasise the agent. This picture was painted by Leonordoda Vinc,"
............................................................................................................................
Changing from the active into the passive:
• The object of the active sentence becomes the • By + the agent is used to say who or what carries
subject in the passive sentence . out an action . The program wo' created by Microsoft.
• The active verb remains in the same tense, but With + instrument/material/ingredient is used to
changes into a passive form, say what the agent used . Thl wallJ were decorated
• The subject of the active sentence becomes the with paintings.
agent, and is either introduced with the preposition • The agent can be omitted when the subject is they,
by or is omitted . he, someone/somebody, people, one, etc.
Su Ject er 0 Ject Active: They caught the robbers outside the door.
Passive : The robbers were caught outside the door.
ACTIVE Terry is writing the Invitation'
• The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or

Subject
+1
Verb
f Agent
t important person, or when it is essential to the
meaning of the sentence . Ham let was written by
PASS IVE The invitations are bein written b rer Shakespeare.
• With verbs wh ich can take two objects, such as bring,
• Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object)
tell, send, show, teach , promise, buy, sell, read. offer, give,
can be changed into the passive.
Active: Jack repaired the computer. (transitive verb)
lend, etc, we can form two different passive sentences.
Active: Frank sent Mary flowers.
Passive: The compurer was repaired by Jack
Passive: a) Mary was sent flowers by Frank (more usual)
BUT Active: Tony arrived at the cinema on time.
b) Flowers were sent to Mary by Frank. (less usual)
(intransitive verb)
No passive form : rhi ';r:limg !~IQ' g~f;,~g(;itt;.y1Or:l¥"r:l riQ'.}i. • If in an act ive sentence a preposition follows a verb,
then in the passive the preposition is placed
Note: Some transitive verbs (have, exist, seem, fit,
immed iately after the verb.
suit, resemble, lack, etc) cannot be changed into the
Active: A dog bit Alan on the leg.
passive. You resemble your mum. (NOT: ""v' r+llJr+I j~
Passive: A/an was bitten on the leg by 0 dog.
riSir+lt;.lid b;'y.o~ !)

236
 The Passive
• The verbs hear, help, see and make are followed by the • To ask questions in the passive, we follow the same
bare infinitive In the active, but by the to infinitive in rules as for statements, keeping In mind that the verb
the passive. is In the interrogative form .
Active: made tidy I Active:
Passive: I was made to tidy I ~1' Passive: Has thE waif been painted I

• Let becomes be allowed to In the passive . • When we want to find out who or what performed
Active: Our Art teaciJer/etu' ,harE ourpoim' an action, the passive question form is Who/What ...
Passive: W'wtreallowedto t. IIp Itsb, 4ft' by? Who I Den by.

Personal/Impersonal constructions
The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, etc, are used In the follOWing passive patterns in
personal and impersonal constructions.
Active : They believe hi live in Bath.
Positive: a) subject (person) + passive verb + to-infinitive (personal construction) - 'is believed to It I, III 80th
b) It + passive verb + that-clause (impersonal construction) - IS believed I ~ n :u:Jth

1 Expand the headlines to make se ntences in the 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
passive, passive tense. Then ask and answer questions
using the passive form of the verbs.
1 THIEVES CAUGHT RED HANDED AFTER
BANK RAID LAST NIGHT

2 WORKERS CONTINUE STR IKE AFTER
COLLEAGUE FIRED LAST WEEKE ND
3 BEYONCE'S NEW ALBUM ALREAOY RElEASED
4 HEALTH CENTRE OPENED BY MAYOR
TOMORROW
5 PAINTING FOUND IN CELLAR NOW EXAMINED
BY EXPERTS
8 II U(iiF, PRI CI: CUTS E,.XI't:c n :n I~
SUMMER SALES START I NG TOMnKKtn,r
7 LOCAL FILM FESTIVAL ORGANISED BY
TOWN COUNCI L NEXT MO NTH
1 'r ugh! dh
Woman Fell fro m Cliffs in I)evon
A woman I) 1\"/1 11I\1!ul (rush) 10 hospilHllooay
after falling from cliffs on the north coaSI of
Devon. The cliff gave way suddenly and it
2) ..................................................... (think) thal the
footpath , which runs along the edge of the cliffs.
3) ....... .......... ,............. " ... " .......... , ( '"ust/we~' ken) by
reccnl heavy storms. The woman 4) .................. .
................... (suy) 10 be in critical condition <lfter
5) .......................................... (rescue) earlier loday.
having suffered multiple injuries. The woman
6) ............................... ,....... (expt.'tt) 10 make a full
recovery, according to doctors.
A spokcs~rso n for the local council has
raid fa t
l:onfirmed that since lhe incident the cliff footpath

2 " 7) ....................................... (close oft) and a detailed

examinat.io n 8) ........................................................... .
(cu rrently/undcrtnke) of the area.
3 ........................... .

4 ------~, ,,.'-~'"
5
1 WherelwomanlinJure?
~, . (I 'n rrn as( of 1.. von.
6 ........................... . 2 How/womanlinjure?
3 When/woman/rescue?
7 4 Why/cliff footpath/close off?
5 WhaVcurrently/undertake?

237
 The Passive

3 Choose the correct item. 4 Write the personal or impersona l form of each
sentence.
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts 1 It is reported that the JUry has reached a verdiCt.
(BAFTA) is a charity in the United Kingdom that gives
The JUry i5 reported to hove reached 0 verdict.
awards for excellence in film, television, video games
2 Police believe that t he crime was carried out by a
and form s of animation. BAFTA 1) A founded in 1947
as the British Film Academy, 2 ) .......... leading figures local gang .
in the British fil m industry. Every year BAFTA holds a The crime ...... ............. ,....... ........... .. .... ...... .
film awards ceremony to reward the best work of any
international production that 3) ... ....... seen on British 3 He is known to be working for the local council.
cinema screens during the previous year. It ...
BAFTA 4 ) .......... supported by a membership of around
6500 people from the film, television and video game
industries. The winners o f awards in various categories 4 They are expected to arnve in the next few minutes,
5) .......... ck.>Cided by the BAFTA members who vole It ......... ... .............. . . ......... .
according 10 their expertise. Finally, the Best Film
6) .......... voted on by all members. 5 It has been reported that they have found the
The awards ceremony takes place in February every
missing documents.
year and the event 7 ) .......... attended by many
The miSSing documents ...... ... ... .. ... ................ .
famous actors and actresses. film producers and
directors. Since 2008. the ceremony 8) .......... held at
the Royal Opera H ouse In London's Covent Garden. 6 It is thought that the students are planmng a
2000 people 9} ........ .. accommodated and it is surprise for their teacher.
considered 1 0 ) ...... ... . the perfect selling for such a The students .... ........ .
ceremony in recognition of British film.
Although tlckets to the ceremony 1 I ) ... available
only to people working in the Industry. normally the
show 1 2) .......... broadcast on television within a few 5 Rewrite the following text in the passive.
hours 01 the actual event. However, there is a chance for
the public to get closer to the stars. For this you must
queue for a wristband and these 13) .......... out on a The Voyage o f the Dawn Treader
first come, first serve basis. If you are lucky enough to
Michael Apted directed the hit fantasy film
get a wristband you 14 ) .......... granted access to the
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, wh ich IS the third
public pens where you can watch the stars arriving on
the red carpet. sequel in the Chronicles of Narnia series. Walden
Media released the film in 20 10. Most CritiCS gave
the film excellent revIews. The children take a
courageous voyage on the fantastic ship Dawn
1 A was B has C be 0 were
Treader and they find the Great lion Asian. Wil l
2 A by B With C from 0 to
they save the land of Narnia from the magica l
3 A is being B was been C was being 0 has been
creatures and Its enemies? Adventure lovers will
4 A be B IS C being 0 are surely enjoy this film. MlChael Apted Will film
S A was B IS C are 0 were another sequel called The Silver Chair.
6 A are B being C be o IS

7 A is B are C were 0 was

"- "_ ' __ - - ..J
The hit fantasy film The Voyage of the Dawn Treader,
B A has been B being C to be 0 was being
which is the third sequel in the Chromc e of Narnla ~efles,
9 A can to be B can be C can been 0 can being
W J dire red by Michael Apted
10 A be B being C to be 0 been
11 A is made B be made C are made 0 IS to make
12 A had B has C IS 0 been
13 A to give B are given C been given 0 are gave
14 A to be B were C being 0 w;lIbe

238
 The Passive

6 Circle the correct item. 7 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
mean ing to the first sentence . Include the w ord
A" Do you know who was responsible for the in bold.
damage?
B: No, but the matter .......... . , The dishes are stili dirty.
A is invest igated C is being investigated WASHED The dishes haven't b ~n w05hed yet.
, B be investigated o been investigated 2 They had just sold the last one before I got there.
BEEN The last one ................ ......... .
2 A: Was your holiday accommodation nice?
before I got there.
B: Yes, excellent. Everything we could have
3 You should throw that yoghurt out if it's past Its
possibly needed ..
sell-by date.
A had provided C has to be provided
BE That yoghurt ... ........ ... ....... ... .... ....
B was provided D is provided
... ........... if It's past its sell-by date.
3 A: Is Jeremy stili out of work?
4 They believe the ruins date back to the 14th
B: No. He ....... by a travel company as a rep century.
A to be employed C will be employed
TO The ruins .... ... .................... .
B has been employed 0 should be employed
...... date back to the 14th century.
4 A: Have you spoken to Hennetta? 5 My brother told me the joke.
B: Yes. She ............ the resu lts just before I rang . TO LD I .............................. ..
A IS given C has been given .. .... ..... ........ by my brother.
B will be given 0 had been given 6 They think. that the new department store will
5 A: Why has the plug .. ....... ? open in June.
B: I don't know. Sally was uSing the toaster last. THOUGHT It .............. .
A been taken ou t C take ou t ............... ..... .. that the
B to be taken out D taken out new department store Will open in
6 A: Laura's aunt gave her a trip to New York for June.
her birthday. 7 Architects are making plans for the new complex
B. Wow! I'd love . ... such a fantastic birthday at the moment.
present. BEING Plans . ......................................... .
A be given C to be given . ....... for the new complex
B been given D was given B They believe MichaeJ IS staying with relatives 10
Canada.
7 A: Where did you put the notice about the event?
BE Mlchael ...
B. On the main notice board so It ..... by
... With relatives in Canada .
everyone.
9 Take this medicine on an empty stomach .
A can be seen C can to be seen
MUST This medicine .. .......... .
B can see o can to see ............ .... on an empty stomach .
8 A: Harry King IS such a good swimmer! 10 The teacher made me rewrite the essay
B: Yes, he .... many medals for his sWimming TO I ................ .. ............ .
achievements this year. ... ................ . ............ the essay
A is awarded C has been awarded 11 My parents didn't let me stay up late when I was
B was being awarded 0 awarded young.
9 A: Hasn't the order ... ....... to the customer yet? ALLOWED I ...... ....................................... .
B: Actually it has. It was sent yesterday. stay up late when I was young
A be sent C to be sent 12 Tina .sent Mary a postcard.
B been sent o being sent m A ...... ..... ................................ ... .
, 0 A: The beach is covered in rubbish . .... .. ........ ... .. .............. .. .. .. by Tina .
B: I've heard it ........ .. by some volunteers at the 13 They expect she will recover soon .
weekend . EXPECTED It ...... ...... .
A been deaned C is going to be cleaned ........ ..... .................. recover soon .
B will cleaned o to be cleaned
239
 o Causative Form

Causative Form
• We use have + objectl(thing) + past participle to say that we
arrange for someone to do something for us.
Frank asked rI 'orti ,r Iv pahr hi5 porfrait. Frank had his portrait painted_
(He didn't have to do It himself. The artist did it.)
• The verb to have, used In the causative, forms its negation and
question with dO/does (present simple) or did (past simple).
?didn'thavett 1 Did~h 'havetl o?
• Get IS often used in the causative Instead of have
DidyouhovelgetyoUllJ ken 1 J:
• The causative form can be used Instead of the passive to refer
to accidents and misfortunes.
8 '1 had his bike stolen last wee
(= Bill's bike was stolen last week.)

Remember!
• Make/Hove + objectl(person) + bare infinitive IS used to express that someone causes someone else to
do something, but their meaning is slightly different Mu, I made us dOG lourhomeworktwfofeqomg fa rll
PC!( (Mum insisted that we do our homework before gomg out.) We had the choir sing another song_ CWe
asked the choir to sing another song.)
• Get + object/(person) + to infinitive shows that someone persuades someone else to do something .
Mybrothe-rgot me to take lhedog fora walk (He persuaded me to take the dog for a walk .)

1 Read the situations, then w rite sentences using 2 Complete the sentences w ith the verbs in
the causative form, brackets in the appropriate form .

1 My back is aching I need a therapist to massage 1 He had the reception desk C)1'ft; (give) him a wake-
it. What should I do? up call at 7:00 am.
Yc u ,hould have yourbock mm 1ged bya rheraplH. 2 John has all his weekly expenses
2 Slmon is at the service station . The attendant IS (pay) by his employers .
filling his tank with petrol. What is Simon doing ? 3 He made Annie . .......... (rewrite) her essay.
4 She got her husband ........................ (mow) the
lawn.
3 Jacob has prepared a memo and It will be sent to S James had his car ......................., ..... (wash) the
all employees. What will Jacob do? other day.
6 She had her sister ............................ .. (translate)
the text from Spanish into English.
4 A seamstress has sewn a lovely gown for Helen . 7 I am having my car .................... . .. (service) at
What has Helen done? the moment.
S She's going to get her passport
(renew) before her trip.
240
 Causative Form D
3 Circle the correct item . 4 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
1 I always ...... my jumpers dry-cleaned in bold.
A have C was having
B am having D to have A pICkpocket stole his mobile phone in a busy
shopping centre.
2 While we were away, we
STOLEN He ~ d hi rr.r""/I' phi 'le ,tolpn in a busy
A having redecorated the house
shopping centre.
B will be having the house redecorated
2 Teresa Insisted that I should think about it carefully.
C had the house redecorated
MADE Teresa ............................ ............... .
D the house had redecorated
................. about it carefully
3 A: The car IS making a strange nOise.
3 The garage has resprayed my car and It looks
S: You shou ld .. . ... . fantastic.
A had It checked C checked
HAD I ...................................... .
B will have checked D have it checked
................... and It looks fantastic.
4 You will need ...... for your passport. 4 The theatre IS being designed by a local architect
A having a photograph took ARE They .... .. ... ...... , ..... .. ........ . " ...... ..
B be having a photograph took .......... ....... ...... . by a loca l architect.
C to have a photograph taken 5 Her leg was broken in the accident.
D have a photograph take GOT She .......................................... .
5 Rachael prefers ...... by Simon . ..... .......................... in the accident.
A to have cut her hair C have her hair cut 6 She arranged for her neighbour to water the
B having her hair cut D her hair having cut plants while she was away,
6 A: Did you hear what happened to Thomas? HAD She ....... .. .................. .... ...... .... .
S: Yes. He ...... yesterday. ........ ,.. ,............... by her neighbour
A had broken his house while she was away
B his house was broken into 7 The vet checks our eat's health every six months ,
C got broken into his house CHECKED We ....... ............ .
D had his house broken Into ................... every six mon ths .
8 When Harriet goes on holiday she asks her
7 lane was so tired she ...... them a take-away.
neighbour to keep an eye on the house .
A got Gary to order
HAS When Harrlet goes on holiday she
B gets Gary to order
C was getting to order Gary
an eye on the house.
D has got Gary order
9 Please don't Insist that I shou ld wash the dishes
B They .... .. when I spoke to them. t onight.
A will have fitted a new carpet MAKE Please ......
B have a new carpet fitted the dishes tonight .
C were having a new carpet fitted 10 Lucy convinced me to JOin the gym w ith her.
D have had fitted a new carpet GOT Lucy ... .. ........... ............ .. .. .. .. .. ...
9 A: Why didn't Bill JOi n us on Thursday? the gym w ith her,
B: He ... ... his knee X-rayed. 11 The boxer broke his nose in a fight.
A was haVing C has BROKEN The boxer ,.. ...... ,... ,..... ........... .. .
B will be haVing D is haVing In a fight.
10 They ...... their car stolen last month . 12 The teacher is gOing to ask them to rewrite the
A had C having essay.
B have D to have HAVE The teacher is going
the essay.

241
 m Reported Speech
Reported Speech
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We do not use quotation
marks. The word that can either be used or omitted after the introductory verb (say, tell, suggest, etc).
'>h 'i (rhar) she would help me.

• say + no personal object - said hewa~ 10 y lunJry.

• say + to + personal object - ~oid to us ItI1 0/ le wus 1) l)un 7ry.
• tell + personal object - told U' :J1l1rv.

Expressions formed with say, tell and ask.

hello. good morning/afternoon etc, something/nothing, so, a prayer, a few words. no more, for certain/sure,
the truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time, the difference, one from another, somebody one's name,
somebody the way, somebody so, someone's fortune, etc.
a question, a favour. the price, after the time, around, for something/somebody, etc.

Reported Statements
• In reported speech, personal/possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the meaning of
the sentence. Da"t Old, I rr !1mg myc',u5in tf 1ay -+ Dm aid (rho!) he was visiring his cowin) that day
• We can report someone's words either a long time after they were said (out-of-date reporting) or a short time
after they were said (up-to-date reporting).

Out-of-date reporting
The Introductory verb is in the past simple and the tenses change as follows:

Direct speech ---+ Reported speech

Present Simple Past Simple
I live in Po, alld. HI' laid (thoU h 'lived in pJ/and
Present Continuous Past Continuous
'om watching '1 film 11 was watching '1 (j n i t lfternoon.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
haveearen, had eaten
Past Simple Past Simple or Past Perfect
'walked r~ walked/had wolked w tt prf'v; I day
Past Continuous Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous
./ was sleeping at I1 'Ill le Old rh hi was sleeping/had been sleepIng at the time,
Future (will) Conditional (would)
will visit 0 to 'Tl om w. Ht aid (thl I h 'would visir ml' th 'next day

Note: The past perfect and past perfect continuous remain the same,

Certain words and time expressions change accordmg to the meaning as follows:

now
today
yesterday
-- then , immediately
that day
the day before, the previous day
nexrweek
ago - the week after, the following week
before
~
here ~
there
tomorrow the next/ following day this, these ~
that, those
this week that week come ~
go
lost week ~ the week before, the previous week bring take

242
 Reported Speech m
• Verb tenses change in reported speech when we consider what t he speaker said to be untrue.
d is I as (We know it is not.)
• Verb tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech -
a) when reportIng someone's words a short time after they were said (up-ta-date reporting).
Direct speech : I haven r fimshed

Reported speech: It! I hasn't/hadn't fini~hed rt . . . . rk

b) w hen reporting a general truth or law of nature.
Ti; Cf J~ ~ 1/ 'WOl rJ :"iNt
• Verb tenses remain the same in reported speech:
a). when the introductory verb is In the present, future or present perfect.
hC15 (ot; n lid. 'h (often) laid IOVf Jm <"."'s.
b) in type 2 and 3 conditionals, tenses do not change.
Iflwerf:Yc 'WQuldeaC'lo If de d ' ,.
11 'werE: I woufdpot v.
Reported Questions
• Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask, inquire, wander or the phrase want la know
• When the direct question begins with a question word (who , where, how, when , what, etc.), the reported
question IS introduced with the same question word.
Howlong a~ ~ (direct question)
how k I 9 I (reported question)
• When the direct question begins With an auxiliary (be, do, hove), or a modal verb (can , may, etc.), then the
reported question IS introduced With if or whether
(direct question)
~ olkE I m 'if/whether rn (reported question)
• In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative The question mark and words/phrases such as please, well,
oh, etc are omitted. The verb tenses, pronouns and time expressions change as in statements.
(direct question)
(reported questIOn)

Indirect Questions
Indirect questions are used to ask for advice or informa tion . They are Introduced With: Could you tell me ... ?- Do you
know. ,.? - I wonder '" - I want to know ... - I doubt ''', etc and the verb IS In the affirmative. If the Indirect question
starts With I want to know ... - I wonder ... or I doubt "', the question mark IS omitted .
/" wc.. rlP
I~ Wll h j~';ffenrh',. 1
1 rd" rl J(ec, m • ~ewuM to kn if/whether Fred had Jent the order.

Reported Orders
To report orders, we use the Introductory verbs order or tell + sb + (not) to infinitive.
o (direct order) • I pay tl n (reported order)
(direct order) ro d I no to re tl' ::rE-'n (reported order)

Modals in Reported Speech

Modals change as follows:

will/shall would
can could (present reference)lwould be able to (future reference)
may ~
might/could
shall should (asking for advice)/would (asking for Information)/offer (expressing offers)
must must/ hod to (obligation) (must remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction)
needn 't ~ didn't need to/didn 't hove to (present reference)lwouldn't have to (future reference).

243
 m Reported Speech

Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions/lnstruetions ete

To report commands, requests, suggestions, instructions, etc, we use a special introductory verb followed by a
to infinitive, -in9 form or that-clause, depending on the introductory verb.

Introductory verb Direct speech

+ to infinitive

promise" I h fr h
I all ,

refuse "J() I lAir 1 two, In Sun jay. refused { "" 011 1d

threaten" 1f t,dyu Uf otenedtow J~ y"ylo 0 I I ,1nr IQy
)f I •

+ sb + to infinitive
(edm I,
u w ,, .::Jiiuw,j
tu h mu 3sked m tu rh TJ
p ~,me SOfT! mon hggea to em ma y
command 111' rornman1ed 'h m tu H. 1
encourage [1 I r 'he Ur! 0
r mlDn encouraged me I(Pr (he urr omn tl I()n

forbid YOu .1r.· u the 1b ro~ forbade h m to u the,JO '01)".

invite I yo 0 ,m jfh invtre1 le Ohp thhTJ
order Turn off t l'tderrl e rnffht
remind" 'I thy r mmdedrh h the rub phln

warn· , d
+ -ing form
accuse sb of theUl/y Ised me of Jf n] h A, P lye
admit (to)· , '1) the 11 Jfury tJ k uumitfed(toJ In? h'JI 'ltok J h /lOfwy

apologise for , n ODofogJsed fOf forqett ] m\ L

boast about/of· 11/1 n r~ arh bXlsredobouVO( 1 f:. 1nl.1r V'Jthl
complain (to sb) of/about· complamed (to me) lQ }f

deny· ta m ;"'e1;J
Insist on* tedon ,
suggest· 1 IQ 2estrl ma In :1 P 0

+ that clause
explain
inform sb

., The verbs marked with an asterisk can also be followed by a that-clause in reported speech .

Reporting a dialogue or a conversation

In dialogues or conversations we use a mixture of statements, commands and questions. When we report
dialogues or conversations, we use: and, os, adding thar , and he/she added thar, explaining rhat. because, bur, since,
so, and then he/ she went on to say, while , then , etc or the introductory verb in the present participle form .
Exclamations such as: Oh!, Oh dear!, Well!, etc are omitted in Reported Speech.
-4 md
be .aU~e t 'V J v lie 1/
"
1h I h u ry, rxpJailling hot 0 1t

244
 Reported Speech m
Exclamations - YeslNo short answers - Question tags
• Exclamations are replaced in Reported Speech with exclaim, thank, wish, soy. cry out in pain, etc, give on
exclamation o(surpriselhorrorl disgustldefight, etc. The exclamation mark becomes a full stop. Exclamatory words
such as Oh!, Eekl , Wow!. etc are omitted in the reported sentence

• Yes/No short answers are expressed in Reported Speech with a subject + appropriate auxiliary verb or subject
+ appropriate introductory verb . -to

" u
• Question tags are omitted in Reported Speech . We can use an appropriate introductory verb to retain their
effect.

The Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is similar in form to the bare infinitive and is often used WIth thot-clauses . It is mostly used after
the verbs demand, insist, recommend, request, suggest, propose, etc and after the adjectives essential, vital, advisable,
important and necessary.
Pattern : verb + (that) + subject + (should) + bare infinitive
t( (more usual)
(less usual)

1 Turn the following sentences into reported speech. 2 Turn the following sentences into reponed speech.

~I have to do my homework tonight, ~ Allce said. 1 ~Who will be coming to the party tonlghtr Larry
asked .
2 "The Black Rhinoceros IS an endangered species,"
the teacher said. 2 "Does he have any experience In public speaking?"
(I wonder ... )

3 " I am going to the library on my way home,"

Gregg said . 3 "Are you truly happy in your new job?" she asked
me.

4 "Did Patflck invite you to his wedding, Mary7"

Eric asked. 4 "Why didn't David tell me about the change of
schedule7" he asked .

5 "J haven't spoken to my COUSin since last

weekend," said George. 5 "Where did you put the COS we bought yesterday?~
(He wanted to know ... )

6 "Remember to turn off the cooker in 15

minutes," she said to Helen. 6 "Who is gOing to teach us when Mrs Patterson
leaves?" (Do you know ... )

7 "Clear up the dinner table," she said to me.

7 "Can you tell Terry that we are leavi ng at 8:00
tomorrow morning7" he asked me .

245
 m Reported Speech

3 Circle the correct item. 4 The follow ing people live in a city that was hit
by an earthquake last week . Read what they
A: What did John say about the window? said, then report their wo rds, as in the example .
B He cla;med . ... .... when he arr;ved.
A that it was broken C to breaking
B about breaking 0 that she broke It all happened so fast.
We are fortunate it wasn 't
2 Pam told ...... " .. her at the station at 10 o'clock. worse. (Karen)
A to us meet C us to meet
B to us to meet o we to meet
Kare"l said that) it "1// (had) happened 50 ast. They
3 A: Why was his mother shouting?
weft fortunate that It wusn'tlhudn't been wor5e
B She warned ......... cut h;mself w;th the sharp
knife.
A him to not C that he didn't 2 I saw the ceiling and walls cracking I was terrified.
B that he not 0 him not to I grabbed my little girl and crouched under a table.
We stayed there all afternoon. (Sheila)
4 The teacher asked him , .... and be quiet .
A to sit down C to be sitting down
B sitting down 0 sat down
5 A: So, how is Pam getting home later?
B: She said that she ......... a bus.
A would have caught C shou ld catch
B would catch 0 could be ca ught
6 A: Did Mum find out what happened to the cake?
B: Yes. Dad final ly admitted .......... the whole 3 I heard my Wife screaming. I came up from the
th ingl cellar and saw her standing in the kitchen . Al l the
A to eat C to have eaten plates and cups had fallen o ff the shelves. (Dan)
B have eating D to having eaten
7 A: What did the teacher say to Judy?
B: He advised "."" ... harder or she wou ld fail the
year.
A to study C her to study
B that she study D her study

8 A: What did your aunt suggest?

8: She suggested .......... at her place for a few
days. 4 I couldn't believe it. I Just sat and wat ched as
A staYing C we to stay all my furniture shook. The ceiling lamp was
B us to stay D to staying rocking back and forth and then there was
9 A: What d id the captain say? complete silence. (Dennis)
B: He ordered moving.
A to al l of us starting C to be started
B al l of us to start D starting

l OA: What's the matter with your brother?

B: He sa id t hat if he cont inued t o play so badly,
the coach ......... rep lace him.
A would have to C had to
B must D should

11 She asked me when t he next t rain

A arrive C arrived
B was arrived D arri ves
246

5 Turn the fol lowing sentences into reporredspeech.
" I' m t ired," he said. "I didn't sleep all night."
He said rhar he was tired explaining that he hadn't slept
all night.
2 " I'l l close the window. It's getting cold in he re."
she said .
3 Jan: Can I make an appointment to see Dr Frank,
please?
Receptionist: I'm sorry. but he's out at the moment.
Would you like me to get him to cal l you back?
Jan: No, I'll be out. I' ll call him later.
Reported Speech m
7 Rewrite the following sentences using the
subjunctive.
1 Take t hese pills twice a day. (important)
It is important (that) you taKe/should take the,e pil/(
twice a day.
2 You have to finish this work today. (essential)
It
3 You shou ld take more exercise. (recommend)
The doctor ."." .. " ........
4 Let's go to t he t heatre. (suggest)
I .... .... .... ............................. .
5 You shou ld take a taxi. (insist)
She .. " ........

8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar

meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
4 "We' re late." Frank sa id to Betty. "You weren't in bold.
ready on time. "
1 "I read three books every week," said Alice.
CLAIMED Alice claimed ta rE Id!tha! ,h 'rE,l i
5 "Stop that!" she told him . "Vou're going to break three books every week .
something . " 2 "It w asn't me that scratched the new CD," said
Dlane .
DENIED Diane .
6 "Have you got any money?" he said . "I've left my .. ... " ........ the new CD .
wallet at home ." 3 "I t hink it 's a good idea to take an umbrella,"
Pam said to Steve ,
ADVISED Pam ... " ... " .. " ... " .. " ... " ... ,..
,.... " .. " .. " ... " an umbrella .
4 "Why don't we go out for a meal th is even ing?"
6 Turn the following sentences into reported speech. said Kevin.
SUGGESTED Kevin ........................ " ......... ..
"Will you come w ith me?" she asked .
, for a meal that even ing .
"Yes, certainly," he said ,
5 " I would love to dance w ith you, Pete," said
She asked him to go with her and he said he would.
Macy.
2 "Wow!" the little boy sa id as he looked into the
AGREED Macy ...... .. .. . " .. ..
box.
.. .. w ith Pete.
6 " The pa lace is over 500 years old and is said to
3 "They'll arrive on ti me. won't t hey?" she said to me.
be haunted," said t he tour gu ide ,
4 "Eekl" she said as t he mouse ran under her cha ir. EXPLAINED The tour guide .. ......... " .. ..
.. ............... over 500 years old
5 "What a mess!" he said when he saw the kitchen . and was sa id to be haunted .
7 "I'll writ e to you every day," Sheila said to her
6 "Excellent!" she said as she handed back my exam , husband .
PROMISED Sheila
7 " Happy holidays!" we said to Catherine . .... husba nd every day,
8 "Go on, apply for the job, " Patrick said to me.
8 "Can you do t his Maths prob lem?" he asked. ENCOURAGED Patrick
" No." I sa id. . .. .. .. t he job.

247
 m Conditionals
Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the if-clause (hypothesis) and the main clause (result). When the jf·clause
comes before the ma in clause, the two sentences are separated by a comma. We don't use a comma when the if-
clause follows the main clause . Iflhe weath rls nice, we will goon 0 picnic. We will go on Q picnic ifth weather is nice.

Type 0: if/when + present simple something which is always true

general truth or
scientific fact ~1~f/w:;;h~e~n~'~I-,"~,-,w~'-'~'~"~C~O~
ld~o~"~"~;d~'"-------------"-------------1
fut ure/i mperative,
Type 1: if + present sim ple/continuous, somethi ng likely to happen in
canlmaylmustlcouldl
real present! present perfect/continuous the present or future
might/should + bare infinitive
future
If I hurry, I will get there on I

+ past simple or past could + bare infinitive would/ imaginary situa tion contrary to
Type 2: facts in the presen t; also used
continuous could/might + bare infinitive
unrealpresenU ~__c-~~__-c________-fc-__________-cc-__~__-,_to~-c~a~d_v~;c~e____-C______ 4
advice If we had (1 bigger house, w· would have a gu 'room. (but we haven't unreal in the present)
,I would work harder (oav/ce

imaginary situation contrary

if + past perfect or past would/could/might + have
Type 3: to facts in the past; also used
perfect contin uous + past participle
unreal past to express regrets or criticism
aboutth,> parry, I would have come

Remember!
• With Type 1 conditionals we can use unless + affirmative verb (= if + negative verb). W~ will not bt ab/~ to
travel to America unless we have a passport. (= if we do not have a passport, ... )
• We can use eit her were or was w ith the first and third person singular in the if-clause of Type 2
conditionals. Ifshe were/was rich she would fly fint dOl
• Modals can be fol lowed by a continuous infinitive in conditional sentences. I would ,till be painting Ihl
bedroom if Healllerhadn't h lped me.
• With Type 2 conditionals we can also use could in the if-clause. In this case, it means was/were able to . If I
could sing, /'djoin a choir. (If I were ab le to sing ... )
• Might, could or should can be used instead of would, depending on the meaning. /fshehadpaidarrel1lionin
class, she might/could/should have passed the exam.

• We ca n form conditionals by using words/expressions such as unless (Type 1 conditionals), providing/provided

(that) so/as long as, on condition (thot) , what if, suppose/supposing, otherwise (= if not), but for, even if, in case of/in
the event of, etc
Unless you've got an inVitation, you can't go ro rhe dmner
parry (= If you haven't got an invitation . )
1'/1 wrire my essay for my English class providing/provided
(that) I find the informatIOn (= ... if I find the information.)
You can go out tonight as long as you cor le home by
11:00. (= If you come home by 11:00 ... )
I'll let you drive my car an condition that you promise to bE
careful. (= . if you promise to be careful.)
You shouldn't use Dad~ laprap without asking him. What
if you break it? (= What will you do If you break it?)
Suppose/Supposing you won the award. whar would you
d01 (= If you won the award, ... )
You'd b~rter hurry up. Otherwise we'/I mi5S rhe beginning
of rhe film (= If you don't hurry up, we'll miss the
beg inn ing of the film .)
8[1( far your help, I wouldn't havegor the jab.
(= If you hadn't helped me, .. .)
I wouldnHellyauJoe'ssecreteven ifl knew it (= if I knew.)
In case of/In the event of fire, call rhe fire brigade.
(= If there is a fire, ... )

248
 Conditionals ID
• We do not normally use will, would or should in an if-clause . However, we can use will or would after if to make
a polite request or express insistence or uncertainty (usually with expressions such as I don'r know, I doubt, I
wonder, etc.). In this case, if mea ns whether. We can also use should after if to talk about something which is
possible, but not likely to happen.
If you will take a ,ear, Mr Oi, ke'l~ WII be With,.. )U in ,1 mOIT {= Wi ll you please take a seat ... - polite request}
If· 01 will keep missing I '/I'~ I Y rp ft-,It (= If you insist on missing class .. -insistence)
wonder if he'll help I 'P (J (= I wonder whether ... - uncertainty)
If ~hould see - ,y(l' (= 1don't really expect you to see him - uncertainty)
• We use if to show that something might happen, whereas we use when to show that something will definitely
h~ppen .
If C 0\ r tOF"f1 (I (= She might come over.)
When.t « move ron,ghl I I qivI h ftl (= She will definitely come over.)
• We can omit if in Type 1, 2 and 3 cond itionals. In th is case should, were and hod (Past Perfect) come before the
subject.
Should you I • Fred, rl'" hi rn {( I ca I (l
Were she 'P reu"Ii"'tJsibl" mum wou'dn't ':>e an tryWJth hpr 111 h rim
Hod they b. d II re~ Jr 1t they wo J 1n t nove had tu • 0 ng

Mixed Conditionals
We can form mixed conditionals, If the context permits It, by combmmg an if-clause of one type with a main clause
of another.

1 Choose the correct item. 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

A: In the event of/Supposing lectures were
cancelled today, what would you do?
B: I would go shopp ing with some friends.
2 A: But for/Only if your encouragement, I wouldn't
have Signed up for the art contest.
B: With such talent, I knew you would win.
3 A: Your brother is sorry; why don't you take him
With you?
B: I wouldn't change my mind even if/ but for he
begged me.
4 A: As long as/Unless you work out regularly, you
won't lose weight.
B: I know, but with my busy schedule, it's hard to
find the time.
5 A Hurry up, but for/otherwise you'll mi~ the start
of the film.
S: All right, the popcorn is almost ready.
6 A: Would you like to go out for dinner, Laura?
B: I'd love t o provided/unless you make
f tea instead.
reservations at our favourite restaurant.
A: Dad, unless you 0 (help) me With my parking,
I I" rp (never/pass) the driving test.
B: OK, I'l l get my keys.
2 A: My computer is running too slow.
B: If I ....................... (be) you, I ........ .
(delete) some files to free up some hard disk
space.
3 A: Can I have some friends over tonight?
B: Yes. Provided that you ........................ (finish)
all your chores first.
4 A: John, you could have phoned to let me know
you'd be late.
B: Sorry, April. If I ............................................ .
(not/leave) my mobile phone at home, I
................................................. (call) you.
S A: Would you like another cup of coffee?
B: No, thank you. If I ............................... (drink)
another cup, I .............................. ............. ... .
(nat/be able tal sleep tonight. I'll have some

249
 m Conditionals

3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct 5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense .

A: Have you seen Angie?

In early March, we went on a school trip to Old
Montreal to see the historical part of our city. When we
set off it was pleasantly mild, but soon a cold wind began
to blow. If ( 1) had checked (check) the weather online, I
2) ............................ (know) it was going to get chilly and
3) .. .. ...... .................. (wear) a heavier coat. We walked
around the Old Port and up the Clock Tower for a
fantastic view of the city. We also went skating in the
open air skating rink . If we 4) .................................... ..
(have) more time, we 5) ................................. (be/able to)
take a ferry to Jean·Drapeau Park to see the site of the
Expo 67 World's Fair. Our teacher said that rt we really
6) ................................ .. ........ .... (want) to see more, we
7) "'''"."'''''''''', .. " .,, .. (come) back again soon . However,
we did spend some time at the famous square, Place
Jacques Cartier, and enjoyed the many musicians,
magicians and acrobats.
All in all , it was a great trip. If I 8) """ .. " ..................... ..
(be) a teacher, I 9) "" "."" " ..""" " .. ,,,, .. .. (plan) a trip
there at least twice a year because there are just so
many things to see and dol
B: No, but if you shou ld see her, reil (tell) her I
need her to sign some pa pers.
2 A' I just got Mike's invitation to t he party.
B That's nice. I wonder if he .
(invite) me, too .
3 A: Bill, you missed a great football match last
night !
B: I know. If I didn't have to study so much for
fina ls, I ....... .. ... .................... (see) it.
4 A: I'm having a very hard time fi nding a job, Sophie ,
B: Wel l. if you .. .. .. .. .... .......................... (finish)
your degree, you would have had many more
job opportun ities,
5 A: Just press restart.
B: I don't know if It (solve) the
problem, but I'll try it.
6 Rewrite the following sentences using inversion .
1 If he had been paying attention in class, he wouldn't
have had such a hard time doi ng the assignment.
Had he been paying attention in class, he wouldn't
have had such a hard time doing the assignment.
2 If I were you, I would apply for the job,
3 If it gets co lder, we will put the hea ting on .

4 If they had left home earlier, they would n't have

missed their fl ight.
4 Fill in the gaps with will, should or wherher.

If you will have a seat, Mrs Andrew wi ll be with

you in a minute.
2 I'm not sure ... I've got your telephone
numbe r. 5 If he were older, he wou ld be able t o watch that
3 If Tara .. . .. .... .. cal l, tell her I'l l be at work til l 7 film.
o'clock tonight.
4 t he rain continue, the concert wi ll be
cancelled.
5 I don't know if I .... be able to co me with
you t omorrow,
250
 Conditionals m
7 Choose the correct answer. 8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
From in bold.

Rags to ches 1 I would have bought you a gift, but I didn't know
it was yo ur birt hday.
to
again! HAD If J had known it was yo ur bi rthday, I
would have bought you a gift.
2 As long as you are home by midnight, you can go
I'm reading an artide about a man who found a
to the concert.
million dollars in the street. If thi s article 1 ) ...... .
PROVIDED You can go to the concert
I true, that 2) ....... that his whole life should have
changed for the better. But the story goes on to say home by midnight.
that one year after he had found the money he was 3 If there Isn't any money in her accoun t, she won't
tOlally broke. If I 3) ....... him, Ihat would never have be able to buy the skirt she wants
happened. Were I that lucky, I 4) ....... sure Ihat I UNLESS She won't be able to buy the skirt
she wants ......
invested the money wi sely. If Ihat man 5) ....... to
.......... money III her accou nt.
me, I would have advi sed him to buy some stocks or
4 We didn't eat lunch because we were late
begin a business of some kind. If he had done that, getting to the restaurant
he 6) .. ..... oul living on the slreets now like this WOULD If we hadn't been late getting to
Jrtide says he is. I believe that if people who 7) ....... the restaurant, we
the IOllery or 8) .... .. . money stopped to think about lunch
the situation for a litt le while instead of ru shing out 5 They only learn t French because you taug ht
them .
to spend the money, they would be far beller off. If
NEVER They ........... ..
people 9) ..... .. for their future, they will probably
French if you
10) ....... much happier.
hadn't taught them .
6 You'd better go to the dentist.
A will be WERE If .. ......... ......... .. .... ...... .... .......... .
, B IS
C would have bee n
D has been .......... ...... . go to the dentist
2 A has meant C had meant 7 She didn't study at all, so she got a poor grade.
B meant D means HAVE If she had studied, she
............. .. a poor grade
3 A were C had been
B have been D would have been 8 I will take you out for a meal . but I must get a
pay rise first.
4 A would make C will make
GET Provided ...................... ..
B will have made D made
..... I will take you
5 A comes C would have come out for a meal.
B had come D came
9 She took her comput er in to be repaired, so she
6 A won't be C wouldn't be couldn 't send an emall.
B w ould n't have been D hasn't been TAKEN If .. .. ............ ..
7 A will win C would win her computer in
B win D won to be repaired, she could have
8 A find C will find sent an emall.
B found D would find 10 If you don't leave now, you'll miss you r bus .
9 A planned C wou ld plan OTHE RWISE You'd better leave now,
B will plan D plan ...... ........... ... ............ your bus.

'0 A are C would be

B is D be

251
 m Wishes/Unreal Past
Wishes
We can use wishlifon ly to express a wish.

Verb Tense Use

I wish (If only) + I I(n was 01 10/1 1y (but I'm not) to say that we would like 5t h to be different in t he
past simple/ lIy w were 90;119 [If r lhl. present
past continuous (b ut we aren't)
f wish (If only) + WISr-/ had remembered he blrrh ry. to express regret about something which happened 0
past perfect (but I didn't ) didn't happen in the past
mly > hadn't lied ob v/ hr t 'r
(but she did)
I wish (/I only) +I you would stop wourm9 to express:
subject + would + Iflm,ylames would stop ralk 19 I • a polite imperative
bare infinitive • a desire for a situation or person's behaviour to change

Remember!
• Ilonly is used in exactly the same way as wish, but it is more emphatic or more dramatic.
• We can use were instead of was after wish and ifonly. wish I were I
• Wish can also mean wanf. (formal) wish r 10 ICjf

Unreal Past
The Past Simp le can be used to ta lk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the present, and the Past
Perfect can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the past. This is ca lled Unreal Past .
Unreal Past is used as follows :
Past Simple
• Conditiona ls Type 2 (unrea l in the present) • Conditionals Type 3 (unreal in the past)
If I were y( u, I d ~QV£- up S( Im mane' If I hod mode I W I lVe lor9 ltrl n to buy rh meat
• wish (present) • wish (past)
I wish she were more re~po'I"iblear 01 . If only I hadn't eaten 0/1 11 cal
• I'd ra ther/sooner sb ... (present) • I'd rather/sooner sb ... (past)
I'd rather hi travelled by p 1n I"d rather you hadn't wasted rr h time chattifJg on/m
• Suppose/Supposing • Suppose/Supposing
Suppose your te h asked y1 u to H' 01 in fr() It of rh 'os Suppose p, ( had caught y( Ill, \11 m WOt d y( t \It"
what wallld you do! la,
• os if/as though (untrue situation in the present) • as if/as though (untrue situation in the past)
Sh Ippoh os if ~h were the b It )k dos ifh . hadn't had a (]( 11 night ,II;' 0 Jordc ys
• it's (about/high) time ...
It's time you turned off· '0 Ir rln 'lUrer.

Remember!
Suppose can also be followed by a verb in the present tense to introduce suggestions.
Suppose ye II in 'lIt' him I dinner.' (= Why don't you invite him to di nner?)

Had Better
had better = should
• I had better + present bare infinitive (for present/futu re reference)
You'd better recycle thot 'rop paper. (= Yo u shou ld recycle that scrap paper. )
• It would have been better if + Past Perfect (for past reference)
It would have been better ifyou had asked for profeSSional advicl:.. (= You should have asked for professional advice.)

252
 Wishes/Unreal Past m
Would Rather
I would rather = I'd prefer
• When the subject of would rather is also the subject of the following verb, we use:
I'd rather + present bare infinitive (for present/future reference) - I'd rother have,
I'd rather + perfect bare infinitive (for past reference) - I'd father have stayed or h
.................... ........................................................................................................................................................ ..................... ..............................
• When the subject of would rather is different from the subject of the following verb, we use:
I'd rather sb + Past Simple (for present/future reference) - I'd ratheryou didn't eat thl t,'
I'd rather sb + Past Perfect (for past reference) - I'd rather you had bought t p ir
.................. .. ....... .............. ................................................................................ .. 11

• prefer + gerund/noun + to + gerund/ noun (general preference) - 11 (eating) applr's (eating) grapefruit .
• prefer+ full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (general preference) - /J fer to sing rather than dance.
• would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (specific preference) - dprr>fr>r to have a paf/yot hnm "
rather than go a Je
• would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive re. art watch 11 I than gO! elW.
Rernernber0
[ We usual ly use I prefer not to instead of Idon'fprefer. n prefen not to II~I 1('

1 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense . 3 Read the speech bubbles and make sentences,
as in the example ,
1 A: I wish I h, 1 ~ (know) you had a spare ticket
for the theatre. I would have loved to join you .
8. Oh, if only I ... .. .... .. .. .. ... (tell) you . That 1
I failed my exams,
wou ld have been greatl
I shou ld have studied more,
2 A: I wish I ............................ (see) the film on TV
last night. Everyone said it was fanta stic.
I w ish d u , "
8: Too bad you missed it. It was amazing!
If d tr. re, W ) Ij n' n If> fOlie1 m~ xl,..ms.
3 A; Do the boys know their exams start next month?
8: Yes. I wish they ....................... .. . (spend) more
time studying instead of playing video games. 2 I ca n't go to work
today, I feel ill.
4 A: If on ly I .. ............. .. .. ..... (read) the instructions
properly!
I wish
B: I know, it wouldn't have taken so long to put
If ....
the table togetherl

2 Rewrite the sentences to express wishes. 3

... My team didn't play well.
I'm not very good at Art . We lost t he match,
'" W( ']1
2 Jane doesn't have enough money to go on holiday. I wish ............... ..
If .. . ............... .. .... ....
3 I forgot my parents' wedding anniversary.
~
4 I would like to go to the cinema ton ight, but I can't. 4 I can't buy a new computer, I
don't have enough money.
5 Peter plays music late at night.

I wish
6 I missed an easy goal in t oday's match.
If .... .. . .. ........... .. ... ... ... .. .

7 I don't know the answer to t he question.

253
 la Wishes/Unreal Past
4 Put the verbs in brackets into their correct tense. 6 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

A: Jenny said I shou ld have caught the earlier train.

8: I'd rather you had taken (take) her advice, then
Hi Dad. you would have been here on time.
You were right! I wish I 1) had listened (Iislen) 10 you.
2 A: Everyone played rea lly well . It doesn't matter
If only I 2) (take) a taxi, I wouldn'! that you didn't w in.
have missed the train! Right now I'm waiting al the
B: Yes, but I wou ld rather we .
station for the next one. It' s very noisy here. I wish it (win) .
"3) .......................... (be) quiet. I need to finish some
work for tomorrow, but I can't concentrate . If only I 3 A: I'm going t o Shei la's house.
4) .......................... (complete) it yesterday. I really B: OK. You'd better .......... ...... (take) your
wish I 5) .......................... (not/leave) it till the last raincoat With you as It 's raining.
moment. Oh no! Just my luck, now the battery in my 4 A: Your new blue jacket is beaut iful.
laptop is runn ing low. If only I 6) ......................... . B: Thanks, I'd rather .......................... (buy) the
(think) to charge it before I set off. Anyway, I'll be green one, but they didn't have it In my size.
back at 10 pm. Could you pick me up from the
S A: Have you been to a concert lately?
station? I wish I 7) ......................... (pay) for a taxi,
B' No. I prefer ................ ,..... ,.. ," ,... (listen) to
but I'm broke!
CDs to .... .... ...... ....... .. (go) to concerts.
Love,
Shelley 6 A: I'll take my laptop with me .
B. Actua lly, I'd rather you .
(not/take) it with you .
7 A: Shall we go for a wa lk?
5 Fill in the gaps with would rather, prefer(s) or
B' No, thanks. I'd prefer ..
would prefer. (stay) in and watch N .
, I would rarher have played footba ll last Saturday.
2 Do you ............. ............ ....... kiting to mountain
biking? 7 Complete the sentences, as in the exam ple.
3 Katy ... ........ .... ... .. ... .... to go to the cinema
Your friend wants to copy your homework. You
rather than the opera tonight.
want her to do it herself. What do you say?
4 Jenny ...... .. ...... ................. Dan hadn't told lies
I would rather you didn 't copy it and did it youflelf.
about her.
2 You are Invited to a formal ball, but you don't
SI .... .. ...... to order a pizza rather than
want to go. What do you say?
cook dinner.
I'd rather ................................ .
6 Jillian . .. .... to listen to music rather
3 Your friend offers you tickets for the opera in
than watch N .
exchange for tickets to the football ma tch . What
7 Sarah .... .... wait for the bus than
do you say?
walk home.
I'd prefer .. . ..... ..... .
8 Paul .. .............. ...... apples to oranges.
4 Your brother has overslept. You think he will miss
9 I ........ ... ... ........ .... .. Andy played t ennis with
his train . What do you say?
Peter ton ight.
You'd better . ......... ..... .. ... .... . ...... .
'0 I .......... ... ... have a salad for lunch instead of
S Your parents have offered to buy you a new digita l
a heavy mea l.
camera instead of a new iPod . What do you say?
" You've got a temperature. . ..... . ... .. .. . ... . you
I'd prefer ... . .... ..... ....... ...... .. .... .
st ayed in bed .
6 Your friend looks tired. You think he should get
'2 I ..................... to learn Spanish rather than German.
some rest.
You'd better

254
 Wishes/Unreal Past m
8 Choose the correct item. 10 Circle the correct item.
I'd rat her have seen/not have seen t hat fi lm last 1 Suppose you your job t omorrow, what
night. It was terrible. wou ld you do?
2 Jane prefers tennis to/than basketball. A lose 10 lost
3 It's t ime you go/went to school. B had lost o have lost
4 She looks as though she hadn't had/didn't have 2 A: Kim looks rea lly tired today.
any sleep at all. 8: Yes, she wishes she . longer, but she had
5 I w ish I had/have more time for reading, but I don 't. to wake up early.
6 Peter would rather go/have gone skiing yesterday. A cou ld have slept ( would sleep
7 If only (hris wouldn't play/hadn't played his B slept 0 has slept
musIC 50 loudly al l the time.
3 Mary prefers t ennis .. squash.
8 I wish 1could go/can go to the beach, but I have
A rather C than
to stay at home and study for my exams.
B from D to
9 It would have been better if you didn't talk/hadn't
4 I'd rather you . it w ith me before buying t he
talked to Kate last night.
10 I wish I finished/had finished the ironing, but tickets.
there is still a lot to do . A discuss ( wou ld discuss
" If I were/had been you, I would join a dance group. 8 have discussed D had discussed
You're really good. 5 You'd better ......... on fatty foods if you want to
12 I'd prefer to pay in cash than/rather than by credit lose weight.
card . A to cut down ( cut down
B have cut down D cu tting down
9 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 6 I'd rather you ... ... tomorrow.
A didn't leave C doesn' t leave
If only Jane had explained (explain) w hy she was B hadn't left D won't leave
late, she woul dn't be in troub le now.
7 A: Suppose you the lottery, what would
2 If we .. ..... .. ...... ..... ......... ........ (leave) earlier, we you have done?
wouldn't have missed t he start of the film .
B: I would have bough t my mum a new house.
3 Suppose you ................ . ..... (find) a purse
A have won C won
in the street, what wou ld you do?
B had won D would win
4 If only I ... ..... ..... ...... .. .. (play) better, we
8 If only I ......... fl y.
would have won t he ma tch
A can C could
5 It's about time our team ......................... (win) !
B would D wouldn't
6 Supposing he ..... .. .. .............. ... (see) you,
what would he have done? 9 A: Old you know I t ook Sarah to the concert?
7 I'd rather you ............................ (not/go) out B: Yes. I'd rat her .. done that without my
alone at nig ht. permission .
8 Sa lly talked about Spain as though she A you had C you hadn't
....... . ... ........................ (live) there for years. B you wouldn't o you didn 't
9 If James .......... ... .. (remind) me 10 A: Why are you glaring at me?
about the meeti ng, I would have been there. 8 You t reat me as if you ... .. ... my boss.
10 I'd rat her you .. .. .......... ...... ............................ . A was being ( were
(not/tell) Sally about her birthday present yesterday. B had been o have been
11 Su ppose t hey .. .... . 11 A: What's going on with Karen?
(not/show up), what would you have done? 8. I don't know. I wish she ... .. .. ... t o us .
12 He's a little boy, but he behaves as if he . A can talk ( could talk
....................... . ... ........... ....... (be) an adul t . B w ill talk o would talk
12 It's about time you . to drive .
A learn C w ill learn
B learnt D had learnt
255
 m Wishes/Unreal Past

11 Choose the correct item. 12 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
Dear Larry, in bold .
I' m writing to you about
I left my job to start my own business, but it's not
the sailing holiday we
going we ll.
discussed. Would you
WISH I wish I hadn't left my job beca use my
rather we 1) C our own
own business isn 't going well.
boat and sailed around
2 It wou ld have been better if you had told me
the islands or hired a boat
earlier.
and captain?
ONLY If
I just came across a great deal on
earlier.
the Internet for a sailing holiday. If only I 2) .......... all the
3 It's a pity you di dn't accept the job.
money, I'd book it right away. It's a seven-day sailing
HAD I ....... ,.... ,....... ,.......................... .
holiday around the British Virgin Isles on a boat with our
. the job.
own captain. I think it's time we 3) . ........ a holiday doing
4 I'll miss the train if I don't hurry up.
nothing but relaxing , swimming , snorkelling and not
BETIER I'd ............................................ .
worrying about cooking or cleaning I I would rather
...... or I'll miss the train.
4) .......... that than sail a boat ourselves and plan our
S He shouldn't have used my laptop.
meals. It's a linle expensive ; about € 2000 for the week.
USED I'd .. .. ................ ..
However, supposing we 5) .......... some more friends to
........................ ... my laptop.
come along? If we did. it 6) .. ........ the cost and we'd have
6 I wou ld like to buy a new car, but I can't afford it
a blast all togetherl There's also a 35% discount provided
at the moment.
we 7) .......... early. So, we had better 8) .......... soon!
WISH I .................................................. .
Vou know, looking at the photos and virtual tours, I wish I
.............. money to buy a new ca r.
9) .......... live on that boat forever!
7 I think you should stay at home today,
Get back 10 me soon!
WERE If ............................... ................. .
Jared
......... , I would stay at home today.
8 You'd think she was the boss by the way she acts,
A had rented C rented but she isn't.
B rent D have rented THOUGH She behaves .................... .
2 A have C have had ...................................... the boss.
B had D am having
9 Why don't you pay more attention in class?
WOULD I ........................... ......... ..
3 A had spent C spent ................ more attention in class.
B have spent D are spending 10 Kay is upset beca use she didn't pass her driving
4 A had done C do test.
B have done D did WISHES Kay
driving test.
S A invited C are inviting
11 I don' t like it when jane borrows my clothes
B have invited D were inviti ng without asking.
6 A reduced C would reduce ONLY If ................................. ........ ...... .
B are reducing D can reduce ....... before borrowing my clothes.
12 You should have fi nished the test by now.
7 A book C booked
TIME It's ... ... ........................ ... .... .
B had booked D were boo king
.. test.
B A decided C would decide 13 Why di dn 't you tell me that you were moving
B had decided D decide house?
9 A cou ld C can have RATHER I'd ............ .
me that you were moving house.
B can D could have

256
Nouns
Nouns m
• Nouns are: abstract (happiness, freedom , etc), proper (Mark, Africa, Japan. etc). group (team, family, government,
etc) and common (table, hat, sofa, etc).
• Most common nouns referring to people have the same form for men and women . (teacher, doctor. etc)
Others have different forms:
actor· actress husband - wife widower · widow uncle· aunt
bridegroom - bride king - queen father - mother lord - lady
duke - duchess monk -nun nephew - niece policeman -policewoman
hero - heroine prince - princess son - daughter emperor - empress, etc
host - hostess waiter - waitress

The Plural of Nouns

Nouns are made plural by adding:
• -5 to the noun (c, . 7b ' ~ , etc). • -s to nouns ending in:
~.:--.e~,7to""'n~o-u~n~s~e~n~d~'n~g""in-.-'-,-.,-, ,-.-x-, -.c7h-,-.'~h------j vowel + -a (, !o~l,
double -0 ( (;. Il,
(I .s, q/ >(>~ , .' ,
, etc) abbreviations ~. ros),
musical instruments ( land
• -i(>s to nouns ending in consonant + y proper nouns ( ' ) ,~ .
(, rt. " etc) . Some nouns ending In -0 can take either -es or os. These
• -s to nouns ending In vowel + y are: buffaloeslbuffalos, mosquitoeS/mosquicos, volcanoes/
(' s, " ete), volcanos, zeroes/zeros, tornadoeS/tornados, ete.
• -es to nouns ending in 0 • -ves to some nouns ending in -f/- fe
(~ ~, ete). ( ) BUT , ete) .
Compound nouns form their plural by adding -sl-es:
• to t he second noun if the compound consists of two • to the first noun if the compound consists of two
nouns (, f; .~ l . nouns connected Wi th a preposition or to the noun if
the compound has only one noun ('n. rh frw
·, t hy '1 f5 d .

• to the noun if the compound consists of an adject ive • at the end of the compound If th is is not made up of
and a noun (- I J;1 n .). any nouns ( t 115).

Irregular Plurals: man - men, woman - women, person - people, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, louse - /ice, mouse - mice, child-
children. goose · geese, sheep - sheep, deer - deer, fish - fish, trout - trout, ox - oxen, salmon -salmon, spacecraft - spacecraft,
aircraft - aircraft, means - means, species - species, hovercraft - hovercraft

Remember!
When using numbers w ith plural nouns, the numbers do not take an -s unless they are followed by the
preposition of.

Countable - Uncountable nouns

Nouns can be countable (those t hat can be counted) one pen - two pens, etc or uncountable (those that can't be
counted) milk, homework, etc. Uncountable nouns take a sing ular verb and are not used with a/an .
Some, any, no, much, etc ca n be used with them . rlV SDm opp/p jui
BUT we use a in phrases like 0 relief, a pity. a shame. a wonder. a knowledge (of sth), a help even though they are
uncountable . 1 a help QV' n! 0 pity.' Wh lra shalf:!e l

257
 I!JNouns
Uncountable nouns are :
• Mass nouns (fluids. solids, gases, particles): ,.. III bre d. a ~ oxyqr;>f' ugar, rice etc.
• Subjects of study: }fY: rv/orh r 1(' ~f 51' 1I t, etc.
• Languages: Sp \h.l! n or IQf nrtugu Itnli1tl etc.
• Games: 1rd b I r olf, d ,T h r ry rick et c.
• Diseases: flu pr 10 )/p r pI etc.
• Natural phenomena: 100 S WIT ,l m/ijh etc.
• Some nouns: In Ion advl ':J bl ne 1Ii( b, III luntry5 1e, courage, dirt education. homework.
hous c rr or In mt IQenre k,.,. fed1e n IU r pe Jee. progff; ;>os de ,hopping, traffic, trouble, truth,
etc.
W( r~

• Collective nouns : ry. f[JI Ire ~ 'ugc og mOl tJ n In~. rubbish, etc.
Note: With expressions of duration, distance or money meaning" a wholeamounr" we use a singu lar verb.
rh:1 nd JrosWQSNhwth m h 1( (

Many uncountable nouns can be made countable .

Q pieceof paperlcakelinformation/advice!furniture; a glass/bottle of wafer; a jar ofjam; a rasher of bacon; a boX/sheet of paper;
a packet of tea; a slice/ loaf of bread; a pot of yoghurt; 0 par/cup of rea; a kilo/pound of meat; a tube of toothpasre; a bar of
chocolate/soap; on ice cube; a lump of sugar; a bag of flour; 0 can of soda; a carton of milk; a pair of trousers; a game of soccer

Plural nouns
Some nouns represent a group of people or things and are usual ly followed by a plural verb. These are:
• objects consisting of two parts: garments (J ean , pv a' , etc) instruments (qlam ,etc)
tools ( 15 IfS , etc)
• nouns like: clothes, congratulations, earnings , outskirts, people, police, stairs, surroundings. wages , etc.
rt upl y, live are frl Iy.

Group nouns
Group nouns (army, audience, class, club, committee, company, council. crew. crowd. headquarters, family , jury,
government, press, public, staff, team , etc) can take either a singular or a plural verb depending on whether we see
the group as a whole or as individuals. The audience has enjoyed th 1C1nn (the audience as a group) The
audience were given I W/, I'(]I h 01 d of tl (each person in the audience separately as individuals)
Note how certain nouns can be used in the singular and plural with a difference in meaning.

Singular
.J 1havf' a glass f l<1 orE ,oH
broke my glasses last night. (spectacles)
I' lava,., (/ or i I
n l<1. ana l

ne '"1lO(Jrtont papers or homE (documents)

Wr oun I ,n UI 11... :Jpi 01
ii
If le tlOl b hair (all the ha ir on her head) I hair)
T(! work or ~I

l jark chocolaff::
rr. 01 train h 15 ropo d.
i I
n ,I sp Q/( n e , 0\ 05 a norufe
of time

ark. •peoples ofthe world should hove food and clean water. (nations)

258
 Nouns m
1 Write the plural of the following nouns. 5 Fill in: a, an or some.
A: I'd like a chicken bu rger, please .
1 butterfly b med/, 'j 16 video
B: Of course .
2 brother-in-law '7 goose
3 keyboard 2 A: Is t here anything to eat?
'8 bystander
B: There's .... pasta and.
4 lorry 19 witness
meat sauce from yesterday.
5 window cleaner. 20 fish ta nk
3 A: I'm going to the new jewellery
6 roof 21 louse
shop. Would you like to come
7 camcorder 22 watch
along?
8 photo 23 zero
B: Sure. I need .. ... ..... new cost ume
9 scenario 24 person
jewellery. I'm looking for
, 0 ba nk robbery 25 mango
long beaded necklace and ..
11 safe 26 bus driver
matching bracelet.
12 salmon 27 toma to
4 A : How long wil l these strikes go
13 radio 28 wharf
on for?
14 guitar 29 di ning table ................ .
B: I know. There is ............. strike
15 life 30 val ley
almost every day now. Check the
Internet. Maybe there's ........... .
2 Complet e each pair below by adding t he male or female
information on that there.
eq uiva lent.
5 A : Would you like
1 nephew n 6 monk mayon naise in your sandwich?
2 waitress 7 empress B: No, thanks. I'd pre fer .........
3 host B duchess musta rd and ............ extra slice
4 lord 9 uncle of cheese, please .
5 hero 10 bride 6 A: Have we got what we need to
make t he salad?
B: No. We need ....... lett uce,
3 Make the following uncount able nou ns plural, as in t he
............. onion, ............ can of
example. More than one answer may be possi ble. t una and .. ......... mushrooms .
1 soap - three /:,.) ( rat 7 cake - three 7 A: What did you get for your
2 trousers - two 8 yoghurt - two birt hday?
3 rice - four 9 sugar - two B: I got. box of chocolates,
4 cheese - two 10 water - six .......... iPhone, .. ...... pyjamas and
5 bread - three 11 meat - two .... beautiful digital picture
6 tea - four 12 jam - five frame.
8 A: I'm going to t he corner shop at
lunch break . Would you like me
4 Fill in: a, an or some. to get you ........ snack?
B: Yes, please . I'd like .....
1 Excuse me. Could you give me orr: Information about t rain crisps, .. . ....... bag of nut s and
times? .. .. .. iced t ea. Here's
2 Could you please bring me . glass of orange JUice? money.
3 We just returned from. .... exciting holiday in the Grand Canyon. 9 A Did you have ... nice evening
4 We saw ........... elephant and ........... giraffes at the zoo. last night "?
5 The doctor said it was just ..... ....... cold . W hat . . .. reliefl B: Oh yes . We went for
6 I need ..... advice on w hich la ptop to buy. walk in the park and had dinner
7 Wou ld you like to do .......... shopping on Satu rday? at restaurant by the
8 Sue is mak ing ............ ca ke for t he pa rty. harbour. Then, we went for
9 It took her .... .. .... time to recover from her illness. ............. ice cream.
10 They boug ht t he clock at ........... antique shop in York.

259
 m Nouns
6 Underline the correct word .
1 A: How was your holiday in Austria?
B: Brilliant! The weather was/were perfect for
skiing .
2 A: Olivia has got mumps.
B: Poor Olivia - mumps is/are rather painful!
3 A: That was a fantastic show!
B: Yes. The audience was/were all cheering at
the end.
4 A: Their new company is/a re going from
strength to strength .
B: That's great news! They worked hard to set it
up.
S A: I need a new pa ir of pyjamas; let's look in here.
B: OK . The pyjamas in the window is/a re nice.
6 A: He had been away for fifteen years and finds
it different here now.
B: Fifteen years is/a re enough time for many
things to change.
7 A: What did your tutor advise you to do?
B: Her advice was/were for me to drop History,
8 A: Some English pubs have dart boards, don't
they?
8: Yes, darts is/are very popular in my loca l pub.
9 A: People is/are always telling me to cut my hair.
8. Well, I like it as it is. You're lucky to have long
hair.
10 A: Ted's dad makes beautiful jewel lery.
B: I agree, but his jewellery is/are not cheap!
11 A: What w as/were the accommodation like on
the island?
8: Fantasticl The rooms were just as we had
imagined .
12 A: I don't know what he sees in those sculptures.
I think they're awful!
8: You know what they say: "Beauty is/are in
the eye of the beholder"!
13 A: Did you have a nice time at the dinner party
last night?
8: Yes, it was great. The food was/were really
delicious.
260
7 Finish the sentences without changing the
meaning of the first sentence.
, She has got wavy hair. Her hair is wavy.
2 He was given some very interesting information
Some .. .. .... ... ...... .........
3 These shoes are very expensive.
This pair of shoes ........ ...... .
4 They quickly ca lled the police.
The police.
5 They are teaching Chemistry in room 3B .
Chemistry ..... ... . ...... ......... . .. .... .. .... ...
6 You need to have experience for this job.
Experience ...... ......... .... ....... .. .. ... ... ..... .
7 I like playing billiards more than any other game.
Bil liards . ....... ... ................. ..... ............ .
8 Two porters carried the luggage into the hotel.
The luggage ....... ........ ............................. .......... .
8 Complete the sentences using the nouns in the
singular or plural form .
paper
A: You'll read about them in tomorrow's papers .
B: We need paper for the printer.
2 wood
A: We love walking in the ................ when the
bluebells are out.
8: The ............. ..... used to make the cupboards
came from Madagascar.
3 glass
A: There was .... . .. ... evel)'\Nhere after the
explosion .
B: Sarah put on her ....... to read.
4 work
A: I can't talk to you right now; I've got so much
....... ........ to do.
B: The museum has many ..... of Dali as
wel l as other painters.
5 experience
A: Pau l had some interesting ..... ........ ... during
his gap year.
B: She has ... ..... .. in teaching English.
6 hair
A: My mother has got several grey .... .... ....... ..
B: There was ................ al l over the Aoor at the
hairdresser's.
7 time
A: I've been to York ma ny. this year.
B: Have you got . ... ... .......... to stay fortea?

The indefinite article a/an
We use alan:
• with singular countable nouns when we talk about
them in general.
I wont CO buy an iPod. (any iPod)
• with the verbs to be and have (got).
'il/ian has (got) a dog. In a German Shepherd.
• before Mrl MrsiMisslMs when we refer to an
unknown person .
A Mr Davis left Cl message for you this morning.
(a person that we don't know)
• to show:
a) price in relation to weight . (two euros a kilo)
b) distance in relation to speed . (100 km an hour)
c) frequency . (twice a month)
We do not use a/on:
• With uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns.
We use some Instead of a/an
We n d some pOPf" plates and some Juice (or the party.
H bought h , some sweet
• before an adjective if It IS not followed by a noun.
hi boo i~ funny. BUT Th ,is a funny book.
One/ Ones
We use:
• one in the si ngular and ones in the plural to avoid repeating the noun when it is clear what we mean.
My dog is the one with che pOinredeors.1 don't wear boggy IrouserS.1wear tigiJt ones.
• a/an with one when there is an adjective before one.
I want co buy a book. I walll a paperback one. BUT I want to buya computer./ want one with a not screen mOnitor.
• one/ones with this/that. I don't like this pairo( shorts, but I like thalone.
• which one(s) in questions. I like the purple f.s/Jirl. Which one do you like?
1 fill in alan or one(s).
1 The maximum speed limit on motolWays in Britain
is 112 km on hour.
2 Mary slept at her friend's house ............ night last
week.
3 If you know how to use ............ computer, 1 can
give you .......... interesting game to play.
4 There's ............ Ms Davis In the flat next door.
S I'd like to have ............ salad with my pizza .
6 Yesterday we went to ............ open-air restaurant
to have lunch.
7 My brother is the ........... who is weari ng boots.
8 These biscuits are much tastier than the ........... I
usually buy.
9 Argentina was ............ of the first teams to play
in the World Cup ,
Articles ID
A(n}/One
We use:
• alan to refer to an unspecified thing with the meaning
anyone )he read on am:le. 0Ne are not talking about a
specific article.)
one ......nen \Ne are counting, to put emphasis on
number. Sh 'fflld oneart/( (She didn't read tvvo articles.)
• one With the words day, week, month, rime, year,
winter, morning, night, ete or with a specific day or
month to say when something happened, usually in
narration ,
One warm spring day. Fay and Walloce decided to go on a
picnic. One Monday, Pam was coming out of the mall when
she sawa liJief
• one day to refer to the future .
One day. people will travel into space.
• one or one of .. . when we mean one person/thing
out of many. It usually contrasts with anather/
other(s) . One parcel wm,., ine, but the others wer~ for my
bl )ch One of my friends is Ru lion.
• alan or one With no difference in meaning when
counting or measuring money, distance. weight.
time. etc.
Hp pr,'ld a/one hundred and (ifty euros (or hiS n .w GP$.
I bought a/one jnr o(jam, He spent a/one wef'k sIqhrseeing
in Rome
2 Fill in alan or one(s).
1 She bought him a very expensive watch as a gift
for hiS birthday.
2 Jason is .......... of the best basketball players in
school.
3 .. .... ...... time we went hiking in .. .......... forest
and camped beSide ............ lovely river.
4 Simone has got ............ excellent piano teacher.
S We waited half ............ hour for ........... bus,
FinaUy ............ came, but it was full of people.
6 She has two daughters ........... is a teacher and
the other a reporter,
7 If you are on diet, you'lI have to stop
eating junk food .
S I'd like you to make ............ copy for Mr Jenkins and
a few extra ............ for everyone else in the office.
261

3 Fill in a, an or the where necessary.
A: What did you see when you visited Barcelona?
B: We did a lot of walking through ........ Old
City, We visited Pavil ion and went to
......... Picasso Museum.
2 A: This is my friend .... .. .. . Alice,
B: It's .......... pleasure to meet you, Al ice.
3 A: There was , ... , ... interesting show on
television last night. Did you see it?
B: No, we were watching a film on ........ Internet.
4 A: Do you want me to buy ... ....... newspaper?
B: Yes . .......... TImes. There is .......... interesting
article in it about .......... economy,
5 A: Have the children ever seen .......... dolphin?
B: We ll, they saw ......... show at ......... City
Aquarium last year.
6 A: What do you know about .. India?
B: It's country in .. Asia, in
Indian Ocean.
7 A: You look lost, Are you .......... tourist?
B: Yes. I'm American . I'm from .......... smal l town
in .......... Nebraska.
8 A: Is red bag yours?
B: No. mine has got . ... red sticker on it.
9 A: Why didn't you go to footba ll practice ..
yesterday? Were you ill?
B: No, but my aunt was and I went to
hospital to see her,
10 A: Are these ......... Christma's glasses?
B: No. they're ........ mine.
11 A: Did you have .......... nice time at ......... theatre
last night?
B: Yes. It was .......... pleasant evening and ..
musica l was great.
12 A: Wil l you be at home tomorrow .......... morning?
B: No, I'll be at .... work until ..... afternoon .
13 A: Have you ever visited ........ Netherlands?
B: Yes, I was there last summer. We stayed at
.. Park Hotel in ......... Amsterdam.
14 A: Did you see .......... football match on Saturday?
B' Yes, I did, What ......... pity Real Madrid lost!
Articles ID
4 Choose the correct alternative.
1 Bob is studying Biol~/the Biology because he
wants to become doctor/a doctor,
2 The polar bear/Polar bear lives in the Arctic/Arctic.
Polar bears/The polar bears have white fur and eat
mostly sealslthe seals.
3 We took the children to the city zoo/City zoo at the
weekend. They loved seeing zebras/the zebras.
4 Simon has bought a hybrid car/the hybrid car. It runs
on petrol/the petrol or batteries.
5 We spent our holidays in a cottage/cottage very
near beach/the beach. The accommodation/An
accommodation was very comfortable and the
view/view was fantastic.
6 Bob doesn't watch the television/television very
much. He's usually too busy playing basketball/the
basketball or surfing Internet/the Internet.
7 We all went to cinema/the cinema last night. Helen
was last/the last person to arrive because she had
been waiting for the buslbus for an hour.
S The month I spent in Italy/the Italy was one of
best/the best times in my life.
5 Fill in a/an or the where necessary.
Dear Emily,
How are you? We are having 1) f time of our lives here in
2) . "".,," Scotland. Th is week, we are staYing In 3) " .. " .. "
Shetlands, which are a group of islands in 4) ... , ..... North
Sea. It was challenging getting here. It was 5) .. ,,,.,," 14-hour
journey on 6) ..... " .... ferry boat over rough seas. But it was
worth 7) "."" .. " trip!
Some of 8) .. ""." .. finest wool comes from here, so 9) ....
islands are full of 10) ......... sheep. We are staying In
11) Lerwick, which is 12) . largest town of
13) ...... islands. We spend our days walking along
14) coast where we have seen some 15) ..... .
spectacular panoramic vievvs. At night, we attend 16) ,.. " .. .
interesting musical event or listen to 17) ...... " ... storyteller.
18) " Shetlanders love to sing and dance and tell
19) ........... spooky stories! Of course, it's 20) ...... little
dtff"icult to understand them as they speak Sheltland and their
own version of 21) . English!
Anyway, we leave in two days. Don't forget to send us
22) .......... email if you can't meet us at 23) ......... airport.
Lots of love,
Amanda and John
263
 m Articles

6 Write an article in each gap where necessary. 8 Complete the sentences with a/an or the, where
necessary, using the words in the list. Then,
Tanya: Hello?
answer about yourself.
Richard: Hi. Tanya, it's 1) Richard.
Tonyo: Oh. hi. Richa rd! How was 2) ... . concert? Did • day • violin • dinner • Mount Olympus
you have a good time? • cafeteria • President • biking • spaghetti
Richard: Fantastic! Dave and I went by 3) .... car so we 1 A: Have you ever wanted to learn to play tJ 'VID ?
were almost 4) ........ fi rst to arrive at 5) B: No b ml 1 'J opJnv p mo.
stadium. We found 6) ....... great spot right in 2 A: 00 you eat your lunch in .... .................. .. .. ?
front of 7) ....... stage, 8.
Tanyo: How was 8) ........ music? 3 A: How many hours ............. .. .. ..... .. ..
Richard: Great ! They've got 9) ....... new band member do you spend reading?
who plays 10) ....... saxophone. It's too bad you 8
had to stay 11) ,...... , home. Have you still got 4 A: Would you like to meet
12) ....... fever?
of the United States?
Tanya: No, I felt much better 13) last nig ht. I B.
watched 14) ........ documentary about wildl ife in 5 A: 00 you know how to cook ?
15) " ...... Africa on 16) .. " .... television. It gave me B: . ... ... ... ... .............. .
17) ,....... few ideas for 18) ...... .. project we have 6 A: What are we having for ........... ton ight?
to do. I even did 19) ........ search on 20) ..... ... B: ............. .. .. ..... ...... .... .
Internet about it. 7 A: Do you like mountain ... .. ?
Richard: That's good. I really didn't have 21) ........ time to B: .................. .
think about it over 22) ........ weekend as I wasn't 8 A: Do you know anyone who has climbed ....... 7
here. I'll have 23) ...... look In 24) book I B:
have about Africa to see what I can find there.
Tanya: OK, then. See you tomorrow in 25) ........ school. 9 Rewrite the sentences correctly, adding articles
Richard: See you I where necessary.

1 Reporters were waiting outside Parliament to ask

7 Fill in a/an or the where necessary.
When you are in 1) south of England, why don't you visit
2) ......... Glastonbury Tor? Driving to Glastonbury, you cannot
miss 3) ......... soft green hill of 4) ......... Tor which you can see
from 5) ......... great distance. I1 looks like 6) ......... island
rising above 7) ......... flat countryside of 8) ......... Somerset.
Although it has 9) ....... .. long history full of myths and legends
that go as far back as 10) ......... ancient times, 11) ......... only
ruin still standing is 12) ......... tower which was built in
13) ......... ear1y 1300s. It is 14) ......... symbol of Glastonbury
and many believe it has magical powers. That's why
thousands of 15) ......... visitors each year take 16) ......... long
walk through 17) ......... meadows and up 18) ......... spiral
maze that leads 10 19) ......... top of 20) .. ...... hill.
21) ......... visitors staying in Glastonbury viUage can go to
22) ......... hill by 23) ......... car, bus or on 24) ......... foot. There
is 25) ......... small museum which is open every day except
26) ........ Sunday. There is no charge for 27) ......... admission
to the site, but 28) ......... donations are welcome. 29) ...... .
Prime Minister about the new law wh ich bans
smoking in restaurants.
Rer ler~ ~ warrill1 0(11 de Parli Hnen to mk rhe
)rin 'Mlnls/e ab Jt a nE W, (Ill> wh h ban ,n oking I
rt: aura 1t'
2 We went to Stamford Bridge Stadium first day
we were in London to see match between
Chelsea and Arsenal.
3 Mobile phones have made communication with
home easy for travellers al l over world.
4 In 19th cent ury, there were few doctors and
medical ca re was only avai lable to wea lthy.
5 I'll give you ring tomorrow after school and we
can shop for clothes in new shopping centre that
opened last week.

26~
4-..-_-------l
site is open to 30) ......... public all year round.
 Emphasisllnversion ID
Inversion
We can Invert the subject and the auxiliary verb in a sentence to give emphasis. If there is no auxiliary verb, we use
do/does (present simple) or did (past simple) in the interrogative , There are two ways to invert the subject and the verb :
a) modal/auxIliary verb + subj ect + main verb It is used in the following cases :
• In questions. - Can IOU I ~~(Jj
• after the following words or expressions, when they come at the beginning of a sentence: seldom, rarely, little,
borely, nowhere (else), never (before), only in this way, only then. hardly (ever) .. ' when, no sooner . thon, not only ...
but (also), not until, not (even) once, on no account, only by, in no way, in/under no circumstances. so/such, not since,
etc. - N 'VI b/ f(.,re} Mlv'l, li ing I bul le.. ~o) ploys
Rc: Iy do W ''11. 1d I BUT ~e rv ld r (There is no Inversion
because the word rarely does not come at the beginning of the sentence.)

Remember!
• When the expressions only after, only by, only if, only when , not until/ tll/ come at the beginning of a
sentence, the inversion is In the main clause.
Only, frer J di rf: ri,
Onln w~'p
• We use little With certain verbs (realise, suspect, know, etc) to mean I didn't realise at off ... Little did, know
It (She didn't know anything about the luxury cruise.)

• with so, neither, nor, as to express agreement.

ro )ck u~ So (We use so to agree with an affirmative statement.)
Neither/No 0Ne use neither/nor to agree with a negative statement .)
a shrmother, ~0.va5"rnoth·r.
• With should, were , had when they come at the beginning of an if·clause Instead of if.
Type 1: Sh )uld y' J (= If you should see ... )
Type 2: W I (= If I were you .. )
Type 3: Had I known (= If 1had known you were on your own ... )
b) It is used In the following cases:
• after verbs of movement or adverbial expressions of place when they come at the beginn ing of a sentence.
,... 'ff' comes the train' n re gaes Jane.!

Note: If the subject is a pronoun, there is no inversion. ~h 'comll: (NOT: Hi'f~m8.' ,bin
• In direct speech when the subject of the introductory verb IS a noun.
idl oL \11 .Id. idHelenA1f I. nsoid.
BUT he ~. (NOT: ~kid/:li because the subject of the Introductory verb IS a pronoun)

Emphasis
We can put emphasis on certain words or parts of a sentence uSing the following :
• It IS/was ... who/which/that • question word + ever (usua lly shows su rprise)
a) JamE a~hlrtg lhl ar. It is Jaml's who/that J Who ever 1/ d ycu I wa~ leaving the comp'lny?
If. (emphasis on the subject: James ) Which and whose are not used in this case.
b) od thE ca It I thE 'or that Who' t! J (NOT: Wbosll 11''''' bag ... )
(emphasis on the object . the car) Note: Question words + ever (except for why) can be
• All (that) = The only thing (that) written as one word. Whoever I (

1/ (that) • We use do/doeS/did + infinitive without lO in the

• Whar present simple, past simple or the imperative to give
a) Jogging (subject) What k."'eps 71 emphasis.
thy J I OR ~ yJ what )s me n 'Oltf a) .h goes lr a/:'robic c a.s eVE 'Yafternoon. Sh does go
b) W( fmoy hiking (object) What njoy doing 10 aerobic class every afternoon.
hl~ Q. OR 1 whatl ·n~. b) said he would help us m ,ve nouse. He did soy he
• What ... do (emphasis on verb) - 'makes fU rtJ!uf he :J u.~ n ve h )u~e,
What does c) Have some hoeolate Do have Jam hoeolat

265
 m Emphasisllnversion
1 Rewrite the following, putting emphasis on
each part of the sentence.
Rachel fl ew to Paris early t his mo rn ing.
le was Roche/ who/lhat flew fa Paris eariy this morning/It
was Paris thot Roche/ flew to early this morningflt was
early rhis morning that Roche/ flew to Parrs.
2 My neighbours put up a satellite dish last week.
3 Steve Miller publ ished his first book two years ago.
4 l ionel Messi won the Batton d'Or trophy in 20 10.
2 Rewrite these diving safety tips using what, as
in the example.
1 You must get the proper tra ining.
What you must do is get the proper training .
2 You must never dive alone.
3 You have to check your equipment before a dive.
4 You must not panic if someth ing happens
underwater.
5 You and you r diving partner have to plan every
dive in advance.
6 You must always check the wea ther forecast and
ocean conditions.
3 Read the information, then rewrite it
emphasising the words in bold .
James Cameron di rected Avatar.
/1 was )ames Cameron who/that directed Avatar.
2 Sam Worthington and Zoe 5aldana played t he
lead roles.
3 The fi lm was released in 2009 .
4 The film became a huge success soon after its release.
5 The fi lm w on three Oscars in 2010.
266
4 Rewrite the sentences, putting emphasis on the
words in bold.
Who desig ned t hat wedding gown?
Whoever designed that wedding gown}
2 Where did you fi nd your dining tab le?
3 Fiona bought a new hi-tech digital came ra.
4 Help yourself to anything you want.
5 Rihanna first sang t he song Umbrella in 2007 .
6 The film premiered in London, England .
7 Call him back; he might answer t he phone now.
8 She was born in May 1995
9 The neighbour's dog ruined our lawn .
10 I need a new pair of sunglasses .
11 He received a medal for bravery.
12 Who would ca ll us t his late at night?
13 Did you turn off the DVD player?
14 My aunt cal led the police .
15 Yo u shou ld concentrate more while you're
doing your homework .
5 Fill in so, neirher/norand the appropriate verb.
1 A: I'd like to go skyd iVing one day.
B So would i. It must be so exciti ng.
2 A: I really enjoyed t ha t film.
B: ..................................... . It was very funny.
3 A: I did n't underst and a word he said.
B: .. .............................. I'l l ask him to repeat it.
4 A: I was thin king about ordering a pizza
B: ........................... Shall I order a large one?
5 A: I don't usual ly go away at the weekends .
B: ............... ..... I prefer to st ay home
and relax.
6 A: I've read Vict oria Hislop's The island.
B . I loved it.
 Emphasis/Inversion ID
6 Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the 8 Marie Lapointe is a nursery school director. She
words in bold . is talking to the new staff of child care workers
about their tasks. Put the verbs in brackets into
The children rested under a tree .
the correct form.
Unde a tree rested the ch 'dren.
2 The cat sat on the sofa.
Under no circumstances 1) I I y( )
3 The singer came onto the stage. 0.1" (you/should/leave) any ch ild
alone and in no way 2) ...... ..... ..
4 The university stands at the foot of the mountain . (you/must! forget) to keep their
play area safe. Not until the children
5 The ba lloons rose up into the sky . have picked up and put away their
toys 3) ................. ... ..................... .
6 Our taxi is here , (you/will/be able to) go on to
another activity. Only in this way
7 David kicked the ball high into the air. (the children/willllearn)
the ru les successfully. If you follow these basic ru les, not
8 The team climbed up the cliff. only 5) ..... .. ... .............. .. (you/will/teach) them how to
understand and cooperate, but you Wi ll also have a
well-behaved group on your hands,

7 Rewrite the sentences.

1 This student IS both enthusiastic and knowledgeable.

Not only isthisstudententhus Q,t/(, but h~ ,olso
9 Look at the following text and write inverted
sentences using the words/phrases in bold.
knowlpdqf>ab/t ,
2 Rachel did not know that her life was about to
little Ted Ryder, age five, got his first insul in injection in
change.
Toronto in July 1922. He could in no way imagine he
Little .............. .
wou ld live until 1993. l ittle Ted was suffering from an
3 If she had actual ly been there, we would have
illness called diabetes. At the time, patients rarely
heard about it in the news .
SUrviVed more than a few months after diagnosis.
Had she .... .. .............. .. ...................... .
Doctors could reduce the sugar in a patient's blood
4 The problem is so difficult that we need an expert
only by starvation diets. However, this would
to solve It.
eventually cause their death. It was only after Sir
SO ......................................... ............ . Frederick 8anting and Dr Charles Best discovered Insu lin
5 They managed to pull the girl out of the river that diabetes patients got the chance to live. There had
after making several attempts. never been a drug like this before. They had no
Only after sooner succeeded in treating patients than the news
6 As soon as she opened th e front door, he handed spread. They could barely produce enough insulin to
her the two dozen roses. cover the demand. It was only when large companies
No sooner .............................................. . started to produce the insulin that more patients were
7 The town had never experienced such cold able to get it. As a result, insulin saved thousands of
weather before . lives and continues to save lives even today.
Never before .
8 If you run into him, tell him I'm looking for him .
In. no way (ould he Imagine he would live until 1993.
Shou ld ... ...... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ............... ..... ..
9 I haven't had such a good time since Mary's party.
Not since Mary's party ......
10 We seldom go to the cinema .
Seldom .

267
 ID Emphasis/Inversion

10 Complete the text using the correct form of the 11 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
words in brackets. meaning to the first sentence. Indude the word
in bold .

1 We rarely had time for Sunday family gatherings.

DID Rarely did we have time for Su nday
fami ly gatherings.
2 Brian did not want to open his gifts until after
they had had dinner.
TO Not until after they had had dinner

............................ open his gifts.

3 The car broke down yesterday.
THAT It was .... .................................. .
.... ..... ......... ..... .... ..... ..... ... yesterday.
4 No matter what happens. you are not to go there
again I
Job Interview GO Under no CIrcumst ances .. .... . .
................................... ....... .. againl
No sooner 1) n n'y 11 ntd (myI
interview/start) at this customer service company 5 We had no Idea that It was a costume party.
than my mind went blank On no account KNOW little ............................................ .
2) ................................... (lIgo) there unprepared. . .. that It was a costume party.
6 The students were allowed to leave the exam
Not only 3) ... ... " ... ... " ......... "",, ..... , (l/look) up the
company by visiting their website, but I had also room after the fir st hour had passed .
made a list of all the reasons why this company was WERE Only after the first hour had passed

Interesting to me. I had even studied the job . ........... leave the
exam room.
description .......ell enough so I would be able to
answer any question on the spot 7 "Oh. look, the headmaster is coming our way! "
yelled Mark.
However, little 4) ..... ..... ......... .... .. " ... .... (1/know)
what was In store for me. It was only after HERE "Oh look, .... ... ... ... ... .. ,............ 1"
yelled Mark .
I entered the Interview office that I got butterflies
in my stomach. The interviewer had a stern 8 Mum made the mashed potatoes and the st uffing
from scratch
look on hiS face and hardly smiled. Hardly
5) ... ...................... (1/sit) down w hen he started DID Not ........................................ .
asking me direct questions w ithout looking at me. I .... .. ............. the mashed potatoes
from scratch, bu t also the stuffi ng .
had been to many interviews and always managed
9 Did Mary fail her driving test again?
fine, but never 6) ......................... (lIcome across)
FAILED Was ............................................... .
such a senous face. There was not a hint of frien dly
manner in this man's face; not even once ..................... her driving test again?
10 Her performance was fantastic and Bill's was, too.
7) ... .. ........ .... ............. (he/smile). I smiled faintly
SO Her performance was fantastic, .. .... .
and proceeded to answer some of his questions.
Only then 8) ....... ... ... .............. ... .. ... .... (IIrealise) ... ... ................. .... ......... ... . Bill 's.
that I couldn't remember a thing. With every 11 Terry needs a holiday as he's been working rea lly
hard .
quest ion I remained st ill. staring back at the man
and unable to come up wit h an answer. I w anted
IS What ................................ a holiday
as he's been working really hard.
this interview over as quickly as possible. Not
12 She had just put t he roast in t he oven when t he
until I had left the buildin g 9) .... .. .. .. .. .... ..... .
lig hts went o ut.
(lIunderstand) what had gone w rong . The
interviewer reminded me of a teacher back in
PUT No sooner ... ..
gramma r school; t he scariest teacher I had ever ............................... the roast in the
had. oven than the lights went out.
26~':--------l
 Pronouns la
Demonstratives
This, these, that and those are used as pronouns when they are not followed by a noun and as demonstrative adjectives
when they are followed by a noun, Those ore my noti (pronoun) That whl re t rd, n "' (demonstrative adjective)
Use
ThlsfThese That/Those
• for people or things which are near us. This is his mororbrk(; • for people or things whICh are not
• for present or future situations, I'm flying to Fron:e this wee near us.
• to refer to something we are about to mention. That I' Jd n
LIsten to this_In bril/lanr! • for past situations.
• to Introduce oneself on the phone or to mtroduce people. That lay was om y, a/way' f"lt'mf>.
"Hello? This is Paul. 'Tim, this is Frank • to refer back to someth ing mentioned
• when the speaker is in or near the place he/she is referring to. before.
This classroom / too big. (the speaker is In the room) )r qc 'f'0 QI d! "Thar's lA

1 Fill in: this, these, that or those. 2 Fill in: this, that, these or those.
look out! That driver up ahead has lost control of A: Th se roses are for you.
the car! I think he's going to crash . B: You are so sweet . Thank you .
2 We've decided to spend our holidays at home 2 A: Old you see ...... ..... gown Natalie Portman
............ year. wore to the Oscars)
3 Here it is ............ IS the coffee table I told you aoout. B: Stunning ............ Hollywood actresses are so
4 .................. children over there are my nieces and lucky. They get to wear the best In high
nephev.'S. fashion.
5 ............ numbers cannot be correct. I'm sure you've 3 A: Which pair of shoes do you want to try on?
made a mistake. Here, look! B: ........... one, on the top shel f.
6 ............ is so deliciOUS! Can I have another servmg? 4 A: Does ............ house across the street belong
7 look ! Isn't ............ Karen's dog? It must be lost to anyone?
8 .......... were the best days of my IIfel" grandma B: I don't know. It's been empty for a while now.
said. 5 A: I finally got ....... ..... pay rise I was wailing fori
9 We need to find a solution to ............ problem now. B: ............ ;s fantastic! let's celebrate.
10 A: Hello. 6 A: Are .......... the OVOs we rented last week?
B: H;.;s Mary there? ............ ;s Ahoa speak;ng. B: Oopsl I guess I forgot to return them.
11 A: Phil and Jane have just bought their first home. 7 A: I'd like to try on ............ dress, please.
B. is wonderful news! B: Of course. You can go into one of .......... .
12 A: Do ............ jeans look good on me? changing rooms over there
B: I think ............ ones looked better. 8 A: Can you show me ....... website you
13 A' My son Just passed his driving test mentioned this morning?
B: ............ 'sgreat! B: Sure. ..... .. is It here.
14 Take a look ........... is a photo of the hotel where 9 A: How could they cancel the t(Jp? ............ IS so
we stayed at and .... ..... ... are the pictures of all unfairl
the people we met. B: It sure is.
15 I don't feel comfortable in ............ place; it's too 10 A: Are ........... your shoppmg bags?
dark. Can we go somewhere else? B: No. Mine are .... ....... by the window over
16 ............ was the scariest roller coaster ride I've there.
ever been on . 11 A: Have you got any plans for ........ ... evening ?
17 ...... .... .. looks like Tom, but I can't see because B: Actually we do. We are go;ng to see .......... ..
he's too far. new play everyone is talking about.
18 Steve, let me introduce you to Sylvia. Sylvia, 12 A: Hi Peter..... ...... .. is my cousin Ryan.
....... is Steve. B: Nice to meet you, Ryan .
19 Hello ............. is Clalre Brown speaking . How
may I help you?
269
 m Pronouns
A lot of/many/much/ la) few/ la) little

many " e many peop'e In the bc"'/:

Negative many much :Jf'e'n , many tudenrs :.1 thIs C ,

~n tlm('
a few (= some) a little some) ArE W D ',,;tr. co the perform 1nee
very few (= not very little (= not Very few p "C" • lIst n ''''SSI( ,/ mU(1
many. not enough) much, not enough) A tierle <"'" mnk"p\ \ rnwh/>mp( (Wf' rE'
r 1. 11, buvtlll

• A lot (of)l /ots of + countable/uncountable nouns are normal ly used In positive sentences
lot of I~ of
A lorof can also be used In questions and negations In Informal English. "Iot,)f· ft for:n fod')'
• Many + countable n ouns } are normally used in questions or negations.
Much + uncounta b l e nouns
man)
•
Many and much are often used in positive sentences after too, so, how or in formal English
,. didn't how much I vr , too much \01
• A few (= some, a small number of) + countable nouns } h ..
A little (= some, a sma ll amount of) + uncountable nouns aye a positive mean ing.
't 'olitrIF
• Few (= not many, almost none) + countable nouns } have a negative meaning and are rather formal English
Little (= not much, almost none) + uncountable nouns
F.
Very fewlvery little, only a few/only 0 little are more usual.
Very feN' Ne 'le 9 'r very little mform :It!O'l on t

Remember!
• A couple of, several, a few , many, a (largel greotl good) number of, both are followed by a countable noun .
(Too) much, a linle, a greaVgood deal of. a large/small amounVquantityof are followed by an uncountable noun.
A lot of, fors of, hardly any, some, no, plenty of are followed by a countable or uncountable noun .
• Most , all, some, any, many, a few, several, both, one, two, much, (a)lirr/e are followed by of when a
noun follows, preceded by possessives or words such as' this, that, these, those, the or a,
uch of I 'ral at My I
rtr71 .y.

3 Fill in: aloUo&, much or many. 4 Choose the correct item .

Not tickets were sold for the show. There has been few/ver little/a few information
2 It takes time and effort to grow a onhne about that new discovery.
beautiful garden. 2 There was many/ few/ a lot of noise coming from
3 How .......... time do I have to wnte the exam) the party next door last night.
4 ThiS essay had too ............ mistakes. 1can't give It 3 A 10t/Much!Few customers have complaints about
a passing mark. our company.
S lookl It's showing t he protest on TV. I've never 4 We had much/a lot of/little chores to do at t he
seen so ..... .... ... people gather before. w eekend .
6 The report is due today and we sti ll have .. . S I don't have a lot/much/many friends.
work to do. 6 Few/Much/A little people are aware of the new
7 I haven't got ............ money. Is this enough? law.

270
 Pronouns m
5 Choose the correct item . 6 Choose the correct item .

1 There isn't little/no/any bread left, so can you get Deadly Shake Rocks New Zealand
some from the baker's?
75 people have been killed by a deadly earthquak.e
2 They showed a great deal of/many/few Interest
which struck Christchurch, New Zealand yesterday
in my new invention.
The earthquake caused 1) a great deal/a good number
3 Hardly any/No/A little of my friends like hip-hop
of damage to buildings in the second largest city In New
music.
Zealand 2) A large number/A large amount of people
4 Don't be so rudel Show several/ hardly any/a little
were injured and 300 people remain missing. 3) Very
respect for your elders
fewNery little buildings and houses were left unharmed
:
5 Tommy sent me any/some/much flowers! How
by the violent earthquake. There were 4) plenty/many
sweet of him.
aftershocks during the night and 5) a lotla little of the
6 After the meeting, he didn't ca ll me for several/
locals have been forced to leave their homes. Local
few/a great deal of days
officials and volunteers have put up 6) lotsla good deal
7 Much/ A lot/Many to my relief, I realised where I
of tents on the outskirts of the City to house them. Police
had left my keys.
have evacuated the CIty centre and 7) hardly any/a good

.-
8 I'm exhausted . I didn't get many/ much/ few sleep
deal of rel ief is expected from abroad.
last night.
9 Much/A little/Hardly any families are without a
home computer these days 7 Choose the correct item.
10 I'm afraid the patient shows no/much/a sma ll
amount o f signs of improvement. What a Waste I
11 I've got little/much/plenty of money if you need World hunger IS a major problem In the 21 st century. Yet,
to borrow some. very 1) C has been done to feed the poor. 2) ........ of
12 We need a lo t of/few/much eggs to make this money is needed to make this happen; about $195 billion
cake. Thank goodness I have a dozen in the fridge. a year according to the Untied Nations 3) .. countries
13 You get few/a little/ little chances like this in life, have promised to donate less than 1% of their national
so take advantage of them! Income which IS very 4) ........ compared to the amounts
14 I've put you to a great deal of/many/several they spend on defence each year. In additIOn, recent
trouble and I wan t to apologise. stud ies have revea led some uncomfortable facts about
15 There are still few/several/much issues that we food waste In developed countries. Unfortunately, too
need to diSCUSS so will we meet on Friday? 5) ...... good food IS wasted needlessly each year. In the
16 I'm afraid we have little/few/several hope of UK alone, 36 mIllion tonnes o f food end up in landfills
finding any survivors. annually. 6) ........ of this food IS within the sell-by date
17 I have a little/lots of/hardly any Ideas for your and 7) ........ of the items dumped are frUit, salad, bread
costume if you want to hear them. and even potatoes. In the US, each American throVolS
18 My coffee isn't quite right . May I have a few/a away over 90 kilos of food per year Meanwhile, 8)
little/ little more sugar, please? people are complaining about rising food prices and the
19 There is few/ much/ little chance of me getting cost of liVing So what can we do to help? Don't spend so
the Job I was late for the interview. 9) ........ on food we don't eat and give some to those
20 Hurry up! We don't have much/many/several time who need it more. Isn't it time we stop the waste?
before the guests arrive.
21 A large amount of/A good deal oflA great , A many B few C little
number of people protested about the new 2 A Much B A lot C A little
government's laws 3 A Plenty B A lot C Several
22 There's no need to hurry; we've got nolplenty ofl 4 A little B many C few
little time . 5 A much B little C few
6 A Several B Many C Most
7 A lots of B little C many
8 A many B much C little
9 A plenty B many C much
271
 m Pronouns

SomelAnylNolEvery
,------
Adverbs
Adjectives Pronouns (people) • .
things
•• -
places
III
some someone/somebody something somewhere
Positive
any anyone/anybody anything anywhere
Interrogative any anyone/anybody anything anywhere
no one/not anyone nothing nowhere
Negative nalnot any
nobody/not anybody not anything not anywhere
PositivelNegativel everybody! everyone everything evefYoNhere
every
Interrogative (all people) (ai' things) (all places)

• Some, any and no are used with uncountable nouns and plural cou ntable nouns.
no Jom4 any!
• Some and its compounds (someone/somebody. something , somewhere) are normally used In positive sentences .
011 m~ In

• Any and its compounds are used in interrogative and negative sentences
(lny lyO
• Any and Its compounds are used with negative words, such as without , never, seldom, rarely, hardly, etc.
'never' I anything

• No (= not any) and Its compounds are used in negative sentences .

Ihf no alrc rh It (= There is not any sa lt on the table.)
Note: We use a singular verb with the compounds of some, any and no. I' ,
• Some and its compounds can also be used In Interrogative sentences when we expect a positive answer, for
example when we make an offer or a request.
iJ om I 19 I (offer) (request)
• Any and its compounds can also be used in positive sentences, but there is a difference in meaning.
Look at the examples:
any I (= It doesn't matter when.)
Anyom (Anybody (= It doesn't matter who.)
y. u ,m ear anything (= It doesn't matter what.)
h 'anywhere I (= It doesn't matter where.)
• Every is used with singular countable nouns. E .y "
• The pronouns everyone/everybody, everything and the adverb everywhere are used In positive and interrogative
sentences, and are followed by a singular verb E y

Other structures
• another = additional, an extra one - It is used With Singular countable nouns.
IU ':11 anoth r ar ~rf r,
• another + (ew!two , three etc. + noun - r anoth~ r (I inutf moth r ten minutes. Sh n o'ru~Pd 5he 1 come
• other/another = different, besides th ls/these - orh , , Ih d Hr rl!~ JUri h reanothef l lle
• other/others: When other is used with a noun, it has no plural form.
'orh r (NOT: ... ~ magazines?) BUT mees h Wt: n re th OtMN
Note: Others can also be used to mean (the) other people.
, I;
• each other = one another - :h
• every other = every second - Jp'1( ts every pther u ay.
• the other day = a few days ago - Pefe the other day, e w 1€ W1Q married r 71 rh

272

8 Fill in the gaps w ith some, any, no or one of
their compounds.
1 A: Let's go on an excursion at the weekend, Janet.
S: That's sounds great. We could go som >where in
the mountains.
2 A: Are you hungry?
s: Yes, actually. Is there ................. to eat?
3 A: Have you finished your test?
S: No, Miss. Could we have ........ .. ............. more
time, please?
4 A: Harry told me ......................... . about his job
last night.
S: Oh, I hope ..................... serious has happened
to him.
5 A: I don't like ... .... .... of the programmes
on TV tonight.
B: Shall we do .......................... else, instead?
6 A: Has ........................... been to the new mall in
the city centre yet?
S: Yes, I have. It's greatl
7 A: Have you found your wallet yet, Paul?
B: No, I can't find it .......................... .
8 A: There is ..... .... .... ...... ........ Information about
sky diving In our textbook .
S Why don't you search the Internet, then?
9 A: I wasn't able to book a hotel room and I have
........................... to stay the night.
B: That's no problem . You can stay with me.
9 Fill in the gaps with every or one of its
compounds, and the correct form of the verbs
in brackets.
1 I Will tell you everyrhing I know as soon as I find' ur
(find out) more information.
2 I won't give out the prizes until ............ ...... .... ...
(a rrive).
3 They have sent me photographs of ........... ... ...... .
monument they ..... (see) so far.
4 Pauline made sure she had ....................... she
. ......... .... .. (need) for her business trip to
Frankfurt.
5 My brother's room looked a mess. There were
clothes ........... ............ I ....................... (look).
6 ..... ......... ... .. .. .. child ......................... (get) a
present at the end of the school year.
7 The party was a nightmare I .................... .. ... (go)
wrong.
8 Let's go Sam! ...... .................... (wait) for us!
Pronouns m
10 Fill in the gaps with some, any, every or one of
their compounds.
Dear Clare,
I am writing to ask you for 1) 'Om! advice because I
don't know what to do.
2) ............. kids at school have started bullying me. They
call me names and take my lunch money. I haven't had
3) ............. to eat at school for two weeks. I'm afraid I
haven't told 4) ............. at home about it because I don't
know what my dad might do. My friends told me that I
must do 5) ... .. .. ...... and that I should tel l our teacher.
She is very kind and I know that she will do 6) ........... ..
she can to help me. I am not so sure, though . I know I
can't just sit here feeling sorry for myself. Is there
7} ............. hope for me? Could you tell me if you think
there is 8) ............ else I should do?
Please wnte to me soon .
Nick
11 Fill in: hardly (ever) and anything, anywhere, anyone
or any, as in the example.
1 There wo' hard! my(I waiting at the bus stop.
(not many people)
2 I . ........ .... ..... ........ ..... ...... . on television these
days. (not often see interesting programmes)
3 He ...................................................... basketball
dUring the week . (not play)
4 Helen does ................................... ... .. ........... ..
chores around the house. (very few)
5 She knows .... ...................................... ..
about her country's history. (not much)
6 There's ............................................................ to
exercise In thiS small town. (not many places)
7 We ........ ....................................... dUring
the week. (not often visit our friends)
12 Fill in the gaps with a word from the list:
• another • (the) other(s) • every other
• other day
1 ThiS IS great coffee! Can I have rh ( CUP, please?
2 My dad called the ...................... and ask.ed if I
wanted to come for lunch.
3 1 don't see my cousins all the time; just
......... weekend .
4 Do you have any ............... blouses like this?
Maybe in a different colour?
5 We're leaving now; ................. .. ..... ..... .... will
come later.
273
 m Pronouns
;
AII/None/Both/ Either ... Neither/Every - Each

• Both refers to two people or things. It has a i. Either (= anyone of two) I Neither (= not one and not the i
positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. I~ other) refer to two people or th ings and are used before
is the opposite of neitherlnoteither. ! singular countable nouns.
8ff?nda and Tino are teachers. 80th Brenda and Tino are ! Neither story W05 true.
teacher' They Ofe both leacher~ Both of them orf ! NeirheroflEither of take a verb either in the singular or
!
teachers. Both girl5 are teacher' • plural . Neither of the bOy5 like(s) arr.
.... ............................................................................................................... !................... .................................................................................. .........................
• All refers to more than two people or things. It j. None refers to more than two people or thi ngs . It has a
has a positive meaning and takes a verb in the
, negative mean ing and isn't followed by a noun .
plural . It is the opposite of none. /) there any milk If'!t? '"No, none.
All the students gal a Hicker. All of rh em got a sticker. ! None of is used before nouns or object pronouns followed
They all got a sticker. ! by a verb either in the singular or plural. It is the opposite
All + that-clause (= the only th ing) takes a ! of all. Noneofth students/th rn ha /have an5W -'f:.d th1'qUt Ition.
singular verb. All rhat I did wo' thank him. ! Note: no + noun . Th 'f€ <; no time ro wastf
... .............................................................................................. ........ ..... ... ...................... ..................... ...................... ......................................................
• Every is used with singular countable nouns. It •
Each is used with singular countable nouns. It means
refers to a group of people or things and means one by one, considered individual ly (it usua lly means only
01/, everyone, everything, etc. two ). Each pers m was giver a riaet.
She go >~ to France on holiday every yeaf. Note: everyone and each one have of constructions. Every
one of/Each one ofthj 5tudentl will be I] ven a report l"ard.
..... ............................... ............ .................................................................................
• ·Who"j~·(~·c~~pi~·t~)··i~·~~ed·~·ith·~o·~·n·tabi~·· ~o~·ns:·!··• One/Ones are used to avoid repetition of a countable
We always use a, rhe , this , my, etc + whale + ,i noun . Which coar Tom fhat one.
countable . rh whole night = all night i
• Both ... and n. + plural verb - Both Terr;and Wal/ace like ice·skating.
• Either n. or ... / Neirher ... nor / Not only ... bur also ... + singular or plural verb depending on t he subject which
follows nor, or, bur also. NeitherClaire nor Andyowns a -Of. Either Mork or his brothers are go '1g to take you homE

13 Choose the correct item . 14 Fill in the gaps below with 011. every. both. whole.
neither, eirher or none.
Both/Neither my mother and my father are teachers.
2 Neither/Either Ken nor Stu had fun at the party. 1 A: Is the blue shirt more expensive than the red one?
3 None/Every of the players scored a goal, so they 8: No, they are both the same price.
were all/both disappointed . 2 A: ...... Hans nor 8en has ever eaten Ch inese
4 Every/All that you need is a nice long holiday. food before.
S We spent the whole/all day hiking, so we are 8: Real ly? Then they are In for a real treat.
eXhausted. 3 A: I have lots of dresses, but . .. of them
6 EitherlNeither you clean your room now or you are nice enough for the dance .
aren't going out tonight. 8: Well, let's go shopping then!
7 My brother has been studying whole/all day. 4 A: I ate .............. my vegetables. Mum !
S All oflNone of them felt like eating, but they B: Good for you . What would you like for dessert ?
couldn't say no to Mum since she'd been cooking S A: What did you do at the weekend?
all day. B: Oh, we just sat around and watched TV t he
9 A: Which CD do you like best? weekend.
8 . To tel l the truth, I don't like either/neither of 6 A: You can have an orange or an
them . apple. Wh ich do you prefer?
10 Kevin goes for a jog whole/every day . B: Oh, an apple, please .
11 Each/All room has a TV and air-conditioning. 7 A: You're the on ly one who hasn't come down
12 Both/Either Fran and Grant are great athletes with the fi u.
with real talent. B: We ll, I try to eat healthy and get plenty of rest
. ............ day.
274

15 Fill in the gaps with all, both, neither,
or whole.
Being a Health Food Fanatic
became a health fanatic when I was
or so. Back then I ate I) ndth\.'r junk
food nor sweets, but I did eat quite a bit of meat. For the
past year and a half, I have been on a strict diet which
means my diet is now free from 2) ................... fonns of
fatty foods. Aside from watching what I eat, I also get a
lot of exercise - something 3) ................... ofmy friends
do. My family members aren 't into exercising either. so
most of the time I'm at the gym or out jogging alone.
Sometimes, I fcel li ke my 4) ............... .. .. tiunily thinks
I 'm a bit strange. 5) ................... my mum and my dad
<Ire always telling me to gain some weight, but
6) ................... of them understands how I feel about my
body. I guess 7) ................... of the people who live in tHy
house have ever heard the saying '" healthy mind in a
healthy body'.
16 Fill in: all, every, one, ones or whole.
1 Harry has four cats, .11 of wh ich are black and white.
2 Choose a room . Which ............... would you like?
3 I can 't decide whether to do kick boxing, tai chi or
kung fu . They're ............... great forms of exercise.
4 I've been to ............... shoe shop in town, but I
haven't been to the ............... at the mall
5 I'm spending the ....... weekend w ith my
family.
6 They go for Ch inese food ...... weekend .
7 A: Do you like these trousers?
B. No, I prefer these .... .
8 We spent the .............. eveni ng watching reruns
of Friends .
17 Fill in the gaps using each or every.
1 In a game of rugby, eoc/) team has fifteen players .
2 We have gymnastics ............... Tuesday and
Thursday at school.
3 She has a bottle in .............. hand .
4 I love Julia Roberts. I've seen .. ... .. .. .. . one of her
fi lms.
5 Our poodle Scruffy came first in the dog contest.
He scored the highest in ........... ... test.
6 The teacher gave ... .. .. ..... .. st udent stickers for
good work.
Pronouns m
18 Fill in the gaps with all, both, neither, none, either
or every.
S: salesman C; cUS{Qmec
S: Can I help you, sir7
C: Yes. I'd like to try on ') bo these suits.
S: Certainly. You can use the changing room on
the far left.
S: Is 2) .................. o f them what you want ed?
C: I'm afraid 3) .......... fit properly. The
sleeves on 4) ...... . ... .. .. jackets are slightly
long and 5) ................... of the trousers fit
comfortably. I always have such a hard time
finding a proper suit. I get disappoint ed
6) ..................... t ime I shop.
S: Fortunately for you, sir, we've got our own tailor
here who alters 7) ...... .. ...... our clothes. let
me get him for you .
C: That's great! 8) ....... . .. of the other shops
offer such a service .
S: Well, at RlIlgworth, we're here to help our
customers.
19 Rewrite the sentences using the words in
brackets.
Kevin dislikes carrots and so does Mark . (neither
. .. nor) - N! ill] Kevi'l nor Mark like carrots.
2 I'd really like to come and my sister would, too.
(both ... and) ............ ..... ................................... .
3 Emily wil l pick you up from the airport or else Jack
will . (either ... or)
4 Every part of the room was painted pink . (whole)
5 Not even one of the guests tried my pizza (none)
6 The two boys were sent to the headmaster's
office. (both) .....
7 All the students have to participate in the sports
day. (every) ........ ........ .
8 Members of the team, one by one, received
a medal. (each) ..... .............................. ..
275
 m Pronouns
Subject/Object Pronouns
i [I~~~~~~~~~= them
Subject pronouns go before verbs as subjects. Object pronouns go after verbs or prepositions as
We t: rn Us/:'o objects. ViSIt us \'1 'n"rJ you er ,(( Land n.
In short answers and after as and than. we use an object pronoun (informal) or a subject pronoun + auxiliary
verb (forma l). I enjoy plr Vi, J rE 1( Me (I' I do 10 Tan'y1 rur It rl In mel hon I io.

Reflexive Pronouns
I • myself he "" himself we • ourselves
you • yourself she ..... herself you ) yourselves
it -+ itself they • themselves

We use reflexive pronouns:

• with verbs such as behave. burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, kill, look at, teach or with prepositions when the
subject and the object of the verb are the same. JiII (subject) hi rherself(object) JIlt/) r
• with the preposition by when we mean alone!withoutcompany or without help (on one's own) ,
1 ell' by mysl'lf/on my own.
• in the following expressions: enjoy yourself (have a good time), behave yourself (be good), help yourself (you are
we lcome to take something if you want), she lives by herself (she lives on her own), do it yourself (do it without
being helped), make yourselfat home (fee l comfortable). Help yourself,
• to emphasise the noun or the pronoun of a sentence. They usua lly come after the noun or pronoun they
emphasise. I myself I , Ire cl , ly re In. (I decorated my room. Not somebody else.) m r P ~e W/I 1(; himself (I met
Prince William, not somebody else.)

Remember!
• We do not normally use reflexive pronouns with the verbs get up, rest, meet and relax .
Sf> . has (0 ger up ar/y (NOT: S/:li bOHQ get up hellelfeorly.)
• The verbs dress, wash and shave are not normally followed by a reflexive pronoun . However, we can use
a reflexive pronoun with these verbs when we want to show that someone did something with a lot of
effort. Wher)lg~ h from It Iwash,' Ih11 ds ' dressesherselfJI rh m '11; g.
• Each other means one another, rt, 1', lp' '11 'each other r) if t 1:11

Possessive Adjectives/Pronouns
Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns
my our mine ours his
hiS }
your your ~er their yours yours hers } theirs
Its
• Both possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns can be used to talk about ownership or the relationship
between people . Possessive adjectives are followed by nouns, whereas possessive pronouns are not.
my f"t tJl , mine.
• We normal ly use possessive adjectives with parts of the body and clothes.
't Ir/ myleg ()( ,ffmyc!othesl ur mypyjam 15.
We use the and not possessive adjectives with prepositional phrases, mostly when we are talking about things
that happen to parts of people's bodies, for example blows, pains, etc. Verbs usual ly used in this pattern are: hit.
punch, slap. bite. touch, pat, sting, etc.
Sh '((11 ohi Ion the shoulder (NOT: on~shoulder) 'b 11 h I thenosl',(NOT: on~nose)

• We use the word own in the following structures to emphasise the fact that something belongs to someone.
noun + of + my/your, etc + own - ~ :J! ,g}1' a car o~er own.
my/your, etc + own + noun - Sh hn her own car,
Note: its = possessive adjective - Tht r, ,j. W j':J' d its
irs = it is or it has - It's, 1 PI tty b . It's (= It has) -Il t fourfUf frathzrs

276
 Pronouns m
Possessive Case

'5/5' (people or ammals) of (inanimate things)

• singu lar noun + '5. rhD boys penCil . 's wJ
• regular plura l noun + '. rh -bolys'friend'
• irregula r plu ral noun not ending in -5 + '5.
the mpn's umbrellas rht child, rfs cloth"
• compound noun + '5. her 15ft, in 7W's t; U~
• 's after the last of two or more names to show
common possession
ucyand Pet! 's car (They share the same car.)
BUT
Lucy's and P It"s or (Each one has got a car.)
I 'QUO( 101 ,o(Fro ,
rJ • of + ina nimate t hing/abst ract noun.
rh wim 'ows of/he haus rh price ofbeauly
• of + possessive case/pronouns when there is a
determiner (this. any, etc) before the noun
Le r I this ~ r.yof~' sp OI"S (one of Shakespeare's plays)
~k 'ofh (one of his jackets)
• of + people (in longer phrases).
rt ,t olh-, 'offl1yf d'
• 'slof to talk about places or organisations.

Remember!
• Phrases of place + 's Ir ba '5J - time/d istance expression + 'si' ahr's p mllan( hn :1Ys' '"' :>rk
• With singu lar names ending in -s we can either add's or just an apostrophe. Both options are correct .
However, 's is more usual. (hOl 1\'S 1 or ThOl ls't~ It
• Plural names ending in -s take an apostrophe just like with other plura ls. rh 01 s' orb wn.

Therellt
• There + be is used for somet hing ment ioned for the first time or to say that someone or something exists .
Tt 're is 0 mous in till cell If.
• Personal pronoun + be/other verb is used to give more details about something or someone already mentioned.
There'ssom'on 'onthephvn .Her td\to~p okto}' u.
• It + be is used for identification. rh res om III woi Igintl sm i grOl /r'SY(IUfCOU n.
• 1( + be ... to infinitivelthat-clause is used to begin a sentence. It's .to meet you. It's pity that Ch 'didn'rcom
• Ir is also used for distance (It'S ab <Jt 1 10 km from ondOI to 81m IIi /hrin , temperature (In 20 Ot dt , time
expressions (It's halfpost two. , weather (It's fO/9Y thiS 1i1Olning. and in the following expressions: It seems that , It
appears that, Irlooks Hke, ltissaid that, It doesn't matter, etc. It'sr( (I 110 gc fOf a It looks like I m,
It seemsthatihert 11 a p Jblem wlln the (In, AND There seemsto be a I- ,blpm willl n' mmpUle~

20 Fill in the gap with the correct subject or object 21 Fill in the correct possessive adjectives and
pronouns. possessive pronouns.
1 A: Do you like Oebra's new coat? It was a great A: I just picked up this parcel from the post
bargain I office. Is it }'1 un ?
B: Yes, ................ do .................. looks wonderfu l B: I'm not su re, but I've been expecting one, so I
on . .............. ! real ly hope it's .. ..... ....... .
2 A: We visited Pam and Harry in their new house 2 A: We really need to hurry up or we' ll miss.
last nig ht. connecting flight.
B: When did ........ . ..... .. move in? B: OK. I'll pay .... ... ... ....... bill and we can go.
3 A: Would you like to go to a coffee shop or a fast 3 A: That shirt really suits you. Is it new?
food restau rant"' B: No, it isn't ... .... actually. I borrowed it
B: ............... real ly don't mind. ..... ...... both from my brother.
sound like a great idea. 4 A: Dad, could I borrow Mum's car tonight?
4 A: Have you met our new teacher, Mr Bays, yet? B: Well, you had better take ............... as
B: Yes, ................ is quite fu nny actually. ................ is at the garage, son.
5 A: How did your dad meet your mum? 5 A: I can 't use ................ computer; it 's frozen.
B: .... met ................ at university. B. Don't worry. It's Mike's day off today. You can
use . .... ......... .
277
 m Pronouns
22 Fill in its or jt~.
A lot of peop le have signed up for the art class. It
looks like it's go ing to be interest ing .
2 Athens is a great place to visit on holiday with.
ancient monuments and Mediterranean cuisine.
3 It takes months for an eagle to build
large nest.
4 This hand-held computer is wonderful. ......... ..
got lots of new features.
5 ........... quite ch illy outside and I am not fee ling
very wel l.
23 Complete the sentences with the or a possessive
adjective.
1 Anne sprai ned her ankle while playing volleyball.
2 The dog bit the postman on ...... "" "' .. leg as he
was putting the letter in the letter box,
3 Mrs Niles was pleased with Tommy and patted
him on ................ head .
4 Annie lost . . earri ng at the dance.
S I sl ipped on a banana peel and broke ............ leg.
24 Fill in the gaps with my, your ... own. Use of
where necessary.
1 If I had an office of my own, it would be much
Quieter.
2 Mandy hopes to buy ...................... car as soon
as she saves up enough money.
3 I wish my brother would get a bike .
He is always riding mine.
4 When Thomas and Barbara get married, they will
live In .. .... .. ............ ... house.
5 I don't need to share a wardrobe with my sist er as
I have a wardrobe ....................... .
25 Join the sentences using the correct possessive
form .
The computer is in the living room . It belongs to
my brother.
My brother's computer is in the living room.
2 I watched a film. I liked its ending the best.
3 There's nothing worth reading in the ~.
bought it t Oday.
4 It was a long drive from London . It lasted six hours.
5 I visit ed !!£!y. I liked its museums best.
278
26 Read the text and fill in the word that best fits
each gap.
Hi Mick,
Thanks for your emai l. I miss 1) you so very much. We've
moved into 2) . ...... new house and I've started at my
new school. I like the teachers there. 3) ... are real ly
friendly. 4) ... .. have already made a few friends . One
is Spanish and 5) ....... name is Carmela, the other is
Polish and 6) .... . .. name is Matyas, but I cal l 7) ....... .
Matt for short. I really like 8) ....... a lot.
Mum is organising a house-warming party next
weekend . Do you think you and Nancy could come?
9) ...... .'d really love to have you stay all weekend . Dad is
going to show us 10) ........ cooking talent too. He wants
all of 11) ....... to have a barbecue. Do you remember
what happened last time Dad lit the grill? I bet you're
laughing! He burnt the neighbour's apple treel
Anyway, that is al l my news. Please write to 12)
soon 1
Hope to see you next weekend I
Patricia
27 fill in: there or it.
1 rherf's a lady on the phone. She wants to talk to
you, Mum.
2 doesn't real ly matter if you succeed or
not; ........ .'5 important that you at least try.
3 looks like she's going to be late .
4 .............. . are so many homeless people in the
centre of town th ese days. ...'5 a pity the
city council isn 't doing more to help them .
S .............. appears that Mary IS having a hard time
with her new boss.
6 .............. .'5 a shame they missed the concert. The
band was great!
7 ............ .'5 something wrong with the printer.
seems to be out of ink.
8 ..... .'s another 30 kilometres to Essex. Can
we take a break?
9 ........ appears that some files have been deleted.
10 .... ....... .. are a lot of new students in my class
lhis year.
11 ............ .'5 so good to hear from you again!
12 Mum, ......... .. 's someo ne on the phone for you .
. .. .. .... ... sounds important.
13 ............ .'5 a pity that she didn't accept the job.
14 ............. is a note on the table for you. It's from
Mum and Dad .
 Pronouns m
28 Circle the correct item . 29 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Include the word
A: How was last night's lecture? in bold.
B: Oh, not so good. There was so ........ noise I
couldn't hear the professor. 1 He said, " I disl ike computer games and so does
Karen. "
,• A few B many C little D much

2 A: ........ came by and dropped off this letter for

NEITHER He said that
liked computer games.
,
you . 2 I take thirty minutes to walk to school every day.
S: OK. Just leave It on my desk. WALK It's ........................... ........ ..
A Anyone C Everyone ................ " .. ". to school every day.
B No one D Someone 3 Try to watch your behaviou r at your sister's
3 A: You have some lovely clothesI gradua tion .
B: Thanks! Feel free to borrow ..... you want. YOURSELF Try ...... ....................................... .
A some B anything C nothing D every ........... at your sister's graduation.
4 She doesn't like being alone In the office in the
4 There are ...... of things I don't like about my morning .
flat, but it does have a great view. BY She doesn't like
A a lot B much C a little D some .......... In the office in the morning .
5 A: We spent our ....... holiday swimming and S There are only a few students who will go on the
saili ng . t rip .
B: Really? That sounds wonderful. NOT There ............................. ,............. .
A whole B all C many D any .. .. ..... . will go on the trip
6 They spent all morning planting the flowers.
6 A. Welcome to the company There are . WHOLE They ........................ ..
details 1need to diSCUSSwith you ... ... the flowers.
B. That's fine . Please go ahead. 7 We passed our French test and our English test as
A any B much C a few D a little well.
7 A: What's the ma tter wit h you r hand? BOTH We passed ......... " ... " ................ ..
B: Oh, I cut .. ...... w hen I was chopping vegeta bles. ..................... ,.. ,......... ,.... ,... tests.
A herself B myself C itself D you rself 8 There were on ly a few people at the performance
last night.
8 A: Dad, can I keep It? HARDLY There ........... ..
B: I suppose. The poor little kitten has ........ to ...... at the performance last night
go . 9 Tina went to the theatre by herself last weekend
A somewhere C nowhere OWN TIna went to the theatre ........
B anywhere D everywhere ...... .......... . ........ last weekend .
9 Don't take that one, Stephen ......... is over there. 10 Henry enjoys winter sports as well as water sports .
A Ou r B Yours C HIS D My BOTH Henry enjoys ................ ................. .
......... ....... ,.... ,..................... sports.
10 A: Would you like tea or coffee? 11 You are free to put up your tent any place you
B: ........ is fine with me choose.
A Both B All C Either D Neither WHEREVER You are free to put up your tent ....
11 That man keeps staring at ........ , but I'm sure I ... ..................... choose.
don't know him. 12 Helen doesn't speak German . Alice doesn't speak
A mine B me C yours D his German eit her.
NOR Neith er " ... " ..
' 2 A: Did you get the money? .. " " ,,.... .. German,
B: Yes, boss ......... went as planned 13 OIiver waited all afternoon for Judy to call him.
A Everything C Something WHOLE Oliver waited ................. .
B Nothing D Anything ....................... for Judy to call him .

279
 m Prepositions of Place/Movement/Time

Prepositions of Place Prepositions of Movement

[!]
.. ,. '"
inlinside

.- below onto
( D
".
"'", over

o -.
above

next to/bylbeside
I OPPosite off
• through

n on

r.1 under
<L..J mto
•
along

....
.~\'i:. among

-0 near

in front of
& out of ,~7 across

I;l behind

ID against
0
•
past
Ir up

0 -0 between

r.l at
0---. from
I! down

••••
••
•••
(a)round

on top of to -.. . . . ·0 towards

At
We use at:
• when we refer to a particular point or position . This train HOPS at Wellington Station.
• to say where an event takes place . rt y W 'nf t, I the rock cor ert at rt> I -aluadium
• in the expressions: ot school/university/college, at work, at home. at the top of, at the bottom of. at sea (= on a voyage),
at the station/airport. at the seaside. etc.
• with addresses when we mention the house number. They/ive at 20 Victoria Street. BUT in Chapel Srreet
• to talk about a person 's house or business, at '1Y (hi J1e arthenorist'·

280

I
 Prepositions of Place/Movement/Time m
In
We use in:
• in the expressions: in the middle, in the sea, in che sky, in bed, in hospital, in prison, in 0 newspaperl mogozinelbook,
inapicrurelphoto, in a street, in the world, in this lesson, in the country, in one's hand, etc.
• with the names of towns , cities, countries and continents. in O( oj in r'onlTur in SI in Afr; IJ

Remember!
We use in when we refer to a building itself. However, we use at when we refer to the normal function of
the building. There were mnnyf04,tball fans in the 5tadium (inside the building)
There were many foo/1xI1I fans Of the stadium. (They were watching a football match.)

On
We use on :
• in the expressions: on the left/right, on a/the platform/page/screen/ island/beoch/coosr , on 0 map, on a farm ,
on alrhe menu, on the first/second, etc floor .
on a -hair BUT in an Ilfmch
on/or /hl .orm r Or 0 rft; 'I BUT in orner If a re om go/run round h ~orne'

Remember!
• When we talk about a means of transport. we use the preposition by.
by carlbusIlraina) lp/an Iboac BUT on foot
• We do not use the preposition by when there is an article (a/a n/the), a possessive adjective (my, your,
etc) or a possessive case before the means of transport .
on the bus (NOT: Ity Iba It",,) in you r cor (NOT: b¥:YQ",r "If) on rh. six o'clock /fain, on /h ferry. in John's car

Prepositions of Time

In On
the time : at three o'clock months: in May/November, ere days: on Monday, on New Year's
holidays: or Ch/isrmas, ot Easter seasons: in (the) spring/summer/autumn/\', Ifl!!?' Day
in the expressions: years: in 199912009. ete dates: on 'rh May
at the moment. ot We ,ent centuries: in the 20th century specific part of a certain day:
at dawn. at noon/or diTln rtimj in the expressions: on W~ one day o(een I{)fJ
at night, ot dusk. or chf' wee end In I 'morning! afternoon venmg. in an hour. adjective + day: on a lId day
in a mlllutf' in a w I(ew dayvmonrhlyeof

Remember!
• We use the prepOSItIOns from .,. fo/cill/untif to show duration I", (rom, tOltill/until 4 e 'I)' fay.
• We use the preposition in when we want to say how long it takes to do something
/'11 speak 10 you in fifteen minutes The painters WIll be finished in thre. we
• Prepositions of time are not used:
a) with the words today, tomorrow, tonight and yesterday . Wt'rehaving a test tomorrow
b) with the words this , las!, next, every, a/l, some, each, one, and any. We went /0 a fashion show last wee,

281
 m Prepositions of Place/Movement/Time

1 Fill in the correct preposition: on, in or at. 3 Choose the correct item .

1 The Jones family spent the who le wee kend at the
ski resort.
2 Thomas was sitting comfortably ......... his armchair.
3 There was a beautifu lly wrapped present .
my bed .
4 My brother was waiting for me ........ the airport
yesterday.
S The baby's hold ing something its hands.
6 The fancy dress party was ..... ..... Jane's house
.......... lion Street.
7 It was raining and I got a lift home ...... ,.. Bill's car.
S I saw a friend I hadn't seen since primary school
..... .... the bus last night.
9 There's quite an interesting article
newspaper today.
10 The weather England is chil ly, especial ly
.......... the north .
11 We went to an expensive French restaurant, but I
couldn't read the food .""" .,, the menu,
12 Luck ily, I only had to wait three minutes
the bus stop this morning .
13 My new flat is .... the 5th floor and has a view
p ••••
of the lake,
14 My mum was standing .......... the bottom of the
sta irs.
A: Excuse me. Could you tell me where the
chemist's is?
B: Take the second turning on/in the left, it's
next/opposite to the bank .
2 A: I am not taking the lifUil1. I am walking up/on
t he stairs.
B Yes, we sure need the exercise.
3 A: Why are we walking along/past the shops so
quick ly, Mum?
B: We've got to hurry! Dad's goi ng to be home
any minute .
4 A: John, do you know where the new sports
... ...... the centre is?
B: Yes, it's on/in the corner of our streetl
5 A: Look at the lionl It's jumping through/near
the ring of fire!
B: Yes, it's absolutely amazing!
6 A: It's time for school. Petel
B: Oh Mum, I am not well. I just can't get over/out
of bed.
4 fill in the gaps with : %ng, up, past, rhrough,
down, out of and over.

2 Fill in : in, on, at where necessary.

1 My birthday is on 15th May and I am having a
party at the weekend .
2 My whole family is getting together
Christmas.
3 .John can eat a hamburger ......... 2 minutes!
4 Penny and her friends usua lly go sail ing ......
summer.
S We are having a debate at school ........ this
morning .
6 Helen has a dentist's appointment ... ..... . Monday
morn ing .. ..... ... nine o'clock . A: Can you help me, please? I'm looking for the
7 My college lessons st art ... " . three weeks' time . shopping centre,
8 Vicky goes to the gym every Monday, B: Of course. Go 1) past the cinema and turn left,
Wednesday and Friday. Then, go 2) ....... Mills Road, there is a bridge
9 Fred is sleeping over at my house ." ... Saturday on your right. Go 3) ......... the steps, 4) ....... " .. ..
night. the bridge and 5) ................. the steps on the ot her
10 The first MP3 player came out ........ 1998. side. Then go 6) the tunnel. When you
11 My grandma's garden is most beautiful " .. f come 7) .... the tunnel, walk along King
spring . Street and the shopping centre is directly in front of
12 We are quite busy .... " .... the moment. you.
A: Thank you very much .
282
 Prepositions of Place/Movement/Time m
5 Choose the correct item. 7 Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition and
one of the phrases from the list.

I live 1) !!!Iat a flat 2) In/ at the centre of the city.
It's very nice, but I would like to live 3) In/on a
cottage 4) by/ In the sea one day. I cou ld go for long
walks 5) along/across the beach or sit 6) under!
on my porch and watch the sunset. I could also go to
town 7) in/ by bike and do my shopping. I really like
a prace 8) near/ against the coast called Filey. I visit
there whenever I can and stay 9) at/on a small
hotel. I usually go for long weekends and spend my
time relaxing. When I have to leave, I can't wait to go
back again. It is the most beautiful place 10) of/I n
the world!
• 7 o'clock • the bus stop • the menu
• a moment • the horse • the table • a farm
• the photo • the same time • the house
1 Sorry to keep you waiting, I'll be with you
2 Everyone was talking ... ... .. .
It was hard to understand them
3 We were waiting ................... .
for 30 minutes before the bus came.
4 My aunt lives
Just outside of town .
5 I forgot my keys at work and I couldn't get .......

6 The waitress put our waterglasses ..................... .

6 Circle the correct item. .................................. and then took our order.
1 We met Jack . yesterday after school. 7 Sally fell ... .. ......... ......... ................. and hit her
A on B at C - head .
8 Will you meet me on Friday ....... . .... .?
2 I'll be with you . . two minutes.
9 Is there anything good ....... ..... ....... 7
A In B at C on
10 Who is the girl . ..................... . .......... 7
3 The sales begin ..... today.
A - B in C at
4 The party started at 7 o'clock ..... the evening. 8 Fill in the correct preposition .

A at B on C In
5 Anna asked Peter to pick her up ..... 8:15.
A on B in C at
All's Well that Ends Well
6 Did I leave my bag ...... your car? I had an important interview for a new job 1) r
A near B In C at Wednesday 2) ........... 10 o'clock. I left home
7 Susan really likes how the trees look early 3) .......... the morning to make sure I arrived
autumn . on time. I can't believe I got lost 4) ........... the
A at B on C In town centre.
Luckily, I had a map 5) .......... the car and I soon
B She walked ..... me without saying hello .
found the correct street. I had to park the car,
A round B across C past
but the traffic was terrible . As I was driving
9 There is a small night table ...... my bed .
6) .......... the road, I saw a space 7) .......... a van
A over B next to C behind
and a car, but it was too small for my car. Just as
10 Who has taken the mirror ..... the wall? I was about to give up , a woman ran 8) .......... the
A off B on C at road, got 9) ..... ,,'" the car and drove off, leaving
11 They ran ...... the house as soon as the ground a bigger space at the back of the van. Sighing
started to shake . with relief, I quickly parked 10) .......... the van.
A off B out of C round The interview was 11) .......... 21 Front Street,
12) .......... an office 13) .......... the fifth floor. 1 was
12 The clock struck .... .. 12 midnight.
A - B on C at nervous and got 14) .......... the elevator 15) ......... .
the fourth floor by mistake. Eventually, I made it
13 I usua lly go to school ..... . bus.
to the interview and it went well. I start work
A by B on C In
next week.
l ' I'm going skung ...... the weekend .
A In B - C at
283
 Em Questions & Answers
We use questions to ask for information or perm ission. We ca n also use them to make offers, requests, suggestions or
invitat ions. Do you know what rirr rh 'fll1 srorts 7 (information), May I sppok to MrJ (permission), Would you like me J
do rh hoovering, (offer), Could you ,ho' m h,)w to i" ,loll rh proqram? (request), Shall we go ro a :11 If; r~ touront
(suggestion), Would you like to go to rh dinner parry with m (i nvitat ion)

Questions with YeslNo Answers

• Questions with Yes/No answers begin w ith an auxiliary or modal verb (is, are, do , does , can, etc) which is followed
by the subject. We usua lly answer these quest ions with Yes Of No .
Is sll all right 'Yes. h' is. Canl;ov.or1CJth P' 'c ·Yes, y( u can
• When t he ma in verb of the sentence is in the present simple, we form the question with do or does. When the
main verb is in the past simple, we form the question with did.

•
"Does .hepayrh flule. Yes. sh 'does. Did ouq ro chex n tin '"No, I didnl
We use short answers to avoid repetitio n of t he question asked before.
.
Positive short answers are formed with Yes + personal pronoun + positive auxiliary verb . Hove you h1d lunlh,
'Yes. / have.
Negative short answers are formed with No + personal pronoun + negative auxiliary verb.
Didyoucoo dinner. "No. I didn't

Wh- questions
Wh - questions begin w it h a question word such as who , what, where, when , etc. We put the auxil iary or moda l verb
before the subject .

• who (people) • where (places)

Who is that young lady? NMy sister. Where I ,..ly Ilotepadr uUnder your rextbno~
• whose (possession) • why (reason)
Whose coat i~ thi\ or 'Whose!\ thl~ coal Nlt\jacKie Whyareyol lot Imis drh bu
(Answers sometimes begin with because.)
• which/what (things)
'8r 'cause I rms drhebu,
Which is used alone or before nouns, one/ones or of to ask
about a limited choice of th ings. • how much (quantity)
"Which singt is yourfavoufltf Kare Perry or RIfI(1nna? (You have Howmuch, rharlocKrr: ,.60.
to choose between these two singers, so the choice is limited.)
Which IS also used with comparative and superlative forms.
• how many (number) .
Howmanye ays must wf' wriU 1" TWO.
"Which i~ larger an elephant Of 0 b (le who
What is more general and is used alone or before a noun • how (manner)
to ask about an unlimited choice of things. "'How do ye u so ,1/ 1ueu
Whatrordorheydrive! (There are many kinds of cars such • how long/how roll (size)
as Mercedes, Toyota, BMW, etc, so the choice is '"How long i your gardEn! About 15 merres.
unlimited.) "How rail is JiJ/! 5he'l 1. 5m.
• when/ how long (ago)/how often/ what time (time)
• howold (age)
When is rfle summer break "/nJ(I/1t How old ore you? "Eighrepn
'"How long is rhe filmr "Eighcy minllre~
'"How often does she work out or rhe gym: 'Three times a Wt • how far (distance) "How far 15 rhe library: '/r'
"Whot rime ore we leaving: "Al] o'clock. only fiVE: minutes walk

(Remember!!
• We use what + be ... like to ask for a description of someone's character.
What is your new reacher like! She's fri 'ndly and helpful.
• We use what + do ... look like to ask for a description of somebody's physical appearance .
"What does yourbrorhe look like? 'He's tall ontfweJ/·builr.

284
 Questions & Answers III
Subject/Object Questions
• Subject quest ions are questions we ask when we • Object questions are questions we ask when
want to know the subject of the sentence. These we want to know the object of the sentence. These

, questions usually begin with the words who. whose ,

what or which . The verb is in the affirmative form .
questions usually begin with the words who. whose,
what or which . The verb is In the interrogative form ,

Subject Verb Object Subject Verb Object

• Am rew Andrew
[
Who n !pe<! WhO ~
Rememberl
In object questions If a verb is followed by a preposition, the preposition usually comes at the end
of the question . Who tr Whic at

•
Indirect Questions
We use indirect questions when we ask for information politely. The word order In indirect questions is the same
as in statements (subject + verb). Indirect questions are introduced with question words (who , what , where, etc) or
with if/whether.

Direct questions I Indirect questions

t' p Co "lId you 'e where the po office is
,~ ther they wIll, 19 rh birrh 'Y lA p)

Indirect questions are usually used after the following expressions: I don 't know .. ./I'd like to know .../1 wonder .. .I
We need to find out ...Il'd like to find out ... as well as: Do you know ... ?/Can you tell me ... ?!Could you tell me ... ?!Could you
• explain ... 7/Have you any idea ... 7

If the indirect question is part of a question, we put a question mark at the end of the sentence. If It is part of a
statement, we put a full stop.

Direct questions Indirect questions

Ho ' ~, Could you explain how this printer works!
; I wonder if/whether 15hould take some mtd/cme

So - Neither/Nor
We use:

• so + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun/noun to show that we agree with a positive statement.
orf- rh ,. (They are going on holiday, too.)
So d J tf Y (Jeffrey scored a goal, too.)
• neither/ nor + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun/noun to show that we agree With a negative statement.
N~ rh r/Nordol. (I don't drink coffee, either.)
t
Ifgare ( abo, 'Neithl r/Norcon Fiona. (Fiona can't scuba dive, either.)

285
 m Questions & Answers

Question Tags
• Questio n tags are short questions at the end of stateme nts. They are mainly used in speech when we want to
confirm something or when we want to find out if something is t rue or not.
• Question tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb from t he main sentence and the appropriate subject
pronoun. When the verb of the sentence is in the present or past simple, we form the question tag with do ,
does or did and the subject pronoun.
She plays PO'O, doesn't Shf They went ill! DOlll U( didn'r they:
• A positive st atement is followed by a negative question tag, and a negative statement is fol lowed by a positive
question tag. He dislikes rr il, doesn't he? You don't eor.h
)/ore, do you,
When the sentence contains a word with a negative meaning like never. hardly, seldom , or rarely, the question
tag is posit ive. Sh 'rarely as (, r n dolts she?
• Some verbs/expressions form question tags differently. Study the following examp les:

I am ~ aren't I? 1am /01/, ' /llan yuu, aren't I!

Imperative 'wil l/won't you? ! down, will/won't you'
Don't • wil l you 7 DOfl'/ write in n nil. will you J
let's 'shal l we? Le*\ 'Jt. shall we?
I have (got) > haven't I? He nos gOI a pe/, hasn't he.
1have • don't I? You have a big breakfast every day, don't you!
There is/are ,isn't/aren't there? T' ,re are ~omepen~ 111 myorawer, aren't there!
This/That is - . isn't it? Than your brother Ph/lip over there isn't it.
Everyone/SomeoneiAnyone/No one • they? t. , ryone Lnjoyed the play. didn't they'

Intonation
• When we are sure of the answer and expect agreement, the voice goes down in the question tag .
Th n M" rf' is it. '\.

• When we aren't su re of the answer and want to check in formation, the voice goes up in the question tag.
IJ 0 Ir fa , re. isn'rit.' /'

1 Fill in the gaps with the correct question word(s). 2 Fill in: which, who, whose. how much, how often,
Then choose the co rrect answer to each question . what time, where or how long.
How well do you know Scotland? A: WI did you fly to?
Take the quiz and find out! B: Buenos Aires.
1 Scotland?
IS 2 A: ........ has been using my hairbrush?
A on the Island of Great Britain B: larissa has,
B north of the island of Great 3 A: . have you been wait ing?
Brita in B: Since 30·clock.
C south of the island of Great
4 A: .... notebook is th is?
1 ..... ". is the capital of Scot land? B. It's Jason's.
A Aberdeen B Glasgow C Edinburgh
5 A: .............. do you brush your teeth?
3 is St Andrew's Day, the national day of B: Twice a day.
Scotland?
6 A: ...................... does the play start?
A 30th November B 25th January C 6th April
B: At 6 o·clock.
4 .......... instrument has long been a part of Scottish
7 A: H ••• • •• one of you sent me flowers?
music?
B: I did.
A banjo B saxophone C bagpipe
B A: ................ bread would you like?
5 ........ is a famous Scottish actor'
B· Two loaves.
A Hayden Christensen B Ewan McGregor
C Colin Farrell
286

3 Write questions to which the
words in bold are the answers.
1 The match starts at 8 o'clock .
2 Laura saw Benjamin at the jazz
festiva l.
3 I have two sisters.
4 I weigh sixty pound s.
5 He was late because he overslept
6 Kimberly is tall and beautiful.
7 It takes three hours to dnve to
Manchester.
B The weather is rather cold today
9 This video game console costs flOO .
10 The girls are at the funfair.
4 Fill in: whot or which.
A: WI colour eyes has Kale got?
B' Blue.
2 A: ........... . shall we do tonight?
B: We ca n go to the cinema.
3 A: ........ is your car?
B: The black one .
4 A: ............ is the capital ofpoland?
B: Warsaw.
5 A: ..... ... . jacket do you like, the
brown or the grey one?
B: The brown one.
Questions & Answers m
5 Write questions to which the words in bold are the answers.
1 I h 0) My friend is going on holiday
2 ................. . The gorilla lives in the Jungle.
3 .................. .. .. ........ Stella's MP3 player is broken .
4 .. ... Jack laughed at Bill's joke.
5 ....................... Tom gave liz a birthday card
6 ....................................................... Sophocles wrote Anti90ne.
7 .. ........ Derrick shut the door.
8 ............ . Jane's ring is very expensive.
9 .......................... ............ . .............. Melissa loves cherries .
10 . Alice left the gate open
11 ..... Jason rode a mountain bike
12 ........... Frank yelied at luke.
13 ............ Terry's dog barks a lot.
14 .......... . ................................ Beth rescued a little boy.
15 ........" ....... ..... .......................... Jim has bought a new car
16 ... .. Amy's dad IS a doctor.
6 Write questions to which the words in bold are the answers.
Stephanie Meyer is an Amencan author She was born In
Connecticut, USA and grew up In PhoeniX, Arizona In
1997 she completed her BA to English An extraordinary
dream she had one night inspired her to write her first
book, Twiligh t. She wrote It In three months and for
her own enjoyment. l ittle did she know that it would
sell over 17 million copies worldwide! Since
Stephanle has created three more books In the
series: New Moon, Eclipse and Breaking Dawn . All
have been made into sensational films.
Stephanle Meyer is now one of the
powerful celebntles In the world I
1 Who n 4rr (icon author)
2 Where
3 When
4 What ................. , ............................... ..
5 How long
6 Why ......
7 How many
8 Which ........
287
 la Questions & Answers

7 Complete the indirect questions using the words 9 Decide if the statement after each exchange is
in brackets. true (D or false (F).

A: Is Bill coming for suppeO 1 Dean' I love going shopping.

B: Yes, I wonder whether Ishould make his favourite Tina : So do I.
dish . (whether/make) Tina loves going shopp ing. r
2 A: Where is it? 2 Vince: I don't like reading romance novels.
B: Why do you keep ask ing me .. ............ ".7 Hans: Neither do l.
..................... .......................... ... (where/be) Vince li kes reading romance novels .
3 A: Dad, can I get a new computer? 3 Fred: I have never ridden a horse before.
B: Do you have any ;dea ....................... . Malcolm: Neither have I.
.................. to buy one? (how muchlcost) Malcolm has never ridden a horse before.
4 A: I need to get in touch with Steven . 4 June: I have got lots of CDs.
B: I wonder ......................... . his email Ben : So have I.
address. (if/have) Ben hasn't got lots of CDs.
5 A Would you m;nd tell ;ng me ............................. .. 5 Jake: I am going to wa lk to work .
to Elm Avenue? (how/get) Lyle: So am I.
B: Sure. Just take your next left and walk straight on. Lyle is going to walk to work.

8 Complete each sentence 50 that it has a similar

10 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate responses .
meaning to the first sentence. Include the word A: I didn't do my homework at the weekend .
in bold . B: Neirher/Nordidl. I wish I had, though .
1 When does Peter's train arrive? 2 A: I enjoyed that pizza .
KNOW Do you know when Peter's train arrives? B: ........................................ It was delicious.
2 What time does the meeting begin on Monday? 3 A: I hate vegetables.
BEGINS Could you tell me .......................... . B: I th in k they
.................................... on Monday? are disgusting!
3 Is breakfast served after ten? 4 A: I'm not looking forward to meeting the new
KNOW I would like to ................................ . boss.
. after ten . B: ..... I hear he is very strict.
4 What is the rent? 5 A: I'm going to New Jersey next summer.
LET Cou ld you .................... .. . B: ................................... We should meet up!
..................... ....... the rent is?
5 Have they been to this restaurant before? 6 A: I've just got a new dog.
WONDER I .................... . B: .......................................... It's so sweet!
.......... ......... to this restaurant before. 7 A: I haven't got a car.
6 Did Rose pass her driving test? B: .......... ..... ...... ... ...... ................ .. . I used to
PASSED Do you know ................................ .. have a jeep, though .
.......................... .... . her driving test?
8 A: I was very sick on Saturday.
7 I wonder if you know where I left my keys last
B: ............................. I had a sore throat.
night.
LEAVE Where ................. .. 9 A: I can't understand what Eric is saying.
. last night? B: .......... He speaks too fast.
8 I would like to know how much money I get each 10 A: I'm going to the city centre.
week. S' .......................... .... ... .... I'll give you a lift.
DO How much money
II A: I haven't seen James for a long time.
................ each week?
B: .. .......... ............ . ........ .. I hope he is all r;ght.

288
 Questions & Answers m
11 Fill in the question tags and short answers. 13 Circle the correct item .
1 A: He likes crime novels, doesn'tht·? I wonder ........ go viSit the dentiSt.
B: No, hedat sn'l. He prefers historical plays. A should I C r whether should
2 A: They've bought a new dog, ......... ...... .... .., B if I should D if should I
B: Yes, ............................ . It's a French poodle. 2 .. .. .... car is that in front of my house?
3 A: You've heard his latest CD, ........................... 7 A Who C Why
B: yes" ............ .. ......... . It's absolutely amazing! B What D Whose

4 A: I'm not bothering you, ............ ... ..... ....... .... ....7 3 Where ...... .7
B: NO, .... ... . ... ........... . . You're always welcome A my book bag is C is my book bag
here. B is book bag mine D my book bag

5 A: Mum made dinner, .............. ............... ... .. .... .. 7 4 Turn off the TV, ........ 7
B: Yes, ............................. and she also cooked A wil l you C do you
an apple pie. B aren't you D don't you

6 A: You aren't from around here, ..................... ... ? 5 .. ..... do you go to the cinema?
B: No, .. . ....... .................... . I'm from Poland . A How long C How
B How often D How far
7 A: You'll be leaving tomorrow, ............................ ?
B: Yes, .. .. .......... ........ My dad IS coming for 6 She'd like to know .......
me in the afternoon . A who is that man C who IS man
B who that man IS D who man is
S A' You know how to download this program,
.................................. 7 7 I am late, ........ ?
B: Yes, ............................. It's a piece of cake. A not l C are I
B am I not D aren't I

12 Read the situations and write sentences with B ........ the race?
question tags, as in the example. A Who did win C Who won
B Who does win D Who win
You and your classmate have Just finished writing
a Maths exam . The exam you wrot e was very 9 "She doesn't speak Italian." " ....... do we."
difficu lt. What do you say to your friend? (tough) A Nei ther C Not
The exam wa5 really tough. wasn't it? B So o And

2 It's a holiday and you want to go out and do 10 ........ of these rackets do you prefer, the red or the
something fun . What do you say to your friend? blue?
(go bowling) A WhICh C Who
l et's ............................ .................................. . B What o Whose
3 You're at a restaurant With a friend. He eats very 11 Someone called the plumber, ........ ?
fast. What do you say? (slow ly) A didn't someone C didn't we
Eat ................................................................... . B didn't they 0 dldn't one

4 You are getting your hair done In a salon. You 12 ....... shall we do tonight?
don't hke your haircut. What do you say to your A Where C What
friend? (not/look pretty) B Who 0 Which
It .... .... ......... .... . .. ............ ........... . ... ......... .... 13 "I love playing squash ." " ....... do I."
5 You want your mum to take you out shopping. A Nor C Too
She is still doi ng the washing-up. What do you say B Neither D So
to your mum? (not/finish/washing-up) 14 I don't know ....
You ....... ....... .................. ................... . .. A is Joan C where is
B where is Joan o where Joan is

289
 Word Formation
• Prefixes are syllables which we add before certain
words to form new words. The meaning of the new
• Nouns formed from verbs
-age " arry lafl,age
word depends on the prefix that has been used. -01 u,,' urvrval
anti- = against ,anti Itnl -a nce )~ar appearance
bi- = two bfl'rWlal) -ation altnation
co- = with 'co , ,I) '"
-ence e) 51 tXI$:ence
counter- = In the OPPosite direction ;counteracracQ -ion Jbtract subtra tion
=
ex- prevIous, former ,ex·wiff: -ment lm nq! Jfrongt ment
=
inter- between ,intern atIOnal -sion admIt odml\slon (verbs ending in
mis- = done wrongly or badly Imiscomprehend) -d/-t )
mono- = one (monosyllable) -sis hypnoti1c hypnosis
multi- = many (multic%ured) -tion compete competition
non- = not (non ·profit) -ure expose - exposure
out- = more, better (outrun) -y mjurf injllry
over- = (done) to a grea t exte nt (overdressed)
post- = after (post dcxroro/J ... Nouns formed from adjectives
pre- = before Ipre jUnior) -ance e travaganl e rravogance
pro- = In favour of (pro ·life -cy leaer recy
re- = again ,: redecofote -ence nr Silence
semi- =half ,semi-circular! -ion amp/ere c )mpletion
sub- = under, less (subtitle -iness h( )py hapriness
super- = big, more :super tal -ness ghl light ness
trans- = (travel) from one side, group, etc, to -ity c) )/ex (ampl ) ity
another tranS({J HI -ty )Y(' lOyalty
tri- = three ,trlall ml -y n "Y
under- = not enough 'unden wFf 0)
un i- = one ,un;\e ... Adjectives formed from nouns
The prefixes below are used to express opposite -ous m (lnt( m mountainous
meanings. -01 ace rl )t aCCIdental
de- deflate, def()f~srarlon -it drama dramatic
dis- disobey dlm?5pecr -ital alphabet alphaberical
in- in actwe, in appropflare -ish girl girlish
BUT iI- (before I) illiterate -ive effen effec /ive
im- (before b, m. p) im balance, Immature, -ful (wi th) care careful
impolJtl> -less (without) hop hopeless
ir- (before r) /rrespot15ible -a nt Importance imporrant
BUT unrealistic, unresolved -a ble comforr comfortable
non- non faci~t. non \'1Joker -y Spl e spicy
un- unloc/( unp asanr -Iy r Jonth IT mlhty

Some prefixes are added to words to form verbs. ... Adjectives formed from verbs
en- rom (1\ em amp) -able III re, )noble
BUT em- (before b, m, p) bocIy emt Jdy -ible de~ n nsible (verbs ending In
-d/-t)
• Suffixes are syllables which we add to the end of -ive 11 rear ive
certain words to form new words. -ate a tJ rote
... Nouns referring to people -ent Id d/~ dent
• verb + -er/-or/-ar
(hunt hunter I/lVt ,riqarf ,nvesligafor, beg ... Verbs formed from adjectives
beggar! -en loo loolen
• noun/Yerbiadjective + -ist (violin violin ist -ise 9 nl ral generalise
e,cape escapist, instrumental -innrumentalistJ
• verb + -antl-ent ... Verbs formed from nouns
(conteH contestant, study student) -en strength strengthen
• noun + -an/-ian f
(republIC republican, mllsic musician)
• verb + -ee (passive meaning) (train trainee!

290
 Word Formation
Nouns (people) Concrete/Abstract nouns Verbs Adjectives
I I i I, enaDle

, I

(under/over)achievement '"
I , act, I ,
actor, actress
i ,

~: , ,, i I
I
i i I , ~
lalarm alarm I
I I I
,
:~~
I I ' lapply
I i . arty
,
I i ,
attenda nt, (inlattentive
i

~;'i ~,
, , i I
, breathing
I I , I I I
I i I I
I I I
-
-
,i ,~,
(un)characterlstlc, characterless
child, , i li
:hOosy
-
~
I I
11 " , 11 I , I I
-
I"
I
, I
~antlon
,
~
I " I
i I I
, I I
,
I
\..VI I , I
,
I (re)~

" (

cure cure

~dailY daily
I

i ,
 Word Formation
Nouns (people) Concrete/Abstract nouns Verbs Adjectives
depth Ideep
I

~'Ine; ; ----+~:;;;-
I ' ~---1
1
I 1

1 ~
I
ease, lease

~~~'
electncian I, I
I1
electrocution.
~~
electric, electrical,
electrified

tescapee, escapist, , escapism

~capologist
0='" lexae lexact, exacting --------1
11
I-- exhaust
r- eXisting
-

r-
r- -~~ ~~~s
!lault I faulty, :.,f"
1 1 Ihnanee_

k;~~~l e~r-"~~~~~~~,I~I;,~glloioe~~=-~-~le~ne~;:r; ~~I~\e;: := =l= [~ ~<o~ I :'Y" YV'~:'o,

,governor, governance, 1 1_ _ . - . ,'

IgUlde
1

IQulde
f-

~
1

1
,n , 1

r-----------~,U ~I1
1 '~ .,1
'"'::11, I ,Image, imagery imagine
1 1

1 1 ,
i i Ilnsplle I 1

292
 Word Formation
~ouns (people) Concrete/ Abstract nouns Verbs Adjectives
I I
I I I
; I I I
I I I
I I

~
I
:~
I

~ ;
I I I
I I
, Inv"e I I I
I I 'solate ", I
ewe',

~
I'uxury
~n
~ I I
mad
, major
Iffiedi,' ; i
~
, I j
I(;m)
I I
movement, (re)move. motion, removal (re)move
'= nUSIC, mus;car- "- musIcal
I I , . .

'ature, h
necessaries , -
!- I nerve, nervousness nerveless~,

norm, (ab)normality, normalisation normalise

operative , operate I '"ouo<, I I,

In;" , , I

~
-
~~r I - ~; --i~ I -
- I peace,
,
"'f' . r--
; per ectlOnlSm,
II" "I)""::~: ill I "'='-'. perfectible

~ I
I

pleasure, pleasantness
;
~cPO~
I
I I I
;', I
I J
I PO"CY, polrtics I
, 11 '" ,
, , ,

~.
I

~
i

~
I ; ili---=- ;
-
prevention
, -
~
I ;
I
I ; . reproducible
producer ;
, I ; ;
,
293
 Word Formation
Nouns (people) Concrete/Abstract nouns Verbs Adjectives
ii
"

ii

(dis)satisfact lon

ii

I i ,sensory,

i ,

(mis)understand misunderstood
(over/u nder/de)va Iuation

westernise

294
 Word Formation
1 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold using the appropriate prefix.

1 The singer is a(n) ..... .... ....... ............ ............ ! His nat is worth twenty million pounds. MILLIONAIRE
2 After winning the ............................... .. ..... Liverpool went on to play Chelsea for the cup. FINALS
3 A group of ......... _........................... protesters gathered outside the Houses of Parliament. WAR
4 After finishing her Bachelor of Science degree Brenda decided to take some GRADUATE
.................................... courses.
5 I thought Tom ...... .............. ... as I was only five minutes late. REACTED
6 Julie was told to ................ . .... .. for the course In the follOWing term because It was APPLY
currently unavailab le.
7 I won't be able to fin ish al l this work by tomorrow. I'm not .................. " ... "...... " .... 1 HUMAN
8 Litt le Annie started her first day at .. ... .... ......... ... " .. .. .. . " .. . " .. . " .. .. at the age of three. SCHOOL
9 The northern expedition was delayed due to extreme " ........ " ....................... temperatures. ZERO
10 He .................... . ".. . .. ........ .. al l his competitors and won the race In record time . RAN
11 Expect a long queue at the health centre. They are greatly ......................... "...... .. . STAFFED
12 I wouldn't be able to ride a(n) ..... ................. It has Just one wheel! CYCLE

2 Fill in the correct form of the w ords in bold forming nouns referring to people.

1 You should see a(n) .... . ............ ....... ........ ... to choose a plan that's right for you DIET
2 HIS father was a(n) . . in the Canadian Theatre Company ACT
3 Dan and Kelly are looking for a brilliant ..... .. ....................... to capture their wedding . PHOTO
4 Look! The .... .. ................. has Just pulled a white rabbit from his hat MAGIC
S Last year, more than 3 million ...................... " ... " ... " ." .... took the language test worldWide. EXAMINE
6 Police believe the .. " ..... "." ...... " ............. " ..... got into the house through the kitchen window BURGLE
7 Sally wants to bec:ome a concert .................................. " ... ""." . PIANO
8 Currently. .. .. .... """.,, ..... " ... " ... , are studying the effects of air pollutants on unborn babies. SCIENCE
9 He IS a proud . .... ... ...... .." .. w ho votes for the more traditional party on REPUBLIC
Election Day.
10 A lot of rich people have their own personal .... .................. .. .......... . TRAIN
11 The professor asked the ... " ... ".. .. . .............. . . to put their pencils down because the STUDY
exam was over,
12 While researching hiS family tree lan discovered he was the ... " .......................... of a king . DESCEND

3 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold form ing nouns from verbs.

1 The jury came to the ... . .. ...................... that the man was telling the truth CONCLUDE
2 "You' re not a(n) .. " ... " ................................. ! You're Just unlucky," he said . FAil
3 Thousands of people waited outside the airport for the .......... . . ................ of the ARRIVE
famous footballer.
4 The police reported that there was no new evidence in the "........................................ . INVESTIGATE
S Mllley's favourite band is giving a free ".. .. ....................... at the Glendale Centre . PERFORM
6 For your .... .. ...... .. "... """ , cold drinks will be served throughout the show. ENJOY
7 The clothes shop has a wide of jeans and Jumpers at discount prices. SELECT
8 The postman has just delivered a large .................................... for you, PACK
9 Pizza Alvero offers free.. ... ... DELIVER
10 The team's futuristic design won first place in the science COMPETE
11 The psychologist cla imed he could recover childhood memories using ... .. " .. .""." HYPNOTISE
12 Is there proof of the ...................... ... ....... .... .. . . of aliens? EXIST

295
 Word Formation
4 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold forming nouns from adjectives.

1 "Stop this ........................... ........... right now!" said the teacher. FOOUSH
2 ..................................... of the scientist's mathematICal formula took years. PERFECT
3 They sat in ......................................... . as they waited for their test results. SILENT
4 Luke closed his office door in hope of getting some ....................................... . PRIVATE
S After hearing the shocking news Beth lost ........... 0.
CONSCIOUS
6 For your own .................... ..... .... ... .. please fasten your seat belts while on board. SAFE
7 People often underestimate the .................... ................. " ... of a good night's sleep. IMPORTANT
S Despite what we may think, money can't buy .............. ..... ... .. ................. . HAPPY
9 Her detective stories have gained in .. .. .. ..... ...... ........ .. ......... ...... recently. POPULAR
10 In the ................. .. .. .. ...... .. ...... of th e night, everything was still and nothing could be heard. DARK

5 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold forming adjectives from nouns.

1 Mrs Spencer keeps all her .............. ...... jewellery and important documents in a safe. EXPENSE
2 There were news reports of a(n) .................... boy who saved his neighbour In last week's HERO
quake
3 You will never find a more ....................... . .. and good-hearted person than Jane TRUTH
4 Dave's dog may look dangerous, but he is qUite HARM
S Einstein and Edlson were two ................................ minds who did poorly In school. BRILLIANCE
6 The oleander and the nightshade are two extremely ....................................... plants POISON
7 Bob IS so Immature He always says such ................................... things CHILD
8 Have you tried any new ........................................ MeXican dishes lately 7 SPICE
9 The doctor's secretary organiSes her files in .......................................... order ALPHABET
10 He receives a(n) ... ....................................... salary, as do the other employees of the company. MONTH
1 1 Although Pa ris is an expensive travel destination, hotels can be found at . .... .. .... ......... REASON
prices .
12 The customer refused to ea t his meal, complainmg it was too .................. ................ . SALT

6 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold forming adjectives from verbs.

1 "Can you please tell me if the word 'chocolate' is a(n) .................................. ,.... noun7" asked Jill. COUNT
2 Mindy complained that she didn't have a(n) . ...................... dress to wear for the SUIT
formal dmner.
3 All the women in the beauty pageant are lovely and very . ATIRACT
4 Drivers are .................................... for the safety of their passengers. RESPOND
S Rick knows how to say 'thank you' and 'you're welcome' In SIX .............................. languages. DIFFER
6 Oliver is one of the klndest and most ......................................... men I've ever known . CONSIDER

7 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold forming verbs from adjectives/nouns.

1 Due to recent events the company wiH take steps to .......... ................. its security. TIGHT
2 Much of the house has been . . .................. ...... .. by an interior designer. MODERN
3 The workers are ........... .... the road in front of the city square. WIDE
4 The conservative party promises to ..................................... fox hunting if they are elected. LEGAL
S Mary asked the hai rdresser to ................... .... ,.. her hair colour. LIGHT
6 GPS navigation technology has .................... ..... the way we travel. REVOLUTION

296
 Word Formation
8 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold forming the opposite of the words given.

1 Trains and buses are on strike today which is very ...................................... . CONVENIENT
2 The online music station promises to play .......................................... hits without any STOP
commercials
3 Due to the pilot's .................................. . calculations, the small plane landed In Cl grass field. ACCURATE
4 Mum said that If we were ............. .......... , she wouldn't let us go to the park and play. OBEDIENT
S Rick 's handwriting is completely .......................... .... ............ . LEGIBLE
6 She finally got a job after being .......................................... for eight months. EMPLOYED
7 The doctor told her that she was slightly .......... ,... ,......... ,................. and that she had to WEIGHT
take regular exercise.
S It is .............. .. . ...... to skateboard w ithout a helmet or other protective gear. SAFE

9 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold.

1 We all need to .............. ,....................... the way In which we use energy these days. THINK
2 Failure to pay your phone bill may lead to your phone being ..................... ,.................... . CONNECTED
3 By middle school. Davld had begun to .......... ,............................... his classmates In track and SHINE
field events.
4 When It comes to cleaning your home, always buy safe, .... ,... ... . .... ,................ , products. TOXIC
5 HIS parents knew early on that he would grow up to be a man of .............................. . GREAT
6 We were unsure about what to order so we asked the waiter for hiS... ..... . ....... SUGGEST
7 The director has booked a{n) ................................... night from London to New York. ATLANTIC
8 Our teacher warned us that too much ......................................... to the sun could cause EXPOSE
cancer
9 It IS poSSible to .................................. ,....... meat using a mICrowave. FROST
10 Davld Fila and Jerry Yang are the ................................... of YAHOO FOUNDER
11 A{n) ...... .. ................... was hired to create dance moves for the singer's musIc video . CHOREDGRAPH
12 Their young son ...... .. ........... all their hopes for the future. BODY
13 After the tsunami, the UK offered emergency .......................... .. ..... to Japan . ASSIST
14 When translating from one language into another. it is possible to ................... . ......... words. INTERPRET
15 The .......................................... dog fought With the bear. FEAR
16 He was .................... ,........ ,........... and dldn't know whether or not to invest his money. DECISIVE
17 It IS ...................................... to throw rubbish, of any kind, on government-owned property. LEGAL
18 John Moore and Ion Tate are both running as candidates in the .. ..... . ......................... , ElECT
19 More and more property owners are making home .. .............. ........ ................ Without IMPROVE
professional help
20 The .... ..... .. .................... of the room made me feel slightly SICk. STUFFY
21 The Millers are planning to bUild a{n) .................... ......... .. ..... onto their summer cottage. EXTEND
22 The shop owner said that we must pay for all ................ .. ......... .. SREAK
23 Greg and Debra are very .......................................... when chOOSing toys for their 2-year-old SELECT
daughter.
24 The teacher told the students to ........................ .. .... .. .... their pencils before starting SHARP
their essays .
25 It is financially .. ............... to book your airline tickets in advance. ADVANTAGE
26 The telecommun ication company filed for .. ....................... after severa l difficult years, BANKRUPT
27 In most Asian cu ltures it is , .............................. ...... to look at someone directly in the eye. POLITE
28 Barbara looks forward to reading her . . .............. ... ..It..... . horoscope in the paper. DAY
29 After the break-in, a bodyguard was put in charge of he r .. .. .. .. ....... .. ........ .. .. PROTECT
30 Jeft surprised his girlfriend with a wedding ........ .. ................. .. .. ...... at the football stadiu m, PROPOSE

297
 Phrasal Verbs
(rr) transitive (verb that has a direct object - e.g. She ron into Bob at the supermarket.)
Ont) intransitive (verb that hasn't got a direer object - e.g. The robbers ran away in a stolen car.)

be about to: (int) be on the point of 2 Fill in the correct particle(s).

be after: (tr) 1) want, try to gain, 2) chase
be down with : (tr) be ill with; go down with 1 The demonstrations brought ...... ............ the fall
be for: (tr) be in favour of (opp: be against) of the ruling party.
be in for: (tr) expect sth (usu bad) 2 She has brought .................. over ten novels in
be off: 1) (tr) not wantJ1lke any more, 2) (int) be the last fi ve years.
absent (from school, work, ete) 3 We were brought ..... .. ... .. in a small town in
be on: (int) be shown (on TV. at the cinema. etc) the countryside .
be out: 1) (int) be unfashionable, 2) (int) (of light! 4 Even though he d idn't agree at first, we managed
fire) have stopped burning to bring him ........... ... .. our pOint of view.
be over: (int) come to an end
S The manager brought ... ... ..... ..... our grievances
be through with: (int) have ended a relat ionship!
at the week ly meeting .
job ete
6 oavld brought ......... .. .. five thousand pounds
be up to: 1) (tr) be capable of. 2) (t,) feel like dOing
In sales last month .
5th usu 5th wrong
7 The reunion of old students brought ............... ..
break down: (int) 1) stop working, 2) lose control memories of university.
of feelings, 3) fail 8 The protests were brought ... .......... ...... by the
break in: (int)/break into: (tr) 1) enter by force, government's tax Increases
2) Interrupt
break off: (tr) end a relationship/agreement
come across: (tr) meet/find by chance, run across
break out: (Int) 1) (of war, fire, etc) begin suddenly
come along : (int) 1) hurry up, come on, 2) appear,
BUT a storm breaks, 2) escape
arrive by chance
break through: (tr) advance (in spite of oPPOsition)
come by: (tr) obtain
break to: (tr) tell (usu bad news) to sb in a kmd way
come down to: (int) be passed on to sb by
break up : (int) 1) (of schools, ete) stop for holidays,
inheritance
2) separate, split up
come down with : (tr) become ill, go down with
come into : (tr) inherit
1 Fill in the correct particle , come off: (int) succeed
come out: 1) (int) (of fl owers) begin to blossom,
The thief cu t his arm while he was breaking
2) (int) be published, 3) (int) (of stains) be able to
... ........ , ....... the car.
be removed
2 The FBI has been ................... the bank robber for come round : (int) 1) visit casually, 2) regain
years. conSCiousness, come t o
3 Don't worry. I'm sure your problems will soon be (ome to: (tr) amount to a total
(ome up: 1) (int) be mentioned, 2) (tr) arise; occur
4 A civil war has broken ........ ....... In Libya (ome up to: 1) (tr) approach, 2) (tr) equal; be up to
5 What game is ................. cable TV tonight? (expectations)
6 Luckily, the kids are breaking ................... early (ome up with: (tr) find, think of (a solution, an
for Easter this year. answer, ete)

cut across: (tr) take a shorter way

bring back : (tr) cause to recall
(ut back (on) : (tr) reduce (expenses, production) (ut
bring down : (tr) cause to fall
down on
bring forward: (tr) move sth to an earlier date or time
(ut down: (tr) 1) cause to fall by cutting, 2) reduce sth
bring in: (tr) create profit/money
(ut in: 1) (int) move suddenly in front of another car,
bring on: (tr) cause, usu sth unpleasant
2) (int) interrupt
bring about: (tr) cause to happen
(ut into: (tr) interrupt, break in
bring out: (tr) publish, put on the market
(ut off: (tr) 1) disconnect, 2) (usu passive) isolat e
bring round/to: (tr) make sb regain consciousness
(ut out: (tr) omit
bring round (to): (tr) persuade
be (ut out for/to be: be suited for (a profession)
bring up: (tr) 1) raise a child, 2) mention, introduce
(ut up: (tr) cut into small pieces
a subject

29 ~------------------~
 Word Formation
8 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold forming the opposite of the words given.

1 Trains and buses are on stnke today which is very ..... ... .... .... ... ... . CONVENIENT
2 The online music station promises to play ................................. , ,.. . hits without any STOP
commercials.
3 Due to the pilot's .................... ............... calculations. the small plane landed in a grass field. ACCURATE
4 Mum said that if we were ............................ ..... , she wouldn't let us go to the park and play. OBEDIENT
5 Rick's handwriting is completely ............... ............. . LEGIBLE
6 She finally got a job after being ......................... for eight months EMPLOYED
7 The doctor told her that she was slightly ................................ and that she had to WEIGHT
take regular exercise .
S It is ................. ........... . ...... to skateboard without a helmet or other protective gear. SAFE

9 Fill in the correct form of the words in bold.

We all need to ........................................ the way in which we use energy these days THINK
2 Failure to pay your phone bill may lead to your phone being ......... . ... ...... . .......... . CONNECTED
3 By middle school, Oavld had begun to ........................ . .. his classmates In track and SHINE
field events.
4 When It comes to cleaning your home, always buy safe, ......................................... products. TOXIC
5 HIS parents knew early on that he would grow up to be a man of ... ... ... .... . .. .. ... .. . GREAT
6 We were unsure about what to order so we ask.ed the waiter for hiS ...................................... . SUGGEST
7 The director has booked a(n) ...................................... flight from London to New York. ATlANTIC
8 Our teacher warned us that too much . .... ... . to the sun could cause EXPOSE
cancer
9 It is possible to ......................................... meat uSing a microwave. FROST
10 Oavid Filo and Jerry Yang are the .................... ..................... of YAHOO . FOUNDER
11 A{n) ............................ ...... was hired to create dance moves for the singer's musIC Video. CHOREOGRAPH
12 Their young son ............................... ..... all their hopes for the future. BODY
13 After the tsunami, the UK offered emergency ...................... . ......... to Japan . ASSIST
14 When translating from one language into another, it is possible to ..... .... words . INTERPRET
15 The .............. .. .......... ............... dog fought with the bear. FEAR
16 He was ......................................... and didn't know whether or not to invest hiS money. DECISIVE
17 It IS .................................. to throw rubbish, of any kind. on government-owned property. LEGAL
18 John Moore and Ion Tate are both running as candidates in the ................................. . ELECT
19 More and more property owners are making home .......................................... Without IMPROVE
professional help.
20 The .. ..... ..... .... ..... .... .... ... ... .. of the room made me feel slightly Sick STUFFY
21 The Millers are planning to build a(n) ............. ............. onto their summer cottage. EXTEND
22 The shop owner said that we must pay for all . ..... ... ..... ...... .... ..... .... . BREAK
23 Greg and Debra are very ........................ ........... . when choosing toys for their 2-year-old SELECT
daughter.
24 The teacher told the students to ...... ..... . ............. ....... their penCils before starting SHARP
their essays.
25 It is financially ........................................ to book your airline tickets in advance. ADVANTAGE
26 The telecommunication company filed for . ..... .. ................ after several difficult years. BANKRUPT
27 In most Asian cu ltures it is .................................. ..... to look at someone directly in the eye. POLITE
28 Barbara looks forward to reading her ................... ...... , ............. horoscope in the paper. DAY
29 After the break-in, a bodyguard was put in charge of her ..................... . PROTECT
30 Jeff surprised his girlfriend with a wedding ............. . . .. at the football stadium. PROPOSE

297

3 Fill in the correct particle(s) .
Come ................. , hurry. The film starts in ten
minutes .
2 The doctor advised her to cut .................. on sweets.
3 ThiS is the first time I've come .. .. ........ such a
problem.
4 The only one who came ........ ...... .... a solution to
our dilemma was Mum.
S My nose IS stuffy and my head hurts. I think I'm
coming .. ...... .. .. ...... a cold .
6 I heard Tom ca me ..... " .. ..... " ... a lot of money after
his uncle passed away.
7 The snowstorm completely cut ...... ..... ........ the
village for weeks.
S How did you come .. ..... . this document ?
I'm sure I had locked it With a password .
9 He can't stand the sight of blood . I don't think
he's cut .................. to be a doctor.
10 "Is that all your purchases for today?" "Yes,
thanks, how much does It come ................. ?"
11 If you're out of breath climbing stairs, you should
cut ................... on your smoking
12 I think we'd arrive sooner if we cut
Sand Street.
13 Old your promotion come ...... ............... In the
meeting?
14 It was a risky Investment but It came ................. .
do away with: (tr) 1} abolish, 2) kill
do down: (tr) speak badly of sb
do in : (tr) kill
do up: (tf) 1) fasten, tie, 2) wrap, 3) repair, redecorate,
4) make oneself more attractive, dress up
(could) do with: (tr) want, need sth
do without: (t r) live/continue Without haVing sth
fall apart: (int) 1) brea k in to pieces, 2) end in fail ure
fall back on: (t r) tu rn to sth for help when other
plans have failed. turn t o
fall behind : (int) 1) fail to keep up, 2) be late (with
payment)
fall for: (tf) t) be deceived, 2) fall in love With sb
fall in : (int) collapse
fall into: 1) (tr) belong to; be part of (categories),
2) (tr) begin: enter a st ate
fall in with: (tr) agree with, go along with
fall on: 1) (t r) attack, 2) (t r) eat hungrily
fall out (with): (tr) quarrel with sb
fall through: (int) fail to be completed
Phrasal Verbs
4 Choose the correct item.
1 Do up/away with your seatbelts or I won't start
the car.
2 After working a 16-hour day, I could surely do
up/with some sleep.
3 I can really do withouVaway w ith another crazy
reality show
4 They have finished doing without/up their old
summer house and are having a party to celebrate .
S He always falls in with/ for her silly excuses and
forgives her.
6 She is keen on becoming a dancer. but she w ill
also study advertising, so she can have a degree to
fall back on/behind In case things don't work out
7 Heten might oppose thiS idea now, but I'm sure
she'll fall in w ith/for It soon .
S John was called Into the manager's office because
he had fallen behind/apart With hiS work .
9 I don't agree with the death penalty, I th ink they
should do withOut/do away with It.
10 Without Sue leading the team, It could fal l apart!
fall in .
get across: (tr) successfully communicate ideas
get along: (Int) cont inue despite difficulties
get along (with): (tr) be on friend ly terms with sb,
get on With
get at: (int) mean
get away with: (tr) 1) escape pUnishment for
wrongdOing, 2) escape capture With stolen goods
get back : (tr) recover possession of
get down: 1) (tr) swallow although difficult, 2) (tr)
depress
get down to: (tr) sta rt dOing sth seriously
get on: (int ) 1) advance. make progress, 2) become
late. get nea rer 3) have a friendly relationship, get
along
get on with: (tr) 1} be on good terms wit h. get
along with, 2) cont inue after an interruption
get out: (int) (of news) become known
get over: (tr) 1) recover, 2) overcome
get round: (tr) persuade; bring round
get round to: (tr) find the necessary time to do sth
get through: 1) (tr) finish (a piece of work), 2) (in t)
sUlVive t hrough difficult ti mes, 3) (t r) use up all of
sth (suppl ies. money, et c)
get through to: (tr) reach sb by telephone
get up: (int) rise from bed What time did you get up
today?
299
 Phrasal Verbs
5 Fill in t he correct particle(s),
1 No one knows If our country will be able to get
.... ... .......... the economic crisis.
2 She doesn't get ................... her brother at all;
they never agree on anything.
3 The robbers got ............... ,' over $1 00,000 in cash.
4 I've been trying to get .................. you all day,
but your phone has been busy.
5 There's been so much work at the office, I haven't
got .................. checking my email accounts yet.
6 How IS work getting .............. at the construction
H • •
site?
7 You left your phone on the train I How will you
getit ................... ?
8 How did you get ................ with your grandfather?
9 I don't think I'll be able to get ................. my
Ideas If he can't speak English.
give away : (tr) 1) reveal sth. betray sb. 2) lose an
advantage
give back : (tr) return
give in: 1) (int) surrender. 2) (tr) hand in
give off: (tr) emit (heat. fumes. smell. etc)
give out: 1) (Int) come to an end. 2) (tr) distribute,
hand out
give up: (tr) 1) stop/abandon an attempt, habit, etc
2) (int) surrender, offer oneself as a prisoner,
3) (int) stop doing or haVing sth
go after: (tr) pursue
go ahead : (int) be allowed to happen
go away: (int) (of a problem, feeling, etc) disappear;
cease
go back on: (tr) break a promise or agreement
go by : (tr) base my Ideas on
go down with: (tr) become III
go for: 1) (tr) attack, 2) (tr) apply for (a job)
go in for: (tr) take part In (a competition)
go on: 1) (int) continue; carry on, 2) (int) happen
go off: (int) 1) (of a bomb) explode. (of an alarm)
nng, 2) be sWitched off, 3) (of food) spoil
go out: (int) stop burning. be extinguished
go over: (tr) 1) examine details, 2) repeat
go round: (int) 1) be enough for everyone to have a
share. 2) visit. 3) (of news, a disease) spread, circulate
go through: (tr) 1) examine carefully, go over, 2) (of
money, food, etc) use up, spend, 3) experience,
endure
go up: (int) rise (price)
go with: (tr) match
go without: (tr) endure the lack of sth; do without
300 - - - - - - - - - . . . J
6 Fill in the correct particle(s).
The team gave ................... their opportunity for a
goal and their opponents scored to win the match .
2 You should always go ................... any document
before signing it.
3 Your car is giVing ................... a strange smell of
burnt rubber.
4 There's enough food to go ................. for everyone.
5 JanlCe has gone ................... the flu and won't be
attending the meeting.
6 All your work must be given .................. by the
end of the month
7 Don't drink the milk I It's gone ......... ..
8 Why don't you give .......... smoking?
9 Students were giving ................. leaflets to passers-by.
10 Sorry I'm late. I didn't hear my alarm go ............ .
11 He's gone . . ........... his word and decided not to
help us
12 After a week on the run the thief gave himself
... to the police.
13 When we INOke up, the fire had gone ................. .
14 A rumour is going . . .. that the company
may go bankrupt.
15 My son kept begging me for a new computer and I
finally gave ................. .
hold back: 1) (tf) control (tears, laughter), 2) (tf) keep
secret, 3) (int) be reluctant to act
hold in: (tr) restrain
hold off: (int) not do sth immediately: delay sth
hold on : (int) wait (esp. on the phone)
hold on to: (tr) (of an idea, belief, etc) continue to
believe
hold out: 1) (int) last, 2) (int) persist
hold up: 1) (tr) delay, 2) (tr) use violence in order to
rob, 3) (int) last, hold out
keep away from: (tr) stay away
keep back : (tr) not tell
keep down: (tr) cause to remain at a tower level
keep in: (tr) make sb stay indoors (as punishment)
keep off: (tr) 1) make sb stay away from, 2) avoid
(food, a habit, etc), keep away from
keep on : 1) (int) continue in spite of difficulties,
2) (tr) continue doing sth, carry on
keep out: (tr) stop sb from going into a place
keep out of: (tr) stay away from (trouble)
keep up with: (tr) 1) proceed at an eq ual pace with,
2) continue to be informed (news, events)

7 Choose the correct item.
If you hold on/ up a minute, I'll make each one of
you a sandwich .
2 She didn't want to embarrass him. so she held
on/ back her laughter.
3 There are so many discoveries in science these days,
it's impossible to keep away from/ up with them all.
4 We're held back/up In traffic, so we'l! probably be
late .
S The committee released the findings from the
investigation, but kept on/back a considerab le
amount of informat ion .
6 If you keep up with/on eating sweets like that.
you will develop a health problem .
7 You can go to the football match as long as you
keep ou t of/off trouble.
S ThiS is the best onllne site to keep up with/out of
the weather forecast.
look after: (tr) take care of
look back (on): (tr) conSider the past
look down on : (tr) have a bad opinion of sb,
disapprove of sblsth (opp : look up to)
look for: (tr) search for
look forward to: (tr) anticipate (with pleasure)
look in on sb: (tr) pay a short VISit to
look into: (tr) examine, investigate
look on: (int) observe
look out: (int) be carefu l
look out for: (tr) be alert in order to see/find sblsth
look over: ') examine sth carefu lly, go through ,
2) revise briefly and quickly
look round: (tr) viSit a place and look at the different
parts in it
look through : (tr) ,) look at sth quickly. 2) search
among a few things to find something
look up: ') (tr) look for sth (such as an address, etc)
in a book or list, 2) VISit sb (esp. sb living far away)
be made for: suit exactly
make for: (tr) go towards It's late.
make over: (tr) give possession of sth to sb else
make out: (tr) 1) see sblsth clearly, 2) understand,
work out, 3) write out, fill in
make 5th up to sb : (tr) compensate sb for 5th
make up: 1) (tr) invent, think up, (a story, an excuse,
etc) 2) (tr) put cosmetics on, 3) (jnt) become friends
aga in, 4) (tr) form as a w hole
make up one's mind: decide
make up for: (tr) compensate, repay sb for sth
Phrasal Verbs
8 Choose the correct item.
1 We will be looking after/out for Mum's plants
while she's away all summer.
2 If you don 't know what thiS word means, look it
over/up in your dictionary.
3 Everyone is looking for/forward to the upcoming
reunion party.
4 The doctor looked over/after the patient's medical
chart .
S I need to have my eyes checked; I can't make up/out
what that sign says.
6 She offered to make up for/with the hours she
owed by working at weekends.
7 I'm not sure who IS dealing With your enquires,
but I'll look into/look out It for you
S Tom was your best friend before the fight; I think
you should try to make over/make up.
put across: (tr) communicate successfully; get across!
over
put aside: (tr) save, put by
put away : (tr) put sb IOta prison or mental hospital
put down: (tr) 1) make a note, write dow n, 2) pay a
deposit for sth
put down to : (tr) attribute to
put forward: (tr) propose
put off: (tr) postpone
put on: (tr) 1) dress oneself in, 2) Increase (in
weight), 3) switch on, 4) (of a show/performance)
cause to take place
be put out: be annoyed
put out: (tr) 1) extmguish (fire, etc), 2) cause
inconvenience to sb
put through: (tr) 1) connect by telephone, 2) make
sb undergo or suffer sth
put up: 1) (tr) erect, build. 2) (tr) offer hospitality,
3) (tr) show m a public place
put up with : (tr) tolerate. bear
9 Choose the correct item .
1 Unfortunately, the meeting has been put ouVoff
again due to the severe snowstorm .
2 The murderer pleaded guilty and was put
down/away for years .
3 Hey, you've put out/on a little bit of weight and it
looks good on you . You were too thin before.
4 She's putting through/aside all the money she
makes working part-time because she wants to
go to Italy on holiday this year.
S Put down/on your tracksuit and let's go jogging .
301
 Phrasal Verbs
run across: (tr) meet sblfind 5th by chance
run after: (tr) chase
run away: (int) escape (from home. duty, etc), run off
run away with : (tr) steal
run down: 1) (tr) knock down (with a vehicle); run
over, 2) (tr) speak badly of sb
run in: (tr) bring a new car engine into full use (by
driving it slowly for a set period)
run into: (tr) 1) meet sb unexpectedly, 2) collide with
sth In a vehicle, 3) experience (difficulties)
run off: (tr) make prints/copies
run out of: (tr) no longer have a supply of 5th
run through : 1) (tr) use up, 2) (tr) rehearse, check or
revise qUickly
run up: (tr) accumu late
run up against: (tr) encounter
(difficulties/OPPOsition)
see a bout: (tr) deal with; see to
see off: (tr) accompany a traveller to hislher plane,
train, etc
see out: (tr) accompany sb to the door/eXit of a
house! bUilding
see over: (tr) Inspect a place, look round
see through : (tr) 1) not be deceived by sblsth,
2) support sb in difficulties
see to: (tr) take care of
10 Fill in t he correct pa rticle(s).
It was so nice to run ........ my grammar
school teacher whom I hadn't seen in ten years ,
2 They drove to the airport to see thei r son .............. .
3 Looking through the drawer I ran
some papers you might need.
4 They were dOing well until they ran .................. .
some serious financial difficulties and had to delay
their loan payments.
5 You take care of the food and I'll see
the mUSIC for the party.
6 I could see. . ....... all hiS lies.
7 Would you like a soda? We have run ...... .
sparkling water,
S Their son ran ................... from home last year
and they still haven't heard from him.
9 Phll, can you see ................... the kids while !
make dinner?
10 The people at table five ordered everything on the
menu and ran ............... a huge bi ll
302
stand by: (tr) support sb (esp. in difficulties)
stand for: (tr) be an abbreViation for
stand in for: (tr) replace sb temporarily
stand out: (int) be noticeable
stand up: 1) (int) rise to one's feet, 2) (tr) fall to meet
stand up to: (tr) resist
stand up for: (tr) support/defend sb or sth
be taken aback : be strongly surprised
take after: (tr) look or act like a relative, resemble
take away : (tr) remove
take back: (tr) admit I am wrong
take for: (tr) identify wrongly
be taken in: (tr) be deceived
take in: 1) (tr) give accommodation, 2) (tr) make
clothes narrower (opp: let out), 3) (tr) fully
understand
take off: 1) (tr) remove clothes (opp: put on), 2) (int)
(of planes) leave the ground, 3) (int) start to improve
take on : 1) (tr) undertake work/responsibility, 2) (tr)
employ
take out: 1) (tr) remove, 2) (tr) clean (mark, dirt)
take sb out: (tr) take sb to a restaurant, etc
take over: (tr) gain control of sth
take to: (tr) like
take up: (tr) 1) begin a hobby, sport, Job, 2) fill (time,
space)
11 Fill in t he co rrect particle(s).
1 She's a talented dancer. She takes " ......... her mum.
2 I don't know where I would be if you hadn't st ood
........... ,.... me during those difficult times.
3 "What does the acronym UEFA stand ...... ]"
"Union of European Football Associations."
4 I'm planning to take .................. Tal Chi. Do you
want to lOin me?
5 HIS acting career really took ................... after he
starred In the hit sitcom.
6 We really need to dress up. They're taking us
.................. to a fancy restaurant
7 Patrick is going to stand ................... Martha
while she's away on holiday.
S Although our cat IS usually frightened of children,
it took ................... your son right away.
9 You were very brave to stand .................. the
boss like that.
10 Michelle will take ................... from Gordon when
he retires .

turn away: (tr) refuse admittance
turn down: 1) (tr) refuse an offer, reject, 2) (tr)
reduce volume, etc (opp: t urn up)
turn sb in : (tr) give sb to the police
turn into: (tr) change into, become
turn off: (tr) swit ch off (opp. turn on)
turn out: 1) (tr) produce, 2) (int) prove to be
turn over: (int) turn to a new page, change 1V
channel
turn to: (tr) go to sb for help/advice
turn up: 1) (int) arrive or appear (unexpectedly),
2) (tr) Increase (volume, pressure)
work on : (tr) have an effect on
work out: 1) (tr) find the solution to a problem by
reasoning or calculat ion, 2) (int) develop
successfully
work up: (tr) develop
12 Fill in the correct particle .
I can't believe he turned ............... ... that job
after bemg unemployed for months.
2 Old the washing powder work ............... . that
stain?
3 "Guess who turned ............... at the office t he
other day? John." ~Wowl That was danng of him
after yelling at your boss and walking out."
4 Please don't forget to turn ................... the heater
as you leave the room.
5 If you give me a few minutes, I'll try to work
... ................ a logical solution .
6 The person I usually turn when I need
something is my grandpa.
7 All that running has really made me work
............ ...... a sweat.
8 He was turned ........ .......... from the club for not
wearing a tie.
IRevision I 25 Do you really think Ben is up to/with running the
13 Choo,e the correct partide(, ).
1 We've run offJout of sugar. Could you please buy
some?
2 The radiator is giving off/out a strange smell.
3 Mary was brought down/up by her grand paren ts.
4 If the share price keeps going on/up, we should
sell.
Phrasal Verbs
5 Everyone was surprised when they broke off/up
their engagement.
6 Anne rea lly stands up/out in a crowd with her
long red hair.
7 "How could he afford to buy the house?" "He came
into/across a lot of money when hiS aunt died ...
8 He knew he was through w it h/i n for boxing when
he began having headaches.
9 That's the third time this month the dishwasher
has broken off/down.
10 Despite the rain, the parade went ahead/ after.
11 Thanks for coming in, Mr Moore; my secretary Wi ll
see you out/off.
12 It's gettmg too hot m here . I'm gomg to take
away/off my tie.
13 The house is m a good location. but It really needs
to be done up/aw ay with.
14 News of the accident got out/along when It
appeared on the Internet
15 You put Out/forward some Interesting pOints
today at the meeting .
16 Cia ire has been up to/after the manager's posit ion
for some time.
17 Would you mind looking In on/into my dogs while
I'm on holiday?
18 GiVing such a big party was ambitiOUS, but I have
to say It'S come off/by .
19 I'm sorry we cut off/out your gas, but you fell
behind/back with your payments.
20 It's important that we stand up to/up for our
rights .
21 Before the play's opening night we can run
across/through our lines one last time.
22 I've been looking out for/ forward to thiS
barbecue for weeks
23 "Are you coming to the library?" "Yes I just have
to give up/in my essay. "
24 I had been working so hard that I fell into/in a
deep sleep.
company by himself?
26 I'm getting out/on well With my new colleagues.
27 Who did you turn to/down when you had money
problems?
28 There is very little Information on the situation,
this report is alii have to go for/by .
29 Joan's been putting money aside/away for her
son's educat ion.
30 While I'm in London, I'll look out/up Steven, my
friend from university.
303
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with repositions
Key: (adj) - adjective (prep) - preposition (v) - verb (n) - noun I
A abIde by (v) agree t%n 5th (v) apply in writing (v)
absent from (ad]) agree with sb (v) apply to sb for sth (v)
abstam from (v) ahead of (prep) approve of (v)
accompanied by (adj) aim at (v) argue With sb about 5th (v)
according to (prep) allergic to (adj) arrange for sb to do 5th (v)
account for (v) amazed atJby (adj) arrest sb for 5th (v)
accuse sb of (v) amount to (v) arrive at (a small place) (v)
accustomed to (ad)) amused at/wlth (ad)) arrive in (a town) (v)
acquainted with (adj) angry at what sb does (adj) ashamed of (adj)
add icted to (adj) angry with sb about 5th (adj) ask abouVfor (v) (but: ask sb
adequate for (adj) angry with sb for doing 5th (adj) a question)
adjacent to (adj) annoyed With sb about sth (adj) assure (sb) of (v)
advantage of (n) (but: there's an (in) answer to (n) astonished atlby {adj}
advantage in - (have) an anxious about sth (ad)) attached to (ad))
advantage over sb) (be) anxious for sth to happen (ad)) attack on (n)
adVICe on/against (n) apologise to sb for sth (v) attack sb for sth (v)
afraid of (ad) (make an) appeal to sb for sth (n) attend to (v)
agree about sth (v) appeal to/against (v) (un)aware of (adJ)

B bad at (ad) (but: He was very bad believe in (v) blame sth on sb (v)
to me.) belong to (v) boast about/of (v)
ban sb from sth (v) benefit from (v) bored with (adj)
base on (v) bet on (v) borrow sth from sb (v)
basis for (n) beware of (v) brilliant at (adD
beg for (vi (put the) blame on sb (n) bump Into (v)
begin by.Nvlth (v) blame sb for sth (v) busy With (adD

C call at/on (phr v) comment on (v) connect tolwith (v)

campaign against/for (v) communicate With (v) consider sb for sth (v)
capable of (adj) compare with (v) (how people and conSist of (v)
care abou t (v) things are alike and how they contact between (n) (but: in
care for sb (v) (= like) are di fferent) contact with)
(take) care of (n) compare to (v) (show the likeness content with (adD
care for sth (v) (= like to do sth) between sblsth and sblsth else) contrary to (adj)
careful about/oflwlth (adj) comparison between (n) contrast With (v)
careless about/INlth (ad)) compete agalnst/for/With (v) contribute to (v)
cause of (n) complain of (v) (= suffer from) convert tolinto (v)
certain of (adJ) complain to sb about sth (v) (= be cope with (v)
change Into (v) annoyed at) correspond tolwlth (v)
characteristic of (n/adD compliment sb on (v) count against (v)
charge for (v) comply with (v) count on sb (phr v)
charge sb With (v) conceal sth from sb (v) cover Inlwith (v)
check for (v) concentrate on (v) covered in/wlth (adj)
chOICe between/of (n) (have) confidence In sb (n) crash into (v)
clever at (adj) (but: It was very confine to (v) (have) a craving for sth (n)
clever of you to buy It.) confused aboutlby (ad) crary about (adj)
close to (ad) confusion over (n) crowded with (adj)
coax sb Into (v) congratulate sb on sth (v) cruel to (adj)
coincide With (v) connection between (n) (but: in cruelty towards/to (n)
collaborate with (v) con nection with) cu re for (n)
coll ide with (v) conscious of (adj) curious about (adj)

304
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

0 damage to (n) depend on/upon (v) disapprove of (v)

date back to (v) dependent on (adj) discharge sb from (v)
date from (v) deputise for (v) discouraged from (ad))
deal with (v) descended from (adj) discussion about/on (n)
dear to (adj) describe as (v) disgusted by/at (adj)
decide on/against (v) describe sblsth to sb else (v) dismiss from (v)
decrease in (n) description of (n) dispose of (v)
dedicate to (v) die of/from (v) disqualified from (adj)
defiCient in (adj) die in an accident (v) dissatisfied with (adD
definition of (n) differ from (v) distinguish between (v)
delay In (n) (have) difference between/of (n) divide between/among (v)
(take) de light in doing 5th (n) different from (ad)) divide into/by (v)
delighted with (ad)) difficulty In/wlth (n) do sth about (v)
demand for (n) disadvantage of (n) (but. there's a doubtful about (adj)
demand from (v) disadvantage in dOing sth) dream about (v)
depart from (v) disagree With (v) dream of (v) (= Imagine)
departure from (n) disappointed wlthlaboutlby (ad) dressed In (ad)
E eager for (ad» excellent at {adD experiment on/wlth (v)
economise on (v) exception to (n) (make an expert at/in (sth/doing sth)
efficient at (adj) exception of sth/sb = treat (n) (= person good at)
(put) effort into sth (n) sth/sb as a specia l case - take expert at/in/on (sth/doing
emphasis on (n) exception t o 5th = object to 5th) sth) (ad) (= done With
engaged to 5b/in sth (adj) exchange 5th for sth else (v) skill or InvolVing great
engagement to 5b (n) eXCited about (ad) knowledge)
enthusiastic about (ad) exclaim at (v) expert With 5th (n) (= good
enquire about 5th (v) excuse for (n) at uSing sth)
envious of (adj) excuse sb for (v) expert on (n) (= person
equal to (adj) exempt from (adj) knowledgeable about a
escape from/to (v) expel from (v) subject)
example of (n) experienced inlat (actj)

f face up to (phr v) familiar With (adj) (= have forget about (v)

fall In an attempt (v) knowledge of) forgive sb for (v)
fall to do sth (v) famous for (ad) fortunate in (adj)
failure in (an exam) (n) fed up With (ad) free from/oflfor (adj)
failure to (do sth) (n) fill sth With sth else (v) friendly With/tO (ad))
faithful to (adj) finish with (v) fnghtened of (adj)
fait in (n) fire at (v) full of (adj)
familiar to sb (adO (= known flee from (v) furious with sb about/at sth
to sb) fond of (adj) (adj)

G generosity toltowards (n) good at (adD (but: He was very good guess at (v)
genius at (n) to me.) guilty of (ad) (but: he felt
glance at (v) grateful to sb for sth (adj) guilty about his crime)
glare at (v) grudge against (n)

H happen to (v) hear of (v) (= learn that 5th or sb exists) hope for (v)
happy abouUwithlfor (ad)) heir to (n) hope to do sth (v)
harmful to (adj) hinder from (v) (no) hope of (n)
hear about (v) (= be told) hint to sb about sth (v) (but hi nt at hopeless at (adj)
hear from (v) (= receive a letter) 5th)

305
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

I idea o f (n) indifferent to (adj) (have no) intention of (n)

identical to (adj) indulge in (v) interest In (n)
ig norant of/about (adD infe rior to (adj) interested in (adj)
ill wit h (adj) information about/on (n) interfere w it hlin (v)
impact on (n) (be) informed about (adD invasion of (n)
impressed bylwith (adj) inject 5th into sb/sth (v) invest in (v)
(make an) imp ression on sb (n) inoculat e agai nst (v) invitation to (n)
improveme nt inIon (n) insist on (v) invite sb to (v)
incapable of (adD instead of (prep) involve in (v)
incl ude in (v) insure against (v) irritated by (adD
increase in (n) intelligent at (adj)
independent of/from (adJ) intent on (adj)

J jealous of (adD join in (v) joke about (v)

K knock at/on (v) keen to do 5th (adD knowledge of (n)

know about/of (v) kind to (adj)
keen on 5th (adj) key to (n)
l lack in (v) lean on/aga inst (v) live on (v)
lack of (n) learn aboutlby (v) long for (v)
laugh about (v) leave for (v) (= head for) look at (v)
laugh at (v) lend 5th to sb (v) look for (v) (= search for)
lead to (v) listen to (v) look forward to (v)
M married to (adj) mean to (adj) mistake sb for (v)
marvel at (v) ment ion to (v) mix with (v)

N name after (v)
necessary for (adj)
need for (n)
neg lect of (n)
0 obedien t to (adj)
object to (v)
objection to (n)
obliged to sb for 5th (adj)
p part with (v)
patient with (adj)
pay by (cheque) (v)
pay for (v) (but: pay a bill)
pay in (cash) (v)
peculiar to (adj)
persist in (v) (but: insist on )
(take a) photograph of (n)
picture of (n)
Pity for (n)
take pity on sb (exp)
pleasant to (adj)
pleased about 5th (adj)
nervous about (a.dj)
new to (adj)
nice to (adj)
nominate sb (for/as 5th) (v)
obvious to (adj)
occur to (v)
offence aga inst (n)
operate on (v)
pleased with (ad))
(take) pleasure In (n)
(have the) pleasure of (n)
point at/to (v)
(im)pollte to (adJ)
popu lar with (adj)
praise sb for (v)
pray for sth/sb (v)
prefer 5th to 5th else (v)
(have a) preference for (n)
prepare for (v)
present sb with (v)
prevent sb/sth from (v)
(take) (no) notice of (n)
notorious for doing 5th (adj)
opinion of/on (n)
opposite oflto (n)
(take) pride in (n)
pride oneself on 5th/on doing
5th (v)
profit from (v)
prohibit sb from doing 5th (v)
prone to (adj)
protect against/from (v)
protection from (n)
protest about/at (v)
proud of (adj)
provide sb w ith (v)
punish sb for (v)
puzzled aboutlby (adj)

Q quarrel about sthlwith sb (v/n) qualified for (adj) quotation from (n)
qualify as/i n (v) quick at (adj)

306
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

R rave about (v) regardless of (prep) respond to (v)

react to (v) related to (ad) responsibility for (n)
reaction to (n) relationship between (n) (but· responsible for (ad)
ready for (adO a relatio nship w ith sb) result from (v) (= be the
reason for Cn) relevant to (ad» consequence of)
reason with (v) rely on (v) result in (v) (= cause)
rebel against (v) remind sb of/about (v) result of (n)
receive from (v) remove from (v) resulting from (ad»
(keep) a record of (n) replace 5th with 5th else (v) rhyme With (v)
recover from (v) reply to (nIV) rich in (adj)
reduction In (n) report on (n/v) (get) rid of (phr)
refer to (v) reputation forlof (n) rise in (n)
(in/with) reference to (n) research on/into (n) (make) room for (n)
refrain from (v) respect for (n) rude to (ad)
regard as (v) respected for (ad))
S safe from (adj) shy of (adD strain on (n)
same as (adO sick of (adj) study for (v)
satisfied wlthloy (adj) silly to do sth (adD (but' it was sil ly of subject to (adjlv)
save sb from (v) him) submit to (v) (but · submit sth
save sth for sb (v) Similar to (adj) for publication)
scared of (adJl skillful at (adj) subscribe to (v)
scared to (v) skilled atlin (adj) succeed in (v)
search for (v/n) slow inlabout dOing sth/to sth (ad)) suffer from (v)
(be) In search of (n) smell of (nlv) sufficient for sth/sb (adj)
sensible of sth (adj) (= aware of 5th) smile at (v) suitable for {adD
senSitive to (adj) solution to (n) superior to (adD
sentence sb to (v) sorry about {adO (= feel sorry for sb) sure ofla bout (ad))
separate from (v) (but I'm sorry for doing sth) surprised atlby (ad))
serious about (adj) speak tolwlth sb about (v) surrender to (v)
settle forlon (v) specialise in (v) surrounded by (ad))
share inlof sth (n) specialist In (n) suspect sb of (v)
shelter from (v) spend money on sth (v) suspiCIOUS of (ad)
shocked atlby (adj) spend time Inldolng sth (v) sympathetic toltowards (adj)
shoot at (v) split Intolin (v) sympathise With (v)
short ofIon (adj) spy on (v)
shout at (v) stare at (v)
T take 5th to sb/sth (v) thank sb for (v) tire of (v)
talent for sth (n) thankful for (adJ} tired of (ad)) (= fed up with)
talk to sb about sth (v) think about/of (v) translate from ... into (v)
(have) taste in (n) threat to sblsth/of sth (n) tread on (v)
taste of (v) threaten sb With sth (v) triP over (v)
terrible at (adj) throw at (v) (in order to hit) trouble with (n)
terrified of (adj) throw to (v) (in order to catch) typical of (adj)
U unaware of (adj) upset about/over sth (ad)) useful forlto (adj)
understanding of (n) (make) use of (n)
uneasy about (adD used to (adj)
V valid for (length of time) (ad)) value sth at (v) vouch for (v)
valid in (places) (adj) vote against/for (v)
W wait for (v) wink at (v) worthy of (adj)
warn sb against/about/of (v) wonder about (v) write about (v)
waste (time/money) on (v) work aslinlat sth (v) write to sb (v)
weak Inlat (adD worry about (v) wrong about (ad)

307
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

Above above the line

Against against the law
Ahead ahead of schedule ahead of one's tIme
AI at an advantage at a disadvantage at the latest at one's request
at the age of at one's desk at least at the same time
at the airport at the door at the very least at school
at auction at ease at length at sea
at the beginning of at the end (= when 5th is at liberty at short notice
(when 5th started) finished) (but: in the at a loss at (high/full) speed
(but: in th e end = final ly) at the match at/in the station
beginning = at your expense at midnight at sunset
originally) at fault at the moment at the table
at one's best at first at most at the time
at breakfastllunch ete at first hand at night at times
at the bottom of at first sIght at noon at the top of (but: on
at the bus stop at a glance at once top of)
at church at hand at peacelwar at war
at college at heart at a place at the weekend
at the corner/on the at home at present (British English)
corner at/in a hotel at a profit at work
at all costs at .. miles per hour at the prospect at 230 Mills 51.
at the crossroads at large at random
at dawn at last at any rate
Before before long
Behind behind schedule behind the times
Below below the line
By by accident by chance by land/sea/air by mistake
by/from all accounts by cheque bylaw by profession
by appointment by correspondence by luck by request
by the armlhand by day/night by marriage by (the/one's) side
by auction by degrees by means of by sight
by birth by the dozen by mistake by skill
by busltralrVplanelshipl by eye by nature by surprise
hehcopterltaxilOOatJ by far by now by the time
seaJair/car etc (but: on by force by oneself by the way
althe busfplaneltralrV by hand by order of by oneself
shlpiboat - in a taxi! by heart by post
car/planet' helicopter) by invitation by phone
For for ages for fun (= for amusement) for luck for one's sake
for breakfastllunchl for good for life for the sake of
dinner for granted for love for sale (= to be sold)
for certain for hire for nothing for short
for a change for a holiday for once for the time being
for ever for keeps for the rest of for a walk
for fear (of) for instance for safe keeping for a while
From from time to time from experience from memory from scratch
from now on

308
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

R rave about (v) regardless of (prep) respond to (v)

react to (v) related to (adj) responsibility for (n)
reaction to (n) relationship between (n) (but: responsible for (ad))
ready for (adj) a relationship with sb) result from (v) (= be the
reason for (n) relevant to (adj) consequence of)
reason with (v) rely on (v) result in (v) (= cause)
rebel against (v) remind sb of/about (v) result of (n)
receive from (v) remove from (v) resulting from (adj)
(keep) a record of (n) replace sth with 5th else (v) rhyme with (v)
recover from (v) reply to (n/v) rich In (adj)
reduction in (n) report on (n/v) (get) nd of (phr)
refer to (v) reputation for/of (n) rise in (n)
(inlwlth) reference to in) research on/into (n) (make) room for (n)
refrain from (v) respect for (n) rude to (adj)
regard as (v) respected for (adj)
5 safe from (adj) shy of (adD strain on (n)
same as (adj) Sick of (adl> study for (v)
satisfied wlthlby (ad]) silly to do sth (adj) (but: It was silly of subject to (ad}fv)
save sb from (v) him) submit to (v) (but: submit sth
save sth for sb (v) sim ilar to (adD for publication)
scared of (adj) ski llfu l at (adj) subscribe to (v)
scared to (v) ski lled at/in (adj) succeed in (v)
search for (v/n) slow Inlabout doing sthlto sth (adj) suffer from (v)
(be) in search of (n) smell of (n/v) sufficient for sth/sb (adj)
sensible of sth (ad» (= aware of sth) smile at (v) SUitable for (adj)
sensitive to (adj) solution to (n) superior to (adj)
sentence sb to (v) sorry about (adj) (= feel sorry for sb) sure of/about (adj)
separate from (v) (but I'm sorry for dOing sth) surprised aVby (adj)
serious about (adO speak tolwlth sb about (v) surrender to (v)
settle for/on (v) specialise In (v) surrounded by (ad)
share in/of sth (n) specialist in (n) suspect sb of (v)
shelter from (v) spend money on sth (v) SUSpiCIOUS of (adD
shocked atlby (adD spend time inldoing sth (v) sympathetic to/towards (adj)
shoot at (v) split intolin (v) sympathise with (v)
short ofIon (adD spy on (v)
shout at (v) stare at (v)
T take sth to sblsth (v) thank sb for (v) tire of (v)
talent for sth (n) thankful for (adj) tired of (ad]) (= fed up with)
talk to sb about sth (v) think about/of (v) translate from ... into (v)
(have) taste in (n) threat to sb/sth/of sth (n) tread on (v)
taste of (v) threaten sb with sth (v) triP over (v)
ternble at (adj) throw at (v) (in order to hit) trouble with (n)
terrified of (adj) throw to (v) (in order to catch) typical of (ad])
U unaware of (adj) upset about/over sth (ad]) useful forlto (adj}
understanding of (n) (make) use of (n)
uneasy about (adj) used to (adj)
V valid for (length of time) (adj) value sth at (v) vouch for (v)
valid in (places) (adj) vote against/for (v)
, W wait for (v) win k at (v) worthy of (adj)
warn sb against/about/of (v) wonder about (v) write about (v)
• waste (time/money) on (v) work aslinlat 5th (v) write to sb (v)
weak In/at (adD worry about (v) wrong about {adD

307
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

In in action in dollars in moderation in ruins

in add ition to (+ -ing in a ... dress in a moment in safety
form) in due course in a goodlbad in season
in advance (of) in the end (= finally) mood in secret
in agreement (with! in exchange for in the mood in self-defense
on/about) in eXistence in the morning In the shape of
in aid of In fact in mourning In short
in all (= all In all) in fashion In name only (= In sight (of)
in an attempt in favour of not in reality) In the sky
in answer to in flames In need of In silence
in an armchair In the flesh In the news In some respects
in bed in focus in a newspaper in stock
in the beginning (= in one's free time In the name of (= In style
originally) in full swing on behalf of) in the streets
In blossom in fun In the nick. of time in succession
In a book In the future In the north/south in the suburbs
In bnef in gear In a nutshell in the sun/shade
In business In general In the open in goodlbad taste
In any case In good time in one's opinion 10 tears
in cash in half in orbit in a temper
in the centre of in hand in order of/to In theory
in charge (of) in haste in other words In time
10 cities In goodlbad health in pain In no time
in code 10 hiding in pairs In touch
In colour 10 honour of in the park In town
in comfort in hopes of in particular In tune (with)
In common In the hospital in the past In turn
in comparison With in a hotel In person In two/half
in conclusion (to) in a hurry In pieces In uniform
in (goodlbad) condition in ink/pencil/pen in place of In use
in con fidence in sb's interest in pol it ics in va in
in control (of) in lengthlwidth etc in practice/theory in view of
in the corner in all sb's life in principle In a loudllow voice
In the country in the limelight In prison in a way (= in a
In danger (of) in a line In private/public manner)
In the dark In the long run in all probability in the way
in debt in love (with) In progress In wnting
in demand in lUXUry In question in a word
In detail in the meantime in reality in the world
(be) in difficulty in a mess in return
in the direction of in the middle of in the right/wrong
in doubt in a mirror in a row/rows
Into into pieces

309
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

On on account of on a cruise/excursion/ on an island (but: in t he on purpose

on a .. afternoon/ trip/tour mountains) on the radiolTV
evening on (a ... ) day on a journey on the right
on the agenda on demand on one's knees on t he Missouri River
on the air on a diet on leave on sale (= sold at
on approval on duty on the left reduced price)
on arrival on earth on loan (but: for sa le = to
on average on edge on the market (= available be sold)
on ba il on an expedition to the public) on schedule
on ba lance on a farm (but: in a on one's mind on the screen
on the beach fi eld ) on one's mobi le on second thought(s)
on beha lf of on fire on that morning on the side
on one's birthday on the (4th) floor (of) on the move on sight
on board on the floor on New Year's Day on the sofa
on the border on foot on the news on this street/on the
on the bottom on the ground on thislthat occasion street(s)
on business on holiday on order on strike
on call on the one hand on the outskirts on good/bad terms
on a campsite (at a on the other hand on one's own on time
campsite) on the weekend on page ""' on top of
on the ceiling (American Eng lish) on parade on the trail of
on the coast on vacation on the pavement on a triP
on condition on horseback on the phone on the way (to) (= as I
on the contrary on impu lse on a platform was going)
on cred it on the Internet on principle on the who le

Out of out of breath out of difficu lties out of place out of step
out of character out of fashion out of practice out of stock
out of cond it ion out of focus out of print out of tune
out of control out of hand out of the question out of turn
out of danger out of luck out of reach out of use
out of date out of order out of season out of work
out of debt out of the ordinary out of sight
Off off the air off limits off the point off schoollwork
off colour off the map off the record
off duty off the peg off the road
To to one's astonishment to one's surprise to this day to some extent
Under under age under control under the impression under repair
under arrest under the control of under orders under the weather
under one's breath under discussion under pressure
With with regard to with a view to (+ +ing form)

Within within minutes

Without without delay without fail without success without warning

3 10
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

In in action in dollars in moderation in ruins

in addition to (+ -jng in a .. , dress in a moment in safety
form) in due course in a goodlbad in season
in advance (of) in the end (= finally) mood In secret
in agreement (WIth! in exchange for In the mood in self-defense
on/about) In existence In the morning In the shape of
In aid of In fact In mourning in short
In all (= all in all) In fashion In name only (= In sight (of)
In an attempt In favour of not In reality) In the sky
in answer to In flames in need of in silence
in an armchair In the flesh In the news in some respects
in bed in focus in a newspaper in stock
in the beginning (= in one's free time in the name of (= in style
originally) in full swing on behalf of) In the streets
in blossom in fun In the nick of time In succeSSion
In a book in the future in the north/south In the suburbs
In brief In gear in a nutshell In the sun/shade
in bUSiness in general In the open In goodlbad taste
In any case in good time In one's opinion In tears
in cash in half In orbit In a temper
In the centre of in hand in order of/to in theory
in charge (of) in haste in other words in time
In CIties in goodlbad health In pain in no time
In code in hiding in pairs in touch
in colour In honour of In the park in town
In comfort in hopes of In particular in tune (With)
In common In the hospital In the past in turn
in comparison With In a hotel in person in twolhalf
In conclusion (to) In a hurry in pieces in uniform
in (goodlbad) condit ion in ink/pencil/pen in place of in use
in confidence in sb's interest in politics in vain
in control (of) In lengthlwidth etc in practice/theory in view of
In the corner in all sb's life in principle In a loudllow vOice
in the country in the limelight in prison In a way (= In a
in danger (of) in a line in private/public manner)
In the dark in the long run in all probability In the way
In debt in love (with) In progress In writing
In demand in lUXUry in question In a word
in detail in the meantime In reality In the world
(be) in difficu lty in a mess In return
in the direction of in the middle of in the right/wrong
In doubt in a mirror in a row/rows
Into into pieces

309
t
I
I
Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions
1 Fill in : about, of. for. at, with, to, in, on.
1 According 'Hthe latest broadcast, there
was a massive earthquake in Peru.
2 He argued wit h his brother ................... using his
mobile phone to make calls.
3 When Phi I arrived ... .. ... ..... the station, he bought
a one-way ticket to York.
4 My mother ISawfully afra id ........... spiders.
5 Tom said he was bored the same routine
day in and day out.
6 ! believe .............. giving back to the community;
that IS why I volunteer.
7 The star footba ll player in our team always boasts
.. ................ his amazing talent
8 Davld accused Mark ... ,..... taking his leather Jacket.
9 Their relationship is over Pat will never beg ........ .
a second chance.
10 They finally agreed ,. ... a date for the
wedd ing
11 Guess who is applying to Oxford . ...... , ......
Master's degree in Education ?
12 I am really angry at Scott for putting all the blame
.... .... .. Eric.
2 Choose the correct item .
1 Aher dessert Jenny complained of/ with/ from a
stomachache ,
2 The interviewer was cunous for/about/of Kevm's
volunteer experience.
3 I can't deal with/on/ about thts right now. I have
too much on my mind .
4 Julte complained at/to/with the manager about
the poor service at the restau rant.
5 Aher the World Cup game the streets of Brasttia
were crowded of/with / by fans.
6 I've been dreaming with /for/about thiS moment
all my life.
7 Many children In third world count ries die of/with/
in hunger.
S The lorry lost control and crashed with/ into/at a
fire hydrant.
9 " Be careful of/for/by what you say, " he warned
10 You shouldn't care of/ for/about what those girls
think.
1 1 I wouldn't dream about/oflfor asking him for a
favour.
3 Fill in: from , about, of, for, at, with, to, in, on.
1 Rory is good .............. every sport he tries.
2 It's not nice to Joke ......... .... hiS southern accent.
3 Don't worry, the staff is experienced ....
patient care.
4 I am really fed up ............. your rude comments!
5 I can't complain . They've been awfully good
me.
6 We are excited ............ .. our triP to Jamaica!
7 The frustrated man inSisted ,..... .. .... .. speaking to
the bank manager.
S Don't be embarrassed . Lots of people are frightened
. the dark.
9 The police want to hear .............. anyone who
may know him.
10 Alexis IS very Interested ............. ballet, Jazz and
hip-hop .
11 Old you hear ... ....... the mayor's resignation ?
12 My Art professor has a great knowledge
a AnCIent Greek history.
13 We all laughed .............. his Joke
14 I'm very sorry. I mistoo k you ... . .. someone else .
4 Fill in : about, between, of, for, in, with. to, (rom, on.
1 We thanked the Millers ........... ". letting us stay
With them .
2 Mandy has such great taste .............. clothes.
3 He reminds me .......... .. .. a ffl end I once had .
4 The teleVISion series Patito FeD is popular ............ .
young teens .
5 Psychologists are studYing the relatIOnship .".
colour and emotIOn,
6 I prefer tea .............. coffee .
7 Cathy has been searching ........ her glasses all
morning .
S They took no notICe ............. the girl sitting in
the corner of the room
9 He has been quarrelling .......... John about the
matt er for weeks now.
10 Don't panic. There is a solut ion ........... every
problem .
11 Steven often w ri tes .............. his pen-friend in
Port ugal.
12 Since t he skiing accident Mark suffers ...
lower back pain.
13 Don't wast e any more of your time ............. the
broken door handle. I'll fix it later.
14 You can always talk to me .... ..... ..... it.
311
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions
5 Choose the correct item.
We'll be home in/at/by the time you fin ish t idying
up.
2 It was such a nice day that Alice went on/for/by a
walk in the park .
-3 At/On/In the moment, he is fil ling in university
appl ication forms.
4 Is somebody on/in/at the door?
5 We waited for Frank to/at/on the station for
nearly an hour.
6 Susan, at/for/by once, please be quiet and let him
speak.
7 I know the national anthem by/at/on heart.
S Questions w ill be answered at/for/in the end of
the presentation.
9 They live on/at/in 57 Addington Road.
10 At/For/By the time being, Dave is going to
cont inue singing in the band .
11 I'm so sorry. I took your textbook on/in/by mistake.
12 How long were you waiting for/ in/at the bus stop?
13 By/At/In the beg inning of the play, Romeo is in
love with Rosa line.
6 Choose the correct item .
There are countless stars inlatlwith the night sky.
2 Please don't wear that It's out oflonlin fashion.
3 Dad asked Mum if she was oflin/on the mood for
dinner and dancing.
4 Sue and Dan went to the library with/on/by foot.
S You shou ldn't talk t%n/with the phone while
you're driving.
6 I'd like to sit and chat, but I'm on/in/at a hurry
right now!
7 What bad lucid The vending machine is
in/for/out of order.
S Their guide took them on/at/by a tour of the
island.
9 "Is Jill stil l by/on/at bad terms w ith Mike?" "Yes,
they hardly speak ."
10 Don't expect to get a lot for the car. It's of/aUin
bad cond ition.
11 On/In/From the one hand, gardening is a fun
free -time act ivity. On/In/From the other hand, it
can be hard work.
12 The Siberian tiger is in/aUby danger of ext inction.
Only 200 remain.
13 Mum said getting a puppy was out oflin/on the
question and not to ask again.
312
7 Choose the correct item.
1 He ca lled her Becky on/by/for mistake.
2 On/For/In the way to the gym Carl saw Zack.
3 Jerry lives inlonlat 89 Benworth St.
4 I often eat w ith friends aUfor/on lunchtime .
5 Help! The bu ilding is on/in/by fire!
6 Look at that lovely handbag! It's at/on/to sale.
7 I'm so happy. Aunt Beth is coming for/at/by last!
8 For/In/By short, they left without saying a word.
9 The lorry driver hit the street sign in/by/for accident.-
10 I'm glad you're for/in/at time for the meeting.
11 Sadly, the sailors were lost in/on/at sea
12 Mr Smith will be away from the office for/by/at
the rest of the day.
13 Right now, bell bottom jeans are out o f/by/for
fashion.
14 The electrician asked to be paid by/in/for cash .
15 Quieti I'm listening to the game in/on/by the
radio .
16 In/At/By the past, homes were heated with
firewood .
17 "Not going to school today is inlout of/for the
question," said Dad .
1B Scott went on/for/in a trip to Thailand.
19 Mike knows this poem for/by/at heart.
20 Jason says he's at/i n/for love w ith a famous actress.
21 None for me, please. I'm in/at/on a diet.
22 At/In/By the end, they decided to stay in York.
23 I'm interested in buying a car. Is yours for/on/in
sale?
24 The tourists travell ed to the Island by/in/on boat.
25 Max has such a good relationship betweenlwithl for
hiS sisters.
26 Wil l you ever forgive me for/abouUwith lying to
you?
27 The man disposed with/in/of all the evidence before
the police arrived.
28 Fiona blamed her younger brother for/with/about
the mess she had made in t he kitchen .
29 The Swiss are famous with/for/of their fine cheese
and gourmet chocolate.
30 He took advantage of/at/for her kindness and
generosity.
31 The key in/t%f success is hard work and
determination.
32 Are researchers close to a cure of/for/from cancer?
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

8 Fill in: about, in, for, at, off, from, to, of, with, on. 9 Choose the correct item.

1 According , ....... Mary, Will's rich. I did not want to help my sister again because I
2 Most fairy tales begin .. 'Once upon a felt that she was taking advantage of/for/at me .
time' . 2 Terry has a job and is capable for/in/of living on his
3 This cheese tastes different the one we own .
bought last week. 3 My teacher is depending in/on/with me to organise
4 You shouldn't be jea lous .... '" your fri ends, the fun run by Monday.
5 tvery teacher is responsible H.... , her students, 4 Leonardo Da Vinci is famous for/of/about painting
6 Let's invite the Browns ................ dinner. the Mono Lisa.
7 She dreams ......... a world w ithout crime or war. S I apologise for/to/in being rude to you earlier this
S I'm fed up ............... all your lies. morning.
9 Please don't shout .,., ... ,.... me. 6 People differ with/about/ from one another in
'0 Do you often think ............ the future? their culture and traditions.
, 1 "He's the picture .............. ,... good health," said 7 I disagreed with/on/for Helen about how much
the doctor. money we should take on our excursion.
12 It may sound sil ly, but I believe ................. ghosts. 8 She's excellent in/on/at making things out of clay.
13 His boss is satisfied ........... .. the work he has 9 Garry insisted on/to/in cleaning my flat even
done. though I had told him not to.
14 It is rude to point peop le. 10 I wish I'd listened for/ to/at my Mum's advice.
1S You must always listen ........ your parents . 11 1 asked TImothy If he was bored with/of/about
16 TIna begged me to forget ................... what had his present job .
happened. 12 The aud ience at the theatre consisted in/about/of
17 I'm sca red ................. heights . Aren't you? young adults.
18 Dad was angry because I failed ............ ....... fin ish 13 The poor woman stood in the street begging
my chores. of/for/with food .
19 Please speak to your children .... respecting 14 Violence is characteristic of/from/to many television
their elders. programmes these days.
20 Teen girls are crazy ................ the new rock band. 1S The best way to deal at/of/with this prob lem is to
21 Should I wait .................. you after school? ask your teacher for help.
22 The guests thanked them ........... their hospitality. 16 This article makes a comparison with/between/for
23 You have great taste .................. music! the two writers.
24 Lucy spends a lot of money .......... clothes. 17 She was driving too fast and crashed into/at/with
2S Meagan's parents are proud ................... her and a lamp post.
all her accomplishments . 18 The streets of the city centre were crowded
26 "Not many people are qualified ... ............... . this with/for/to traffic.
position," sa id the manager. 19 I forgot all for/of/about my mum and dad's
27 "How do you account ..... ........ the mistake in wedd ing anniversary.
my electricity bi ll?" she asked the clerk 20 My elder sister is a lot more experienced
28 That man is staring ............. ... us! Do you know on/about/in computing than I am .
him? 21 Unfortunately, I have no knowledge t%f/for the
29 The factory workers were threatened . incident.
losing their jobs. 22 Jacob is excellent in/with/at Maths and Physics.
30 Can you please dea l ................. the customer? 23 Once they arrived in New Orleans. they joined
31 I'm ....... ............ a hurry right now. Can I speak to with/in/on the Mardi Gras festivities .
you later? 24 Have you heard of/with/from the Akamba tribe
32 His family went to see him off .......... the airport. that lives in Kenya?
33 I've taken three days ............. work. 2S I've decided to invite the whole class in/to/at my
34 Our office is ... the eleventh floor. 16th birthday party.

313
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

10 Fill in: out of. on, of, for, by. in, at, under, 11 Choose the correct prepositions.

1 Due to a flight delay, Rick had to wait 1 Joe works in/on a fadory.
the airport for several hours. 2 Hurry upll've been waiting by/for ages.
2 The two fnends decided to get to the concert halt 3 He was very pleased with/about his effort.
.......... ,.. bus. 4 Julie was waiting at/by the bus stop, so I gave her
3 Since the start of the recession, many people have a lift.
been ......... work . 5 There's no need to/for to shout. I can hear you!
oil All students were ......... H ... favour of an extended 6 The car went out of/off control on the icy road.
lunch break. 7 Malcolm Insisted on/in paying for the taxi.
S I work t he morn ing shift at the hospital so I'm S Have you dialled the wrong number by/from
... " ......... duty until 2 pm mistake?
6 Who wou ldn't love to spend a beautjful day 9 I know for/of certain he was lYing.
the seaside? 10 I'll be thinking on/of you when I'm in Paris.
7 "Doing away with school uniforms is ... 11 I thought the meeting would have started by/
the question," cried the headmaster, from now
8 Evan decided to stop by Greg's flat .............. a visIt. 12 I didn't realise I was thiS bad in/at maths.
9 Surprisingly, Sue got up and left ............... the 13 Whether or not we should hire new staff is still
middle of the lecture. out of/under discussion
10 "I'm rather lonely. Please stay with me ............... _ 14 How could you be Jealous of/by her? You're much
a while," pleaded the girl more beautiful
11 It is very Important to be .. time for '5 You need to take a look in/at the mirror, your hair
meetings. IS In a mess.
12 You don't need to worry. Everything IS ............ . 16 The team can't forget about/from yesterday's
control. defeat
13 There were so many people wa iting ,............. the 17 Throw those cakes away, they're out of/off date.
platform for the 8 am tra in. 18 There's no need to worry, the situation is in/under
14 Kim isn't going out tonight. She wants to spend a control.
quiet evening ............ home. 19 Take care and keep In/on touch I
15 There were reports of a massive earthquake 20 Who is Jack marned with/to ?
..... the evening news. 21 I don't think Sarah IS in/at home at the moment.
16 The bank, public library and post office are all 22 I'm tired; I can't wait to go on/for holiday.
found .............. the centre of town. 23 Did you get here on/by train?
17 I needed some money, but the ATM was .... 24 The police placed him out of/ under arrest.
order. 25 That area IS under/off limits to the public.
18 "Sorry Mum, I broke the vase .............. accident," 26 I was in China on/in business last year.
said LiZZle 27 CongratulatIOns on/for receiving such an
19 Unfortunately, Luke lost his wallet ............. the Important award
way to work . 28 The numbers were chosen completely atlby
20 Mike prefers to live in the oty centre rather than random
.............. the qUiet suburbs. 29 In/On the border of the country they check your
21 Sean is away .............. a business trip in New York. passport.
22 You're capable .............. anything if you put your 30 My car is out of/off the road at the moment; It'S
mind to it. being repaired.
23 Mr Taylor spoke to the class about the disadvantages
................ ,.. onl ine learn ing.
24 Sue is going ..................... a diet to lose weight.
25 The jury was convinced he was gui lty .
the crime.

314
 Skills Practice

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Skills Practice
Reading
1 You are going to read fou r short texts (A-D) about students who compete in sports. For questions 1-5,
choose from descriptions A-D. The description may be chosen more than once.

o Maryln (swimmer)s now training long hours

- IT] Sonya (long distance run;;r)
My dad was a professional footbaUer and a
bit of a fitness freak. From a very young
~

I've worked hard for year rlf\ces Fortunately, I've

and I've made manr. sac on q~lte a lot of races
been lucky too and ve W Although I can't deny
Including hIgh profHe ones. of achIevement from
t a great sense
that \ ge 1 te goal Is to represent my
wInning and my ult ma 1 Games I was never
country at the Olymp ~ tlon a~d I still feel that
prepared for the medl: :~ ~Ith it, especially when 1
I don't know how to e t dy I think it Is the only
stili have to find urn: t~ ~ U to' Ignore it as best as I
drawback In what I o. Y 0 away somewhere
age r often accompanied him and got an
early taste for Sport. ] reckon I must have
tried just about every sport you can
imagine when r was kid, including running
of Course. When I was twelve J more or less
chose my speciality when J jOined the local
athletic club. I won a lot of races and was
eventuaUy spotted by talent spotters,
which led to getting sponsorships and this
two·year Sports scholarship in the USA.

. f few days to w n
J
II
can and after a win I usu,a d~wn and couldn't be Here, you've got to be disciplined and
mce or a pers or watching TV. spend a lot of time in training, which
bothered reading any pa
means r don't SOCialise mUch these days. ,
hope and believe that my efforts wit! pay
off and it will all be worth it.

o Brian (rugby player)

) am always relieved to hear my name being called out and
- @] Owen (sprinter)
knowing I have made it onto the team and I love the feeling
I get when I run out of the dressing rooms onto t he pitch
and hear the crowd clapping and cheering me on, It's one of
the best moments] Of course, getting on the team requires
a lot of hard work and dedication and it sometimes
demands sacrifices and I am frustrated at times when I can't
spend time With my family or be there for important
moments like their birthdays On the other hand, the guys
are like family to me and I really feel that I belong I wouldn't
give that up for anything In the world.
Which person says they:
like a change of scenery after a victory? 0 A
feel they are part of something? 1 ...
.~
- .
I leellhat I was a born sprinter, and unlike
a lot 01other people, who have succeeded
in sport, I can't say that I have been good
at other sports. In fact. I don't think I w~s
particula~y interested in sports as a kid
and I didn't really like PE at school. On the
other hand, I have always been fast on my
legs. It was my PE teacher ~ho
encouraged me to train and finally gUided
me so that I got a scholarship in the US. I
don't actually think that I have to spend
long hours training but I must respect the
programme we have here. Anyway, I'm
glad that I am where I am and wouldn't
want to change anything for the world.

took part in a variety of sports? 2

enjoy getting attention? 3
feel they have a natural talent? 4
dislike being absent on special occasions? 5
feel overwhelmed by attention? 6
316

2 Read the text and complete the gaps with the words from the box . There are two words which you do
not need to use .
• amateur • material • hurt • complicated • equipment • advanced • potential • harm
Drop a piece of 0) at work and you might feel
some embarrassment, but it's rarely a major problem. If
you work in space, things are more 1) .......................... .
When a US astronaut lost control of a bag of tools while
carrying out repairs on the International Space Station in
2008, US space agency NASA had more than the
$100,000 cost of the tools to deal with. The backpack·
sized bag was one of the largest objects ever to be lost by
an astronaut and had the 2) ...... " ............. to do huge
damage to the space station and satellites as it hurtled
around the globe, Even much smaller objects can
become major hazards when accidentally sent into orbil.
In 1965, an astronaut's glove orbited Earth at 28,OOOkm
per hour for a whole month, The toolbag stayed in orbit
for even longer, It was even filmed by an
3) .................. ,... astronomer in Canada. The footage of
the loolbag shooting across the night sky spectacularly
fast can be seen on line. So too can the moment it slipped
away from spacewalker Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper.
After returning to Earth, she revealed that she had been
l
Skills Practice
tempted to try to retrieve the bag
but didn't want to risk giving NASA the
added problem of an out-of-control human body in
space.
Fortunately, the toolbag did no 4) .......................... to any
communications or other technology in the eight months
before it entered Earth's atmosphere and was burned up.
In fact, it began moving out of the orbit of the space
station and towards Earth immediately. Neither did the
mishap cause any significant delay to the repair mission.
Stefanyshyn -Piper completed her task of mending a solar
panel on the space station by sharing a colleague's tools.
It's certainly not the first time that a rogue object in space
has caused concerns. In fact at anyone time, America's
Space Surveillance Network is monitoring some 19,000
pieces of space debris of more than 10cm in diameter.
Spacecraft and satellites can be moved out of the path of
any object that poses a risk if commanders are given
5) .......................... warning.
Skills Practice
3 Read the text and decide which answer, A, B. C or 0 best fits each gap.

PREDATOR WITH A DANGtROUS tNtMY

People fear sharks, but sharks have a 0) more reason to fear humans than we
have to fear them. Only a small number of the world's 390 species of shark ever
1) .................... people - and more people are killed by bee stings each year than by sharks.
But we are killing these ancient creatures, which have been around since before the dinosaurs, at a rate
of 100 million a year - that's more than one a second. If this continues, around 20 species of shark will
become extinct 2) .................... years - which could have disastrous effects for marine ecosystems.
Ironically, sharks are vulnerable because of their similarities 3) .................... the human race. Just like
humans, they are the top predator in their environment, so they grow slowly, taking years to reach
adulthood. Put simply, they are being killed faster than they can 4) .................... .
You may be surprised to learn that sharks are in 5) .................... danger, since shark is not a common
product in European supermarkets and restaurants. Worldwide, 6) ...................., demand for shark fins
and meat is growing. On top of that, many sharks die as a result of the use of fishing techniques used to
trap fish like tuna . Conserving sharks, then, will require not only bans on the intentional killing of
sharks, but also on certain fishing equipment. There are 7) .................... international rules on shark
conservation, but some countries have taken action. The Marshall Islands in the Pacific, for example,
created a shark conservation area the size of Mexico in 2011. Inside this zone, shark
fishing, shark trading and fishing techniques that harm sharks
are banned, and any sharks that are accidentally
caught 8) .................... be returned to the

318
 Skills Practice
Listening 6 () You will hear an interview about new
technology for generating electricity.
4 (" You will hear an announcement of social For questions 1·5, choose the correct option
policies by a newly elected mayor. Mark A,Bare.
statements 1-5 T (True) or F (false).
The presenter says gadgets are becoming too
True False A complicated
1 The mayor promised to do more B powerful.
about health issues before he was C energy-intensive.
elected. 2 The reporter says It would be a good idea to
2 The city has a bi g problem with derive electricity from
Illegal substances. A your water supplies.
3 The mayor Intends to send more B physical activity.
police officers Into poorer areas. C everyday appliances.
4 The mayor is going to reward 3 American scientiSts have developed generators
businesses that give young people for people who
Job experience A are prepared to carry something bulky.
5 The mayor is gOing to make it easier B like gOing hiking.
for people to own cars
! I C use their phones a lot.
4 People could soon have something to generate
• 5 \., j You will hear five people talk ing about electricity in their
family conflicts and problems. Match the A knee JOints
statements (A-f) to the speakers (1 -5). There is B car boots.
one statement that does not match any C phones.
speaker. 5 According to the reporter, nanotechnology could
Speaker 1 help ...
A I'd li ke t o have some peace and
qUiet to be able to stu dy. Speaker 2 A monitor people's movements.
B I wish he'd stop worrying abou t Speaker 3 B develop more energy-efficient phones.
me. Speaker 4
C people With hearing difficulties .
C I Just wish she didn't turn up SpeakerS
with little warning
D I just wish he'd pICked up the phone more often.
E I Wish she wouldn't Interfere 50 much.
F I think we Just all need to do our bit.

319
Skills Practice
Lexicogrammatical structures 8 Complete the sentences w ith
gaps using the word in bold so
7 Fill in each gap with the right form of the word in bold 50 as that they have a similar meaning
to create a logical and grammatically correct text. to the original sentences. Use
two to five words in total.

1 I' m getting Increasingly angry with

Many of us see a cup of coffee as essential for her behaviour.
kick-starting our day - and now scientists have
MORE Her behaviour is .......... .
shown that coffee can 0) be used as fuel. LITERAL
... .. .. ... .. ... .......... angry.
In 2010, British scientists not only modified a
1988 Volkswagen Scirocco so that it could run 2 Both Mary and Joe can operate the
on used coffee grounds, they also drove it the mach ine .
210 miles between London and Manchester - a AS Mary knows how to
record distance for a car fueiled by a waste operate the machine,
1) ....................................... The following year PRODUCE
another coffee-powered car, this time a 35-year-
old Rover renamed the Carpaccino, achieved 3 suggest you don't leave the
an 2} .................................... speed of 66 mph IMPRESS footpath .
near York , England . However, it's BETIER You ......................... .
3) .......................................... that coffee will LIKE ................. leave the
4) ................................................. petrol . Only PLACE footpath.
older cars which have carburettors can
4 Despite leaving an hour before my
5) ................................................. make the SUCCESS
appointment, I was late .
6) ...................................... from coffee grounds CONVERT
EVEN I was late ..................... .
into fuel. New cars cannot. Moreover, coffee is
not a very efficient fuel ; the drive from London .................... an hour
to Manchester consumed the equivalent of before my apPointment.
10,000 espressos I There were more problems S I recommend that you go to see the
the team found rather monkeys when you viSit the zoo.
7) ...................................... - they had to stop ANNOY
WORTH
every hour to clean the car's filters, and they
....................... ... . to see
reported that the car produced a smell that
the monkeys when you
reminded them of a 8} .................................. BURN
viSit the zoo.
buildingl

9 Write a composition on one of

the topics below. It should have
200-250 words.
a) Tell the story of a journey you
made In which you had to
overcome a problem or problems.
b) Write a review of a holiday
destination or hotel from a
teenage perspective.
c) Write an essay in which you
present the advantages and
disadvantages of cycling as a
means of transport.

320
 Skills Practice

Home 11 look at the graph. Interpret the data and

1 Do you live in a house or a flat? answer the questions.
2 What do you like best about your home?
3 Do you ever help to redecorate your home?
Cinema attendance in Europe (millions)
, 4 Is there much for young people to do In your area? (source: Eurostal2006)
5 Is there anything you would like to change about
the place where you live"
Entertainment
6 What kind of TV programmes do you enjoy?
7 How often do you go to the cinema?
a Do you spend much time listening to music?
What kind?
9 Do you prefer reading books or magaZines?
10 What's your faVOUrite form of entertainment?
Holidays
'1 What was your last holiday like?
12 Do you prefer quiet holidays or action-packed ones?
13 Do you like to plan everythmg before you go on
holiday?
14 What places would you hke to visit?
1S Have you ever fallen ill while you were on holiday?
1 ApprOXimately what percentage of lithuanians go
to the cinema? How does this compare to other
Dialogue European countries?
2 Why do you thmk Cinema remains a popular form
10 Read the rubric and do the task. of entertainment despite the rise in Internet?
3 Do you prefer to go to the cinema, watch DVOs
~--------------------.
You and your friend are starting your first I or watch films online? Why?
year at university and are looking for :
student accommodation. You have different I
ideas about what would be the best for you; :
to get a student's room on campus, rent a I
small bedsit/flat in town, or to share a larger I
flat with other students. Discuss your ideas :
I and reach a consensus. I
~--------------------~
• Give your ideas and arguments .
• Find out your partner's ideas and
arguments.
• Try to persuade your partner to accept your
ideas.
• Try to reach a compromise .

, f
f

•
321
 M ODULE 1
Exercise 10 (p. 7)
PsychologiSt!. st~ human behaviour In order to undefstand It Tt'eJ
then use thIS kroMedge to help people overcome problems
connected With their thinking and behaviour Pet p$)UloIogISt!. do
exactly the same thing for animals. They Will watch an animal over an
extended period of time In order to identify Its problem. Often, they
may compare a pet With Its Wildlife counte!pan - Sirj, a house dog
With a hunting dog In a pack. Then. armed with their obselVatlOOS,
pet psychologiSts can begin to treat an animal's behaviour problem.
SUccessful treatment IS a malter of successful training, In the past,
training was based 0f1 diSCipline and breaking the animal's Will
Today, experts knovv t hat hitting an animal Will only make them fear
you Instead, pet psychologiSts prefer to give an obedient animal a
small treat, like a bone or a biscuit. In t he animal's brain, fol lOWIng a
command IS therefore always associa ted With something tastyl
In teaching obedience, It IS also Import an t for an animal to know
who IS boss. If a trainer IS weak, nelVous or Insecure, the animal
Will sense thiS and won't respect them In fact, dogs, who are
pack animals, need to feel that the human IS their pack leader In
order to follow their commands
A good pet psychologist IS also aware that each animal personality
is unique and thiS Will affect hIS methods Differences in animal
character can be down to animal type - horses have a herd
Instinct, for Instance, '•••tule cats are solitary and Independent
creatures. Or It can Simply be vanaoons WIthin a type one dog IS
qUiet and shy and another IS OOIsy and botsterous
When 15 It advisable to call In a pet psychologist? Usually. when a
pet displays aggresSive or an ti-social behaVIour for no apparent
reason However, bad or troubled behaViour 10 animals is almost
always the result of a traumatic e)(penence In their past. The
psy<hOloglst can often trace the trouble back to Its roots, say,
when a kitten IS taken away from Its mother too young and
develops the habit o f biting or scratching Steps can then be
taken to correct the problem
Pet psychologiSts can make all the difference to an animal's sense
of wellbeing An animal t hat feels sa fe and secure IS far more
likely to have a success ful rela tionship Wi th Its human owner.
Exercise 9 (p. 13)
k What's wrong With you, Nancy7
8, Haven't you heard? The concert has been cancelled
A Really? Why IS that?
8, Some of the parents were shocked when they heard
that there would be heavy metal bands
k Are you serious?
8, Yeah. They are scared that It will be a bit too Wild
k That's rldlculousl
8, I know I am so disaPPOinted I feel like crymg I was
really looking forward to It
2 A, HI. lane. Vou don't look like you're in a very good
mood What's up?
8, Oh, I'm a bi t upset
k I can see that What happened?
8, Oh, It'S my sister, Nora She d rr ves me crazy sometimes
It's as If she can't do anything by herself and she re lies
on me for everything I me<ln I prom ised her I' d help
her do her make-up w hen I finis hed my homework but,.
she Just cou ldn't wait as usual and kept coming into
my room asking me again and again unt il I Just lost it
and we had a big fight
A: Oh, I see
322
3 A: Have you deCided what you would like?
8: I'm not sure. That one is way too tight around the
waist and besides I don't really like the pattern; and
thiS one IS a bit too long I like the colours and the
pattern of thiS dress but that won't be much use to be
me In the Maldives in the summer heat
A: Oh but we haY(' minis WIth exactly the same pattern
Here look!
8: Oh yes, I think I'd like something like that Do you have
my size?
A: Surel
8: Great. I t hink I'll take It Le t me t ry It on "
4 A: Come on, Yoland Surely you remember my friend
Lindsay
B: Well, you have a lot of fne nds Carollne and I Just can't
put <l face to the name f)()W Is she t he tall girl With the
pale compleXion and the red hair?
A: and rosy cheeks?
8: Yeah!
A: No, you're thinking of Frona
8: Yoland has beautifully eyes, freckles on her face and
long dark hair She IS very pretty I think you met her at
Rose's pany last year
A: Oh, yes I remember now
EKercise lOb (p. 13)
A: So which person In the mUSIC world do you most admire?
8: I think I'd have to say Gale Cherry. She's so laJented She's
not only a great Singer - she's a very good song wnter too I
think her lyriCS are really clever As for her dancing, I can't
take my eyes off her.
A: You can't be serrousl I think her singing 15 really awful and
she's nothing special as a dancer, either.
B: Well, she's won loads o f awards, including fi ve Grammy
Awards. Two o f those were for best female vocals and best
musIC video But It's not Just her mUSIC skills. It's her
appearance Gale Cherry IS actually very short and her hair is
naturally brown But she works on herself to create a special
look and I think It gives her real stage presence
A: To me she Just looks qUite weird!
8: That's because you don't understand what she's trying 10 say!
Yes, she does weird things to her hair and wears weird make-
up and clothes. That's to encourage people to be who they
are and not be afraid to e)(press themselves, whatever the
others think. It's aOOut ooglnallty
A: Hmm you mean like a kind of (ole model 7
8: Exactlyl And she's extremely energetic and enthusiastIC
about what she does and has tremendous self-confidence,
Just what any teenager would admire
A: But don't some people say that Gale Cherry IS only
Interested In making bUSiness deals and getting rich?
8: Ves, and they say a lot of other things about her, too. They
call her an arrog<ln t show-off Or they say she's Just a
publICity seeker I'm afraid I don't believe any of It.
A: Oh Why not7
8: Well, for one th,ng , Gale Cherry is a kind, sensitive person
wh o's committe d t o helping a number of charit ies. If she l
was purely Interested In making money, she w ouldn 't be
dOing tha t. She actively supports the fi ght against AIDS and
she's also raised money for the recen t earthquake victims In
Japan by organiSing a charr ty run Did you know that?
A: No, I didn't
 MODULE 2
Exercise 9 (p. 17)
IntfYViewer: good morning again and welcome to Decor &
Home, our programme for Interior design fans This morOlng I am
gOlOg to be talking to Usa Rose about decorating your home Zen
style. Welcome Usa
Usa: I'm glad to be here, John, to talk about what IS a very
InterestlOg trend In Interior design, the Zen style of decoration.
And although I'm not eKactly a decoratlOg guru, I can tell you a
few things about this
Interviewer: Most of us thlOk of the Buddhist religion and
philosophy when we hear the word Zen, but surely thiS can't be
an IOterior design style. Cou ld you perhaps explain what you
mean by the word Zen, llsa?
Lisa: Well, Zen means 'med ita tion' in Japanese, but It is much
more than a word of course It IS not really a decorating style
either even though we say 'Zen style', so there are no such
things as Zen sofas or Zen armchairs. It is more a way of
arranglOg your home In order to create a peaceful atmosphere in
which you feel calm In fact. It reflects a range of notions such as
balance, harmony and relaxation It has been practised In Japan
for centufles, but has only been galOing In populaflty in the West
recently
Inferviewer: I see So how do you go about arranging your home
In a Zen manner?
Lisa: The golden rule of decorallng Zen·style IS 'less IS more'
whICh means that anythlOg you don't need is 10 the way You
see, people are used to keeping things and they don't realise
that Instead of adding to our lives and fulfilling us, this 'stuff'
Just adds to the stress of everyday life. So, keep your decor
simple and functional and aVOid clutter at all costs,
Interviewer: Is that It then?
Liso: No, of course not Zen promotes the use of the five
elements, water, earth. fire, metal and wood, In home
decoration . You can do thiS by decorating Wi th bamboo, whICh
IS very trendy but cheap at the moment, placing pot plants
around the house, or havlOg a metal lamp, and so on But
wha tever you do, aVOid uSing plastic.
Interviewer: All flghtl How about colours, llsa? Are there any
partf(ular colours that are used In Zen style?
Lisa: Good question As you know, colours can affect mood so
you need to be very careful when chOOSing them. Rather than
trying to cheer yourself up With bnght flashy colours, be Simple
Natural and earthy colours are Vital. Sky blue and muted browns
and greens tend to be good ChoICes
Interviewer: OK. Interesting stuff Thanks Usa
Exercise lOb (p. 17)
The piCture shaM a man and a v.oman either packtng or unpacktng
a cardboard box It looks hke they're fl'lOVIng home. The box IS open
on the floor between them. The man IS crouctllng OYer It holding a
photo frame and some new.;paper. The v.oman IS kneeling on the
floor and IS also holding some re.vspapeI'. The newspaper is for
, wraPPIng their po5ses.S1OOS 10 There's an open box on the bottom-
nght of the pICture that contains plates wrapped In newspaper
Behmd the couple you can see a grey sofa With a blue blanket
draped OYer It. The couple are both qUite casually dressed. He's
\o'ICanng JEans and a T·shllt and she's wearing a plain vvhlte top. It
looks like qUite a modern home, It has !¥1thetic wood flooring.
• Maybe it's the livmg room.
• Exercise 3 (p. 23)
A: Hellol
• B: Hello Can I speak to Mr Newton, please?
A: Yes, speaklOg
B: Hello. I'm calling aboot the flat for rent. I saw the ad In the
Gazette. Is It stili vacant?
A: Yes, It IS Would you like to see 111
B: Well, could I have some more InformatIOn about It firsl1
A: Sure tt's a modern two·bedroom flat In a recently bUilt
bUIlding It's 65 ml; It'S got a large livmg room and modern
kitchen It's on Raglan Road, not far from PhoeniX Park; it's
a lovely area
B: Yes, I like the area That's why I am interested
A: Yes, It'S qUite and you have everythlOg you need nearby
B: Yes. Could you te ll me what noor It IS on7
A: It IS on the fourth noor, wh ich means you have a view of the
park.
B: Oh greatl And how much rent are you asking?
A: tt's £800 a month but we can talk about that if you deCide
to see it
B: Actually, I think I would like to see as soon as possible but
there's one more thing first Are dogs alJawed In the bUilding?
A: Of coursel There are already a couple there
B: Oh perfect So when can I have a look at it?
A: I think we can arrange somethmg very soon Would you like
to give me your name and number and I Will call back later
today and arrange somethIng)
B: Sure My name IS JIII Henson - that's H-E·N·S·O·N
A: OK, and your number?
B: 874533457B
A: All fight I'll get back to later
B: OK, thanks. 8yel
MODULE 3
Exercise 9b (p. 29)
Host: Are you one of the thousands of students who opted to go
abroad to study last year? Old you enJoy It? Did you find It a
fu lfilling and constructive experience? let's hear what some
previOUS students think
Speaker J: I had no Inter1tlon of studYing abroad, but one evening I
got chatting to some former Erasmus students. They were so
enthUSiastiC about the experience that they made me feel I was
miSSing out. So, when my lecturers suggested I parliOpate, I went
for It In fact, It was Just as amazmg as everyone had said I had
such a great time In Barcelona I'm going back there next year
when I nnlYl my degreel
Speaker 1: Working 10 a foreign country IS certalOly not easy
when you are a twenty-year-Old tramee. When I first arrived, I
felt completely alone and lost and wondered how I could
possibly stIck It out. At the end of my second day, I actually
started packing my SUitcase I I'm glad I saw It through, though. t
ended up making loads of fflends and my English IS nearly
perfect now
Speaker J: I'd been longIng to go abroad ever since I was 15, so
when I finally set off on my Eramlus adventure, I was sure I was
9O1O9 to love It But I soon realised that It wasn't the experience
I had been lookmg for at all. I was so dlsappomted
Unfortunately, my univerSity wasn't any help. I really thmk
univerSities need to create a much better support structure for
Erasmus students.
Speaker 4 : When I look back on my days in Paris, I know they
were the happiest days of my life. I met so many fantast ic people
on the Erasmus programme, Immersed myself in the fascinating
French culture, and saw a lot o f the country. But I must admit
my studies suffered. I was so busy having a good time that I got
rather distracted and didn't really bother doing much work.
323
 Speaker 5: If I hadn't gone on an Erasmus exchange to Rome, I
would have a completely different life flO'I'V. I would have fi nished
my Master's degree and be worki ng as a chemist. But I have
absolutely no re<Jrets about abandoning my degree and staying on
In Italy because there I met the person th at changed my life: my
WIfe. Now we've got two adorable kids and run our own restaurant.
Exercise 9 (p. 33)
Damian: Hi Wendy! I haven't seen you for some t ime. How's
your on li ne accountancy course going?
Wendy: Oh hello, Damlan . NICe to ~e you. The course IS gOing
fi ne, thanks
Damian:When do you fina lly qualify?
Wendy: In six months' t ime, I hope. We do have certain deadltnes
to meet for our assignments. The good thing about the course,
though, is the flexibility. I mean, you're not t ied to a class
timetable. You can sit up at night as late as you wan t and do
st uff I do my best t hinking then,
Damian: Yes, I know you're a bit of a night owl! I Imagine It must
SUit you not to have to travel into college every day, as we ll ,
since you live such a long way ou t of town
Wendy: You're righ t t here. Living on a remote farm In the middle
of nowhere, like I do, IS a big headache when you have to
commute. Being able to do the course onhne and not have to
worry about that sort o f thing IS a big plus. What'S more, I'm
amazed at how techno- savvy I've become.
Damian: How do you mean?
Wendy: Well, It'S given me th e advan tage of improving my
computer skills. I'm now fami liar WIth a lot more programs and I've
learned to be more efficient in th e way I do research onhne.
Damian: But don·t you find Wi th distance learning t hat you miss
haVing dlfect verbal contact With a t utor? I mean, some times you
may have a question that can't be ea~ ly answered In an emall.
Surely, when you need a detailed explanation, Ifs better if you can
speak to the teacher directly.
Wend),: Occasionally, yes. In fact, once I resorted to phoning my
tutor, when I really couldn't understand something
Damian: Another problem w ith distance learn ing is t hat you
can't get the practical hands-on experience you need, I was
thinking of reg istering for an onltne carpentry cou rse, for
example. bu t It was too theoretical. I wanted to get more
Involved in phYSICally making t hings.
Wendy: Yes, I know w hat you mean. Some subjects are more
SUited to e-Iearnlng than others.
Dam/an: Anyway, Wendy, I have to dash Good luck With t he rest
of the accountancy course Let me know when you fin ish,
Wendy:Thanks, Damian, I Will Bye for now!
Exercise 7 (p. 35)
Host: ."- and today'S guest is well-known psychologist and aut hor,
Martha 8rooke, who is here to tell us about the problem of school
phobia. Martha, is It really possible to have a phobia of school?
Martha: First,let me start by saying that psychologists today generally
prefer the term 'school refusal' to 'school phobia' But whatever
term one wishes to use, It is correct to say that a phobia of school
does Indeed exist. Some children rea lly do eXperience extreme
emotIOnal distress and arOOety vvhen it comes to going to school.
Hast: Is thiS a recent phenomenon7 I mean, I don't remember
children feeling anxiety about school when I was a child .
Martha: No, not at all. School refusa l has been recognised since
t he early 1940s. The problem is just t hat children are often
misdiagnosed. For example, parents may believe t heir child is j ust
plaYing up or Just wants some tim e off school, when rea lly they
have a genUine phobia.
324 Host: VVhat do children with school refusal do to aVOid school?
Martha:Well, most ch ildren who su ffer from school refusa l try to
w in their parents' permiSSion to stay home. So t hey say they
have a stomach ache or a headache for example. However, some
ch ildren simply stat e they are not leavin g t he house. And t hey
throw a temper tant rum or get angry if t heir parents say t hey
have to.
Hast: So when the ch ild says he has a headache or feels sick, he
doesn't rea lly .. . it' s just to get out of school?
Martha: Not always. Genu ine physical symp toms are quite
common, The child may truly have a headache, feel nauseous,
have a fast heart rate, have chest pains and so M . However,
t hese symptoms usually improve t he moment t he ch ild is t old he
IS allowed to st ay home
Hast: I see. And what is known about the causes?
Martha: School refusa l can develop after a stressful fam ily event,
such as divorce or a move to a nevv school. In older children. It can
also be related to aVOiding a distressing ~tu atiOn at school, such as
bullying. In young children, the motIVating factor IS normally qUite
different. It's not because the child wants to aVOId an unpleasant
Si tu ation at school It's becalJSe the young child wants to stay with
the parent because they fear something ca tastrophIC Will happen to
the adult while they are at school.
Host: Is school refusa l easy to overcome7
Marrha: Wi th the nght treatment, yes, Usually re fu sal to attend
school develops gradually, With children putting up Increasingly
Intense resistance as t ime passes. So t he sooner parent s pICk up
on It, the better, The longer a child stays ou t o f school, the more
difficul t It IS for them to return .
Exercise 8b (p. 35)
A: Hello, I'm glad you came to see me I hope I can be of some
help, Let's start by ta lking about school subjects. Which do
you t hink are your best ones?
B: Well, I've been dOing really well In Maths and English. And
I've been encouraged to go On t o Sixth form co llege next
yea r and take some A levels.
A: I see. And do you have any idea what sort of job you might
like to do eventually? That Will affect your chOice of A level
subjects. you know,
B: I was hoping you could give me some suggesti ons. Basically, I
see myself In some sort of care role, I'm a very canng,
sympathetiC personali ty. I really like people and would like
some kind o f Job that would help make a difference to
people In need.
A: In that case, nursing could be a good choice for you.
S: Hmm ... and what qualifications would I need? I'd have to
do a un iverSity course, right?
A: Not necessarily. There are diplomas you can take before
degree level. But you wou ld definitely need a first class A
level In Biology.
B: To tell you t he truth, I don't t hink nursing's for me. I can't
stand t he sight of blood, you see And Biology is definitely
not my best subject. I' m more into things like psychology,
A: Then what about training to be a social worker? You'd
definitely be studying Psychology for that and It'S a very
caring sort of job.
B: How long are t he university courses and what are t he entry
req uiremen ts?
A: Most degrees last for 3 years and it's a good idea to have at
least 2 A levels. You say you're good at Maths and English .
Why don't you also take an A level in Psychology?
S: Yes, I could do that. How much of t he degree is theory? I'm
t he sort of person that likes getting Involved In the practical
side o f t hings, so t hat's an Important question for me.
k Yes, and a good one, You would spend at least 200 days In
practical placement s, wat ching an expenenced social worker
deal wi th cases, be fore you are given a chance to do so
B: That sounds qUite Interesting, Can you give me a list o f
universities t hat offer degrees In social work?
MODULE 4
Exercise 9 (p, 39)
Hos!: Today'S guest IS Emma Bussell, principal ballenna with
london's Royal Ballet. Welcome to the show, Emma
Emmo: Thank you
Host: Emma, how did you become a ballenna?
Emmo: We l" my mother was a dancer and a teach£'!', First she pu t
my sister In ballet, but my sister was headstro ng and rebelliOUS,
So then she tned me, and I took to It stra ightaway, I guess I'm
qUieter and more willing to take direction
Host: How difficult is It to get Into ballet?
Emmo: When you're young It 's easy, because they're Just looking
for the fight type of body shape A small head, long neck, and
long legs are conSIdered preferable I had the right proportions
Host: How old were you when your turned professional?
Emmo: Dancers are normally around the age of 18 or 19 when
they venture ou t to find a Job In a company In the professional
world, but I was Just a few months short of my 17th birthday.
Looking back, maybe I should have wa ited for anoth er year or
"'Has!: Did you find your filO t year as a profeSSional dancer
difficult?
Emmo: Yes, very The first year IS tough because you get paid by
the hour, and your company can fire you easily Also, you only
perform In the least deSIrable roles, and your company studies
your attitude very closely to see If you're lazy.
Hos!: Tell me about your dally schedule
Emmo: Well, on average I do 4 performances a week - 3 dunng
the week and one at the weekend On the days when I'm
performing, I have a ballet dass in the morning, t hen I spend the
afternoon In re hearsa l, I could have 5 hours o f rehearsal, 2 hours
or only half an hour -It Just depends. On t he days when I'm not
performing, I have 4 hours of ballet dass In the mornings and
that's It - my afternoons are freel
Hos!: Have you ever Injured yourself In the course of your career?
Emmo: Oh, many tlmesl Ballet dancing may look gentle, but In
terms of InJUrieS, It'S more dangerous than sports like football or
rugby
Host: Do you have plans fOf when you retire?
Emmo: I think I'd like to do something Involved Wit h publicising
ballet The audience for ballet IS disappearin g, which is a shame,
I' d like to do something to bnng back our audience. We need to
get more young people Interest ed in the ballet, as well as
different types of men and women
h ercise 7 (p, 43)
A: I ttllnk good time management is the key to combining work
and studying
8: I agree So what advice would you gM' someone on
managing their time effectively?
A: First of all, I'd advise a student to look for work in the area
where they live, If you take a job near home, you won't
spend hours travelling to and from work.
B: Yes, I see what you mean. If you work close t o home, you
aVOid wast ing hours on public transport - time you could
spend studYing,
A: ! think it's also sensible to draw up a study timetable If you
work t he same hours every week, you need only do It once
If you work varying shifts, you'lI need to plan out your study
t ime every week. But t he most Important thing is to stick t o
your timetable, That way you won't fall behind with your
studles_
8: That's a good Idea But I definitely think you should put some
rest time on your timetable! Wooing and studying are both
tlnng, and I think you should give yourself one day off 'rom
each of them each weet:: That way you won't <N(>I'W()fk
yourself and get stressed and you'll be able to perform at your
best both In your JOb and at unIVerSity
Exercise B (p, 45)
A: Mathew, you 've been a dolphin trainer for a number o f years
now How does someone become a dolphin trainer and
what makes a good trainer?
B: Well, first and foremost you need to love dolphinS and have an
outgolOg personality Of course, you also need to be a vef)'
good SWimmer and be velY comfortable in the water Then, It
helps to have studied maflne biology Of vetennalY saence,
although you don't actually have to have a degree. I think
more than anything you need to be dedicated to the JOb and
understand that It Isn't Just a job, but a pasSlOl'l_
A: All fight I But what ~ ind of training do you have to do?
B: We go t hrough t hree years o f In-the-fleld training be fore
be<:oming a trainer, one year as an appren tice and two years
as an assistant trainer, which includes a vaflety of
educational courses_ It can be hard at times as you have to
work long houlO In the sun and rain but It is worth it
A: Yes, I Imagine It IS So what do you enpy about your work?
B: I think dolphins are amazing creatures and I Simply love
being With them t cannot deSCribe what It feels like to sWim
and to Interact With them. They always seem to be In a good
mood and the younger ones are always playful
A: How do you actually communicate With t hem?
B: Well, as we haven't yet been able to translate their language
so we can 't communicate Wi th them With any real accuracy
Instead, we have to use body language and whistles to
communICate With them. DolphinS use thelf body and
vocalisatlons to express their feelings and a trainer gets to
know how a partICular dolphin feels by Interprellng these
Signals We can use hand gestures to speak to dolphins and
our whiStles are perceived as rewards for the dolphins so they
like to hear us whistle
A: Reallyl
B: Yeah! I think it means 'Good Jobl" for them Of course we
also often give them fish when they've perform a task but
they like our whistles Just as much.
A: OK, I see, It sounds like a lot of fun Do you dislike anything
about your Job?
B: Not really but what I find diffICult sometimes is that I often
WOfIY about the dolphins' happiness and I can get qUite
anXIOUS about It at tnnes_ I often ask myself how they feel and
If they are happy to be where they are To be honest, I am not
100% sure they should be In an aquarium but I do my best to
give them a good life,
A: I see, So wha t do you do to relax w hen you are not taking
care of the dolphinS?
B: I like to walk my dog on t he beach and w henever I have the
t ime I go diving, Believe it or not, I like to swim Wit h Wild
dolphins in my free time.
325
 MODULE 5
EKercise 7 (p. 49)
My best party ever was my 21st I invited well over 100 people
and practically everyone turned up. I'd had my doubts
beforehand about whether they would all come, as my birthday
falls ~r the Christmas period - the exact time of the year when
most people are either away on holiday Of at home with their
families - so I was thrilled most people managed to make It. I
had told my dosest friends that they were welcome to bring
along a guest If they wanted to, so there ended up being about
20 people I had never actually met at my party I hadn't eJ(pe(ted
there to be qUite that many, but I'm t he sort of person who
thinks 'the mOle the merner', so I didn't mind at all . The musIC at
my party was brilliant, even if I do say so myselfl I'd spent hours
putting together a list of songs that I knew everyone would
enJoy. I know I did a good Job be<ause people kept on coming
up to me afterwards telling me how much they had loved the
musIC I hired a DJ to play the musIc and he was really great I'd
definitely hire the guy again If I ever throw another party He
played the songs at Just the right volume - low enough so
people could ttllk, but loud enough for people to dance to. He
was nice and chtltty too. The only thing that could have been
better was people could have mingled a bit more But I knew
that wouldn't be the CtlSl! I always find It funny how people say
parties are great for meeting new people when, In actual fact,
everyone usually Just stays talking to people they already knowl
But despite people Sticking to their own SOCIal Circles, I know
everyone had a bnlllant time Oh, I haven't mentioned the best
thing about the whole evening I As a surprise, my parents flew
my COUSinS from Australia ~r I hadn't seen them since I was
~nl When they walked In, It took me about a minute to
understand that It was really them I can honestly say that was
my best birthday present ever
Exercise B (p. 55)
HI, t hiS is Sandra I'm stili at work and I don't think I will be
able to get away for another couple of hours and I have to
go and see my friend Ju lie In the hospital afterwards so I
was wondeflng If you wouldn't mind popping round and
letting the dog out In the garden so It doesn't mess up the
house The poor thing is alretldy upset With my mum being
away on holidays and all The keys are in the usually place
and I'll be home around 10 pm I'll drop round 10 see you
Thanks a lot
2 A: Have you heard the news?
It What's that?
Angela was taken to hospital thiS mormng?
"
B, Oh goshl What's up With her? Is she all right?
k I'm not sure It seems she came down With a terrible
fever after getting back from holidays?
B, Oh, dear mel And how about the baby?
k Oh, my mum is looking after the baby now. I'm off to
the hospital now If you want to come along?
B, all fight. Just give me a second
3 k I think she needs a new wflstwatch The one she has is
so old and it keeps stopping and when she's out she
has to look for a dock to know the t ime.
B, Yes, but you know how attached she is to It. She got i,;
from our grandfather and I don't think she wants to
rep lace It I th ink It might be a better idea to get her a
nice ne<klace or something like that.
326
A: I WtlS think about that 100 but now when I think of It
we boughl her one last year and she never wears It
8: Oh, that's true All fight then! How about getting
tIckets for her and dad to go to the theatre? They
don't go out much anymore
A: That's not a bad Idea Maybe she'll wear thal 1~1y
necklace we bought for her last year
So' Not sure about that but she'll certainly be wearing that
old watch of hers
A: lOl
4 A: Shall we go somewhere different for a change? I'm a
bit bored of gOing to the park all t he time.
B: Su rel Why not? But at the same time he likes t he park,
He meets other kids he can play With
A: I know but It wou ld do any harm to go somewhere
else, Will It?
B: Of course not How about gOing to the beach. It might
be nice to go for a walk along the beach todtly
A: No, I don't think so, Harry They're haVing surfing
competitions thiS weekl"nd It IS gOing to be crowded
8: Oh yeah. I forgot about that. All fight then how
about gOlf'lg to the zoo It's not far from the park
and If he Isn't too tIred we can stop n the way back
and play ball With the other kids
A: OK great but forget the last part I think we'll be
tired
MODULE 6
Exercise 7 (p. 61)
Host: Welcome bad: listeners. Today, we're talking to Jamle Cole
Jamle was a recent contestant on the TV game show Masler,hef
Masrerchef. as most of you know, IS a cooking competi tion where
amateur cooks compete to w in a large cash prize and be
awarded the title 'Britain'S Best Amateur Chef'. It airs on channel
5 every Friday at 7 pm. Thanks for coming on the show, Jamie.
Jamie: It's a pleasure to be here
Host: Jamle, you didn't win the show, but did you ha~e fun
taKing part?
Jamie: I had an amazing time. I met some really wonderful
people and learnt a lot
HOJf: Old you expect the competition to be so tough7
Jamle; Well, I didn't think It would be a piece of cake, but I was
defif'lltely confident that I would do really well Cooking IS my
pasSion and people tell me I'm really good al It. However, I
underestimated the talent of my competition. They were, qUite
Simply, a lot more gifted In the kllchen than me. So I think I got
as far In the competition as I deserved
Host: What was the hardest part of the competition for you?
Jamie: Well, there's a round where you are given a bag filled With
10 unusual food products You then have 30 minutes to prepare
a tasty dish uSing these products There were four foods In my
bag thtlt I Just didn't have a clue about 1 had never come across
them before In my life. So I Just Ignored them. put them to the
side jlnd used the others. That was a mistake.
Has!: In the round of the competition where you had to cook a
3'course meal, the Judges said your main course let you down.
What went wrong With It?
Jamie: Well, I was serving boiled beef and carrots, an old English
favourite, With a twist. The balance between th e salty and sweet
fiavouf5 in my sauce was good but I should have put a lot more
meat on the plal e I did a good job Visually - the food looked
colourful and appealing - but obviously that is not enough
 Hos/: Jamie, how does British cooking compare to foreign
cooking In your opInion}
Jomie: Well, British cooking has Improved a lot in recent years I
think British chefs now rival the best chefs anywhere In the
world. Many people say the French are the world's best chefs,
but personally I think Chinese chefs beat them to this title,
narrowly followed by chefs In Thailand
Hos t: Ok, It'S time for another qUick break. We'll be back In two
minutes, when Jamle Will answer listeners' questions.
Exercise 10 (p, 67)
" I'm sure you've all heard the expresslOO 'you are ...mat you eat - so
ea t well' . But In our fast-paced society that 's easier said than done
It'S not always posSIble to find the energy 0( t ime to prepare a
healthy, nutritiOUS meal ...men you come home from work. Tha t's
why It'S understandable so many people grab ready-made meals
from the 5I.Jpermarket that they can std In a mICrowave for fIVe
minutes. But ready-made meals should only be eaten occa5lOOaUy.
They're not meant to be eaten ~ day because they're full of
preservatIVeS and typkally high in fat and salt. Nutnt()Us food
means fleshly prepared food, not processed food PrOCessing foods
removes the vitamins from them That's......tly manufacturers add
VItamins to their products But. Intel'estlngly, the body cannot
absorb these added VItamins as ~I as they can absorb the VItamins
found In natural, unprocessed foods I always tell people they
should eat lots of fresh fnll!, plenty of salads, and lots of complex
carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates means things like brown
nee, muesli, and rye bread AYOid Vv'hlte nee, white bread and white
sugar at all costs because they cause obesity, diabetes and other
5eflOUS dISeaSeS Also, be careful about your meat consumptlOO
People these days eat far too much meat Meat should be eaten
two or three times a week, not {'NO 0( three times a day So many
people I0'Il11 eat bacon fO( breakfast then have a chICken sandwich
for lunch, then a pieCe o f streak fO( dinner, thiS IS far too much, The
recommended dally maXimum fOl meat COO5l.Jmptl0ll1S 100 grams,
Some experts think even th iS IS too much - they say we shouldn't
eat more than 80 grams of red meat a day. An SO-gram piece of
meat ISabou t the Size of a deck of playmg cards. So it 's a very small
ple<e of meat A lso, ...mat many people doIl't know IS that eggs, fISh
and beans belong to the 'meat' category Now, that may sound
funny, but It'S true. So If you eat eggs and beans dUring the day, you
are geUmg all the protelO you need and you don't need to eat any
meat 'Nhen It C()fl")(>!o to frUit and vegeta~, remember that the
deeper and lTlOfe VIbrant the colour, the lTlOfe nutnents they
contain. So, choose dark green spinach over pale green spinach;
deep orange pumpkin over light yellow pumpkin; rich red
watermelon over llght-pmk watel'meIon Next, let me talk about
I Exercise l1 c (p . 67)
A: I'm really exoted about Coming to stay Io'IIth you for two \Neeks
L and It's really kind of you to plan a party for me. I can't wait!
8: It's going to be great funl I was Just wondering which venue
you might prefer we could have the party at my house In
the garden or we could book a restaurant.
A: Well, If It'S not too much trOUble, why don't we hold It at
your house? I don't want you to go to extra expense.
B; Yes, th at's fine I was going to suggest a beach party but the
weat her might not be good If it rains when we're In the
garden, we ca n just move inside the ho use, There's room fo r
everyone - I've invited 20 people, includ ing lots o f people
from my class. You' ll be able to meet th em before your
lessons sta rt.
A; Cool. Will any of your family be there?
B; Yes, my brother PawellS going to be DJ and take care of the
musIC.
A: Great! What sort of muSIC is he gOlOg to play)
B: Well, he mostly likes InternatlCH1al rock, but he's got qUite a
few Polish bands In hiS collection, too. We can also organise
a dance competition, if you like
A: Sounds good to me Do you play party games In Poland?
B: What, you mean like charades whel'e you have to act out
titles of books and films? Yeah, we do. We can Include that
as well
A: Can I help In any way With the food and drink}
8: My mum's gOing to make a big pot of pasta Wi th meat
sauce I thmk we could also have plua for people who prefer
it and a huge green salad, of course I As for the dri nks
A: Let me help out there, at least I
B: OK, we can buy some soft drinks and frUi t JU ICes from the
local supermarket and you can help me carry t hem I
A: And you must let me pay for them, too, I won' t take no for
an answerl
B: All figh t, If you InSist I
MODULE 7
Exercise 9 (p, 71 )
Presenter: Our next guest on 8mo/n Todoy IS Ernle Stewart, who IS
campaigning to save the UK's town centre shoppmg areas
Ernle, what eAitCtly IS the problem}
Emle: Shops are clOSing In Brltam's high streets at an alarming
rate Amencan-style out-of·town shopp,ng malls are becommg
so popular that smaller tladers can't sUfVIYe Even the big-name
retailers are dlSCIPpeaflng from town centres through lack of
custom
Presenter: So why are the out-of·town shopping centres so
successful?
Emie: Well for one thing, they tend to stay open later than
tradi tional shops, so they're convement for people Wlth jObs
Motonsts are attracted to them because they don't have to pay to
park at them. And of course once you're there you can find some
real bargains because they're full o f huge, established retai lers
w ho can afford to sell their goods very cheaply In compa ri son With
!>maller bUSinesses Ithmk that'S their chief advantage,
Presenter: If It's the case that ou t·of·town shopping offers more
convenience and better value for money, is It such a bad thmg
for our town centres to change?
Emit : No one who's seen town centres like HOlyhead, where
around 40% of the shops have closed down, could tell me thiS IS
a good thing Bntaln's traditional shopping areas are becoming
street after street of empty uOltS Wlth the shutters down It's
such a sad Sight 10 me, and must create a tefflble ImpresSIon on
vIsitors More Imporlantly, not everyone can get to the out-of·
town centres, don't forget The decline of town centre shopPing
is a huge problem for elderly people who aren't very mobile, for
example
Presenter: I'm lucky, I do have a car, but I stIlI use my local shops
qUite a 101, espec~lIy for fruit and veg, because theirS IS much
fresher than what you get In the supermarkets you find in the
retail parks, I also appreciate the fnendly servICe, I must say.
Emit: Yes, good customer service is another reason why I want
shops In the high street to survive Sma ll traders really get to
know their customers and can be much more helpful than the
staff at the o ut-o f·town shopping complexes.
Presenter: So what can we do to rellive town--centre shopping?
Emie: I'd like to see much better parking facilit ies for t own
centre shoppers to attract dri vers back, Businesses could ellen
run a free door-t o-door taxI service to assist pensioners With
their shopping And I defiOltely think retail premises' rents
should be lower In town centres
327
 Exercise Sa (p. 75)
Student A: I think the most important thing to do when shopping
onhne IS to make sure nobody can access your details - I mean
your logln<;, passwords, bank details and bank card numbers
Student B: Yes. You definitely shou ldn't write those things down
anyv.Jhere, or even store t hem on your computer, especially if It'S
a laptop, which could be stolen qUite easily
Student A: You're fight. If you keep your finanCIal details secure,
nobody can steal them and commit Identity fraud against you
Wou ldn't it be awful If someone used your bank card to go on a
huge spending spree onhne?
Student B: Yes, but I do know a way to prevent that happenrng If
your bank card is stolen. A lot of banks now have card
protection schemes for onllne shoppers. If you buy a lot of
things on th e Internet, It's a good idea to JOin a scheme Irke that
It means you have to prOVIde a spe<:lal password every time you
use your card to buy something onlrne So the card WIll be
useless to the thief - only you know the password!
Student A: That IS a good Idea. It would give you some peace of
mind If you lost your card or someone stole It
Student B: Another tiP IS to use a credit card rather than a debit
card where poSSible
Studen t A: Why? I don't want to get a credit card . I'd be scared
of getting into debt
Student B: Well the big advantage of uSing a credIt card onlrne IS
that your money IS better protected that way For example, If
you order something onl,ne from a company whICh then goes
ou t o f bUSiness, you're much more likely to get your money bacK
If you use a credit card Credit card transactions usually have
some kind of Insurance cover, but not debit card transactIOns.
Studem A: I see I didn't know that. I don't do much shopping
onirne, and wtren I do I only use the websl tes of shops that I know,
StudentS: Well that's a good suggestion for people who are new
to onhne shopPing - only use established retailers that you trust
You could ask your fflends to recommend to you Sites that
they've used. That way, you won't risk failing victim to some
kind of fraudulent site.
Exercise 7 (p, 77)
A: Onllne sales. Good mornlngl
B: Good morning I'd like to make a purchase please
A: OK, Madam Is thiS your first purchase or are you a returning
customer?
B: I've bought several times from you.
A: All rightl Could I have your name and customer number,
please?
B: Yes, my name is Ru th lynch and just a second and I'll get
my number It's 972754
A: 972754, nght What Item are you interested in purchasing,
Madam?
B: I'd like the V-cross over tailored dress. It's number Al 00732
In the catalogue
A: OK . And what size and <clour would you like?
B; That's size 8 and my colour preference is blue.
A; OK .. that's size 8 in blue. That w ill be £46.99. Will you be
paying now or later?
B: Oh, please charge it to my account
A: That's fine and would you like express delivery or standard
post.
B: I think I'll be OK with the normal post.
A: I that case you get free delivery as your purchase is over BD.
B: Oh, greatl
A: Can I just confirm your address at 35 Winsdor Road, Headshlre?
B: That's right I Oh, when can I e~pect delivery?
328
A: You should receive your purchase With in three working days
so let's see ... by the 25th March
B: All nght, thanks.
A: Thanks you for shopping With us and have a nrce day
Exercise 10 (p. 77)
Shop assistant: Hello Can I help you?
Customer: Hello, yes. I'm Interested in bUying a coat
Shop assistant: Well these ones over here are JUst. In They're
based on a Paris design and they're very high quality material.
Customer: I'm not sure about the colour, though, and I'm not
sure thiS style Will SUit me What else do you have? Do you have
anything a bit more modern?
Shop ossiSlont: What size are you looking for?
Customer: Medium.
Shop assista nt: Let's see well these bomber Jackets are very
popular - I've only got two medium ones left
Customer: How much afe they?
Shop assistant: [90
Customer: I like them, but that's a bit more than I was hoping to
pay What do you have for under £80?
Shop assistant: If you want one of these, we can do a 10%
discount. How about that?
Customer: What does that work out at? £81 Yes, OK. I can see It's
a great fit. But I'm not sure If the colour Will go With a new pair of
\1ousers 1have If there's a problem, can I bring the jaCket back?
Shop assistant: Of course If you change your mind, you can
exchange It for something else,
Cus tomer: Don't you do cash refunds?
Shop assistant.· No, I'm afraid not
Customer. Never mind I'll take It
MODULE 8
Exercise 10 (p. 81)
Host: Yesterday, we asked our listeners to call In and talk about
holidays and travel e~perleoces In general We couldn't air all the
ca lls live. Instead, here are a few Interesting play-backs.
Speokel 1: I'm not really into lYing around on the beach
sunbathing or being waited on In fancy hotels I get a lot more
pleasure and satisfaction out of dOing something for a cause
while on holiday That's how I ended up dOing community work
on a Wildlife safari In Kenya It allowed me to see the country,
Including Mt KIlimanJaro, while doing something worthwhile at
the same time
Speaker 2: I have never been happier In my life and I don't think
that I could have come up with a better way to celebrate t he
most important event of my hfe. Of course, we are both avid
dNers, so when we decided to go on a dIVe safan, my dad
volunteered to pay for It all as part of hiS present to us for our
big day. What a fantastIC wedding glftl
Speaker 3: We had dreamt of It for years but never got the
chance Finally, we retired, sold the house and used the money
to buy our 12-metre yacht. We left on 2nd May and got back 15
months later, haVing travelled 25,000 miles and seen all our
favourite places It was a long t ime to be away and you had to
know how to handle your craft in rough, stormy weather. But
we were thrilled to have finally done It
Speaker 4: My husband works very hard all year round and
doesn't have a lot of holidays. 50 occasionally we like to splash
out on something truly romantic and spe<:ial. By that I mean
chilling out at a nice seaSide resort, doing a bit of sunbathing,
eating at local seafood restaurants - that sort of thing. Graham
really gets to unwind. We never go t o the same place, but luckily
we've never been disappointed so far
 Speok~r S: In life, you sometimes have to make on-the-spot
decisions. That's what I did ten years ago when t came here At
the time, I'd Just planned a two-week holiday With no Intention
of staYIng. It turned out I fell In love With the place. Two weeks
turned Into three and three turned Into four When they offered
me a Job at the diVing centre, I deoded to make a new life here
and I've never regretted It I
Exercise 8a (p o85)
It was a cold winter's day and the sky was a darl::. steely blue. The
trees around the lake's edge lay under a thick blanket of glittering
white fr05t and the lake was covered With a glistening sheet o f
smooth hard ice. Tina and Samanth a had arranged to spend the
weekend In a log cabin by the lake Now, t hey were excitedly
putti ng on th elf skates fo r their fi rst vent ure onto the ice.
"The people In the cabin next to ours told me the ice IS perfect
for skating," said Tlna happily, as she raced ou t into t he middle of
the lake Samantha gilded along behind her, giggling cheerfu lly.
When the girls gOI 10 the centre of the lake, they began tWisting
and IWlfllng and danCing Suddenly, they heard a homble
cracking sound ~ Hurryl Skate over to the edgel" yelled
Samantha But it was tOO late. A huge crack opened In the Ice
and Tlna fell into the freeZing black water
For a moment, Samantha was too terflfied to move Then,
acting SWiftly. she pulled a branch from a tree, lay on her
stomach and held It out to her fflend Luckily, Tina managed to
grab It and Samanlha pulled her to safety
The glfls Immediately went back to thelf cabin and phoned their
fathers Two hours later, they were both at home, warm and
safe, dnnklng hot chocolate They felt really lucky It had been a
narrow escape They were so relieved to be back home With
their families
Exerci se 6 (p, 87)
A lot o f people think that travel and tounsm, and consequently
t ravel writing, are relat ively rece nt phenomena whereas in actual
fact people have been t ravelling for leisure since ancient times
and there is trave l litera ture to prove It. However, some of t he
fi rst travel wnters may not have actually trave lled, No-one knows
if the Greek writer Homer, for example, actually tra velled to any
of the places he deSCribed, but at the same time his descriptions
of certain sites are 50 accurate that he couldn't have wfllten
them unless he had Information about the places, which means
that If he hadn't been there, someone else had been and
descflbed them
History books tend to focus on tales of voyages of discovery and
fall to mentIOn travel for pleasure However, there IS no doubt
that travel and accounts of voyages were of great Interest to the
educated In anCIent times, and we now know there was an early
form of tounsm Certainly, the travellers were from the wealthy
classes and not your average person but that was the case up
until relatively recently
Although he wasn't the first, the ancient Greek travel wnter
Pausanlas IS the best-knOWTl of the anCIent travel writers. He
wrote a very complete guidebook on Greece In ten volumes In
the early second century, which contained wonderful
descflpt lons of anCient Sites and customs, It would seem t hat he
did actually VISit all of the places t hat he describes but th ere is no
way o f knOWing that for sure,
, Early Interest In tourism and travel wfl tln g can also be seen in
the first Greek litera ture, which usually involves stones o f lone
trave llers or roman ti c couples embarking on journ eys aboard
merchant vessels to broaden their horizons and see t he world,
only to find t hemselves in some dramatIC Situation such as being
attacked by pirates and sold as slaves.
A number of Romans descnbed voyages and we also possess some
fascinating accounts of travels by Arabs later In the Middle Ages In
European culture, one of the earliest Instances of an author
actually undertaking a JOUrney for pleasure and for the sake of
wnllng about It was ......men Petrarch ascended Mount Ventoox In
southem France in 1336 He states In hIS book that he went to the
top for the pleasure of seeing It. In modern times and especially the
19th cenlury, almost (Nery respected Wflter Wfote a travel book,
and OO'Nadays this type of literature IS stili extremely popular
MODULE 9
Exercise 7 (po93)
A: Today I am Wi th George Hltchens of the BBC World Service.
The BBC World Service IS t he world's largest Int ern at ional
radio broadcas ter, prOViding internat ional news 24 hours a
day to COUnlfles across the world. George, t ell us about t he
8BC World Service's audience.
s: Certainly. More than 183 million people around the planet
listen to BBC World Service programmes each week, making
the BBC World Service the world's m05t listened-to
international radiO broadcaster The BBC World Service
broadcasts In 28 languages - including English - to over 1SO
countnes Of the global audience of 183 million regular
listeners, about 38 million listen In English
A: What sort of programmes does the BBC World ServICe
brotldcast1
S: Other than news and current affairs, there are programmes
on sport, entertainment and SCience, among other things.
HQWeller, If'Iternatlonal news forms the core of the BBC
World Service's programming
A: I understand that the BBC World ServICe's largest audiences
are In Asia and the Middle East
S: Yes, that's correct. And that's been the case for several
decades now The World Service IS available In English up to
eighteen hours a day across ASia and In ArabiC up to
eighteen hours a day in t l1e M iddle East In many parts of
As ia, BBC broadcasters are actually household names
A: Of the 28 languages the World Service broadcasts in, how
many are ASian?
8: More than a third There are broadcasts In Hlndi, Chinese,
Vietnamese and CNef ten other AsIan tongues, In contrast, many
European language broadcasts have ceased CNef the years
German broadcasts. for example, were stopped In the 90s after
60 years of alnng, as reseMCh showed that the majority of
German listeners tuned In to the Enghsh version Broadcasts In
Dutch, French and Italian wefe stopped for the same reason
A: How IS The BBC World Service funded?
8: Currently, It IS funded by the UK government - speoflCalty, the
Foreign and Commonwealth OffICe or 'FeO' The FeO IS the
UK government department responsible for promoting the
Interests of the UK abroad H()W('Vff, from 2014, The FCO Will
cease funding the BBC World ServICe From 2014 funding Will
come from the compulsory BBC licence fee .....trich every
household In the UK must pay If they have a televiSIOn,
A: George, the World Service has a wonderful reputation for
being Impartial, doesn't It7
8: Yes. Even t hough t he World Service IS funded by t he UK
government, il is forma lly Independent of it, so t he
government has absolutely no edlt oflal Influe nce on the
content o f t he Worl d Service's programmes. The World
Service is req uired to report impartially Indeed, what makes
the World Service so wonderful is that It IS poli t ically
Independent, non-profit, and commercial-free
A: Thank you, George.
329
 M ODULE 11
Exercise 7 (p. 113)
A: And now for all you men out there who may be carrying a
few extra pounds around your waist, we welcome
international obeSity expert Or AleJl. Ling to the studiO. Or
Ling is the director of the world's most famous obesity climc
Not only that, he is a man who had personal experience of
the condition when young Or Ling, why IS carrying eJl.tra
weight around the waist so dangerous?
B: Because people who gain fat around their waist are at
greater fisk of seriOUS health problems than afe people who
gain fat In other part s of t heir body. Regardless o f whether
you are overweigh t or skinny, haVing excess fat around your
waist Increases your fi sk of geulng diabe tes and many other
diseases Interestingly, men are far more likely t han women
to gain weight around the waist
A: How should listeners check If t hey have too much fat around
their waists?
B: Well, a person's warst size is a good indicator of whether
they are carrying too much fat For most men, the rrsk
factors for diabetes and other diseases increase With a walS!
size greater than 40 Inches Measurements that compare a
person's walst-te-hlp ratIO are much more precise, but waist
Size alone can give a pretty good estimate
A: Most men seem to get a fat waist only when they get older
Does age play a roie In weight gain around the waist?
B: Yes. As you age, you lose muscle - especially If you're not
phYSICally active Muscle loss can slow the rate at whiCh your
body burns calories, and so you gain weight I should also
add that genes can Influence whether we become
overweight or obese. as well as where exactly we will carry
any extra fat on our bodies But for most men, the problem
has more to do Wi th lifestyle than genes
A: How can men get rtd o f their wais t fat?
B: In precisely t he same way they would get rrd of excess fat on
any part of their body' through reducing their calone Intake
and by exerclsingl
A: Are Sit-upS help fu l?
B: Sit-upS can help to make your abdominal muscles monger,
but these exerCises alone won 't specifically reduce fat
around the waist As I said, healthy eating and regular
phYSical activity IS the only way
A: Finally, Or Ling, what all men want to knowl Does drinking
beer really lead to a fat waist or IS that Just a myth?
8: Well, dnnklng excess akohol can cause you to gain fat around
the waist However, beer alone Isn't to blame Dnnklng too
much akohol of any kind can Increase one's waISt fat, although
research suggestS 'NIne may be an exceptlOll So, if you drink
alcohol, do so only In rnodefatJOO
A: Thank you for JOIl1Ing us today, Or ling
8: My pleasure
Exercise 9 (p. 119)
Speaker r: I have a very seriOUS peanut allergy If peanuts come
into contact Wi th any part of my skin, It swells up and gets Itchy
Even breathing In peanut pro teins makes my nose ru n and my
eyes itch. My allergy's so bad that if peanuts got into my system,
t he react ion could be fa tal, so I have to be extremely careful. I
always check. food labels and I can never say yes when someone
o ffe rs to share their food Wi th me, just in case any o f th e
II1gredrents contain peanuts. Sometimes I feel a bit rude, bu t
be tt er sa fe t han sorry.
Speaker 2: Thanks to my allergy, I can tell how often people
vacuum therr houses! You see, I'm allergiC to house dust. If I go
to a dusty house, I can't stop coughing If the carpets are really
old and dusty, I'll get breathing diffICUlties too. I've had to
remove all the carpets and rugs from my house and I make sure I
wash my sheets regularly at high tempera tures so that my
allergy doesn't bother me In bed
Speaker 3: lNtten J was grOWing up, t suffered from f!Ye Ifrtlatlon
qUite a lot, and I used to get qUite a lot of rashes too. It was only
after I moved away from home that I realised what the problem
was. I'm allergiC to cats. Even so, I decided to get Of'le of my
own. I'd rathel hve With my allergy than Without a cat. I brush
her hair regu larly, and that seems to k.eep my symptoms to a
mll1lmum
Speaker 4: When I have a bad headache, I can' t do what ot her
people do and pop a pili, unfortunately. I'm allergic to painkillers,
so tha t would Just make things worse for me. The more
powerful painkillers act ually make me vomi t The best th ing I can
do IS rest In a dark room If I ever get toot hache, It'S a nightmare
for me If r\'s very painful, then I Will risk taking a paracetamol Of
two
Speaker 5: I dread springtime FOr me It'S the season of non-stop
sneezing, flushed skin and watery, bloodshot eyes. I know hay
fever IS not a seriOUS condition, but I do get very self-conSCIOUS
about It. It makes me look awful. I aVOid gOing to the
countryside or even to the park. from March until late summer
And If anyone tries to grve me flowers, I can't go anywhere near
them!
M ODULE 12
EJl.ercise B (p. 12S)
Jimmy: I think the referee needs glasses! I Just know I scored that
goaJ In our football game today Why didn't he allow It7
Mark: He needs some thing all flghtl We would've won the
match had your goal and MlChael's been allowed
Jimmy: We should complain to the referee's boss. Maybe
some thing could be done abou t It for fut ure matches.
Mark: I've Just been read ing In Foo tba ll Today t hat technology
couJd stop thiS from happening
Jlmmy: What do you mean?
Mark: Recently Adldas Invented an Intelhgent foo tball t hat they
tes ted at the FIFA World Cup In Japan
Jlmmy: An Intelhgent football, what's that?
Mark: It uses sensor technology to assist the referee In
determining If a goal was actually scored or not They say It'S
super-accurate, and may redefine football
Jimmy: Wow! How doe5 It work?
Marlc: The ball uses a magnetIC field which feeds Information to
Its main computer
Jimmy: Hmm, so the computer k.nows exa<:tly where the ball is at
all times?
Marlc: Yes, It does, but not only that. It transmits the data fight
to the refereel
Jimmy: HaJ That's what we needed today I That would cut down
on most of the errors the referees make durrng the games. But
the ball must be made of some special matenal so It isn't
d~maged by all the pUl1lshment it gets when being kicked
around during a game
Mark: The Teamgelst, which IS what It'S called , was crea ted t o be
tough, and perfectly round for greater accuracy.
Jimmy: What does Teamgelst mean?
Mark: Team spirit, w hich I think our team has plenty ofl
Jimmy: When Will we be able to buy one of th em?
Mark: I think they are still performing various tests to make sure
that when the balls are released to the general public they will
331
 be 100% accurate w ithout any problems in t he electronic
system. I kn ow t he fi rst ones used radio transmitters which
were suspended inside th e balls to relay in formation to t he main
computer, but I t hink there were problems w ith t hem being
damaged when used during games; so now they' re considering
swit ching to the new type With the magnet ic fields.
Jimmy: (Laughs) well I hope they hurry up or we' ll all be saving up
money to buy our referee a pa ir of glassesl
Exercise 6 (p. 131)
Host: Today'S topIC of discussion is the subject of new electronic
devices and t heir usefulness in modern cul ture. What modern
invention has made your life bett er?
Speaker 1: I am very gratefu l for my hl-teeh hearing aid I realise
that may sound odd compared With mobile phones and fa ncy
laptop computers, but I've had profound hearing loss since I was a
child due to an injury, The old-style hearing aids were bulky and
ugly to wear in public, but this recen t Innovation IS nearly inVISible
unless you are looking for It . The sound quality in the new ones 15
much improved, too, and makes listening to my collection of
musIc COs more enjoyable.
Speaker 2:We can never have too much technology In my view It
has made fam ily life so much easier for me. My faVOUrit e modern
advance is the mobile phone. I can't go anywhere Without mine!
My husband Frank and I subscribe to a monthly family plan w ith
unlim ited tex ting and Internet service for us and our ch ildren
too, This allows us all to keep In touch With each other no
matter where we are, I certainly don't see any harm In that I
Speaker 3: My laptop is my most prized posseswn, and I take it
everywhere I go, espec~ 1 1y ncm t hat I'm in college, as it helps me stay
on top of my assignments. I'm also the lead guitarist in my recently
formed band and write a lot of our songs. The laptop comes in really
handy for composing, editing and stOring them.
Speaker 4: I'd have to say tha t my satnav is the gadget t hat I use
most freq uently. That's because I'm a medical eqUipment
delivery driver. The only problems I've ever had With it is when
I've input a postcode incorrectly, or it's taken me In t he wrong
direction due to road construction or maybe a new Industrial
estate that hasn't been added to Its database.
Speaker S;i'm a bookworm, a reading fanaticll'lI read just about
anything 1 can get my hands on, including non fi ction. fiction,
magazines and newspape~ . So, I recently purchased an e·book
reader, which travels Wit h me everyv.Jhere. It allows me to buy e-
books, e-magazlnes and e--newspapers that I Simply down load to
t he deVice. It can store up to 6,000 books at once, which is
probably more than I could read in a lifetime!
Exercise 7 (p. 131)
A: Good morn ing. How can I help you?
B; Oh, hello. I'm looking for a new smartphone - it 's a birthday
present for my brother and he'd like one of t he latest
models
A: Certain ly, Do you have one wit h any part icular fea tures in
mind?
B: Well, yes. His eXisting phone IS pretty basic. I t hi nk he'd really
like one of those new ones w here you Just speak to the
phone and tell it to send a message to someone and it does
it. Do you have any phones li ke t hat?
A: Of course. In fact, we've got a very nice phone here t hat
does ju ~t t hat.
B: Oh wow! An all-white phone I My broth er w ill love it! Does
it have an MP3 player? Apart from sending text messages
and making t he odd call, he's really int o music on t he go,
and he's only got a radio on his phone at t he moment.
332
A; Well , this model is st ate-of·th e-art. It's got a full Internet
connection and you can download as much music as you
want, and even fil ms, If you like.
B: That sounds fantastic. Oh, I almost fo rgot. Does It have a
video recorder) Frank uses the camera on his phone a lot but
I know he'd like t he Video option t oo.
A; Yes, t hat feature is included .
B: Great. Now could you tell me w hat t he phone costs Wit h all
those feat ures included?
A: I'll Just check our ca talogue. Let'S see, yes, It's £780
B: Doh, that's rat her expensive Do you have anything Similar
for a bit cheaper?
A; Not rea lly. All the makes With those feat ures cost about t he
same.
B: I see. Well, I'm afraid I don't have that much cash on me at
t he moment. Could you tell me if t here's an ATM near here?
A: Yes. t here's one at the bank Just across the street.
B: Fine. I'll be back In fi ve minutes
MODULE 13
Exercise 8 (p. 13S)
Presenter: We now t urn to China, where a growing problem in
towns and cit ies across the country is sinkholes - or holes that
appear In t he ground. Sinkholes can develop gradually or quick.ly
but either way, the damage can be devastating . In one of the
worst slnkhole Incidents, an 80·metre long, 20-metre deep
sinkhole opened suddenly in the ground In the Guangxl
Province In t he Slchuan prOVince, one family's entire backyard
was destroyed by a slnkhole that grew from 3 met res to 21
metres overnight, reaching a depth of more than 60 metres.
Experts fear it IS only Cl matter of t ime before a sinkhole causes a
major disaster, as many are appeanng Without any warning
w hatsoever. In recent days, several holes big enough to swallow
cars opened up Within seconds on motorways, and were Just
narrowly aVOided by motorists. The reason why Ch ina is prone
to sin kholes is much of Its land is made up of permeable rock -
that IS, rocl: which allows water to pass through It. Over time,
water eats away at t he rock cauSing It to erode. The ground over
thiS eroded rocl: then collapses and a hole opens up. But
geological processes aren't the only cause of slnkholes. Human
activities are too. For example, breaks of water mains and
sewage pipeS In cities can cause slnkholes, as can the collapse of
abandoned mines. China is the world's largest producer of coal
and has many mines that are no longer in use. Experts believe
these mines may be causing some sinkholes. Slnkholes often
leave clues during their development so Chinese authOrities are
encouraging the public to look out for certain tell·tale Signs and
alert t heir local authority if they obseNe any. These signs Include
lowering in the soil, such as newly exposed portions near the
bottoms of fence posts or trees; new locations of pools of water
on the ground, stru ctural cracks in buildings; and foundation
problems in buildings
Exercise 5b (po 139)
On t he first weekend of June, the city of Newcastle in Northern
England holds its annual Green Fest ival. The aim of t he fest ival IS
to make people more aware of t he need t o prot ect the
environment.
Thousands of people come t o t ake part in t his excit ing eyent
every year and t here is a w ide range of fun event s and
performances for everyone to attend. The festival usually kicks
off on Saturday wit h lots of live music and colourfu l street
parades. Celebrity speakers give interesting t alks on wildlife.
Children can t ake part In special worksh ops and create all
 manner of fantastiC costumes, Including Insects, flowers and
leaves, for the Beautiful Bug Parade 00 Saturday afternoon
There's also a Circus Area, with Juggling, extreme cy<hng displays
and an Incredible bubble blOWing performance. Best of all for
the environment, VISitOrs can ride to tile festival on their bicycles
and then get them checked and repaired by the Bike Doctor.
At thiS event all ages are catered for and the atmosphere IS so
cheerful and lively that you feel really happy to be a part of It.
AdmISsion IS free but any donations towards the rUMlng of the
festival are welcome
The New<:astle Green FestIVal IS a really (001 event that I don't
hesitate to recommend Supporting a Sf'flOUS enVIronmental
cause with Its mixture of amusing actIVIties, It'S a fest ival not to
be missed,
Exercise 7 (p. 141 )
A: Welcome back listeners NOW, many of you will have heard
the reports in recent days about red tides along our coastline
but, like me, stili not know what red tides actually are. So
I'm delighted to welcome Or Allce Samuels to the studiO. So,
Or Samuels, what are red tides?
B: Well, the ocean IS full of tiny plant-like creatures called
I
!
algae Sometimes, conditions cause these algae to grow out
of control Hlgher-than-nOfmal concentrations of algae In
the ocean can discolour the water and cause the
phenomenon known as red tides
!
A: So red tides are simply an overgrowth of algae In the ocean?
8: Exactly.
A: And thiS turns the ocean red?
8: Sometimes. Although the name Implies otherwise, red tides
aren't always red They can be green, brown, pink, or even
purple In colour. Or, the water can remain Its normal colour
A: I see. And are red tides a natural phenomenon?
B: They can be But they are "Iso caused by human actiVities. For
example, water pollution can cause red tides, When human
sewage IS dumped Into the ocean or when ferti liser from
farmland washes into the ocean, nitrate and phosphate levels
In the water Increase The grO'Nth of algae depends on the
nutnents nttrate and phosphate The algae feed on these
nutrients; the population explodes: and a red tide forms
A: I've heard red ttdes can produce toxins
8: Yes. Most red tides are harmless. But occaSionally they are
c"used by species of algae that produce toxins The toxins
aren't fatal to humans - they ooly cause Ifrltatlon. However,
humans stili need to be careful because the tOXins can bUild
up In the tissues of fish So fishermen need to aVOid catching
fish near red tides, because eallng these fish can cause food
poIsomng.
A: I've heard red tides being called 'algal blooms'
8: Yes. The term 'red tide' IS actually being phased out among
! SCientiSts and being replaced WIth 'algal bloom' ThiS IS
because, as I mentioned, red tides are not always red and
also because they are completely unrelated to the
movements of tides. SCientists use the term 'algal bloom' as
It's more accurate But the public Will probably go on calling
algal blooms red tides.
A: Where are red tides usually found?
B: Red tides occur In every ocean and sea in the world. They
usually occur In coastal areas, not out at sea, so you might
have seen one when you were walking along a beach , Red
tides are not Just a marine phenomenon though. Estuaries,
lakes and fivers also expenence them.
M ODULE 14
Exercise 6b (p, 145)
A: Hello, Mr James I'm PC Gareth Rhodes I understand
someone has burgled your home
B: Yes, that's correct.
A: 1 see the WIndow by your front door is broken. Is that how
you discovered your house had been burgled?
8: Indlfectly, yes My Wife and I went out to dinner tOnight. you
see, and as we pulled Into the driveway on our return, we
l1eard tl1e sound of broken glass under the wheels. That's
wl1en we first knew something was wrong. The burglar must
have smashed the Window to open the door.
A: Have you been InSide your house yen
B: Well, I was gOing to, but then I opened tl1e fron t door and
saw that everything inSide was In total disarray. I was afraid
the burglar might stili be InSide so I decided against entering
I told my Wife I wasn't gOing to go In because I didn't want
to disturb any evidence I didn't want to fflgl1ten l1er, you
see We reported tl1e burglary uSing my mobile and I've been
waiting out here ever Since.
~ And did you see or hear anytl1lng while you were wailing?
8: Only my netghbour, Mr StfM'art He got concerned when he saw
us Standing out here Vv'hen we told him what had happened.
he brought us cups of tea My WIfe IS at hIS house f'IOVoI
A: OK, I'm gOing to check your property now Please wait here
It's OK, Mr James. The burglar has gone Please come
InSide With me and tell me what"s missing
B: OK It's Just as I suspected The 0\/0 player and the stereo are
gone My iaptop's gone too. But the burglar won't get far 'Mth
that I've Installed fingerpl'lnt IdentifICatIOn software on It
~ What's that?
8: The computer Will only boot up after scanning my
fingerpflnts. It'S an alternative to uSing passwords
A: OK, Mr James, I need to take a statement from you now
Then I'm gOing to make an apPOintment for you to see a
crime prevention officer He'll talk to you about ways to
make your home more secure
8: Well, I'll be happy to speak to a crime prevention officer.
A: Great lastly, do you have home contents Insurance?
8: Yes, I do. It should cover all my finanCial losses
A: I hope so but If It does, I'll be surprised
Exercise 8 (p. 151)
Host: Today we are diSCUSSing the Issue of whether Of not
entertng a person's home Without their express permission -
trespassing, In other words - IS ever OK. Is forcibly gaining entry
into somone's property ever Justified?
Speaker I: I am horrtfied at the thought of anyone taking the
hberty of entertng my home, unless of course I were away on
holiday and had given them a key and asked them to take care
of my plants or my cat until I returned. Other than that, I can't
think of any acceptable reason why someone should gain
entrance In my absence
Speaker 1: Recently, my friend lynn had an adve~ reactlOfl to a
new medication. She actually became unconsclOOS and wa~'t
aflS'NeMg her phone. Her neighbour Betsy had made repeated
calls Without being able to get through, so In desperation she and
her husband broke Into lynn's house. They found her in a seriOUS
condition and rushed her straight to hospital where she later
recovered ObViously, what they did was perfectly acceptable
Speaker 3: I believe it's wrong for anyone to enter someone's
private property, no matter what the reason is - and the law
backs me up therel If someone were to break into my home, j
333
 would Immediately phone the polICe for help. I might even take
matters Into my own hands If I fell threatened, and c.luse harm
to them. You could argue I was doing It In self-defence.
Speaker of: I have two dogs and three parrots, and if ever there
was a fire or other type of emergency, I would be eternally
grateful to someone If they rescued my pets, I think this would
be the truly humane thing to do, and I wouldn't care what they
had to do to get In, or whether It was legal or not. The main
thing IS, they would be saving lives dear to mel
Speaker 5: I am a peaceable law-abiding citizen. Having said that,
If 1 heard a woman or child being beaten or abused in a home, I
would break In to save them, or else Immediately call the police
to have the person respons ible arrested I certainly wouldn't just
stand by and let them get away with an act of phYSICal brutality
EXAM PRACTICE
Exercise 4 (p. 319)
I would like to thank the people of thiS City for plaCing their faith
In me at a lllne when we face major challenges. You can be
assured that I Will stick to my election promise to do alii can to
tackle SOCial inequality - because I believe the gap between the
rich and the poor is by far the greatest cause of our city's SOCIal
Ills And to close that gap, we need to focus on the next
generatIOn and address In partICular the lack of opportunities for
our younger people A huge amount of mooey has been spent In
recent years on equiPping the police to lackle the drugs trade
that blights our city. Of course that's necessary, but 10 solve thiS
problem In the long term, we need to do more to save our
young people from Sinking IntO a life of Crime and drugs That's
why I can announce today that half of the budget my
predecessor agreed for anti-drugs police operations will be
diverted Into education In our poorest areas. In the city's worst-
performing schools, 50% of st udents drop out before taking
their final exams due to financial pressures. This IS a terrible
waste of potential wh ich Will affect our CIty's prosperity for
decades to come. I w ill Immediately, th erefore, set up a
scholarship fun d to support teenagers in deprived areas and
encourage them to complete their education so that they have
the best chance of finding work Students who achieve the top
grades In their end-of-school exams Will receive extra payments
and companies that employ youth trainees Will receive extra
funding too 1also want to help our young people - and Indeed
everyone - to be able to move around the City to take up Job
opportunities There are neighbourhoods In thiS city where car
ownership IS close to zero and other areas where It's common
for a family to have two or even three vehicles I therefore Intend
to Impose a tax on second-car ownership and to Invesl the
money It raises In publiC transport to make all areas of Ihe City
more acceSSible to everyone
Exercise 5 (p. 319)
Speaker I: Iget on fine With my son The only problem IS that he
moved away last year and doesn't call home nearly as often as I
would like. A whole fort night can pa~ Without a word from him
and I can't help worrying about him But when! ask him to get
In touch more, he accuses me of treating him like a child
Speaker 2: I have to say my mother-In·law Interferes far too much
In anything to do With my two-year-old daughter. She's her first
granddaughter, so I suppose she can be forgiven. She only wants
the best for her But some t imes I feel like she doesn't trust me to
false her well and I get very Iffltated.
Speaker 3: I have exams soon and I have to revise for them every
day, so there's a lot of pressure on me at the moment. To top It
334
all, my brother IS forever plaYing loud music in his room and I
find It hard to concentrate. We've had qUite a few arguments
about It He says I should use the local library 10 study In, but I
like to have all my books and things near me
Speoker 4: It's the household chores that cause the most friction
in our family We're a big family, so It'S hard to keep the house
tidy, but If everyone did a little, It'd be fine. Unfortunately, some
people do a lot more Ihan others. My dad doesn't even clean the
bath after he's used I1 and some of my brothers and sisters never
do the dishes. We should really have a rota
Speaker 5: My Auntie Rlta lives on the other side o f tl1e country,
so when she comes to VISit she always comes for a week or
more. That's fine, but she never gives us much notice. Often she
only tells us she's coming the day before I She always seems to
come at Inconvenient times when we're very busy, so her VISits
can be stressful I must start to suggest dates to her for her VISits
rather than letting her surpnse us like she does
Exercise 6 (p, 3 ' 9)
Presenter: The technology we carry around In our pockets these
days can do more than ever. Our phones and MP3 players are
really mlni,omputers that can perform an ever-grOWing array of
func!lOf'Is The problem IS, the more advanced they become, the
more often they need to be charged, With some phones IaStl1lQ
only hours befOfe their pI)'Yvef runs out But It'S pos5Ible that In the
future we won't need plug sockets to keep our devKes running,
as our technology reporter Daniel Stapleford has been finding out
Damel, what solutIOns to thiS problem ale being developed?
Reporter: Well, Jlm, It makes sense to use the energy we
ourselves generate gOing about our dally bUSiness 10 power our
deviCes - and SCientists are working on ways of dOing Just that
Presenter: But you don't mean tapping Into the electricity we use
anyway for larger machines like cars and computers?
Reporter: We already do that lots o f people charge their phones
up In their cars and their MP3 players on their computers, for
example No, the latest idea is to convert the energy generated
by our bodies or even clo thes as we move arou nd Into electriCity
that we can use Immediately
Presenter: So how would that work?
Reporter: It would Involve wearing some kind of electriCity
generator, and a few types have already been successfully
tested Ameflcan SCientiSts have demonstrated a backpack that
can convert movement Into electflClty At the moment the
backpack needs to be qUite heavy to generate signifICant
amounts of electrICity, but maybe they Will find ways of making
It more portable A more recent invention, developed In Canada,
is a brace that fits over the knees and generates electrioty as the
wearer moves It can create enough electriCity for a 30-mlnute
mobile phone call from a minute of walking
Presenter: And IS thiS brace something you wouldn't notice?
Reporter: Again, It'S a rather large piece of eqUipment at the
moment, and It does make walking a little more difficult than
usual. But smaller electriCity generators that could be concealed
in clothing are also In development Experiments have been
done With generator Implants In boots which react to footsteps.
ScientISts are also uSing nanotechnology to develop clo thing
materials that can generate electflClty from mO\lemenl.
Presenter: Nanol echnology being the science of the very small?
Reporter: That's fight. The project Involves fibres that act as tiny
w ires. As well as keeping our phones and MP3 players gOing, it i5
hoped that such technology could help people who have health
problems and use electrical devices for them, like hearing aids
and heart monitors.