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Toaz - Info Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix Using Matlab Software PR
Toaz - Info Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix Using Matlab Software PR
Aim:
To develop a computer program to form the bus admittance matrix, Ybus of a power system.
Theory:
The Ybus /Zbus matrix constitutes the models of the passive portions of the power network. Ybus
matrix is often used in solving load flow problems. It has gained widespread applications owing
to its simplicity of data preparation and the ease with which the bus admittance matrix can be
formed and modified for network changes. Of course, sparsity is one of its greatest advantages as
it heavily reduces computer memory and time requirements. In short circuit analysis, the
generator and transformer impedances must also be taken into account. In contingency analysis,
the shunt elements are neglected, while forming the Z-bus matrix, which is used to compute the
outage distribution factors.
This can be easily obtained by inverting the Y-bus matrix formed by inspection method or by
analytical method. The impedance matrix is a full matrix and is most useful for short circuit
studies. Initially, the Y-bus matrix is formed by inspection method by considering line data only.
After forming the Y-bus matrix, the modified Y-bus matrix is formed by adding the generator
and transformer admittances to the respective diagonal elements and is inverted to form the Z-
bus matrix.
The performance equation for a n-bus system in terms of admittance matrix can be
written as,
I
1 Y
11
Y .... Y V
12 In 1
I Y Y .... Y V
2
21 22 2 n
2
. . . .
. . . .
I
n
Y
n 1
Y .... Y V
n 2 nn n
(or)
I = Ybus.V
The admittances Y11, Y12,… Y1n are called the self-admittances at the nodes and all other
admittances are called the mutual admittances of the nodes.
Formulae Used:
n
Main diagonal element in Y-bus matrix = Y
j 1
ij Bij
Flowchart:
START
Is i = n
STOP
Algorithm:
Step 1: Read the values of number of buses and the number of lines of the given
system.
Step 2: Read the self-admittance of each bus and the mutual admittance between the
buses.
Step 3: Calculate the diagonal element term called the bus driving point admittance, Yij
which is the sum of the admittance connected to bus i.
Step 4: The off-diagonal term called the transfer admittance, Yij which is the negative
of the admittance connected from bus i to bus j.
Step 5: Check for the end of bus count and print the computed Y-bus matrix.
Step 6: Compute the Z-bus matrix by inverting the Y-bus matrix.
Step 7: Stop the program and print the results.
Sample Problem:
The bus and branch datas for a 3 bus system is given in table below. Form Y bus matrix by
inspection method.
Solution:
Formation of Y bus:
1 1 1 1
j0.05
0.06 j0.18 0.02 j 0.06 0.06 j0.18 0.02 j0.06
1 1 1 1
Ybus j 0.06
0.06 j0.18 0.06 j0.18 0.04 j0.12 0.04 j0.12
1 1 1 1
j0.05
0.02 j0.06
0.04 j0.12 0.04 j0.12 0.02 j0.06
Theoretical output:
Result:
The Y bus matrix was formed for the given system by direct inspection method and the results
were verified using MATLAB program.
S.NO.6
Aim:
To develop a computer program to obtain the building algorithm for bus impedance matrix of the
given power system.
Theory:
The Ybus /Zbus matrix constitutes the models of the passive portions of the power network. The
impedance matrix is a full matrix and is most useful for short circuit studies. An algorithm for
formulating [Zbus] is described in terms of modifying an existing bus impedance matrix
designated as [Zbus]old. The modified matrix is designated as [Zbus]new. The network consists of a
reference bus and a number of other buses. When a new element having self impedance Zb is
added, a new bus may be created (if the new element is a tree branch) or a new bus may not be
created (if the new element is a link). Each of these two cases can be subdivided into two cases
so that Zb may be added in the following ways:
1. Adding Zb from a new bus to reference bus.
2. Adding Zb from a new bus to an existing bus.
3. Adding Zb from an existing bus to reference bus.
4. Adding Zb between two existing buses.
Type 1 modification:
In type 1 modification, an impedance Zb is added between a new bus p and the reference bus as
shown in Figure 1
Network p
Zb Vp
Ref. Bus
Let the current through bus p be Ip, then the voltage across the bus p is given by,
Vp = Ip Zb
The potential at other buses remains unaltered and the system equations can be written as,
V1 0 I1
V2 0 I 2
Z bus old 0
0
V 0 I n
n
0 0 0 0 0 Z
V p b I p
Type 2 modification:
In type 2 modification, an impedance Zb is added between a new bus p and an existing bus k as
shown in Figure 2. The voltages across the bus k and p can be expressed as,
Vk(new) = Vk + Ip Zkk
Vp = Vk(new) + Ip Zp
= Vk + Ip(Zb + Zkk)
where, Vk is the voltage across bus k before the addition of impedance Zb
Zkk is the sum of all impedance connected to bus k.
1
n
Ik + Ip
Network k
Z Ip
b
p
Ref. Bus
In this modification, an impedance Zb is added between a existing bus k and a reference bus.
Then the following steps are to be followed:
1. Add Zb between a new bus p and the existing bus k and the modifications are done as in
type 2.
2. Connect bus p to the reference bus by letting Vp = 0.
To retain the symmetry of the Bus Impedance Matrix, network reduction technique can be
used to remove the excess row or column.
Type 4 Modification:
In this type of modification, an impedance Zb is added between two existing buses j and k as
shown in Figure 3. From Figure 3, the relation between the voltages of bus k and j can be written
as,
Vk – Vj = IbZb (3)
1
n
Ij + Ib
Network j
Z Ib
b
k
Ik - Ib
Ref. Bus
The voltages across all the buses connected to the network changes due to the addition of
impedance Zb and they can be expressed as,
V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 + - - - - - - - - + Z1j(Ij + Ib) + Z1k(Ik – Ib)+- - -
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2 + - - - - - - - - + Z2j(Ij + Ib) + Z2k(Ik – Ib)+ - - -
Vj = Zj1I1 + Zj2I2 + - - - - - - - - + Zjj(Ij + Ib) + Zjk(Ik – Ib) + - - - (4)
On solving the Equations (3) and (4), the system of equations can be rewritten as,
V1 ( Z 1 j Z 1k ) I1
V2 I 2
Z bus old
(5)
V ( Z kj Z kk ) I
n n
V I
p ( Z j1 Z k 1 ) ( Z jk Z kk ) Z bb p
where,
Zbb = Zjj + Zkk – 2 Zjk + Zb
Step1: Number the nodes of the given network, starting with those nodes at the ends
of branches connected to the reference node.
Step2: Start with a network composed of all those branches connected to the
reference node.
Step3: Add a new node to the ith node of the existing network.
Step4: Add a branch between ith and jth nodes. Continue until all the remaining
branches are connected.
Sample problem:
Form bus impedance matrix using building algorithm:
Solution:
Step1: Add an element between ref (0) bus and a new bus (1).
Z = [j0.2]
Step2: Add an element between existing bus (1) to a new bus (2).
j 0.2 j 0.2
Z= j 0.2
j 0.6
Step3: Add an element between existing (2) Bus to a ref (0) Bus.
j 0.2 j 0.2 j 0.2
Z= j 0.2 j 0.6 j 0.6
j 0.2 j 0.6 j 0.8
New Z Bus:
Z11 = Z11-(Z31*Z13)/Z33
= j0.2 – (j0.2*j0.2)/j0.8
Z11 = j0.05
Z12 =Z21= Z12-(Z32*Z13)/Z33
= j0.2 - (j0.6*j0.2)/j0.8
= j0.05
Z22 =Z22-(Z32*Z23)/Z33
=J0.6-(j0.6*j0.6)/j0.8
Z22 =j0.15
j 0.05 j 0.05
Z Bus = j 0.05
j 0.15
Result:
The bus impedance matrix using building algorithm for the given system was formed and the
results were verified using MATLAB program.
S.NO.7
Aim:
To develop a computer program to solve the set of non linear load flow equations using Gauss-
seidal load flow algorithm.
Theory:
Load flow analysis is the most frequently performed system study by electric utilities. This
analysis is performed on a symmetrical steady-state operating condition of a power system under
‘normal’ mode of operation and aims at obtaining bus voltages and line/transformer flows for a
given load condition. This information is essential both for long term planning and next day
operational planning. In long term planning, load flow analysis helps in investigating the
effectiveness of alternative plans and choosing the ‘best’ plan for system expansion to meet the
projected operating state. In operational planning, it helps in choosing the ‘best’ unit
commitment plan and generation schedules to run the system efficiently for them next day’s load
condition without violating the bus voltage and line flow operating limits.
The Gauss seidal method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non- linear
algebraic equations. The relationship between network bus voltages and currents may be
represented by either loop equations or node equations. Node equations are normally preferred
because the number of independent node equation is smaller than the number of independent
loop equations.
The network equations in terms of the bus admittance matrix can be written as,
For a n bus system, the above performance equation can be expanded as,
(2)
I Y p1 Y p 2 Y pp Y pn V p
p
I n Yn1 Yn 2 Ynp Ynn Vn
where n is the total number of nodes.
Vp is the phasor voltage to ground at node p.
Ip is the phasor current flowing into the network at node p.
At the pth bus, current injection:
( Pp jQ p )
Ip ( for any bus p except slack bus s) (5)
V p
Substituting for Ip in Equation (4),
1 P jQ n
Y pqVq ; p 2, .....n
p p
Vp (6)
Y pp V p* q 1
q p
Ip has been substituted by the real and reactive powers because normally in a power system these
quantities are specified.
Algorithm:
Flowchart:
Start
Y
Yes
E
Check for
slack bus
No
It is a load bus
No calculate
Check for 1 Pi jQi j 1 n
Gen bus V p 1
ical *
Yik V k Yik V k
Yii Vi k 1 j 1
Yes
Calculate
* i 1
Q Im Vip Y V Y V
n
p1 p1 p
i ik k ik k
k 1 k i
C
Yes
Check Set
p 1 Qi=Qi min
Qi Qmin
No
Yes
Check Set
p 1 Qi=Qi max
Qi Qmax
No
B
B
No
Check
D
i n
A
Yes
No
Check Increment
Vi p 1 iteration count
P = P+1
Yes
Stop
Sample Problem:
The load flow data for a 3 bus system is given in tables below. The voltage magnitude at bus 2
is to be maintained at 1.04 p.u. The maximum and minimum reactive power limits for bus 2 are
0.5 to 0.2 respectively. Taking bus 1 as slack bus, determine voltages of the various buses at
the end of first iteration starting with flat voltage profile for all buses except slack bus using
Gauss-Seidal method with acceleration factor of 1.6.
Bus Code Impedance Bus Number Admittance
1–2 0.06 + j0.18 1 j0.05
1–3 0.02 + j0.06 2 j0.06
2–3 0.04 + j0.12 3 j0.05
Solution:
Formation of Ybus:
Calculation of Q2:
* n
Q2 = Im V2 YpqVq
q 1
= Im1.04(1.66 j 5)(1.06) (4.16 j12.5)1.04 (2.5 j 7.5)
= Im1.04(1.763 j 5.30) (4.16 j12.5)1.04 (2.5 j 7.5)
= Im0.07 j 0.14
Q2 = 0.14, it violates the limits of the reactive power.
(1) 0 .2 j 0 .2
V2 = 0.075 71.63 ((1.66 j 5)(1.06) (2.5 j 7.5)(10)) Volts
1.04
= 0.075 71.634.452 j12.99
(1)
V2 = 1.047+j 0.007 volts
Accelerated voltage,
(1)
V2 = 1.04+ 1.6(1.047+j0.007 -1.04)
= 1+0.048-j0.048
(1)
V2 =1.0512+j0.0112 Volts
(1)
V3 = 1.041 – j 0.017 Volts
Accelerated voltage,
(1)
V3 = 1+1.6(1.041 – j 0.17- 1 )
V 3(1) = 1.0656-j0.272 Volts
Theoretical Output:
(1)
V1=1.06+j0 Volts, V2 =1.0512+j0.0112 Volts, V 3(1) = 1.0656-j0.272 Volts
Result:
The given set of load flow equations for a given power system were solved using Gauss-Seidal
method.
S.NO.9
Aim:
To become proficient in the usage of software in solving load flow problems using Fast
decoupled load flow method.
Theory:
Load flow study is useful in planning the expansion of power system as well as determining best
operation of the system. The principle obtained from load flow study is the magnitude and phase
angle of the voltage at each bus and real and reactive power flowing in each line. Load flow
analysis may be performed using A.C. network analyzer and also by digital computer. But now-
a-days digital computer oriented load flow analysis is a standard practice.
The fast decoupled load flow method is a very fast method of obtaining load flow
solutions. This method requires less number of arithmetic operations to complete an iteration
consequently. This method requires less time per iterations. In N-R method, the elements of
Jacobian are to be computed in each iteration .So the time per iteration is considerably more in
N-R method than in FDLF. The rate of convergence in FDLF method is slow requiring
considerably more number of iterations to obtain a solution than in the case of N-R method.
However accuracy is same in both the cases. In this method both the speeds as well as the
sparsity are exploited. This is an extension of N-R method formulated in polar co-ordinates with
certain approximation which results into a fast algorithm for load flow solution.
In practice, transmission system operating under steady state possesses strong
interdependence between active powers and bus voltages, angles, similarly there is strong
interdependence between bus voltage and reactive power
Pk Pk E m
H km ; N km
m E m
Qk Qk E m
J km ; Lkm
m E m
Pp QP E q
H pq ; L pq
q E q
The equation for power flow are again expressed below for calculating elements of Jacobian (ie
H & L)
E q Y pq cos pq p q
n
Pp E p E qY pp cos pp E
q 1, p
p
Q p E p E q Y pp sin pp E p E q Y pq sin pq p q
Therefore the elements of Jacobian (ie H & L) can be calculated as from the equations above of
power. OFF diagonal element of H is
Pp
H PQ sin pq p q
q
Flowchart:
Start
Calculate
P Q P H M
, Q N L V
V V
No
Are
P Q Find & V by solving the
, equations:
V V
1 2 V
V
3 4 Q
Yes
V V V
new old
Stop
C
Algorithm:
Step 1: Read the slack bus voltages, real bus powers and reactive bus powers, bus
voltage magnitudes and reactive power limits.
Step 2: Form the Y bus matrix without line charging admittance and shunt admittance.
Step 4: Form Y bus matrix with double the line charging admittance.
Step 9: If ΔP/ |V| & ΔQ/|V| are less than or equal to tolerance limit, solution has convergence
and go to step 12 otherwise increase iteration count and go to step 10.
[Δ|V|] = [B’’]-1[ΔQ/|V|]
Step 11: Update [δ] & [|V|] for all buses except slack bus.
Step 12: Compute slack bus power, line flows, real power loss, reactive power loss etc.
Sample Problem:
For the system shown in Figure 4.4 determine the voltage at the end of the 1st iteration by FDLF
method. The line reactances are marked in the figure.
1 j 0.1 2
j 0.2
3
j 0.2
Figure 4.4
Bus specifications:
Solution:
V10 1 j 0 1.00 0
V20 1.1 j 0 1.10 0
V30 1 j 0 1.00 0
Calculation of P and Q:
n
Pp V p Vq Y pq cos( p pq q )
q 1
P20,cal 0
P30,cal 0
n
Q p V p Vq Y pq sin( p pq q )
q 1
As 0≤QG2≤5.5
Q2= QG2-QD2
QG2=-1.65+0.1
= -1.55
Hence it is not within the specified limits.
Q3= V3 .V1 .Y31 sin 31 1 3 V3 .V2 .Y32 sin 32 2 3 V3V3Y33 sin 33
= 0.5
Find Δδ and V :
B ' 1 P
V
Q
V B '' 1
V
1
5
B
' 1 15
10
5
0.08 0.04
=
0.04 0.12
B
'' 1
1 / 10 0.1
0.04 P
0.08
0.04 0.12 V
2 0.08 0.04 4.38
0.04 0.12 3.65
3
Δδ2=0.2045
Δδ3=-0.2627
V 0.1 Q
V
V3 0.103
Find the new values of phase angle and magnitude of the voltage:
i p 1 i p i p
p 1 p p
Vi Vi Vi
p =0; i=2,3
21 20 20 0.2045 rad 11.710
31 30 30 0.2627 rad 15.05 0
p =0; i=3
1 0 0
V3 V3 V3 1 0.103 0.897
Result:
The load flow study on the given power system using Fast decoupled method was conducted
using MATLAB and results was verified.