The Growth of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Upon Exposure

to Different Grades of Neodymium Magnet

R.C. Atanacio, R.J.F. Dacaimat, A.C. Gallarte, M.R.D. Manrique, G.A.T. Pascual

Abstract: For around three decades, farmers in the Philippines had been utilizing synthetic composts, pesticides and
growth regulators in their yield production techniques. Having in mind that it can influence soil fertility, nourishment
quality, natural quality and human wellbeing, they were being utilized for the fact that these alternatives would be
viewed as helpful and achievable. This research proposes an experimental study on the growth of malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) upon exposure to different grades of Neodymium magnet. The setup of the experiment was divided into three
groups. The first group (Set up A) was the control group which consists of germinated Malunggay seed planted alone
on soil. The two experimental groups were exposed to different grades of neodymium magnet with Setup B having the
N42 magnet and Set up C the N52 magnet. There were replicates for each group to test the reliability of the results. The
experiment revealed that there was no significant difference between the average plant height and number of leaves of
the plant in setup A having no neodymium magnet exposure, setup B with exposure to N42 neodymium magnet and
setup C with exposure to N52 neodymium magnet as perceived by the statistical analysis since its computed P-value
was greater than the alpha value 0.05. The average height of the plants in setup A was 15.97 cm, 15.58 cm in setup B
and 9.5 cm in setup C and the average number of leaves in setup A were 40, 39.1 in setup B and 38.3 in setup C.

Keywords: neodymium magnet, malunggay, growth

1. Introduction
According to household surveys conducted by Social
Weather Stations, a non-profit research organization,
food inflation rates hit 6.2 percent in March, 2020 and
more than one in five Filipinos would go hungry at some
point– a record high that was double pre-pandemic
levels (Aspinwall, 2021). The closing down of the
economy following the quarantine restrictions in various
areas due to the COVID-19 pandemic has certainly
increased the number of job displacement hence,
households experiencing involuntary food hunger also
increased. Due to this phenomenon, there has been a
regular occurrence of residents developing their
backyards to grow their plants. Since the COVID-19
pandemic began in the Philippines, people have been
growing plants such as vegetables and fruits to meet
their own needs.
● Atanacio, Ruthzel C. Student of Rizal National
Science High School, Batingan, Binangonan
Rizal, Mobile: 0961 624 4668. E-mail:
atanacioruthzel.thomasedison@gmail.com
● Dacaimat, Roberta Jelena Fae, Student of Rizal
National Science High School, Batingan,
Binangonan Rizal, Mobile: 0906 573 9584.
Email:
dacaimatroberta.thomasedison@gmail.com ●
Gallarte, Angelica C. Student of Rizal National
Science High School, Batingan, Binangonan Rizal,
Mobile: 0916 638 1322. Email:
gallarteangelica.thomasedison@gmail.com ●
Manrique, Maiko Rosalie D. Student of Rizal
National Science High School, Batingan,
Binangonan Rizal, Mobile: 0906 455 3961.
E-mail:
manriquemaiko.thomasedison@gmail.com ●
Pascual, Gladys Angel T. Student of Rizal National
High School, Batingan, Binangonan Rizal, Mobile:
0928 690 4094. Email:
pascualgladysangel.thomasedison@gmail.com
Based on a review done by Gopalakrishnan, Deriya &
Kumar (2016), the Moringa oleifera plant, which belongs
to the Moringaceae family, is an effective treatment for
malnutrition. They also mentioned that the Moringa's
leaves, pods, and seeds contain a range of important
compounds, making it a nutrient-dense plant.
Chukwuebuka (2015) claimed that Moringa oleifera,
also known as Malunggay in the Philippines, is one of
the most beneficial trees on the planet, with practically
every part of the tree being beneficial for food,
medicine, and various industries. The leaves are
extremely nutritious, making them ideal for infants and
nursing moms, particularly those from impoverished
countries or areas prone to malnutrition. This is due to
the fact that both classes are at the greatest risk of
nutritional deficiency. Malunggay grows relatively fast, it
flowers within the first six months of planting and the
fruit matures about three months after flowering.
However, due to recent circumstances brought about by
the pandemic, the researchers saw a great need for
vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants such as
Malunggay, to grow and develop rapidly to be able to
produce more food and prevent hunger and
malnutrition. Instead of utilizing chemical fertilizers as
crop enhancers, the researchers developed the concept
of testing the effects of varied amounts of magnetic
exposure on the growth of Malunggay.
The previous study investigations mentioned above,
however, do not measure the plant health status with
and without magnetic influence.
Ahmed et al. (2013) conducted a study to determine the
impact of magnetic fields on sweet pepper seed
germination, growth, yield, and fruit quality (Capsicum
annuum). They discovered that applying a magnetic field
to seeds before seeding improves germination, yield
capacity, and fruit quality.
Yuksel, Ankarali, & Yuksel (2018) Stated that in the
1980s, General Motors and Hitachi produced
Neodymium-iron-boron magnets. Because it produces a
strong magnetic force even in small amounts, it is
increasingly being used in the production of strong
permanent magnets composed of rare earth elements.
Many scientists had conducted research and concluded
that if a magnet was placed beneath the plants, those
that contained iron would lean towards the ground.
However, in a study conducted by Andrei et al. (2014),
they have proven them wrong. Plants with magnets grew
taller than plants without magnets underneath them.
With the aforementioned facts, the researchers
conducted this study to assess the growth of Malunggay
(Moringa oleifera) when exposed to different grades of
magnets. This study has focused only on the growth of
Malunggay that were planted on a pot on plain soil and
on a pot on soil with the presence of different magnet
grades. This study explored how different grades of
Neodymium magnets affect Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) in terms of the number of leaves and height of
the plant.
Background of the Study
Food Supply Chain is an essential aspect for a society’s
growth and development. It is the process of producing,
distributing, and consuming food. Having a stable food
supply means that there is enough food for everyone all
the time. Sanchez (2020) stated that agriculture is one
of, if not the most important, industries in the Philippines.
Forestry, crop production, animal farming, and
aquaculture cultivation are all part of it. Its output meets
local demand and is regarded as a necessary
commodity in the country.
Nyakane et. al (2018) stated that the use of a magnetic
field to stimulate seed germination, plant growth, and
yields in a variety of species, including industrial crops,
herbs and medicinal plants, various vegetables and
fruits, grasses, and model crops, has caught the interest The research experimentation was conducted at Lot 8,
of many scientists in the entire world.
Statement of the Problem
The study, “The Growth of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)
Upon Exposure to Different Grades of Neodymium
Magnet” sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the average plant height of the
Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) plants in :
1.1. Setup A (No Neodymium magnet)
1.2. Setup B (With N42 Neodymium magnet)
1.3. Setup C (With N52 Neodymium magnet)
2. What is the average number of leaves of the
Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) plants in:
2.1. Setup A (No Neodymium magnet)
2.2. Setup B (With N42 Neodymium magnet)
2.3. Setup C (With N52 Neodymium magnet)
3. Is there a significant difference between the
average plant height of the plants in Setup A
having no Neodymium magnet exposure, Setup
B with exposure to N42 Neodymium magnet,
and Setup C with exposure to N52 Neodymium
magnet?
4. Is there a significant difference between the
number of leaves of the plants in Setup A
having no Neodymium magnet exposure, Setup
B with exposure to N42 Neodymium magnet,
and Setup C with exposure to N52 Neodymium
Neodymium magnet?
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the
average plant height of the plants in Setup A having no
Neodymium magnet exposure, Setup B with exposure
to N42 Neodymium magnet, and Setup C with exposure
to N52 Neodymium magnet.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the
average plant height of the plants in Setup A having no
Neodymium magnet exposure, Setup B with exposure
to N42 Neodymium magnet, and Setup C with exposure
to N52 Neodymium magnet
2. Materials and Methods
Materials
Blk. 1, Mayflower St., Greenland Subdivision, Brgy. San
Juan, Cainta, Rizal. The goal of the study was to see the
malunggay growth difference in terms of the plant height
and the number of leaves of Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) upon planting it in three setups; a controlled
setup having traditional planting, an experimental setup
having the plant exposed to Neodymium N42 magnet
and another experimental setup having the plant
exposed to Neodymium N52 magnet, for 3 weeks.
 Table 1. Plant Height (unit of
Selection of material’s sources
measurement: centimeter
Gathering of materials Malunggay seeds Malunggay
POT # WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3
seeds were the main variable of the study. The
Malunggay seeds that were planted and exposed to
Set-Up A
different grades of magnet were bought from a
Gardening shop in Tayuman, Binangonan, Rizal. One (1) A1
malunggay seed was planted in each pot, fifteen (15)
seeds were used in total. Ruler was the instrument used
A2
for measuring the depth of the seeds planted.
A3
Soil
The soil that was used in the study was loam soil. The A4
loam soil was acquired from a physical gardening store
in Cainta, Rizal. The amount of soil that was placed in
A5
each of the pots was 500 grams and was measured
through a weighing scale.
Set-Up B
Magnet B1
The magnets that were exposed into the Malunggay
seeds were five (5) pieces of Neodymium N52 15mm x B2
10mm x 2mm Rare Earth NdFeB Bar magnet and five B3
(5) pieces of Neodymium N42 20mm x 10mm x 2mm
Rare Earth NdFeB Bar magnet. There was one B4
neodymium magnet for each pot of the experimental
groups, Setup B and Setup C, while Setup A, on the B5
other hand, did not have any magnet as it was the
Set-Up C
controlled group that did the traditional planting.
C1
The magnets used in the experiment were bought and
acquired from the Philippines Magnetics shop in C2
Lazada.
C3
Soil Detector C4
Soil Detector was the instrument that was utilized for
C5
measuring the soil moisture, sunlight exposure, and its
pH content. The 3-in-1 soil detector came from
TrendyHome, an online shop at Shopee.

Container Table 2. Plant Height (unit of

The container used for seed germination was a Selecta measurement: centimeter
Ice cream container. The seeds were wrapped in a
tissue and observed for 9 days. POT # WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3
Plant Pot
The measurement of each pot has a diameter of 6
inches and a height of 5 inches. The researchers used a
total of 15 pots in the present study. The pots were Set-Up A
bought from a physical gardening shop in Cainta, Rizal
as well. A1
A2
Ruler
A metal ruler was used to measure the height of the
A3
plants each week. The ruler was a 12-inch,
smooth-edged metal marked at regular intervals to
A4
indicate measurement.
A5
Data recording table
 Set-Up B
B1

B2

B3

B4
Figure 1. Experiment setup
B5
Set-Up C As shown in Figure 1, the experiment was divided into
C1 three groups. The first group (Set up A) was the control
group which consists of Malunggay seed planted alone
C2 on soil, while the two experimental groups were
C3 exposed to different grades of neodymium magnet; with
Setup B having the N42 magnet and Set up C the N52
C4
magnet. There were replicates for each group for the
reliability of the results.

C5
Methods
Malunggay seed germination
Preparation of the seed
The container that was used in the germination process
was a 1 Liter opaque plastic container. Four sheets of
toilet paper were moistened and were laid flat in the
container.
After the seeds were collected from the pad, the seeds
were soaked into 200 ml of tap water for 1 minute.
Then, the thin and paper-like parts of the Moringa
oleifera seed were removed.
Covering and storing the seeds
Another 4 sheets of toilet paper were moistened and
were used to cover the seeds. It was then followed by
covering the container and sealing it properly.
Soil preparation
The plant pots for each group were filled with 500 grams
of soil. The pH level and moisture of each soil in the
plant pots were measured through the use of the 3-in-1
pH/Moisture/Light Tester Soil detector. The soil’s
average pH level was 7 and the moisture was 6.
Planting of seeds
The researchers planted one (1) germinated seed for
each pot of the 3 setups: Setup A, the controlled group,
and Setups B and C, the experimental groups. The
seeds were planted 1 inch from the top of the soil. The
depth of the seeds were measured using a ruler.
Installation of magnets
The magnets were put at the top of the soil of the two
experimental groups. The magnet was positioned 1 inch
far across the planted Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)
seed. The N42 magnet was placed in setup B and its
replicates and the N52 magnet was placed in set up C,
as well as its replicates.

Storing the Container Plant maintenance

The container was stored in the kitchen of one of the
researchers. Watering schedule
Preparation for the experiment Moringa, while drought-resistant once established, still
needs water to survive. It's used in high levels of air
Sketch of the Setups moisture, such as those found in jungles, and it thrives
in humid environments. However, it still needs water on
a regular basis.

Sprouting moringa requires more water than mature

trees. To keep the soil moist around them, the moringa
was watered once a day with 50 ml of water for the first
two weeks, while an additional of 10 ml of water per Planting of seeds
week for the succeeding weeks. The average moisture
of the soil was kept at 6-7.
Installation of magnets
Sunlight exposure monitoring
Moringa plants thrive in a bright, sunny place that
Plant maintenance
receives direct sunlight for the majority of the day. If the
plants do not get enough light, their growth may be
inhibited. Observation and data recording

The researcher utilized the 3-in-1 Soil pH/Moisture/Light

Tester to monitor the amount of sunlight each setup Statistical Analysis
receives and ensure that they were exposed to similar
amounts of the sunlight intensity which was 2000 lux. 3. Results and Discussion
Observation and data recording Table The weekly average plant height of the
3. Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) in each
The developmental changes on the malunggay
(Moringa oleifera) plant were observed at least once a setup
week for three weeks. The observation and data sheet
Setup Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Average
provided records of the growth of the malunggay
(Moringa oleifera). The table exhibited both noted data A 8.8 11.03 15.97 11.93
of the controlled group and the plant exposed with
different magnet grades in terms of the number of B 10.76 12 15.58 12.78
leaves and height of the plant.
C 8.5 9.5 9.5 9.23
Statistical Analysis
Results that were obtained from the experiment were
subjected to statistical analysis using a frequency The table above shows the average plant height in
distribution table to show the average in terms of plant centimeters (cm) of each setups per week, in 3 weeks.
height and number of leaves. One-way analysis of For the first week to third week measurements, it can be
variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the influence seen that Setup B has the highest plant height average
of magnetism on the growth of the Malunggay (Moringa among all setups having an average of 10.76 cm, 12 cm
and 15.58 cm respectively.
oleifera). According to Green & Salkind (2012),
researchers can use the t-test or ANOVA to compare Table The weekly average number of leaves
the means of two groups on the dependent variable of the Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) in
when evaluating the relationship between factors. each setup
4. Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Average
Flowchart of Events

Selection of material’s sources

Set

Gathering of materials
up
Malunggay seed germination

Preparation of experiment A 6 24 40 23

B 12 27 39 26
Soil preparation
 C 5 19 38 21 Table 3. Analysis of Variance of the Plant Height
significant difference across the number of leaves. As
Table 2 shows the Malunggay’s average number of shown in table 4, the computed P-value was 0.84940
leaves within 3 weeks. As observed from the data, the which was greater than the alpha value 0.05. This
number of leaves per week in each setup was in indicates that the null hypothesis was accepted, which
increasing order and the final measurements in week 3 means that the number of leaves in each setup were
were close to each other, particularly setup A having the close to each other despite having two setups exposed
highest number of leaves. The setup with the highest to magnetism.
average number of leaves in 3 weeks was in setup B
where the Malunggay was exposed to N42 magnetism. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
Within Groups studies have already magnetism and plant shown that plant
Source of Variation Total established the growth. Previous growth
Between Groups Previous research connection between research studies have
research studies claim that there were negative effects
SS 21.42747 40.12393 61.5514 on plant growth caused by magnetism. The purpose of
this experiment was to see how the growth of
df 2 6 8 MS 10.71373 6.687322 Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) was affected when
exposed to varied grades of magnets.

Summary of Findings
F 1.602096
Based on the analysis and interpretation of data, the
P-value0.277011 following findings were summarized:

1. The average plant height in setup A was 11.93

F crit 5.143253
The summary of one-way analysis of variance was
shown on the table above. The data shows that the
P-value in this table was 0.277011 which was greater
than 0.05. It means that there was no significant
difference among the three setups. This implies that the
measure of height of the plants among three setups,
were close to each other despite having 2 setups with
magnets.
Table 4. Analysis of Variance of the Number of
Leaves
can be increased by magnetic fields. However, some
Between Groups Total
Source of Variation This implies that the across the three
Within Groups
SS 55.1667 1493.5 1548.667 df 2 9 11
MS 27.5833 165.9444
F 0.16622
P-value 0.84940
F crit 4.25650
Table 4 shows the summary of statistics for the one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the
cm, 12.78 cm in setup B and 9.23 cm in setup
C.
2. The average number of leaves in setup A were
23, 26 in setup B and 21 in setup C.
3. The computed P-value for the plant height was
0.277011 which was less than 0.05 of the alpha
value. This implies that plant height across the
three setups has no significant difference.
4. The computed P-value for the number of leaves
was 0.84940, greater than the 0.05 alpha value.
number of leaves setups has no
significant difference.
4. Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded
that:
In the study’s experimentation, the different grades of
neodymium magnets have no effect on the plant growth
of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) among the two
experimental setups, as observed through the plant's
growth and in comparison to the controlled setup.
However, it was noticeable that there was a slight
difference between the plant height of the three setups.
Setup C, which contains the highest grade of magnet
among the setups, produced the lowest height across
the three setups.

Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions drawn, the
following recommendations were offered:
1. The researchers recommend widening the land area
applied with Magnetic fields in order to obtain more
accurate data on its effects on Malunggay in terms of
its growth.
2. Ensure that the experiment is free of any insects or
pests while the experiment is being carried out.
3. A parallel study shall be conducted that will include
different plants such as root crops, vine crops, and
leafy vegetables.
4. A parallel study shall be conducted that will utilize
different types of magnet.
5. Further study shall be conducted in order to obtain
more information on the growth response of Malunggay
when exposed to different grades of Neodymium
magnet and involve other variables such as root
elongation, size of leaves, nutrients, and plant
sensitivity.
References
1. Andrei,P. C., Jonas B., and Gabriel, B., “A study of
the effects of electromagnetic fields on the growth
and health of lima bean plants (Phaseolus
lunatus),” Vanier Student Research Center, 2014.
2. Aspinwall, N. (2021, April 20). As hunger rises,
Philippine authorities take aim at farmers and
rural activists. The New Humanitarian.
https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2021/4
/ Istanb.5(3):268–273.
20/food-hunger-and-covid-19-in-the-philippines 3.
APPENDICES
Chukwuebuka, E. (n.d.). (PDF) Moringa oleifera
"The Mother's Best Friend".ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29301
2203_Moringa_oleifera_The_Mother's_Best_
Fri end
4. Gopalakrishnan, L., Doriya, K., & Kumar, D. S.
(2016). Moringa oleifera: A review on nutritive
importance and its medicinal application. Food
Science and Human Wellness, 5(2), 49–56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.04.001
5. Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2010). Using
SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing
and Understanding Data (5th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc
6. Nyakane, Neo & Markus, Elisha & Sedibe,
Moosa. (2018). The Effects of Magnetic Fields
on Plants Growth: A Comprehensive Review.
International Journal of Food Engineering. 5.
79-87. 10.18178/ijfe.5.1.79-87.
7. Sanchez, M. J. (2020, December 10). Agriculture
industry in the Philippines - statistics & facts.
Statista.
https://www.statista.com/topics/5744/agriculture-i
nd ustry-in-the-philippines/
8. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the
media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020.
(2020). Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches
/
detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remark
s at-th
e-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
9. Yuksel C., Ankarali S., Aslan Yuksel N.(2018).
The use of neodymium magnets in healthcare and
their effects on health. North Clin

APPENDIX A

Republic of the Philippines

Division of Rizal
Region IV - A CALABARZON
RIZAL NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Batingan, Binangonan, Rizal

June 1, 2021

MRS. EDNA H. VILLAMAYOR

Principal III
Rizal National Science High School
J.P. Rizal St., Batingan, Binangonan, Rizal

Madam:

Greetings!
We, student researchers from Grade 12 Thomas Edison, would like to ask permission from your good office, to conduct a study
based on the approved thesis proposal entitled “The Growth of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Upon Exposure to Different Grades of
Neodymium Magnet”.

In order to come up with the data needed in the study, this requires a pure experimental setup to determine the growth of Malunggay
(Moringa oleifera) when exposed to different grades of Neodymium magnet.

We hope for your favorable response regarding this matter. Thank you very much.

God Bless!

Respectfully yours,

ANGELICA C. GALLARTE
Researcher

GLADYS ANGEL T. PASCUAL

Researcher

MAIKO ROSALIE D. MANRIQUE

Researcher

ROBERTA JELENA FAE DACAIMAT

Researcher

RUTHZEL C. ATANACIO
Researcher

Approved:

MRS. EDNA H. VILLAMAYOR

Principal III
Rizal National Science High School
APPENDIX B

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education- Region IV-A CALABARZON
RIZAL NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
HOME OF SCHOLARS, WHERE EXCELLENCE IS A WAY OF LIFE

PERMISSION TO CONDUCT STUDY

June 1, 2021

This is to permit the researchers Angelica C. Gallarte, Gladys Angel T. Pascual, Maiko Rosalie D. Manrique, Roberta

Jelena Fae Dacaimat, and Ruthzel C. Atanacio, currently enrolled in the Senior High School Program of Rizal National

Science High School to conduct their study entitled “The Growth of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Upon Exposure to

Different Grades of Neodymium Magnet” after having been incorporated all the suggestions and recommendations of
the panel during the Proposal Defense last _________________.

Name Designation Signature 1. Jason C. Joven Expert ______________ 2. Galileo C. Gervacio

Expert ______________ 3. Tiffany Joy C. Blanquisco Statistician ______________ 4. Ma.
Veronica Lee B. Makayan Critic Reader ______________ 5. Marlon P. Sta. Catalina
Chairman ______________

Noted:

ANA JANICE F. ULANG

Science Department Chairman

MARLON P. STA. CATALINA

Research Coordinator

Approved by:

EDNA H. VILLAMAYOR
Principal III
APPENDIX C

Flowchart of Events

Selection of material’s sources

Gathering of materials

Malunggay seed germination

Soil testing

Preparation of experiment

Soil preparation

Planting of seeds

Installation of magnets

Plant maintenance

Observation and data recording

Statistical Analysis

Sketch of the experimental set-up and identify the parts

Images of Entry

Day 1
Week 1
 Week 2

Week 3

APPENDIX E

WEEKLY OBSERVATION RECORD

Plant Heigh Number of Leaves
asurement:

POT # WEEK 2 WE POT WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3

EK #
3

Set-Up A Set-Up A
A1 4.5 10.35 14.75 A1 0 19.25 34

A2 16.5 21.5 25.6 A2 32 46 62

A3 8 6.3 11.7 A3 0 22 38
5

A4 8.5 6 11.2 A4 0 16.5 28

5

A5 6.5 11 16.5 A5 0 18 38
 AVE 8.8 11.03 15.97 Set-Up B AVE 6.4 24.35 40 Set-Up B

B1 5 9.25 15.7 B1 0 24 39
5
B2 8 0 B2 00 0
0
B3 8.5 6.25 B3 0 13 25.5
11.7
B4 15 23 5 B4 27 50 61

25.2

B5 17.3 21.5 25.2 AVE 10.76 12 B5 35 47 70 AVE 12.4 26.8 39.1

15.58 Set-Up C Set-Up C

C1 9 12 12 C1 0 20 41

C2 7.5 5 5 C2 0 10 30

C3 7 3.25 3.25 C3 0 12 23.5

C4 14.5 20.5 20.5 C4 23 44 57

C5 4.5 6.75 6.75 C5 0 8.5 40

AVE 8.5 9.5 9.5 AVE 4.6 18.9 38.3