The Growth of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Upon Exposure

to Different Grades of Neodymium Magnet

R.C. Atanacio, R.J.F. Dacaimat, A.C. Gallarte, M.R.D. Manrique, G.A.T. Pascual

Abstract: For around three decades, farmers in the Philippines had been utilizing synthetic composts, pesticides and
growth regulators in their yield production techniques. Having in mind that it can influence soil fertility, nourishment
quality, natural quality and human wellbeing, they were being utilized for the fact that these alternatives would be
viewed as helpful and achievable. This research proposes an experimental study on the growth of malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) upon exposure to different grades of Neodymium magnet. The setup of the experiment was divided into three
groups. The first group (Set up A) was the control group which consists of germinated Malunggay seed planted alone
on soil. The two experimental groups were exposed to different grades of neodymium magnet with Setup B having the
N42 magnet and Set up C the N52 magnet. There were replicates for each group to test the reliability of the results.
The experiment revealed that there was no significant difference between the average plant height and number of
leaves of the plant in setup A having no neodymium magnet exposure, setup B with exposure to N42 neodymium
magnet and setup C with exposure to N52 neodymium magnet as perceived by the statistical analysis since its
computed P-value was greater than the alpha value 0.05. The average height of the plants in setup A was 15.97 cm,
15.58 cm in setup B and 9.5 cm in setup C and the average number of leaves in setup A were 40, 39.1 in setup B and
38.3 in setup C.

Keywords: neodymium magnet, malunggay, growth

1. Introduction
According to household surveys conducted by Social
Weather Stations, a non-profit research organization,
food inflation rates hit 6.2 percent in March, 2020 and
more than one in five Filipinos would go hungry at some
point– a record high that was double pre-pandemic
levels (Aspinwall, 2021). The closing down of the
economy following the quarantine restrictions in various
areas due to the COVID-19 pandemic has certainly
increased the number of job displacement hence,
households experiencing involuntary food hunger also
increased. Due to this phenomenon, there has been a
regular occurrence of residents developing their
backyards to grow their plants. Since the COVID-19
pandemic began in the Philippines, people have been
growing plants such as vegetables and fruits to meet
their own needs.
● Atanacio, Ruthzel C. Student of Rizal National
Science High School, Batingan, Binangonan
Rizal, Mobile: 0961 624 4668. E-mail:
atanacioruthzel.thomasedison@gmail.com
● Dacaimat, Roberta Jelena Fae, Student of
Rizal National Science High School, Batingan,
Binangonan Rizal, Mobile: 0906 573 9584.
Email:
dacaimatroberta.thomasedison@gmail.com
● Gallarte, Angelica C. Student of Rizal National
Science High School, Batingan, Binangonan
Rizal, Mobile: 0916 638 1322. Email:
gallarteangelica.thomasedison@gmail.com
● Manrique, Maiko Rosalie D. Student of Rizal
National Science High School, Batingan,
Binangonan Rizal, Mobile: 0906 455 3961.
E-mail:
manriquemaiko.thomasedison@gmail.com
● Pascual, Gladys Angel T. Student of Rizal
National High School, Batingan, Binangonan
Rizal, Mobile: 0928 690 4094. Email:
pascualgladysangel.thomasedison@gmail.com
Based on a review done by Gopalakrishnan, Deriya &
Kumar (2016), the Moringa oleifera plant, which belongs
to the Moringaceae family, is an effective treatment for
malnutrition. They also mentioned that the Moringa's
leaves, pods, and seeds contain a range of important
compounds, making it a nutrient-dense plant.
Chukwuebuka (2015) claimed that Moringa oleifera,
also known as Malunggay in the Philippines, is one of
the most beneficial trees on the planet, with practically
every part of the tree being beneficial for food,
medicine, and various industries. The leaves are
extremely nutritious, making them ideal for infants and
nursing moms, particularly those from impoverished
countries or areas prone to malnutrition. This is due to
the fact that both classes are at the greatest risk of
nutritional deficiency. Malunggay grows relatively fast, it
flowers within the first six months of planting and the
fruit matures about three months after flowering.
However, due to recent circumstances brought about
by the pandemic, the researchers saw a great need for
vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants such as
Malunggay, to grow and develop rapidly to be able to
produce more food and prevent hunger and
malnutrition. Instead of utilizing chemical fertilizers as
crop enhancers, the researchers developed the
concept of testing the effects of varied amounts of
magnetic exposure on the growth of Malunggay.
The previous study investigations mentioned above,
however, do not measure the plant health status with
and without magnetic influence.
Ahmed et al. (2013) conducted a study to determine the
impact of magnetic fields on sweet pepper seed
germination, growth, yield, and fruit quality (Capsicum
annuum). They discovered that applying a magnetic
field to seeds before seeding improves germination,
yield capacity, and fruit quality.
Yuksel, Ankarali, & Yuksel (2018) Stated that in the
1980s, General Motors and Hitachi produced
Neodymium-iron-boron magnets. Because it produces a
strong magnetic force even in small amounts, it is
increasingly being used in the production of strong
permanent magnets composed of rare earth elements.
Many scientists had conducted research and concluded
that if a magnet was placed beneath the plants, those
that contained iron would lean towards the ground.
However, in a study conducted by Andrei et al. (2014),
they have proven them wrong. Plants with magnets
grew taller than plants without magnets underneath
them.
With the aforementioned facts, the researchers
conducted this study to assess the growth of Malunggay
(Moringa oleifera) when exposed to different grades of
magnets. This study has focused only on the growth of
Malunggay that were planted on a pot on plain soil and
on a pot on soil with the presence of different magnet
grades. This study explored how different grades of
Neodymium magnets affect Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) in terms of the number of leaves and height of
the plant.
Background of the Study
Food Supply Chain is an essential aspect for a society’s
growth and development. It is the process of producing,
distributing, and consuming food. Having a stable food
supply means that there is enough food for everyone all
the time. Sanchez (2020) stated that agriculture is one
of, if not the most important, industries in the
Philippines. Forestry, crop production, animal farming,
and aquaculture cultivation are all part of it. Its output
meets local demand and is regarded as a necessary
commodity in the country.
Nyakane et. al (2018) stated that the use of a magnetic
field to stimulate seed germination, plant growth, and
yields in a variety of species, including industrial crops,
herbs and medicinal plants, various vegetables and
fruits, grasses, and model crops, has caught the interest
of many scientists in the entire world.
Statement of the Problem
The study, “The Growth of Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) Upon Exposure to Different Grades of
Neodymium Magnet” sought to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the average plant height of the
Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) plants in :
1.1. Setup A (No Neodymium magnet)
1.2. Setup B (With N42 Neodymium magnet)
1.3. Setup C (With N52 Neodymium magnet)
2. What is the average number of leaves of the
Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) plants in:
2.1. Setup A (No Neodymium magnet)
2.2. Setup B (With N42 Neodymium magnet)
2.3. Setup C (With N52 Neodymium magnet)
3. Is there a significant difference between the
average plant height of the plants in Setup A
having no Neodymium magnet exposure, Setup
B with exposure to N42 Neodymium magnet,
and Setup C with exposure to N52 Neodymium
magnet?
4. Is there a significant difference between the
number of leaves of the plants in Setup A
having no Neodymium magnet exposure, Setup
B with exposure to N42 Neodymium magnet,
and Setup C with exposure to N52 Neodymium
Neodymium magnet?
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the
average plant height of the plants in Setup A having no
Neodymium magnet exposure, Setup B with exposure
to N42 Neodymium magnet, and Setup C with exposure
to N52 Neodymium magnet.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the
average plant height of the plants in Setup A having no
Neodymium magnet exposure, Setup B with exposure
to N42 Neodymium magnet, and Setup C with exposure
to N52 Neodymium magnet
2. Materials and Methods
Materials
The research experimentation was conducted at Lot 8,
Blk. 1, Mayflower St., Greenland Subdivision, Brgy. San
Juan, Cainta, Rizal. The goal of the study was to see
the malunggay growth difference in terms of the plant
height and the number of leaves of Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) upon planting it in three setups; a controlled
setup having traditional planting, an experimental setup
having the plant exposed to Neodymium N42 magnet
and another experimental setup having the plant
exposed to Neodymium N52 magnet, for 3 weeks.
Plant Pot
The measurement of each pot has a diameter of 6
inches and a height of 5 inches. The researchers used
a total of 15 pots in the present study. The pots were
bought from a physical gardening shop in Cainta, Rizal
as well.
Ruler
A metal ruler was used to measure the height of the
plants each week. The ruler was a 12-inch,
smooth-edged metal marked at regular intervals to
indicate measurement.

Selection of material’s sources Data recording table

Gathering of materials Malunggay seeds

Malunggay seeds were the main variable of the study. Plant Height (unit of measurement:
The Malunggay seeds that were planted and exposed to
Table 1. centimeter
different grades of magnet were bought from a
Gardening shop in Tayuman, Binangonan, Rizal. One POT # WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3
(1) malunggay seed was planted in each pot, fifteen (15)
seeds were used in total. Ruler was the instrument used Set-Up A
for measuring the depth of the seeds planted.
A1
Soil A2
The soil that was used in the study was loam soil. The
loam soil was acquired from a physical gardening store A3
in Cainta, Rizal. The amount of soil that was placed in A4
each of the pots was 500 grams and was measured
through a weighing scale. A5
Set-Up B
Magnet
The magnets that were exposed into the Malunggay B1
seeds were five (5) pieces of Neodymium N52 15mm x B2
10mm x 2mm Rare Earth NdFeB Bar magnet and five
(5) pieces of Neodymium N42 20mm x 10mm x 2mm B3
Rare Earth NdFeB Bar magnet. There was one
B4
neodymium magnet for each pot of the experimental
groups, Setup B and Setup C, while Setup A, on the B5
other hand, did not have any magnet as it was the
Set-Up C
controlled group that did the traditional planting.
C1
The magnets used in the experiment were bought and
acquired from the Philippines Magnetics shop in C2
Lazada. C3

Soil Detector C4
Soil Detector was the instrument that was utilized for C5
measuring the soil moisture, sunlight exposure, and its
pH content. The 3-in-1 soil detector came from
TrendyHome, an online shop at Shopee.
Plant Height (unit of measurement:
Container centimeter
The container used for seed germination was a Selecta Table 2.
Ice cream container. The seeds were wrapped in a POT # WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3
tissue and observed for 9 days.
 Preparation for the experiment
Set-Up A
A1 Sketch of the Setups
A2
A3
A4
A5
Set-Up B
B1
B2
B3
Figure 1. Experiment setup
B4
B5 As shown in Figure 1, the experiment was divided into
three groups. The first group (Set up A) was the control
Set-Up C
group which consists of Malunggay seed planted alone
C1 on soil, while the two experimental groups were
C2 exposed to different grades of neodymium magnet; with
Setup B having the N42 magnet and Set up C the N52
C3
magnet. There were replicates for each group for the
C4 reliability of the results.
C5
Soil preparation
The plant pots for each group were filled with 500
Methods
grams of soil. The pH level and moisture of each soil in
the plant pots were measured through the use of the
Malunggay seed germination
3-in-1 pH/Moisture/Light Tester Soil detector. The soil’s
average pH level was 7 and the moisture was 6.
Preparation of the seed
The container that was used in the germination process
Planting of seeds
was a 1 Liter opaque plastic container. Four sheets of
The researchers planted one (1) germinated seed for
toilet paper were moistened and were laid flat in the
each pot of the 3 setups: Setup A, the controlled group,
container.
and Setups B and C, the experimental groups. The
seeds were planted 1 inch from the top of the soil. The
After the seeds were collected from the pad, the seeds
depth of the seeds were measured using a ruler.
were soaked into 200 ml of tap water for 1 minute.
Then, the thin and paper-like parts of the Moringa
Installation of magnets
oleifera seed were removed.
The magnets were put at the top of the soil of the two
experimental groups. The magnet was positioned 1
Covering and storing the seeds
inch far across the planted Malunggay (Moringa
Another 4 sheets of toilet paper were moistened and
oleifera) seed. The N42 magnet was placed in setup B
were used to cover the seeds. It was then followed by
and its replicates and the N52 magnet was placed in
covering the container and sealing it properly.
set up C, as well as its replicates.
Storing the Container
Plant maintenance
The container was stored in the kitchen of one of the
researchers.
Watering schedule
Moringa, while drought-resistant once established, still
needs water to survive. It's used in high levels of air
moisture, such as those found in jungles, and it thrives Malunggay seed germination
in humid environments. However, it still needs water on
a regular basis.
Preparation of experiment
Sprouting moringa requires more water than mature
trees. To keep the soil moist around them, the moringa
Soil preparation
was watered once a day with 50 ml of water for the first
two weeks, while an additional of 10 ml of water per
week for the succeeding weeks. The average moisture Planting of seeds
of the soil was kept at 6-7.

Sunlight exposure monitoring Installation of magnets

Moringa plants thrive in a bright, sunny place that
receives direct sunlight for the majority of the day. If the
Plant maintenance
plants do not get enough light, their growth may be
inhibited.
Observation and data recording
The researcher utilized the 3-in-1 Soil pH/Moisture/Light
Tester to monitor the amount of sunlight each setup
receives and ensure that they were exposed to similar Statistical Analysis
amounts of the sunlight intensity which was 2000 lux.
3. Results and Discussion
Observation and data recording
The developmental changes on the malunggay
Table 3. The weekly average plant height of the
(Moringa oleifera) plant were observed at least once a
Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) in each setup
week for three weeks. The observation and data sheet
provided records of the growth of the malunggay
(Moringa oleifera). The table exhibited both noted data Setup Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Average
of the controlled group and the plant exposed with A 8.8 11.03 15.97 11.93
different magnet grades in terms of the number of
leaves and height of the plant. B 10.76 12 15.58 12.78
C 8.5 9.5 9.5 9.23
Statistical Analysis
Results that were obtained from the experiment were The table above shows the average plant height in
subjected to statistical analysis using a frequency centimeters (cm) of each setups per week, in 3 weeks.
distribution table to show the average in terms of plant For the first week to third week measurements, it can be
height and number of leaves. One-way analysis of seen that Setup B has the highest plant height average
variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the influence among all setups having an average of 10.76 cm, 12 cm
of magnetism on the growth of the Malunggay (Moringa and 15.58 cm respectively.
oleifera). According to Green & Salkind (2012),
researchers can use the t-test or ANOVA to compare Table 4. The weekly average number of leaves of
the means of two groups on the dependent variable the Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) in each
when evaluating the relationship between factors. setup
Setup Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Average
Flowchart of Events
A 6 24 40 23

Selection of material’s sources B 12 27 39 26

C 5 19 38 21
Gathering of materials
Table 2 shows the Malunggay’s average number of
leaves within 3 weeks. As observed from the data, the
number of leaves per week in each setup was in
increasing order and the final measurements in week 3
were close to each other, particularly setup A having the
highest number of leaves. The setup with the highest
average number of leaves in 3 weeks was in setup B
where the Malunggay was exposed to N42 magnetism.
Table 3. Analysis of Variance of the Plant
Height
significant difference across the number of leaves. As
shown in table 4, the computed P-value was 0.84940
which was greater than the alpha value 0.05. This
indicates that the null hypothesis was accepted, which
means that the number of leaves in each setup were
close to each other despite having two setups exposed
to magnetism.
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Source of Between Within Total Previous research studies have already established the
Variation Groups Groups connection between magnetism and plant growth.
Previous research studies have shown that plant growth
SS 21.42747 40.12393 61.5514 can be increased by magnetic fields. However, some
research studies claim that there were negative effects
df 2 6 8 on plant growth caused by magnetism. The purpose of
this experiment was to see how the growth of
MS 10.71373 6.687322 Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) was affected when
exposed to varied grades of magnets.
F 1.602096
Summary of Findings
P-value 0.277011
Based on the analysis and interpretation of data, the
following findings were summarized:
F crit 5.143253
1. The average plant height in setup A was 11.93
cm, 12.78 cm in setup B and 9.23 cm in setup
The summary of one-way analysis of variance was C.
shown on the table above. The data shows that the
P-value in this table was 0.277011 which was greater 2. The average number of leaves in setup A were
than 0.05. It means that there was no significant 23, 26 in setup B and 21 in setup C.
difference among the three setups. This implies that the
measure of height of the plants among three setups, 3. The computed P-value for the plant height was
were close to each other despite having 2 setups with 0.277011 which was less than 0.05 of the alpha
magnets. value. This implies that plant height across the
three setups has no significant difference.
Table 4. Analysis of Variance of the
Number of Leaves 4. The computed P-value for the number of leaves
was 0.84940, greater than the 0.05 alpha value.
This implies that the number of leaves across
Source of Between Within Total the three setups has no significant difference.
Variation Groups Groups
4. Conclusion
SS 55.1667 1493.5 1548.667
Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded
df 2 9 11 that:

MS 27.5833 165.9444 In the study’s experimentation, the different grades of

neodymium magnets have no effect on the plant growth
F 0.16622 of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) among the two
experimental setups, as observed through the plant's
P-value 0.84940 growth and in comparison to the controlled setup.
However, it was noticeable that there was a slight
F crit 4.25650 difference between the plant height of the three setups.
Setup C, which contains the highest grade of magnet
among the setups, produced the lowest height across
Table 4 shows the summary of statistics for the one-way the three setups.
analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the

Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions drawn, the
following recommendations were offered:
1. The researchers recommend widening the land area
applied with Magnetic fields in order to obtain more
accurate data on its effects on Malunggay in terms of its
growth.
2. Ensure that the experiment is free of any insects or
pests while the experiment is being carried out.
3. A parallel study shall be conducted that will include
different plants such as root crops, vine crops, and leafy
vegetables.
4. A parallel study shall be conducted that will utilize
different types of magnet.
5. Further study shall be conducted in order to obtain
more information on the growth response of Malunggay
when exposed to different grades of Neodymium
magnet and involve other variables such as root
elongation, size of leaves, nutrients, and plant
sensitivity.
References
1. Andrei,P. C., Jonas B., and Gabriel, B., “A study of
the effects of electromagnetic fields on the growth
and health of lima bean plants (Phaseolus
lunatus),” Vanier Student Research Center, 2014.
2. Aspinwall, N. (2021, April 20). As hunger rises,
Philippine authorities take aim at farmers and rural
activists. The New Humanitarian.
https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2021/4/
20/food-hunger-and-covid-19-in-the-philippines
3. Chukwuebuka, E. (n.d.). (PDF) Moringa oleifera
"The Mother's Best Friend".ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29301
2203_Moringa_oleifera_The_Mother's_Best_Fri
end
4. Gopalakrishnan, L., Doriya, K., & Kumar, D. S.
(2016). Moringa oleifera: A review on nutritive
importance and its medicinal application. Food
Science and Human Wellness, 5(2), 49–56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.04.001
5. Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2010). Using
SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing
and Understanding Data (5th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc
6. Nyakane, Neo & Markus, Elisha & Sedibe,
Moosa. (2018). The Effects of Magnetic Fields
on Plants Growth: A Comprehensive Review.
International Journal of Food Engineering. 5.
79-87. 10.18178/ijfe.5.1.79-87.
7. Sanchez, M. J. (2020, December 10). Agriculture
industry in the Philippines - statistics & facts.
Statista.
https://www.statista.com/topics/5744/agriculture-ind
ustry-in-the-philippines/
8. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at
the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March
2020. (2020). Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/
detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-
at-th
e-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
9. Yuksel C., Ankarali S., Aslan Yuksel N.(2018).
The use of neodymium magnets in healthcare
and their effects on health. North Clin
Istanb.5(3):268–273.
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Republic of the Philippines

Division of Rizal
Region IV - A CALABARZON
RIZAL NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Batingan, Binangonan, Rizal

June 1, 2021

MRS. EDNA H. VILLAMAYOR

Principal III
Rizal National Science High School
J.P. Rizal St., Batingan, Binangonan, Rizal

Madam:

Greetings!

We, student researchers from Grade 12 Thomas Edison, would like to ask permission from your good office, to conduct a study
based on the approved thesis proposal entitled “The Growth of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Upon Exposure to Different Grades of
Neodymium Magnet”.

In order to come up with the data needed in the study, this requires a pure experimental setup to determine the growth of Malunggay
(Moringa oleifera) when exposed to different grades of Neodymium magnet.

We hope for your favorable response regarding this matter. Thank you very much.

God Bless!

Respectfully yours,

ANGELICA C. GALLARTE
Researcher

GLADYS ANGEL T. PASCUAL

Researcher

MAIKO ROSALIE D. MANRIQUE

Researcher

ROBERTA JELENA FAE DACAIMAT

Researcher

RUTHZEL C. ATANACIO
Researcher

Approved:

MRS. EDNA H. VILLAMAYOR

Principal III
Rizal National Science High School
 APPENDIX B

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education- Region IV-A CALABARZON
RIZAL NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
HOME OF SCHOLARS, WHERE EXCELLENCE IS A WAY OF LIFE

PERMISSION TO CONDUCT STUDY

June 1, 2021

This is to permit the researchers Angelica C. Gallarte, Gladys Angel T. Pascual, Maiko Rosalie D. Manrique, Roberta

Jelena Fae Dacaimat, and Ruthzel C. Atanacio, currently enrolled in the Senior High School Program of Rizal National

Science High School to conduct their study entitled “The Growth of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Upon Exposure to

Different Grades of Neodymium Magnet” after having been incorporated all the suggestions and recommendations of

the panel during the Proposal Defense last _________________.

Name Designation Signature

1. Jason C. Joven Expert ______________
2. Galileo C. Gervacio Expert ______________
3. Tiffany Joy C. Blanquisco Statistician ______________
4. Ma. Veronica Lee B. Makayan Critic Reader ______________
5. Marlon P. Sta. Catalina Chairman ______________

Noted:

ANA JANICE F. ULANG

Science Department Chairman

MARLON P. STA. CATALINA

Research Coordinator

Approved by:

EDNA H. VILLAMAYOR
Principal III
 APPENDIX C

Flowchart of Events

Selection of material’s sources

Gathering of materials

Malunggay seed germination

Soil testing

Preparation of experiment

Soil preparation

Planting of seeds

Installation of magnets

Plant maintenance

Observation and data recording

Statistical Analysis

Sketch of the experimental set-up and identify the parts

Images of Entry
Day 1

Week 1

Week 2
Week 3
 APPENDIX E

WEEKLY OBSERVATION RECORD

Plant Height (unit of measurement:

centimeter) Number of Leaves
WEEK
POT # WEEK 1 WEEK 2 3 POT # WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3
Set-Up A Set-Up A
A1 4.5 10.35 14.75 A1 0 19.25 34
A2 16.5 21.5 25.6 A2 32 46 62
A3 8 6.3 11.75 A3 0 22 38
A4 8.5 6 11.25 A4 0 16.5 28
A5 6.5 11 16.5 A5 0 18 38
AVE 8.8 11.03 15.97 AVE 6.4 24.35 40
Set-Up B Set-Up B
B1 5 9.25 15.75 B1 0 24 39
B2 8 0 0 B2 0 0 0
B3 8.5 6.25 11.75 B3 0 13 25.5
B4 15 23 25.2 B4 27 50 61
B5 17.3 21.5 25.2 B5 35 47 70
AVE 10.76 12 15.58 AVE 12.4 26.8 39.1
Set-Up C Set-Up C
C1 9 12 12 C1 0 20 41
C2 7.5 5 5 C2 0 10 30
C3 7 3.25 3.25 C3 0 12 23.5
C4 14.5 20.5 20.5 C4 23 44 57
C5 4.5 6.75 6.75 C5 0 8.5 40
AVE 8.5 9.5 9.5 AVE 4.6 18.9 38.3