Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Philippine
History
JOMARI C. CABUSAO
Course Instructor, TAU-CED
I. Introduction to
History
A. Etymology and Definition
– History (from the Greek word Historie or Historia
which means “learning, inquiry and or
investigation”) is a branch of the Social Sciences
that deals with the systematic study of significant
past, a branch of knowledge that records and
explains past events and which concerns people
and human nature.
– Being a branch of the social sciences, History centers on the study of people and the
society.
– Which is why, the people are considered as the focal point in the study of history.
– The definition emphasizes that it is a “systematic” study.
– This means that history as a discipline follows a methodology in order to establish and be
able to validate facts and evidences.
– The definition mentions of “significant” past as the subject matter of history.
– By “significant past” it entails that only past events which has affected the political,
cultural, social and economic aspects of the society or of the lives of the people, are
considered part of history.
– It does not follow that everything that happened in the past is considered part of
Philippine History i.e On June 14, 2001.
B. Historiography
– Historiography on the other hand refers to the study of
history itself. Historiography analyzes who is the
history writer, the motives of the writer, the sources of
the writer, theories applied and other historical
methods.
– It also analyzes the context when the history was
written.
C. Elements of History
1. The Historian. This refers to the person writing the history.
2. Place. The location where the history was written
3. Period. Refers to the context of the time when the history
was written.
4. Sources. Refers to the basis of claims or analysis of the
historian such as documents, written or oral accounts.
D. Nature of History
as an academic
discipline
A. History has no subject matter
of its own.
– Of course, the subject matter of history covers all
the persons and all events that have happened in
the past.
– It is actually very broad since it does cover
everything that has happened in the society
including all aspects from political, economic
social, culture etc.
B. History synthesizes
knowledge from other fields.
– Since it covers all phenomena, History as a branch
of the Social Sciences analyzes the relations of
different events, their cause and effects using also
the knowledge used in other fields of the Social
Sciences such as Anthropology, Sociology
Economics etc.
C. History illuminate’s pieces of
the past.
1. Primary Sources
2. Secondary
Sources
Take Note:
– Primary and secondary sources form the cornerstones of
historical research.
– A modern-day work of history is essentially a description
and interpretation of primary sources, along with
commentary of secondary sources, both using them in
reference to the subject matter at hand, and agreeing and
disagreeing with them.
A. Primary Sources
– A primary source provides direct or first hand evidence about an
event, object, person, or work of art.
– These are the evidences by eyewitnesses or created by people who
experienced the said event or phenomena.
– The historian’s responsibility is to organize the primary sources into
a coherent account to become secondary source.
– In effect, a primary source is direct source of historical information
dating from the period in question
B. Secondary Sources
1. External Criticisms
2. Internal Criticisms
A. External Criticism
– The ‘External Criticism’ covers the physical examinations of
sources like documents, manuscripts, books, pamphlets,
maps, inscriptions and monuments.
– In original documents it includes looking at the paper and
ink used whether or not it is within the same circa as the
content of the work.
Following are the elements that have to
be taken into consideration in doing
validation:
I. Authorship.
– The name of the author of the document usually provides
credence in the establishment of validity of a certain
document.
– The author’s name in itself can provided for the test of
authenticity.
– In cases of anonymous writings when the exact name of the author is
not known then the office that holds the record should also be taken
into consideration.
II. Date and place of publication
– The date of the document including the time and place of publication
should be properly analyzed in order to establish its authenticity.
– Modern day documents and publication have their date and place of
publication usually printed at the back of the title page.
– However, for manuscripts there are usually no date and place of
publications indicated. In such cases, the historian should look for
dates mentioned within the manuscript or cross check with other
records.
III. Textual errors
– The historian should always be in the lookout for errors
in the text of documents and manuscripts.
– There are two kinds of errors in documents
1. unintentional or
2. intentional.
IV. Meanings of words used.