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Contents xv

11.8 p–y–T Relations for Gas Mixtures 675 12.7 Psychrometric Charts 740
11.9 Analyzing Multicomponent 12.8 Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Systems 679 Processes 741
11.9.1 Partial Molal Properties 680 12.8.1 Applying Mass and Energy Balances
11.9.2 Chemical Potential 682 to Air-Conditioning Systems 741
11.9.3 Fundamental Thermodynamic Functions 12.8.2 Conditioning Moist Air at Constant
for Multicomponent Systems 683 Composition 743
11.9.4 Fugacity 685 12.8.3 Dehumidification 746
12.8.4 Humidification 750
11.9.5 Ideal Solution 688
11.9.6 Chemical Potential for Ideal 12.8.5 Evaporative Cooling 752
689
Solutions 12.8.6 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air
Streams755
Chapter Summary and Study Guide 690
12.9 Cooling Towers 758
Chapter Summary and Study Guide 761
12 Ideal Gas Mixture and
Psychrometric Applications 705
Ideal Gas Mixtures: General
13 Reacting Mixtures and
Combustion 777
Considerations 706
Combustion Fundamentals 778
12.1 Describing Mixture Composition 706
13.1 Introducing Combustion 778
12.2 Relating p, V, and T for Ideal Gas
13.1.1 Fuels 779
Mixtures 710
13.1.2 Modeling Combustion Air 779
12.3 Evaluating U, H, S, and Specific
13.1.3 Determining Products of
Heats 711 Combustion 782
12.3.1 Evaluating U and H 711
13.1.4 Energy and Entropy Balances for Reacting
12.3.2 Evaluating cy and cp 712 Systems 786
12.3.3 Evaluating S 712 13.2 Conservation of Energy—Reacting Systems 787
12.3.4 Working on a Mass Basis 713 13.2.1 Evaluating Enthalpy for Reacting
12.4 Analyzing Systems Involving Systems 787
Mixtures 714 13.2.2 Energy Balances for Reacting
12.4.1 Mixture Processes at Constant Systems 789
Composition 714 13.2.3 Enthalpy of Combustion and Heating
Values 797
721
12.4.2 Mixing of Ideal Gases
13.3 Determining the Adiabatic Flame
Psychrometric Applications 727
Temperature 800
12.5 Introducing Psychrometric Principles 727
13.3.1 Using Table Data 801
12.5.1 Moist Air 727
13.3.2 Using Computer Software 801
12.5.2 Humidity Ratio, Relative Humidity, Mixture
13.3.3 Closing Comments 804
Enthalpy, and Mixture Entropy 728
12.5.3 Modeling Moist Air in Equilibrium with 13.4 Fuel Cells 804
Liquid Water 730 13.4.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 806
12.5.4 Evaluating the Dew Point Temperature 731 808
13.4.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
12.5.5 Evaluating Humidity Ratio Using the 13.5 Absolute Entropy and the Third Law
737
Adiabatic-Saturation Temperature of Thermodynamics 808
12.6 Psychrometers: Measuring the Wet-Bulb 13.5.1 Evaluating Entropy for Reacting
and Dry-Bulb Temperatures 738 Systems 809