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Rayleigh Ritz
Rayleigh Ritz
RAYLEIGH-RITZ METHOD
EJ x
EJ x 1
2 l
EJ EJ
2 x
l l
y 0 0
where y x has to fulfill the essential boundary conditions:
y 0 0
with y x C1 0, 2l
x2
a) y2 x a being coefficient a a degree of freedom of the system.
l2
1 2 16l 2
2
2a 2al
2l
1
E E a EJ x 2 dx K a 2 M 2
20 l 2 l l
2l 2l
dE 4a M 4a EJ mEJ
EJ x 4 dx 16 Ka 2 EJ x 4 dx 16k 3 a 2 2 0
da 0 l l 0
l l l
EJ 1 x
l l
EJ m EJ
4a 4 1 dx 1 dx 16k 3 a 2 2
l 0 2 l 0 l l
2a l l 8ka 2ml
2
l m a
l 2 4 l 7 16kl
2m x
2
8ml
y2 x y2 2l
7 16k l 7 16k
2
x2 x3
b) y3 x a b
l2 l3
2
1 4a l 2 8b l 3 2al 3bl 2
2
2a 6bx
2l
1
E E a, b EJ x 2 3 dx K 2 3 M 2 3
20 l l 2 l l l l
E 2l 2a 6bx 2 2M
EJ x 2 3 2 dx K 4a 8b 4 0
a 0 l l l l
E EJ x 2a 6bx 6 x dx K 4a 8b 8 3M 0
2l
b l 2
0
l 3 l 3 l
1 l x 2 2a 6bx 2l
2 2a 6bx EJ 2 EJ
EJ 1 2 2 3 dx 2 2 3 dx 4 4a 8b 3 k 2 m
2 0 l l l l l
l l l l l
1 l x 6 x 2a 6bx 2l
6 x 2a 6bx EJ 3EJ
EJ 1 3 2 3 dx 3 2 3 dx 8 4a 8b 3 k 2 m
2 0 l l l l l
l l l l l
7 16k 23 32k
a 2 ml
23 32k 189
64k b 3
2
x
2mx 2 120 32k 25 16k 560ml
y3 x l y3 2l
l 265 976k 265 976k
x2 x3 x4
c) y4 x a b c
l2 l3 l4
x x2
2mx 2 77283 20800k 26085 12160k 3125 880k 2
y4 x l l
l 137901 523168k
300904m
y4 2l l
137901 523168k
3
Considering m = 1 and k = 30:
x x
l l
exact
y
Exact Solution y
l Pn approximant polynomial
l
m
m
exact
m 1
x
l x
l
Exact Solution
4
EXERCISE 2
p
y EI
k k
l4
l
Let us consider a beam on elastic foundation. The contribution to the strain energy due to the
elastic foundation can be written as:
v x
l 1
l
VS k d dx kv 2 x dx
0
0 20
The equilibrium configuration v x minimizes the functional, satisfying the Dirichlet (essential)
boundary conditions.
v x : E E v min E v v 0 0, v l 0
v
v 0 v l 0
v1 x a1 sin x
l
5
the total potential energy becomes:
2 2
1
l
2 1
l
l
E1 E a EJ x 2 a1 sin x dx k a1 sin x dx p a1 sin x dx
20 l l 20 l 0 l
" a1 " plays the role of a free variable, since v1 x is assumed to respect the essential boundary
conditions.
E1 4
l
l
l
EJa1 4 sin 2 x dx k a1 sin 2 x dx p sin x dx 0
a l 0 l 0 l 0 l
0 0
2
l l l
l l
0 sin l x dx 0 sin dx 2 2
2 2
→
l
l
l
l 2l
→ 0 sin l x dx cos x 1 1
l 0
Thus:
4 l EJ l 2 2p 4 pl 4
EJa1 k 4 a1 p a1
4
l 2 l 2 l EJ 4 2l 4 k 2l 4 EJ 4 k
4 pl 4
v1 x sin x
EJ k
4
l
4 pl 2
M1 x EJ v1 x M1 x sin x
k l
4
Another possible choice is to approximate the exact solution by a sum of n harmonic function, as:
n
vn x a j sin j x
j 1 l
6
Each harmonic function satisfies both the essential and the natural boundary conditions. Moreover,
the following orthogonality property holds:
l
l 2 j i
sin j l
0
x sin i
l
x dx
0 ji
En 4 n l
EJ 4 ar r 2 sin r x j 2 sin j x dx
a j l 0 r 1 l l
EJ n
l l
k 4 ar sin r x sin j x dx p sin j x dx 0
l 0 r 1 l l 0 l
The orthogonality property of the harmonics allows obtaining a decoupled linear system, as:
4 l EJ l l
EJ j 4a j k 4 aj p 1 cos j j 1 ... n
l 4
2 l 2 j
2 j 2r 1
and 1 cos j r
j 2r
0
0
so:
0 j 2r
a j 2 pl j j 2r 1
EJ 4 j 4 k
2l 3
7
Therefore, the displacement can be written as:
4 sin j x
l
n
4 pl
vn x
EJ
j 1 j k 4 j4
j 2r -1, r 0
sin j x
j 4 4
n
M n x EJ vn M n x 4 pl 2
l
j 2r -1, r
j 1 k j 0
Note that:
aj k 4 k 1
1 4 5 k 4 j4
a1 j k 4 j 4 j
8
EXERCISE 3
Consider a square elastic plate with unitary thickness under the plane stress hypothesis. The plate
is restrained along the y 1 sides and loaded along the x 1 sides. The distributed load is
parabolic: p p 1 y 2 . The material is characterized by the elastic constants ( E , ).
p y
y, v
x, u
Let us consider third order complete polynomials to approximate the exact displacement in the x
direction:
u x, y a b x c y d x 2 e xy f y 2 g x3 h x 2 y l xy 2 m y 3
g 0
d h 0
a c f m x b e l x d h x g 0
2 3
a c f m x b e l x d h x g 0 e 0; l -b
2 3
f -a; m -c
u x, y a 1 y 2 b x 1 y 2 c y 1 y 2 a b x c y 1 y 2
u x, y u ( x, y )
Moreover, the symmetry condition gives:
u x, y u ( x , y )
a 0
u b x 1 y 2 q1 x 1 y 2
c 0
v x, y a b x c y d x 2 e xy f y 2 g x3 h x 2 y l xy 2 m y 3
9
By imposing essential boundary conditions: v x, 1 0
g 0
d h 0
a c f m x b e l x d h x g 0
2 3
a c f m x b e l x d h x g 0 e 0; l b
2 3
a f ; c m
v x, y a 1 y 2 b x 1 y 2 c y 1 y 2 a b x c y 1 y 2
v x , y v ( x, y )
Moreover, the symmetry condition gives:
v x, y v ( x, y )
a 0
v c y 1 y 2 q2 y 1 y 2
b 0
Note that u is even along the y and odd in x , while v is odd along the y and even in x .
1 1 1 1 1
E u, v 1 dy ij ij dx p y u 1, y dy p y u 1, y dy
2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
E u, v dy x x y y xy xy dx 2 p y u 1, y dy
1
2 1 1 1
The elastic constitutive law under the plane stress hypothesis is:
x 1 0 x
E
y 1 2 1 0 y
xy
0 0 1 2 xy
For compatibility:
u
x q1 1 y 2
x
v
y q2 1 3 y 2
y
u v
xy 2q1 xy
y x
10
The total potential energy writes:
1 2
1 1 1
xy dx 4 p 1 y 2 q1 1 y 2 dy
1 E
E q1 , q2 4 2
dy x2 y2 2 x y
2 1 1 1
2 1
1 1
dy q12 1 y 2 q22 1 3 y 2 2 q1q2 1 y 2 1 3 y 2
2E
E q1 , q2 2
2 2
1 1 1
1
1
4q12 x 2 y 2 dx 4 p q1 1 y 2 dy
2
2 1
2E 8 2 4 2 4 2 8
E q1 , q2
2
q1 q2 2 q1q2 1 q12 4 p q1
1 15 5 15 9 15
E q1 , q2 2 E 16 8 4 32
2
q1 q2 1 q1 p0
q1 1 15 15 9 15
E q1 , q2 2 E 8 q 8 q 0
q 1 2 5 15
2 1
2
16 16 1 2 2 16 p 68 8 2 4
q1
15
8 2 4
q1 1 q1 p 1
q
1
15 E 45 45 9
45 9 15 E
q q q q
2
3
1 2 3
1
Thus:
q1 17 5 2 2 1 E
12 2 p
4
2
1 2
q p
2
17 5 2 E
The stresses can be computed by exploiting the compatibility and the behavior equations:
3 2 3 1 2 y 2 8 p 12 xy p 1
x 4p ; y ; xy
17 5 2 2
17 5 2 2 17 5 2 2
11
EXERCISE 4
Inextensible rods: EA
l h l
1 1
E EJ t v1 x dx EJ r v2 z dz p v1 x dx
2 2
2 0 2 0 0
The exact solution is a 4th order polynomial for v1 x and is a 3th order polynomial for v2 z .
x2 x
v1 x l 1 l
The chosen approximation is described by the function:
v z z 1 z
2
2
h h
Both functions have to fulfill the essential boundary conditions and the compatibility conditions in
node B:
x x x2 x 3x
v1 x 2 1 2 2
l l l l l
3x x 6 x 2 3x 2 3z
v1 x 2 3 2 2 1 and v2 z 1
l l l l l l l h h
12
4 2 3x 4 2 3z
2 2
x2 x
l h l
1 1
E EJ t 2 1 dx EJ r 2 1 dz p 2 1 dx
0
2 l l 2 h 0 h 0
l l
being:
2
3x
l l l
0 1 l dx l 0 1 3 d l 0 1 9 6 d l 1 3 3 l
2 2
2
3z
h
0 1 l dx h
By imposing the stationarity:
1 4 2 1 4 2 1 1
E EJ t 2 l EJ r 2 h p l 2
2 l 2 h 3 4
E 4 EJ t 4 EJ r pl 2 pl 2
0
l h 12 48 EJ t l EJ r h
Remarks:
2 3x
M1 x EJ t v1 x M1 x EJ t 1
l l
corresponds to the exact value of the rotation at node B. If a 4th order polynomial is
added to v1 x the result remains the same:
x2 x2
v1 x v1 x 1 being: 1 0 1 l 1 l 1 l 0
l2 l2
1 x
l l l
E d E pl 2
So: E , E E ; 0 →
d 48 EJ t l EJ r h
This property holds for all the cubic functions, independently on the load, if EJ const. (see Betti’s
theorem and finite element method
13
EXERCISE 2b:
M
A EJ const. C
x B K
v
l l
Ml 2 7 9
Where: vB M B M M B M
32 EJ 16 16
2l
1
E EJ v x dx M v l
2
2 0
ax 2
2 0 xl v2 x respects the essential boundary
3l
a v2 x conditions and the continuity in B (i.e.
a 4 8 x 3x
2
l x 2l
3 l l2
conditions on the displacement and its
first derivative)
x2 x3
4a 11b 24c 2 3a 8b 17c 3 0 xl
b v3 x
l l
2 3
2a 4b 8c a x b x c x l x 2l
l l2 l3
7 16
M3
x
x M2 1 10 l
v2 x
l
1 32
v3 x 3 10
1 20 M x
EJ 9 10
v 2 M
Ml
14
xr vn 0 vn 0 vn l 0
n
c vn x ar with:
r 0 lr
v2 x
EJ
vn v15 x
Ml 2
M 15
M3
M n x
M
15
EXERCISE 2c: Timoshenko beam
p
3
2 pl
0
EJ A EJ const. GA* 6EJ l 2 C
EJ
x B k 10
M pl 2
l3
v
l l
x x
x 0 a v x b
2l 2
2l 2l 2l
1 1 1
E EJ x dx GA* v x x dx kv 2 x M x p x v x dx
2 2
2 0 2 0 2 0
2 pl
b GA* 0 M 0 GA*l 02
3
EJ 2GA * l GA*l M
2l GA*l 0
3 2
a 2
GA*l GA*l b 2 pl 2 GA*l
2 kl
2
2 3
0
EJ 9 2 3 a 23 2
l 3 13 b 38 3
a 223 pl 3
b 45 99 EJ
16