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Centrifugal Pumps
Flow Expansion
Discharge
Casing
Suction Eye Impeller
Impeller
Vanes
8/13/2021 Kuma G. and Dejene K. 13
Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps) are the most used
pumps for hydraulic purposes. For this reason, their
hydraulics will be studied in the following sections.
Impeller
• Which is the rotating part of the centrifugal pump.
• It consists of a series of backwards curved,
forwarded curved or radial/straight vanes (blades).
• The impeller is driven by a shaft which is connected
to the shaft of an electric motor.
Volute
Impeller Suction
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑥2
Slip factor =
𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑥2
𝐶𝑥2 ′
Slip factor, 𝜎 =
𝐶𝑥2
• Or
𝐻𝑚 = 𝐻𝑠 + 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 8/13/2021
Kuma G. and Dejene K. 44
Pump Losses
The shaft power or energy Psthat is supplied to the pump by
the prime mover is not the same as the energy received by
the liquid. The difference is mainly due the following losses:
Mechanical friction power losses (𝑃𝑚 )
• Due to friction between the fixed and rotating parts
− Bearing and stuffing boxes
Disc friction power losses (𝑃𝐷 )
• Due to friction between rotating faces of the impeller and
the liquid
Leakage and recirculation power losses (𝑃𝐿 )
• Loss of liquid in impeller
Casing power loss (𝑃𝐶 )
8/13/2021 Kuma G. and Dejene K. 45
Generally these losses are
• Pipe losses
Friction loss: Given by the most known Darcy –
𝑙 𝑉2
Weisbach equation 𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔
𝑓 is friction factor which can be read from the Moody
diagram for different pipe relative roughness (𝑒/𝑑) and
Reynolds number for turbulent flow. For laminar flow an
approximate value can be found by using 𝒇 = 𝟔𝟒/𝑹𝒆
Elbow loss
Cross section change loss
Elbow loss
𝑃𝐿 = 𝜌𝑔𝑞𝑖 𝐻𝑖
Vane width
Number of vanes
Impeller speed
𝝆𝒈𝑸(𝒉𝒊 + 𝑯𝒊 )
𝜼𝒎 =
𝑷𝒔
𝑖 =head loss in impeller
𝐻𝑖 =total head across impeller
Or
𝐻𝑚 𝐻𝑚
𝜂𝑚 = =
𝒉𝒊 + 𝑯𝒊 𝑬
𝑼𝟐 𝑪𝒙𝟐
And 𝑬 = = 𝒉𝒊 + 𝑯𝒊
𝒈
𝐻𝑚
𝜂𝐻 =
𝑼𝟐 𝑪𝒙𝟐
𝒈
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻𝑚
𝜂𝑜 =
𝑃𝑠
The overall efficiency η can be expressed as the product
𝜂𝑂 = 𝜂𝑚 × 𝜂𝑖 × 𝜂 × 𝜂𝑉
cavitation
Regions Solution
• Eye • Pressurizing reservoir
• Pressure gradient • Reducing negative suction head
• Air leakage • Reducing losses in the suction side
8/13/2021
• Working at low temperature 73
Kuma G. and Dejene K.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• NPSH is an important parameter in dealing with the
formation of cavitation in suction side or impeller
eye of a centrifugal pump.
• 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 is the minimum criteria for the pump to
work above for cavitation free operation.
• NPSH is the pressure head difference between the
impeller eye absolute pressure and the vapor
pressure of the liquid.
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑣
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 =
𝜌𝑔
8/13/2021 Kuma G. and Dejene K. 74
Cont…
• Applying Bernoulli’s equation from pipe suction
end to impeller eye
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑉𝑒2 − 𝑉𝑠2
+ + 𝑠 + 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 0
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑃𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑉𝑒2
= − − 𝑠 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑣 𝑃𝑒 , 𝑉𝑒
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 =
𝜌𝑔
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑣 𝑉𝑒2
= − − 𝑠 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
8/13/2021 Kuma G. and Dejene K. 75
Cont…
Performance Curve
• Most pump
performance curves
slope from left to right
Head
Shut-off Head
• Shut-off Head is the maximum pressure or
head the pump can produce
• No flow is produced
Head
Maximum Flow
• No Head is produced
Friction Loss
Head