HCIA-5G V2.0 Training Material

5G Development and Evolution
Foreword
 Mobile communications have profoundly changed peoples' lives. Despite

this, the pursuit for higher-performance mobile communications is never-
ending. The fifth generation of mobile technologies, 5G, has been pushed
forward to adapt to the explosive growth of mobile data traffic, massive
device connections, and emerging new services and application scenarios.
 Supporting eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC, 5G can fulfill diversified service
requirements for network capability differentiation, and network
convergence, ushering in a new era of Internet of Everything (IoE).
2 Huawei Confidential
Objectives
 On completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Understand the development of mobile communications.
 Understand the driving forces of 5G development.
 Understand the 5G standardization progress.
 Be familiar with the 5G industry chain and ecosystem.
Contents
1. Basics of Mobile Communications

 Development and Evolution of Mobile Communications
 Industry Applications of Mobile Communications
2. Driving Force of 5G Development
3. 5G Standardization Progress
4. 5G Industry Chain and Ecosystem
5. Global 5G Commercial Use
What Is Communication?
 Communication is the process of information exchange and transmission between
people or between people and nature through certain behaviors or mediums, from
one point to another point or multiple points.
Communication
 In a broad sense, the exchange of any information is communication. What are the
common ways of exchanging information in our lives?
...
Evolution of Telecommunications
 The telegraph was the first communication tool in human history to transmit information
using electricity. Telephones followed soon after.
 Before mobile phones, pagers served as transitional devices. Finally, mobile phones were
developed, enabling communication anytime and anywhere.
Telegraph Telephone Pager Mobile phone
Modern Communication Media
Wired communication Wireless communication
c=λxf
Optical fibers Network cables
Characteristics of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Low frequency resources are limited. A low frequency features small propagation
loss and long coverage distance.
 High frequency resources however are abundant. A high frequency features large
propagation loss and short coverage distance.
Electromagnetic spectrum Frequency

Frequency Range Wave
Band
UHF 300 ~ 3000 MHz Decimeter wave

Wave range Radio Microwave Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma Ray
Wavelength
103 10-2 10-5 10-7 10-8 10-10 10-12
(m) SHF 3 ~ 30 GHz Centimeter wave
EHF 30 ~ 300 GHz mmWave
Applications of Radio Communications
Aviation and navigation Broadcasting station NFC Wireless television Walkie-talkie
LF (3~300 kHz) MF (300 kHz ~3 MHz) HF (3~30 MHz) VHF (30~300 MHz)
2G/3G/4G GPS 5G terminals and modules Next-generation Wi-Fi
UHF (300 MHz~3 GHz) SHF (3~30 GHz) EHF (30~300 GHz)
Evolution of Mobile Communications
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
 Analog communications  Digital communications WCDMA\CDMA2000\ 5G
  LTE Advance 
 AMPS, TACS  GSM, CDMA TD-SCDMA  ~ 100 Mbps  ~ 10 Gbps

 ~ 270 kbps  ~ 14.4 Mbps  1 ms
 1 million devices/km2
Voice services SMS Image browsing HD video Massive

applications
Contents

 Development and Evolution of Mobile Communications
 Industry Applications of Mobile Communications
Architecture of Mobile Communication Network
Terminal Application services

Base station Transport network Core network
Applications: Individual Services
Core
network
Transport AI Big data Video Content
network
Application platform
Transfer Transfer
LTE NR
Applications: Transportation
Access Video Storage Application Network Display

authentication management management services management screen
Information
PIS Vehicle- gathering
mounted Station
camera Station/
Ticketing
Station yard
Broadcasting Video 5G
conference
AirFlash Wired network
Vehicle-
Vehicle- mounted
mounted device
multimedia monitoring
GSM-R/LTE-R
Operation of
Internet
communication
News
access services Railway base station Railway base station
Gaming
Music
Entertainment
Applications: Power Industry
Power distribution Distributed energy Charging pile Asset management
telemetering and control source management management AMI
eLTE-DSA
DAU DAU DAU Module Module DAU
Ring main unit Pole-mounted Smart electricity

Switching station Fault indicator Concentrator
transformer meter
Quiz
1. Which of the following frequency bands is the mainstream 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G? （）
A. MF（300 KHz ~ 3 MHz）
B. HF（3 ~ 30 MHz）
C. VHF （30 ~ 300 MHz）
D. UHF（300 MHz ~ 3 GHz）
Contents
5G Overall Vision
 5G will have profound impact on various fields and on the future of society, providing a flexible and
adaptable service experience for different users and scenarios. Ultimately, it will achieve the vision of
"Information at Your Fingertips, Everything Available", and enable IoE.
Industrial
Agriculture
Smart home Healthcare

Mobile
terminal
VR Cloud gaming Education
AR
Cloud office Transportation
Finance
Environment
ITU: IMT-2020 Vision
eMBB
10 Gbps Key Capability Requirements
IMT-2020
Peak throughput
User-perceived rate
UL: 10 Gbps 100 Mbps
DL: 20 Gbps
Spectral
Area capacity efficiency
10 Mbit/s/m2 3x
Network energy
efficiency Mobility
100x IMT- 500 km/h

Advanced
mMTC Connection density Air interface latency

URLLC (devices/km2)
1 million connections
1 ms
1 ms
per km2 1 million
Differentiated 5G Service Requirements
 5G will usher in an era of Internet of Everything (IoE) and support three scenarios: eMBB,
URLLC, and mMTC. These three scenarios include diversified and differentiated applications.
URLLC
High speed
High reliability
Massive connectivity
Typical 5G Service Applications
eMBB URLLC mMTC

• Enhanced mobile broadband • Ultra-reliable low-latency • Massive machine-type
• High rate: 8-GB movie communication communications
download in 3s • Faster response (1/10 to 1/50) • 100 billion connections by 2025
AR/VR Autonomous driving mMTC
Live sports UAV Smart city
3D/8K HD video Smart manufacturing IoV
VR/AR/MR Services Require High Rates
VR: Virtual Reality AR: Augmented Reality MR: Mixed Reality
Everything you see is virtual. An information screen is superimposed Interaction with real and
on the real-life environment. virtual objects is enabled.
Cloud VR Requires 5G's High Rates
Cloud
gaming
Cloud
computer
Cloud
VR/AR/MR
Low cost,
lightweight, mobility
5G network
Cloud processing AR/VR experience
New Services Require Low Latency
 Low-latency services such as autonomous driving, remote surgery, and human-robot collaboration
require a response time of less than 10 ms. Service freeze and delay are unacceptable.
Bandwidth (High)
1–10 ms AR/VR
1 Gbps
10 ms
1 Gbps
Remote surgery 1–10 ms Remote medical
100 Mbps 300 Mbps diagnosis 20 ms High-speed train
100 Mbps
10 ms 20 ms
50 Mbps 50 Mbps
1 ms Autonomous
50 Mbps driving
UAV delivery
1 ms
< 100 ms Mobile
1–10 Human-robot 10 ms
10 Mbps 20 ms 10 Mbps broadcast
Mbps collaboration 15 Mbps
10 Mbps Secs–hr Smart
< 1 Mbps wearables
1 Mbps
Latency (High)
1 ms 5 ms 10 ms 20 ms Seconds
Autonomous Driving Requires 5G's Ultra-Low Latency
Latency
Driving speed: 100 km/h
Added distance
Braking distance
LTE
cm cm
The Emergence of IoT
 The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology enables the
interconnection of everything. Massive intelligent terminals are widely used in
industries, agriculture, education and healthcare, transportation and energy,
financial information, and the environment and home.
Large-scale IoT Requires 5G's Strong Connectivity
Smart
greenhouse
Smart environmental
protection
Smart smoke
Smart livestock detector
breeding Smart
Smart
Hydrology Smart garbage box Smart Manhole monitoring
greenhouse
monitoring Cover
Geomagnetic
Smart fire
sensor
hydrant
Key 5G Performance Objectives
Network
Latency Throughput Connections
Architecture
1 ms 10 Gbps 1 million Slicing

air interface per connection connections capability
latency per km2
30x–50x
30–50 ms 100 Mbps 10000 Flexibility
Quiz
1. Which types of 5G application scenarios are defined by the International

Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) in June 2015? ( )
A. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
B. Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Connections(URLLC)
C. Massive Machine-type Connections(mMTC)
D. Narrowband Internet of Things(NB-IoT)
Contents
Significance of Standards and Protocols
 The mobile communication network is based on standards. First, discussions lead to the formulation of
all network processes and protocol information elements (IEs), after which equipment vendors design
products and implement functions.
1 Protocols and Standards 2 Product Implementation
Protocol Compliance
Protocol Standard Description
RRC 3GPP TS 38.331 Radio Resource Control Protocol Specification
PDCP 3GPP TS 38.323 Packet Data Convergence Protocol Specification
NGAP 3GPP TS 38.413 NG Application Protocol
UE 3GPP TS 38.306 User Equipment Radio Access Capabilities
Mobile Communications Standards Organizations
ITU 3GPP
International Telecommunication Union 3rd Generation Partnership Project
ITU is a specialized agency of the United 3GPP, founded in 1998, consists of
Nations for international telecommunication telecommunication standardization organizations
standards. in many countries and regions.
ATIS
ITU working groups: ETSI
ARIB
• 3G: IMT-2000 TTC
CCSA
• 4G: IMT-Advanced
TTA
• 5G: IMT-2020 Standardization TSDSI
organization
5G Starts from 3GPP Release 15
5G NR Rel-15 Rel-16 Rel-17 ...
LTE LTE-A
Rel-12 Rel-13 Rel-14 Rel-15 Rel-16 Rel-17 ...
• 5G New Radio • 5G Next Generation Core
• LTE Advanced Pro Evolution • EPC Evolution
Accelerated Standardization of 5G
2019 2020
Pre-commercial
OTSA use
Rel-14 Rel-15 Rel-16

3GPP IMT-2020
Commercial
Original process 5G Phase 1 5G Phase 2 use
Standardization NSA SA
eMBB + URLLC
acceleration eMBB eMBB
CAICT, Together with the IMT-2020 Promotion Group, Leads 5G Tests
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Phase 1
Verification of key technologies
Phase 2 R&D and tests of
IMT-2020 Verification of technical solutions 5G products
Phase 3
R&D and tests of 5G technologies System verification
2017 Q3 2017 Q4 2018 Q1 2018 Q2 2018 Q3 2018 Q4
Standards version 3GPP Release 15 3GPP Release 16

Standards formulation NSA and SA networking
Environment construction Indoor + Field, 3.5 GHz and 4.9 GHz
Indoor test in NSA networking
Test and verification Field test in NSA networking
Indoor test in SA networking
Field test in SA networking
Terminal test
Interoperability test
Demonstration and verification of typical 5G applications
Summary and evaluation
3GPP Frozen Versions (Releases 15 and 16)
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Release 15 (eMBB)
In December 2017, the first standard 5G
commercial
for 5G NR standard that could be use
NSA SA Late drop
used commercially was formulated.
3GPP Release 16 (eMBB + URLLC)
LTE air interface evolution
Release 15: basic version Release 16: evolved version

NR technical framework Network architecture NR competitiveness Industry digitalization
 New waveform  UL and DL Decoupling improvement  URLLC enhancement
 Numerology, frame  CU-DU Split  eMBB enhancement in  D2D
structure  NSA/SA sub-6 GHz  NR-V2X
 Coding, modulation, and  Integrated access and  Unlicensed
channel Basic design of
backhaul (IAB)
 Massive MIMO industry applications
 URLLC
Quiz
1. Since which 3GPP version is 5G introduced? ( )

A. R8
B. R12
C. R15
D. R16
Contents
Accelerated Commercialization of 5G Worldwide
From Standards to From Commercial Use to 500
From Network to Terminal
Commercial Use Million Users Worldwide
Smartphone
10 years
3G 3G 3G
2001 2010
1999 2 years Oct. 2001 2001 7 years 2007
Standard NTT
4G mobile phone
freezing (entry-level
4G mobile 5 years
phone smartphone)
4G 4G 4G
2009 2014
Dec. 2008 1 year Dec. 2009 2009 1.5 years 2011 3 years 2014
Standard Telia
freezing 5G mobile phone
5G mobile (entry-level
phone smartphone) 3 years
5G 5G 5G
2019 2022
Jun. 2018 6 months Dec. 2018 2019 2019 2 years 2021
Standard LG U+
freezing Synchronous launch
Source: Huawei MI Source: Huawei MI Source: GSMA
5G E2E Solution
Huawei 5G E2E Product Portfolio
Blade Site
M-MIMO 5G Pole
AAU Site
Small 5G RRU
Cell
All-RAT
BBU
CPE
Core Bearer Base Station Terminal

network Network
3D Coverage in Dense Continuous Coverage for Indoor Hotspot Indoor Traffic

Urban Areas Subways Coverage Hotspots
Massive
MIMO Small
5G RRU 5G Pole
AAU Cell
Site
Gradually Maturing 5G Industry Accelerates Global Commercial Use
2019 H1 2019 H2 2020 ~ 5G Terminal Industry Ecosystem
HISILICON Balong 5000

Kirin 990 SoC Smart Phones
NSA/SA NSA&SA
SD875+X60 CPE
Qualcomm X50
NSA&SA
NSA Only
Exynos 5100 Exynos 990

Samsung SoC
5G MiFi
NSA Only
NSA&SA
Dimensity 1000
MediaTek MT6855 SoC
Industrial
NSA&SA Modules
Ivy 510 Others

Unisock NSA/SA
Contents

 5G Terminal Development
 5G Spectrum Allocation
 5G Networking Evolution

5G Mobile Terminals (1)
Price
Huawei SAMSUNG OPPO

LG V50 VIVO
Mate 20 Galaxy S10 Reno
SAMSUNG Huawei P40 iPhone 12

Galaxy S20
Secondary brands of mainstream vendors, such as Redmi,

Realme, iQoo, and Nubia, are launching their 5G mobile
phones, with a price range of USD 200~300.
MOTO XIAOMI Oneplus 7 ZTE AXON

Mod MIMX 3
2019.4 2019.7 2019.10 2020.1 2020.6 2020.12

5G Mobile Terminals (2)
Around 200 million 5G mobile 5G mobile phone price
phones delivered in 2020 reduced to USD300 in 2020
5G Shipment Price
Region 5G Proportion Global Smartphone Shipment Forecast
(Million) (USD)
800$+
Asia Pacific 147 28% 80%
Flagship mobile
North America 23 24% 50% phone
500
Europe 17 13%
20% Low-end
300$ mobile phone
300
Latin America/Middle
13 5% ~200
East/Africa ~150
Proportion of
5G mobile phone shipment 200 5G mobile
20% 2019 phones
2020 2021 2022
Total smartphone shipment 1000
In 2020, nearly 200 million 5G mobile phones have been By the end of 2020, 20% mobile phones will be worth USD300 to USD500.
delivered, accounting for 20%. By 2021, the proportion of 5G mobile phones will reach 50%, and the cost
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, and South Korea) is the major market. of low-end mobile phones will be reduced to USD200.
5G Data Terminals (CPE & 5G MiFi)
Industrial CPE
Window-mounted Outdoor CPE

Indoor CPE CPE
5G MIFI
Distance
300 m (indoor) 500 m (near window) > 800 m (outdoor)
5G Industry Terminals & Modules
Huawei Launches the First Commercial 5G Industrial Module Multiple Vendors Have Launched Module Samples
(Batch GTM in 2020 H2)
QUECTEL: RG500Q/RG510Q/RM500Q/RM510Q
Fixed wireless access, mobile hotspots, cloud PCs
China Mobile IoT: F02X and F03X

VR/AR, Industrial Internet, PCs
Sunsea AIoT: SIM8200EA-M2/SIM8200G/EX510
 Higher performance: single-core full-mode, NSA/SA, 2 Gbps in
the downlink, 230 Mbps in the uplink Mobile terminals, hand-held devices, cloud PCs,
 More reliable: advanced industrial design, –40°C to +85°C fixed wireless access gateways
industrial temperature SIMCom: SIM8200, SIM8300, SIM8200-M2, SIM8300-M2
 More open: rich hardware interfaces, full set of development
Fixed wireless access, multimedia videos, cloud
tools, and technical support
PCs
Huawei Universal 5G+V2X Terminal TD Tech's Industrial CPE
Fibocom: FB101/FB150
Cloud PCs, gateways, industrial management,
telemedicine, UAV, VR/AR
Sierra Wireless: AirPrime 5G module
Industrial Internet, smart transportation, smart
 Industry's first 5G+V2X  Industrial-grade protection: IP65, healthcare, smart driving
commercial device anti-magnetic, and anti-salt spray
Huawei: MH5000
 Support for SA/NSA  Support for SA/NSA
Applicable to IoV VR/AR, IoV, smart manufacturing, energy Internet,
  Omnidirectional highly-sensitivity
UAV, healthcare
antenna: 5G 4T4R
Contents

 5G Terminal Development
 5G Spectrum Allocation
 5G Networking Evolution

5G Spectrum Resources
Sub-6 GHz mmWave
Visible
light
1 2 3 4 5 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
GHz
Sub-3 GHz C-band
5G primary frequency band 5G extended frequency band

Coverage & Mobility Capacity & Self-backhaul
 The 5G spectrum resources defined in the 3GPP specifications can be divided into two frequency
ranges: FR1 and FR2.
 FR1: sub-6 GHz, the primary frequency band for 5G. The frequencies below 3 GHz are called sub-3 GHz,
and all remaining spectrum is referred to as C-band.
 FR2: mmWave above 6 GHz, the extended frequency band for 5G, with abundant spectrum resources
Global Mainstream 5G Spectrum
C-band 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0
GHz
Europe
United States
China
Japan
South Korea
C-band (3.4–4.9 GHz) can provide at least 200 MHz bandwidth, becoming the main spectrum of global 5G networks.
G30 G40
mmWave
GHz
25 30 40 45
EU RSPG 3.25 GHz 1.6 GHz 3 GHz
USA FCC 0.85GHz 3 GHz
MIIT 2.75 GHz 5.5 GHz

Japan MIC 2 GHz
Confirmed Candidate, first band for mobile services
South Korea MSIP 3 GHz Being confirmed Candidate, first band for non-mobile services
Pending Outside the AI1.13 framework
Progress of Sub-3 GHz Spectrum
Spectrum: Quick Release Coverage: 5G Fast Coverage Requirements of Sub-3 GHz NR
Without the First Band Evolution Projects
Wide coverage
700 MHz, without C-band
According to the 5G spectrum regulation
Netherlands is expected to release C-band, 600M 2
requirements in Germany, 98% of the
preferentially 700 MHz, in 2022. population, as well as all major highways and 10+ countries such as
Occupied C-band and difficult railways will be provided with a rate of 100 700M
Fr./Ger./Neth./Switz./Fin.
14
Mbps by 2022.
frequency clearance
Four major operators in Germany have 800M 2 Mainstream frequency
In Malaysia and Indonesia, the C-Band is
proposed C-Band + sub-3 GHz. bands:
occupied by satellites. 5G will be deployed in
existing frequency bands. 900M 2 700 MHz/1.8 GHz/2.1 GHz
Malaysia/Pol.
Site: Difficult Multi- 3.5 GHz NR 3.5 GHz NR 1.8G
/Switz./Braz.
9
Antenna Deployment Ger./Aust./Czech/
700 MHz NR 2.1 GHz NR 2.1G 12
Pol./Greece/Hong Kong
Difficult to acquire massive
MIMO sites Continuous coverage in urban
2.3G 4
areas and deep indoor coverage
Swisscom: 90% the rooftop space of
urban sites is fully occupied and French operators plan to deploy 2.6G B7 Switz./Rus. 5
cannot be upgraded or reconstructed 700 MHz in cities.
for more antennas. 2.6G B38 5
3.5 GHz –22 dB
Sunrise: Blade AAU single-antenna
solution is expected to be deployed. Penetration loss
700 MHz Global Sub-3 GHz NR
–14 dB
Progress Acceleration
Spectrum Allocation in China
700 MHz 100 MHz China Mobile
698 798 China Telecom
10 10 China Unicom
900 MHz 24 MHz 6 24 MHz 6
MHz MHz
CBN
825 835 870 880 885 915 930 960
1800
25 MHz 30 MHz 20 MHz 25 MHz 30 MHz 20 MHz 15 MHz
MHz
1710 1785 1805 1880 1900
10 15 10
2.1 GHz 20 MHz 25 MHz 5 20 MHz 25 MHz 5
MHz MHz MHz
1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170
2.6 GHz 160 MHz

2515 2555 2575 2635 2655 2675
3.5 GHz 100 MHz 100 MHz

3400 3500 3600
4.9 GHz 100 MHz 60 MHz

4800 4900 5000
5G Spectrum Allocation in China
Guard band New Reused Existing 4G spectrum Reused New Guard band
4G 2.6 BeiDou China Mobile 60 MHz

China Unicom
20 MHz
China Mobile China Telecom
20 MHz Radar
60 MHz
GHz
2480 2500 2515 2555 2575 2635 2655 2675 2690
China Mobile
China Mobile 60 MHz China Mobile 60 MHz
2.6 40 MHz
GHz China Mobile 160 MHz
2515 2675
3.5 China Telecom 100 MHz China Unicom 100 MHz

GHz
5G 3400 3500 3600
4.8 China Mobile 100 MHz CBN 60 MHz 40 MHz reserved

GHz 4800 4900 4960 5000
3.3 100 MHz for indoor scenarios (to be determined)

GHz
3300 3400
5G Spectrum Sharing in China
2.6G 100 MHz NR 60 MHz CloudAIR China
Mobile Telecom & 3.5 China Telecom 100 MHz China Unicom 100 MHz
China GHz
4.9G 100 MHz NR Unicom 3400 3500 3600
4G traffic 4G traffic peak
5G penetration
Initial commercial rate 20%
use of 5G 5G traffic
2020 2021 2022 ~

Phase 1: Leverage low Phase 2: Leverage large Phase 3: Delve deep into
frequency bands. bandwidths. spectrum advantages.
2.6 GHz 100 MHz NR 60 MHz 2.6 GHz 100 MHz NR 60 MHz NR
2.6 GHz 100 MHz NR 60 MHz LTE
On-demand enabling 260 MHz NR enabling
4.9 GHz 100 MHz NR 4.9 GHz 100 MHz NR
of 260 MHz NR on a large scale
Contents

 5G Terminal Development
 5G Spectrum Allocation
 5G Networking Evolution

Evolution of Typical 5G Networking
Preferentially develop eMBB services Gradually expand to vertical industries
Dense urban area Urban area Suburban or Dense urban area Urban area Suburban or
rural area rural area
mmWave mmWave Experience

-oriented
C-band C-band
2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz Experience

-based
1.8–2.1 GHz 1.8–2.1 GHz
700/800/900 MHz 700/800/900 MHz Coverage-

based
4G 5G 4G 5G
Example of the Target Networking Policy
City County Town Rural area
On-demand construction of 5G hotspots and vertical industries

4.9 GHz 5G
hotspots and vertical industries 5G capacity layer 5G
eMBB services such as
5G: evolution towards full 160 MHz VR/AR/video Collaborative
2.6 GHz 5G basic coverage/4G planning
4G: on-demand enabling
capacity layer Co-construction
and co-existence
Strong data bearing capability
and high-quality user
1.8 GHz
Continuous coverage in
counties and above
experience 4G
4G basic capacity layer (5G
NSA anchor)
Best coverage capabilities
NB/FDD
900 MHz Spectrum sharing Basic network for voice/IoT
GSM
services
5G 3D Networking for All Scenarios
Macro base 64T/32T hybrid networking, reuse of
station existing 8T modules in rural areas
Pole site
64T
MIMO New/
Upgraded
IBS 32T 8T
MIMO RRU + antenna
High-speed
DIS DAS railway
LampSite Traditional indoor
distributed site Easymacro/BookRRU
Hotspot area Macro-micro coordination at the Suburban Rural area

coverage edge for better experience coverage
Metro High-power 2T RRU + leaky cable & DIS
64T/32T Scenario-based Combination to Balance Network
Performance and Investment
64T is planned and deployed based on the density, height, and capacity
requirements of buildings. 32T is deployed in other scenarios.
High-rise-building-intensive area Potential high-traffic cells High-rise building
(50% high-density buildings with or (top 20% 4G cells with heavy traffic) or (over 10 floors)
more than six floors)
Deep coverage Capacity capability Vertical coverage

capability comparison comparison capability comparison
 64T has strong vertical coverage capability
 64T provides better deep coverage, and  The capacity of 64T is 1.3–1.4 times and provides better user experience at
a cell edge rate 1.3 times that of 32T. that of 32T. higher floors (higher than 10 floors).
Capacity comparison Downlink rate comparison
Edge rate
between floors
150 132.23 25%
38% 28% 139.1
100.47 32%
100 110.5 80% 95.6
50 53.4
0
32T 64T Uplink 32T 64T Downlink 10F 32T 64T 20F
Contents
5G Commercialized in Major Markets Worldwide
 Western Europe
 South Korea
 Sunrise: 90% of the population served by the end of 2019
 On April 3, 2019, 5G commercial services were released,
with nearly one million users.  BT/EE: commercial release in May and available in 16 cities
by the end of 2019; 3UK: commercial release in August
 Japan
 Elisa: commercial release in June
 Docomo: first commercial use in 2019 H2; nationwide
coverage in 2022  Vodafone Spain: commercial use in June 2019
 China  Middle East
 License issuance in June 2019  VIVA Kuwait: pre-commercial use in April and nationwide
urban coverage in June
 North America
 UAE: commercial release in June
 Verizon: commercialized on April 3, 2019 and available
in 20 cities by the end of 2019  Saudi Arabia: urban coverage completed in 2019
 Sprint: commercial release in May  South Africa

 5G services launched in September 2019, covering
Johannesburg and Cape Town
5G Commercial Use in China
2019.06.06 130,000 600,000

5G licensing
5G base stations, 2019 5G base stations, 2020
Network-wide
2019.10.31 coverage
Urban or suburban
Commercial areas
use 300+ cities 2022
2020 Q4
50+ cities
2019 Q4
2020.8
60 million
users
2019 2020 2021 2022
Multi-Band Multimode Tests in All Scenarios
Basic performance
Mode/Frequency Single-User Peak Single-User Peak Single-Cell Peak Rate Single-Cell Peak Delay - Control Delay - User
Band Rate - UL Rate - DL - UL Rate - DL Plane Plane
16 streams: 5.62
SA - 2.6 GHz 253 Mbps 1.79 Gbps 8 layers: 670 Mbps 79.1 ms 8–9 ms
Gbps
SA - 4.9 GHz 374 Mbps 1.55 Gbps 8 layers: 900 Mbps 16 layers: 4.81 Gbps 78.2 ms 6.6 ms
NSA - 2.6 GHz 125 Mbps 1.75 Gbps 8 layers: 660 Mbps 16 layers: 5.58 Gbps 324 ms 8–9 ms
Network performance
Outdoor Traverse Drive Indoor Distributed
Highway MU-MIMO VoNR
Test System
SA-2.6 GHz SA-4.9 GHz Average Speed: Multi-pRRU 100 Users Online Cell setup duration: 3s
DL: 901 Mbps DL: 500 Mbps 70 km/h Average downlink rate: DL: 5+ Gbps MOS: 4 (VoLTE)
UL: 140 Mbps UL: 135 Mbps Average ISD: 550 m 1.27 Gbps UL: 600+ Mbps
DL: 763 Mbps Average uplink rate:
NSA-2.6 GHz 114 Mbps
DL: 825 Mbps
5G Co-construction and Sharing
Construction interface
Operator A's Operator B's

Self-built Core network Core network Self-built
Operator A&B's
Sharing Base station
Targeted at SA and focused on key areas and high-level customers, build a 5G top-
quality network with wide coverage, high rate, and high-quality experience.
eMBB Is in the Early Stage, and mMTC and URLLC Are Gradually
Maturing
eMBB high-bandwidth services in the early stage of 5G mMTC continues to use 4G IoT, and URLLC
is to be developed.
360° live VR AR-guided
engineering cabling Cellular IoT standard evolution
2018-2019 2020-2022 2023~2025
NB-IoT/eMTC mMTC
Currently, 5G does not have independent IoT standards. In the

UAV video upload HD video initial phase, 5G will inherit the air interface standards of NB-IoT
and eMTC.
Gradual maturity of the terminal industry There are many URLLC scenarios, and typical service
2K screen becoming the standard Foldable large-screen mobile application scenarios are still being explored.
configuration for mid-range and phones developed by mainstream
high-end terminals vendors
Smart Connected Connected

IoV
manufacturing UAV robot
In September 2018, the AR
At the MWC 2019 new products IoV: 1 billion connections, 20 GB/vehicle/month; 50 million
version of the mobile phone
launch event, Huawei unveiled its first connections for autonomous driving, 200 GB/vehicle/month;
game Big Bee was displayed at
5G foldable smartphone, Mate X. 5 million industrial robots/UAVs
the new iPhone launch event.
Exploration of Future Vertical Industry Applications
Smart Smart
Application
Smart grid UAV

scenarios
healthcare manufacturing
 Monitoring  Agriculture  Remote  Robot and more

and control and forestry surgery communication
 Automatic and control ...
fault recovery
requirements
Latency: Latency: Latency: Latency:

Network
5–50 ms 10–30 ms 10–100 ms 10–100 ms

Reliability: Reliability: Reliability: Reliability:
Very high High High Very high
Trends of 5G Industry Applications
Phase 3: 2023 onwards
Phase 1: ~ 2020 Phase 2: 2021–2022
Applications
Advanced control & massive
Video applications Video-based basic control
connections
Individual Home Social media Public utilities Industrial IoV Energy Healthcare
Smart wearables Smart home Smart pole PLC massive Logistics Low-voltage Mobile
mMTC interconnection connections tracking centralized healthcare
metering Device
interconnection
3
Power
Motion Autonomous distribution Remote
control driving PMU surgery
URLLC Cloud gaming Digital media Automatic Remote Power distribution
AGV driving automation Remote B-
Cloud office PMSE 2
Cloud AR/VR Immersive social Industrial Vehicle Precise load mode ultra-
DL 100 Mbps networking AR facial recognition AR platooning control sonography
1
Industrial
shooting
eMBB Family entertainment
HD large screen Campus Vehicle-mounted
Mobile videos IPTV 4k/8k Power distribution
Signage service UAV robotic communication
DL 50–100 Mbps room surveillance
Cable inspection patrolling entertainment
BtoC BtoH BtoB Industry segments
5G Drives Industry Digitalization
$23 trillion 18.9% 32.9% 6.7x
Global digital Compound annual growth Proportion of digital Digital vs. non-digital
economy in 2025 rate (CAGR) of the digital economy GDP ROI
economy in recent years
5G + IoT + AI + Vertical integration:

intelligent services are the core control point of 5G services.
Three
technologies
5G IoT AI
Source: Oxford Economics, Huawei GIV2025

Quiz
1. Currently, the global commercial use focuses on eMBB services in the early stage.
Which of the following services are eMBB services? ( )
A. AR/VR
B. Drone
C. IoV
D. HD Video Download
Summary
 Basics of Mobile Communications

 Driving Force of 5G Development
 5G Standardization Progress
 5G Industry Chain and Ecosystem
 Global 5G Commercial Use
Recommendations
 Huawei official websites

 Enterprise services: http://enterprise.huawei.com/en/
 Technical support: http://support.huawei.com/enterprise/
 Online learning resources: https://e.huawei.com/en/talent/#/
 Popular tools
 HedEx Lite
 Information query assistant
Technical support
Thank you. 把数字世界带入每个人、每个家庭、
每个组织，构建万物互联的智能世界。
Bring digital to every person, home, and
organization for a fully connected,
intelligent world.
Copyright©2021 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved.
The information in this document may contain predictive

statements including, without limitation, statements regarding
the future financial and operating results, future product
portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that
could cause actual results and developments to differ materially
from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements.
Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose
only and constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei
may change the information at any time without notice.
5G Network Architecture and Key
Technologies
Foreword
 5G enables industries, which raise new requirements for network

capabilities. The key to implementing these capabilities lies in the network
architecture and air interface.
 This course will discuss:
 The changes in the architecture and air interface of 5G networks as well as the
key technologies introduced
 5G wireless network security technologies
Objectives

 Describe the 5G network architecture.
 List the key technologies of the 5G air interface.
 List 5G network security technologies.
Contents
1. 5G Network Architecture
 5G Networking Scenarios
 5G Core Network Architecture
 5G Transport Network Architecture
 5G Radio Access Network Architecture
 E2E Network Slicing
2. Key 5G Air Interface Technologies
3. 5G Network Security
Network Evolution from 4G to 5G
4G/5G hybrid network 3 Transit network
gNodeB
UE eNodeB EPC
gNodeBs are introduced in the
early and middle stages of The 5GC is introduced in the middle
network deployment. and late stages of deployment.
eNodeBs and gNodeBs co-exist. eNodeBs gradually withdraw from
the network.
1 Legacy network 2 Target network
UE eNodeB EPC UE gNodeB 5GC
5G Networking Architecture
eNodeB
UE 4G/5G
gNodeB
UE gNodeB 4G/5G
NSA Network Architecture
EPC EPC Data split EPC
anchor
Data split Data split

anchor
eNodeB gNodeB eNodeB gNodeB eNodeB gNodeB anchor
UE UE UE
Option 3 Option 3a Option 3x
Data split
5GC 5GC anchor 5GC
Data split eLTE eLTE eLTE Data split

anchor eNodeB gNodeB eNodeB
gNodeB eNodeB gNodeB anchor
UE UE UE
Option 7 Option 7a Option 7x
NSA Network Architecture (Cont.)
5GC 5GC Data split

anchor
eLTE Data split eLTE

gNodeB gNodeB
eNodeB anchor eNodeB
Option 4 Option 4a
SA Networking Architecture
EPC 5GC 5GC EPC
eLTE
eNodeB gNodeB gNodeB
eNodeB
UE UE UE UE
Option 1 Option 2 Option 5 Option 6
5G Network Architecture Evolution
Evolution path 1
Option 1 Option 2
Evolution path 2
Option 3x
Evolution path 3
Option 3x Option 7x
Evolution path 4
Option 3x Option 4
Evolution path 5
Option 3x Option 7x Option 4
Contents
 5G Networking Scenarios
 5G Core Network Architecture
Position and Main Functions of the Core Network
Core
Network Internet
Voice service flow Data service flow
Evolution of the Core Network
Third wave:
Second wave:
First wave: 4G (LTE)
3G (IP)
2G/PSTN
3G core 4G core
2G/Fixed Fully connected
network network
core 5G
soft EPC/VoLTE/
network core network
switching NFV
1990–2005 2006–2013 2014–2018 2019–onwards
TDM core network All-IP core network Converged access Fully-connected core network
Network cloudification based on the cloud native architecture
2G/3G/4G Core Network Architecture
RAN CN
IP Data
RNC SGSN GGSN
Network
2G/3G NodeB
BSC MSC/VLR PSTN
BTS
E-UTRAN EPC
MME
4G IP Data
S-GW P-GW Network
eNodeB
All-Cloud Network Architecture
SDN/NFV
Edge cloud + regional cloud + core cloud O&M
Edge cloud Regional Core cloud

Backhaul cloud Backhaul
Access Edge cloud Regional

Backhaul Backhaul Core DC
point computing cloud DC
SOC Network Architecture
Voice services
2/3/4/5G
SOC
(Service-oriented core) Video services
Wi-Fi
All access modes
All services
Autonomous
Flexible architecture Programmability Smart pipe driving
NB-IoT
Manufacturing
Fixed
Native Smart city
CUPS SBA Slicing
Cloud
Unlicensed Telemedicine
SBA Network Architecture
EPC 5GC
HSS
Core-CP 3rd-party Functions
MME PCRF ID Mgnt
NEF UDM PCF NRF AF 2
Service Management Framework

S1-MME
AMF SMF AUSF SMSF Encrypt …
LTE SGW PGW
S1-U
N4
LTE
N2
NR
N3 Core-UP
 Large-scale network with inter-NE coupling function  Simplified network with fewer interfaces
 Long time to standardize new functions  Decoupled functions and open architecture
 Independent services and fast innovation
5GC VS EPC
EPC Function Entity 5GC Function Entity

Mobility management AMF
MME Authentication management AUSF
PDN session management
SMF
PDN session management
PDN-GW
User-plane data forwarding
UPF
SGW User-plane data forwarding
PCRF Charging and policy control PCF
HSS Subscriber database UDM
CUPS Improves User Experience and Network Efficiency
2G/3G/4G core network 5G core network

CP Central DC:
50 ms 5 ms  Centralized signaling
AMF/SMF/UDM/NRF/
plane for simplified O&M
AUSF/NEF…  Service-based architecture
PS- for agile O&M
GW/MME/
PCRF/HSS
UP Local DC:
Charging, anchor... CDN  Local traffic processing
 Seamless mobile service
anchor
Edge DC:
UP UP APP  User experience
(ULCL) (ULCL) server improvement
 Native MEC capability
1 Gbps/Site 10 Gbps/Site
Cloud Native
Charging mgmt Service awareness Device mgmt eMBB slice

Mobility mgmt QoS User mgmt
Policy control Service forwarding Short message
User data Service tuning Voice
mMTC slice
Easy orchestration
URLLC slice
Service cloudification
MEC
Centralized resource Distributed resource deployment

deployment Close to terminals
MEC Network Architecture
5GC UP APPs
5GC CP
5GC
UP
MEC IaaS
CP (control plane)
UP (user plane)
MEC Applications
Enterprise traffic SMF/AMF/UDM
1
steering /NRF/PCF…
Core/Regional Internet UPF-
layer Anchor
2 Video optimization
Seven MEC applications
(defined by ETSI) Video stream
2
analysis UPF MEC-APP
1 Local apps Aggregation ULCL
MEP
layer MEC
2 Content regionalization 3 AR
3 Edge computing
3 IoV MEC-APP
UPF
MEP
Access ULCL
layer MEC
3 IoT
Assistance for
3 MEC network
intensive computation
architecture
MEC Application — Distributed CDN
Content
source
Online @central DC
Edge cache
transcoding
Control-plane
NEs/
BBU Distributed gateway

centralized Internet
gateway
MEC
MEC Application — Video Surveillance
Local
network
Local data Videos analyzed and

flow processed locally
Data flow
passing through the core network
MEC server Core network Public network
MEC Application — Cloud VR/AR
Image collection Video orchestrator
Small Cell 1
MEC server
VR audience
Small Cell 2
Contents
 5G Transport Network Architecture
Transport Network Structure
 Mobile transport networks include backhaul networks, MANs, and backbone networks.
 The backhaul network includes a fronthaul network, a midhaul network, and a backhaul
network according to the architecture of a wireless network.
 A MAN involves the access layer, aggregation layer, and core layer.
Core Network
gNodeB
Access ring Aggregation ring Core ring
(10/50/100 G) (100/200 G) (200/400 G)
eNodeB
L3-to-Edge for 5G Backhaul, Enabling Flexible Connections
5GC 5GC
L3 to the L3-to-edge transport

aggregation/core layer Layer 3 network Layer 3
of the transport network
Layer 3
Layer 2
NR
NR NR NR
Xn X2
NR LTE NR LTE
Traffic forwarding path in L2+L3 solution Traffic forwarding path in L3-to-edge
Contents
 5G Radio Access Network Architecture
Base Station Architecture
AAU BBU
CPRI/eCPRI
AU RU DU CU
Core
Network
BBU
Antenna RRU CPRI/eCPRI

DU CU
Wireless Site Deployment
AAU AAU Power Clock

RRU Clock supply
solution
Power supply
solution for BBU
Power supply
solution
Fronthaul
BBU
BBU BBU cabinet
Distributed radio access network (D-RAN) Centralized radio access network (C-RAN)
Fronthaul Requirement — Higher-Rate CPRI Interface
Massive MIMO AAU 120
100
100
80
5x 64
CPRI bandwidth
60 4G
increased by 80x
5G
40 16x
20
20
4
0
BBU Signal bandwidth Number of
(MHz) antennas
Wireless Network Cloudification – CU/DU Split
Opt 1
Core
E1
Opt 2 RRC
Opt 3 PDCP-C PDCP-U

RRC RAN-NRT CU
Opt 4
PDCP
F1-C F1-U
Opt 5
RLC-H
Opt 6
RLC-L RLC
Opt 7 DU
MAC-H MAC
RAN-RT DU PHY
MAC-L
PHY-H
PHY-L
RU
RF
RAN
Wireless Network Cloudification
D-RAN C-RAN Cloud-based CU Deployment
Traditional and Centralized BBU baseband RAN-CU functions deployed in a centralized manner as a
simplified network resources, requiring fewer cloud for better DC, traffic distribution, edge computing,
deployment equipment rooms and and intelligent O&M.
facilitating collaboration. Distributed CU
Cloudification RAN-CU deployment
requires high
reliability to prevent
IP single-point failures.
Aggregation BBU
(compact) DU
BBU DU
CPRI/eCPRI CPRI/eCPRI
Site
CPRI/eCPRI
CPRI/eCPRI
DU+RU
Antenna
RU/AAU RU/AAU RU/AAU
Early stage of 5G deployment Flexible 5G deployment, meeting

various service requirements
Contents
 E2E Network Slicing
What Is Network Slicing?
 Network slicing is a technology that virtualizes multiple E2E networks on universal
hardware. Each network provides different capabilities to meet diverse service
requirements. eMBB slice
eMBB slice
Physical resources mMTC slice
Physical resources
access connection computing storage
access connection computing storage Physical resources
access connection computing storage
Why to Use 5G Network Slicing?
4G network: no slicing,
4G network: voice, text, resource preemption Service/Device Service/Industry
by multiple services
and Internet access
Voice and
Mobile broadband
Internet access
4G
network Low latency and 4G
Autonomous
high reliability network driving
Massive connections Smart water

meter
Slicing
5G network: voice/Internet access, IoT,
low latency, high reliability 5G network: supporting Service/Device Service/Industry
slicing and service isolation
Voice & Voice &
Mobile broadband: 20 Gbps Internet access
Internet access
Autonomous Low latency and high 5G Autonomous

driving reliability: < 1 ms driving
network
Massive connections:
Smart water Smart water
1 million/km2
meter meter
Slicing Implementation
On-demand slice
lifecycle,
Resource, security, and distributed deployment,
OAM isolation capacity,
Different domains can and network services
use different isolation
technologies.
Transport network
Core network
RAN
Terminal Network slices Web server E2E
E2E network slicing, including RAN,

transport network, and core
network slicing.
A cross-domain slice management
system is required.
RAN Slicing: Time-Frequency Resource Slicing
Hard slicing Soft slicing

Time
AR/VR FMC V2X Independent
resources
Freq.
Frequency
Shared
Flexible TTI resources
Time
Time or frequency division for

different slices (frequency division Different slices dynamically share
is used as an example) time-frequency resources.
Core Network: Slicing Meets Diversified Service Requirements
Programmable Function Set of the Core Network
SOC-UP SOC-CP
Codec SA TCP acceleration Encryption Registration Mobility mgmt Security Service mgmt QoS
Video optimization Cache Web acceleration Reliability Authentication Routing Policy control User data mgmt App
Remote control slice SOC-UP SOC-CP

99.9999% reliability Reliability App server Security QoS
IoV slice SOC-UP SOC-CP

1~5 ms latency Reliability V2X server Mobility mgmt QoS
SOC-UP
4K video Video VR
~10 Gbps optimization server QoS
Smart meter reading slice Service Meter

Million-level connections mgmt server
Edge DC Metro DC Central DC

SOC: Service-Oriented Core
Transport Network: Flex-Eth for Network Slicing
Traditional: Packet Priority-based Scheduling FlexE Channelization: Slot-based Scheduling
Pipe blocked
Sub-port 0 by long packets Sub-port 0
Sub-port 1 Sche
 Sub-port 1
FlexE
duler Shim
PHY-Interface
PHY-Interface
Packet-level
包级调度
Sub-port 2 scheduling Sub-port 2 时分复用
TDM
基于66B Block级
Long packets block short packets, which prolongs the FlexE: Slot-based scheduling, exclusive bandwidth. Services
delay of short packets and affects each other. are not affected.
Slot-based scheduling eMBB

eMBB Statistical multiplexing
services
services 1 2 3 4
6 slots, 30 G Strict service isolation
URLLC 5 6 MAC MAC URLLC Statistical multiplexing
NP/TM services PHY services
9 10 11 MAC 3 slots, 15 G Strict service isolation
mMTC
services 13 14 15 16 mMTC Statistical multiplexing
8 slots, 40 G services
17 18 19 20
Inter-interface isolation and intra-interface statistical multiplexing
Section Summary
 Networking modes: NSA and SA

 Core network: SBA, CUPS, native cloud, network slicing, and MEC
 RAN: D-RAN > C-RAN > CU/DU separation
 Transport network: L3 function sinking
Contents

 Spectrum
 Rate Improvement
 Delay Reduction
 Coverage Improvement
 Massive MIMO
New Air Interface Technologies
High bandwidth Flexible frame structure
New coding scheme
Rate increase Self-contained slot
High-order modulation
Latency reduction Grant-free scheduling
F-OFDM D2D
M-MIMO
UEs
UL/DL
gNodeB decoupling
Coverage
EN-DC improvement
M-MIMO
Contents

 Spectrum
 Delay Reduction
 Massive MIMO
5G Air Interface Spectrum — Sub-6 GHz and mmWave
 The 5G spectrum resources defined in the 3GPP specifications can be divided into two frequency ranges, FR1 and
FR2.
 FR1: 410 MHz ~ 7125 MHz, also called low frequency bands. It is the primary band for 5G. The frequencies below 3 GHz are
referred to as sub-3 GHz, and the others as C-band.
 FR2: 24250 MHz ~ 52600 MHz, mmWave, also referred to as the high frequency bands. It is the extended band for 5G. There are
abundant spectrum resources available in the FR2.
mmWave
Mainly 3.5 GHz Mainly 28/39/60/73 GHz
Visible
light
1 2 3 4 5 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
GHz
5G primary bands 5G extended bands
Comparison Among 5G Frequency Bands
Frequency
Advantage Disadvantage Deployment Policy
Band
Limited spectrum resources,

The available frequency resources are
most Sub-3 GHz frequency
Low frequency band, insufficient, and initial cell deployment
Sub-3 GHz bands occupied by existing
good coverage is difficult. The refarming or CloudAIR
systems, limited cell
solution can be used in the future.
bandwidths
New NR frequency The imbalance between the uplink and

Poor uplink coverage and
bands, abundant downlink on the main 5G frequency
C-band clear imbalance between
spectrum resources, and bands can be resolved through uplink
the uplink and downlink
large cell bandwidth and downlink decoupling.
In the initial phase, FR2 is mainly used

New NR frequency Poor coverage and high
as a supplement to eMBB services in
mmWave bands, largest cell requirements on RF
hotspots and also applies to special
bandwidth component performance
scenarios such as WTTx and D2D.
C-Band and High Frequency G30/G40, Available Spectrum of
5G
Wave 1 Wave 2
< 1 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 24–28 GHz 37–40 GHz
600 MHz (2*35 MHz) 2.5 GHz (B41) 3.7–4.2 GHz 27.5–28.35 GHz 37–40 GHz
USA
700 MHz (2*30 MHz) 3.4–3.8 GHz 24.5–27.5 GHz

EU
2.6 GHz 3.3–3.6 GHz 4.8–5.0 GHz 24.75–27.5 GHz 37–42.5 GHz
China
3.6–4.2 GHz 4.4–4.9 GHz 27.5–29.5 GHz
Japan
3.4–3.7 GHz 26.5–29.5 GHz
Korea
 Primary frequency band: The 3.5 GHz is preferred because it provides the widest continuous spectrum below 6 GHz and balances coverage
and capacity. In addition, it has a well-developed ecosystem globally. When the C-band is unavailable, 2.6 GHz is selected as the eMBB
primary frequency. Alternatively, dual connectivity (2.6 GHz+LTE 2.1/1.8 GHz) can be used to improve 5G user experience.
 Hotspot supplementation: mmWave is used as a supplementary frequency band for hotspots.
Contents

 Spectrum
 Rate Improvement
 Delay Reduction
 Massive MIMO
The Shannon Theorem
Shannon formula: C = B * log2(1 + S/N)
Maximum
Available SNR
theoretical capacity Spectrum bandwidth
① Wider carrier bandwidth ② Higher-order modulation format
400 MHz
64QAM
... ...
mmWave
16QAM
100 MHz
...
C-band QPSK
Wider transmission channel Higher rate
High Bandwidth
LTE 5G FR1 FR2

5M 50M
1.4M
10M 100M
3M
5M 15M 200M
10M 20M
400M
25M
15M
20M 30M
40M
50M
60M
70M
80M
90M
100M
5G Air Interface Protocol Stack
 Layer 3: User of air interface services, that is, RRC signaling and user plane data.
 Layer 2: Differentiates Layer 3 data and provides different services.
 Layer 1 (physical layer): Provides radio resources and physical layer processing for
higher-layer data.
UE gNB AMF UE gNB
NAS NAS SDAP SDAP
RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP
PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
MAC MAC
PHY PHY
PHY PHY

55
User User
data data
CRC CRC
Huawei Confidential
Code block Code block
segmentation segmentation
Coding Coding
Rate Rate
matching matching
Interleaving Interleaving
Code block Code block

concatenation concatenation
Scrambling
Scrambling
QAM QAM
modulation modulation
Power control Power control

adjustment adjustment
but varies in terms of coding, modulation, and resource mapping.
MIMO
Coding
Physical Layer Processing over the 5G Air Interface
Resource Resource
mapping mapping
Antenna 1 Antenna 0
Output Output
The basic process of the 5G physical layer is similar to that of the 4G physical layer,
5G Channel Coding
 Basic principles of channel coding selection
 Coding performance: error correction capability and coding
redundancy rate
 Coding efficiency: complexity and energy efficiency
 Flexibility: size of coded data blocks
 Turbo code
 High performance. As the rate increases, the computing Turbo LDPC Polar
amount of coding also increases linearly. As a result, energy Performance at low
efficiency becomes a challenge. data rate
Efficiency at low
 LDPC: low density parity check code (traffic channel)
data rate
 High performance, low complexity, parallel computing, and Performance at
good support for high-speed services data rate
 Polar code (control channel) Efficiency at high
data rate
 Excellent performance for small-packet services
5G Channel Coding (Cont.)
LDPC Code (Traffic Channel) Polar Code (Control Channel)
LTE Turbo 10-1

Turbo
NR LDPC
FER
Turbo LDPC
Decoding
Polar
30% 90%
performance
Decoding latency 1x 1/3

10-11
Chip size 1x 1/3 1 8
EcNo
Power
consumption
1x 1/5 The Polar code adopts a highly reliable coding
scheme. This reduces retransmission times and SNR
Reducing terminal power consumption requirements, improving coverage.
Air Interface Modulation Technology
LTE 5G
Imag  All LTE modulation schemes are
1011 1001 0001 0011
QPSK applicable in 5G. In addition, 5G
QPSK
Uplink 16QAM 16QAM introduces higher-order
64QAM 64QAM modulation schemes to further
1010 1000 0000 0010 256QAM
improve spectral efficiency.
Real
1110 1100 1100 0110

 In the current version, the highest
QPSK QPSK
Down 16QAM 16QAM modulation scheme is 256QAM.
1111 1101 0101 0111 64QAM 64QAM
link In later versions, 1024QAM will
256QAM 256QAM
1024QAM be introduced to further improve
spectral efficiency.
256QAM
 3GPP Release 12 introduced DL 256QAM. As a supplement to the existing modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM, and
64QAM), 256QAM improves UE transmission rates under favorable radio conditions. DL 256QAM modulates eight
bits into one symbol, supporting a larger transport block size (TBS) than 64QAM. In theory, DL 256QAM can
improve the peak spectral efficiency by as much as 33%.
64QAM 256QAM
256
Filtered-OFDM
 The F-OFDM technology optimizes RF processing, such as filters, to enable the base station to improve spectrum
utilization and service flexibility while ensuring normal RF indicators such as the adjacent channel leakage power
ratio (ACLR).
 The F-OFDM improves 5G spectrum utilization to more than 95% at the optimum performance. The spectrum
utilization for LTE is 90%.
OFDM F-OFDM (+10%)
LTE — 10% guard band NR — 2~3% guard band
Contents

 Spectrum
 Delay Reduction
 Massive MIMO
Wireless Communications — Time-Domain Resource
 Time-domain resources: frames, subframes, slots, and symbols
Radio frame Basic data transmission period
Subframe Subframe ... Subframe Allocation unit of uplink and downlink
Minimum unit for data scheduling

Slot Slot ... Slot and synchronization
Symbol Symbol Symbol ... Symbol

Basic modulation unit
NR Radio Frame Structure
Radio frame 10 ms
Subframe 1 ms
Fixed architecture
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Subframe = {1, 2, 4} slots

Slot
0 1 2 3
Slot = {12, 14} symbols

Symbol
SCS-based
flexible architecture
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Flexible Frame Structure Configuration — Numerology
SCS = 15k TTI (slot) = 14 symbols = 1 ms

(TTI = 1 ms) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 … 13
SCS = 30 k TTI (slot) = 0.5 ms TTI

(TTI = 0.5 ms) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 …
TTI (Slot) = 0.25 ms TTI = 0.25 ms …

SCS = 60 K
（TTI = 0.25 ms） 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 …
0.5 ms 0.5 ms
NR Slot Format
 Basic composition of a slot
 DL slots (denoted as D) for DL transmission
 Flexible slots (denoted as X) for DL transmission, UL transmission, and GP, or as reserved resources
 UL slots (denoted as U) for UL transmission
D U X
 Slot type Type 1: DL-only slot Type 2: UL-only slot Type 3: Flexible-only slot
D X X U
 Type 1: DL slot only
Type 4-1 Type 4-2
 Type 2: UL slot only D XU DX U D XU D XU
Type 4-3 Type 4-4 Type 4-5

 Type 3: Flexible slot only
 Type 4: At least one UL or DL symbol, other symbols flexibly configured
Self-contained Slot
 There are two special slot structures among NR slot structures. They are called self-
contained slots, which are designed to shorten the RTT delay of uplink and downlink
data transmission. They are classified into the following:
 Downlink self-contained slot:  Uplink self-contained slot:
The slot is used for downlink data The slot is used for uplink scheduling
transmission and corresponding and uplink data transmission.
HARQ feedback.
Downlink scheduling Uplink Uplink data
and data transmission HARQ feedback
scheduling transmission
D U D U
ACK/NACK
Grant-free Scheduling
 There is RTT delay during scheduling. In NR, grant-free scheduling is introduced for
delay-sensitive services, which enables UEs to deliver services directly.
Grant-free
UE gNodeB UE gNodeB
Req
URLLC data
Grant
D2D
 In device-to-device (D2D) communication, a base station allocates spectrum for UEs to
directly transmit user-plane data.
 Spectrum is allocated in one of the following ways:
 Using the remaining resources of cellular cells
 Reusing the downlink resources of cellular cells
 Reusing the uplink resources of cellular cells
 Interference control: Proper power control

can coordinate interference between D2D
users and other users on cellular networks
when D2D reuses cellular resources.
Contents

 Spectrum
 Delay Reduction
 Coverage Improvement
 Massive MIMO
Unbalanced UL and DL Coverage & Insufficient UL Coverage
Coverage performance comparison between NR
3.5 GHz UL 1 Mbps and DL 10 Mbps
130
Major parameters of the NR
3.5 GHz link budget: 125.9
125
UE power 23 dBm
eNodeB power 50.8 dBm (120 W) 120

Carrier bandwidth 100 MHz
115
UL-DL slot
DL:UL = 3:1 112.2
configuration
SCS 30 kHz 110
Antenna
64T64R
configuration 105
PUSCH PDSCH
UL: 1 Mbps DL: 10 Mbps
There is a gap of 13.7 dB in the UL and DL on the NR 3.5 GHz.
Coverage Performance of C-band
C-band UL and DL coverage in typical scenarios (64T64R, TDD 3:1, indoors)
UL/DL Rate (M) DL UL
Typical 750
10/1Mbps_U
urban areas 300
Typical 600
50/5Mbps_U
urban areas 200
Dense 10/1Mbps_DU
300
urban areas 110
Dense 50/5Mbps_DU
250
urban areas 70 Coverage Distance (m)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
SUL UL/DL Decoupling
 SUL is an important technology to make up for insufficient uplink coverage in C-band.
Compared with the downlink coverage, the Poor uplink coverage can be compensated by
uplink coverage of C-band is 13.7 dB smaller. switching the uplink transmission to 1.8 GHz.
Uplink enhancement
SUL: supplementary uplink
Super Uplink
 5G services, especially new services in SA scenarios, pose higher requirements on high bandwidth and low latency in
the uplink.
 Huawei's innovative Super Uplink uses NR FDD to enhance uplink coverage, user experience, and capacity.
Frequency
3.5 GHz 2.1/1.8 GHz 3.5G D D D S U D D S U U
band
RAT TDD FDD
Slot
D D D D D D D D D D
D D D S U D D S U U
configuration U U U U U U U U U U
Full uplink slots, suitable for uplink eMBB 3.5G D D D S U D D S U U

High bandwidth and high services
Advantages proportion of downlink slots, 2.1G U U U U
suitable for downlink eMBB services Low frequency band, strong penetration
capability, suitable for low-latency services Full uplink slots scheduling
High frequency band and limited Time- and frequency-domain multiplexing
coverage capability Narrow bandwidth, not suitable for for better uplink performance
Disadvantages
Low proportion of uplink slots, downlink eMBB services
limited uplink coverage capability
SUL is mainly used to make up for insufficient uplink coverage of C-band. Super Uplink has advantages in uplink capacity and user experience
at the cell center and can ensure gains in all scenarios.
Contents

 Spectrum
 Delay Reduction
 Massive MIMO
What Is Massive MIMO?
 Massive multiple-input multiple-output: massive antenna arrays
 It uses a large-scale antenna array for 3D beamforming and multi-user resource reuse,
improving both coverage and capacity.
Radio Channel
Multiple Multiple
Input Output
Network Requirements of Massive MIMO
 Frequency bands
 The number of antenna dipoles of Massive MIMO far exceeds that of traditional antennas. Therefore, the
distance between dipoles should not be too large. Otherwise, the antenna size will be too large to meet the
engineering installation requirements.
 The distance between dipoles is related to the frequency band. The higher the frequency band, the smaller the
dipole spacing and the better the Massive MIMO deployment. (Currently, Massive MIMO is used only for
frequency bands higher than 2.6 GHz.)
 Duplexing mode
 Massive MIMO introduces the beamforming technology. The reciprocity between the uplink and downlink
channels in the TDD system facilitates weight calculation of downlink beamforming. Therefore, TDD is more
suitable for massive MIMO deployment.
 A new reference signal (CSI-RS) can also be introduced to calculate the downlink weight in the FDD system.
However, the performance of the FDD system is slightly worse than that of the TDD system.
Massive MIMO Gains — Reducing Uplink Interference
Receive diversity and UE-level beam tracking to cope with high interference
64R Receive Diversity

Deep fading suppression
Signal from antenna 1 Signal from antenna 64 by combining signals
User-Level Beam Tracking
In commercial scenarios, the cell-edge

interference of 64T64R cells is at least 6
dB less than 8T8R cells.
Massive MIMO — Coverage Enhancement
 Traffic channel  Broadcast channel
 High gains and narrow beams  High gains and narrow beams
 Dynamic beamforming direction adjustment  Scenario-based beam sweeping
Massive MIMO Gains — Increasing Cell Capacity
 MU-MIMO (Virtual MU-MIMO)
 The MU-MIMO feature enables multiple paired UEs
to use the same time-frequency resources. This
facilitates multi-stream data transmission and
improves the average cell throughput.
 MU-MIMO pairing principles:
 The SINR values of different UEs are close.
 Correlation between the channels of different UEs is low.
 Massive MIMO adopts narrower beams, which

leads to a higher success rate in MU-MIMO
pairing. In addition, massive MIMO supports a
larger number of data streams and UE pairings.
Traditional MIMO
Broadcast channel
(highlighted in yellow) Traffic channel
Horizontal direction:
 The broadcast
channel does not
support
beamforming and
covers the entire cell.
 The Traffic channel
uses beamforming to
enhance coverage.
Vertical direction:
1 2 3 4  There is no beamforming
+45° polarization in the vertical direction.
–45° polarization That is, there is only one
5 6 7 8 main lobe, and other
lobes are side lobes.
8T8R antenna structure
Massive MIMO Antenna Structure
1TRX
4TRX
1 2 3 4
+45° polarization
–45° polarization
5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 64T64R with 128 dipoles
Diagram of LTE TDD 8T8R Schematic diagram of 5G 64T64R (192 dipoles) and 128 dipoles
Dual polarization: The black and blue colors indicate +/- 45° Dual polarization: The black and blue colors indicate +/- 45° polarization,
polarization, respectively. respectively.
8T8R: 1 TRX in the vertical direction x 4 TRXs in the horizontal 64T64R: 4 TRXs in the vertical direction x 8 TRXs in the horizontal direction x
direction x 2 (dual-polarized) 2 (dual-polarized)
Section Summary
 High rate: large bandwidth, massive MIMO (multiplexing), high-order

modulation, and LDPC
 High spectral efficiency: F-OFDM, flexible frame structure
 Coverage enhancement: SUL (UL/DL decoupling), Super Uplink, and
massive MIMO (beamforming)
 Low latency: CU/DU separation and self-contained slots
Contents
 Network Security Threat
 5G Air Interface Security
 5G Network Security
Key Security Threats Outside the Operator Network
O&M client Legitimate interception
gateway 5
4
Operator network EMS

VPLMN
3
1
Core
Network
UE RAN
2 Internet
MEC
1 Air Interface 2 Internet Access Network

3 4 External Access 5 Legitimate
• Eavesdropping/tampering • User data disclosure and Roaming to the EMS Interception Access
of user data and tampering during • Sensitive user • Sensitive user information • Unlawful
information transmission information disclosure during interception gateway
• User access denied due • Network application disclosure and transmission access
to DDoS attacks spoofing to deny specific tampering during • Unauthorized access • Leakage of
• Unauthorized terminal services transmission • Malicious operations by intercepted target
access to the network • Internet-side DDoS • Operator spoofing authorized users contact number
• Fake base station attacks to deny data to deny services • O&M functions unavailable • Data eavesdropping
• UE downgrade attacks services due to DDoS attacks and attacks on
• Malicious interference • Unauthorized access to • Web attacks (SQL injection) listening ports
over the air interface capability openness APIs
Key Threats Between NEs and Modules Inside the NE
5GC
gNodeB
SBA architecture on the CP
eCPRI
1 N2/N3
BBU AAU
AF PCF UDM NRF NEF
3
NSSF AUSF SMF AMF 2 Xn

4 N3
N4 N4 gNodeB
UP UPF MEC
Threats to Inter-NE and Inter-module
6 Interfaces
N9  Eavesdropping on transmitted data
MEPM
Threats to SBA Architecture APP APP MEP
UPF 5 7  Tampering with transmitted data
① DoS attacks are launched on the NRF. As a MEC platform  Unauthorized access to NEs or modules
result, services cannot be registered or
discovered.
② Attackers forge NFs to access the core network Threats to MEC Modules
and perform unauthorized access. ⑤ Malicious apps are used to attack the MEC platform or UPF VNF.
③ Communication data transmitted between NFs ⑥ Resources (computing/storage/network) are preempted between
is intercepted and tampered with. apps, affecting other apps.
④ Known HTTPS vulnerabilities are exploited to ⑦ Unauthorized management and O&M on third-party applications
launch attacks
Contents
 Network Security Threat
 5G Air Interface Security
 5G Network Security
Two-Way Authentication to Ensure Authorized Access
5G Networks Failing to Defend Against
Mutual Authentication Between 5G UEs
Downgrade Attacks and Threats from 2G Fake
and the Core Network
Base Stations
RAN Core
UE network
Core 5G base station
network X
Fallback to
a 2G base To prevent information
station leakage of specific UEs, the
Network access request
core network can reject the
Fallback to
fallback of the UEs (IMSI).
a 2G fake
The core network authenticates the UE.
base station
2G base station
The UE authenticates the core network.
2G fake base station

 Unidirectional authentication is performed on 2G networks.  Unidirectional authentication is performed on 2G networks. The
The network side cannot resolve issues related to 2G fake network side cannot avoid issues related to 2G fake base
base stations. stations in the case of downgrade attacks.
 Two-way authentication is used on 3G/4G/5G networks.  To effectively defend against 2G fake base stations, 2G
functions or modules must be disabled or removed on the UEs.
SUPI Encrypted Transmission
4G: IMSIs Transmitted in Plaintext Before 5G: SUPI Encryption Before Transmission,
Registration and Authentication, Possible Preventing Data Leakage
Data Leakage
IMSI catcher
IMSI Tracking and
locating a UE
IMSI catcher Encrypt Decrypt
SUPI
SUCI SUCI SUPI
(IMSI/NAI)
Unknown
Core Core
UE eNodeB UE eNodeB
network network
Attach request Attach request
(IMSI plaintext) (IMSI plaintext) Attach request (SUCI) Attach request (SUCI)
Security authentication and attach successful, Security authentication and attach successful, with
with a temporary identity (TMSI) allocated a temporary identity (TMSI) allocated
TMSI used in subsequent services TMSI used in subsequent services
256-Bit 5G Key
256-Bit 5G Key to Prevent 64/128-Bit Key for 2G/3G/4G,
Quantum Computer Decryption Currently Secure Enough
gNodeB RAN
UE UE
Core
5GC
network
RRC/UP cipher RRC/UP cipher
(128/256-bit) (2G-64-bit/3G&4G-128-bit)
NAS cipher 4G NAS cipher
(128/256-bit) (128-bit)
128-bit x seconds 64-bit 3s to 4s
256-bit Trillions of years 128-bit Trillions of years
Future quantum computer decryption Summit supercomputer decryption

* The concept of quantum computer was proposed in the 1980s. So  Summit is the most advanced supercomputer currently operating in
far, there is no quantum computer in the real sense in the world. the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the US.
 Supercomputing is achieved only by national labs in a few countries.
Even if the network downgraded to 2G/3G/4G, the network is
sufficiently secure.
User-Plane Integrity Protection
4G: In Labs, User Data Can Be Tampered with 5G: User-Plane Integrity Protection
for DNS Spoofing Added to Prevent Data Tampering
1. Legitimate
server 2. Tampering with a
NAS: ciphering and integrity
server for malicious use
3. Malicious
server RRC: ciphering and
4. Connecting to a malicious server integrity
UP: ciphering and

integrity
Malicious Legitimate
EPC DNS DNS
HTTP HTTP
UE Malicious eNodeB Core server server
relay network
 This vulnerability was released by GSMA on June 27, 2018. The risk lies
5GC
in the lack of integrity protection for user-plane data in LTE.
 Vulnerability attacks can be implemented only in specific scenarios in
the lab. Commercial 4G networks can still defend against such attacks. UE gNodeB Core network
Source: https://alter-attack.net/
Contents
 Network Security Threat
 5G Air Interface Security
 5G Network Security
IPsec for Inter-NE Security, TLS for Inter-FM Security
Secure Connection Between
Secure Connection Between 3GPP NEs
5GC Functional Modules
Core Network CP
NEF NRF UDM PCF UDR
IPsec 5GC SBI
Trusted Untrusted domain Trusted domain

Application
domain HTTP AMF SMF AUSF NSSF

TLS
TCP
IP
L2
L1
 IPsec used to secure data transmitted between  HTTPS used between 5GC functional modules to ensure
3GPP NEs data security
 Data confidentiality and integrity during transmission  Encryption and integrity protection for transmitted data
ensured through IPsec encryption and verification through TLS
 Authenticity of data sources ensured through IPsec  Fake NFs prevented from accessing the network through TLS
authentication two-way authentication
SEPP/Security Gateway Ensures 5G Roaming Security
Security Risks Across 2G/3G/4G
5G Roaming Security Enhancement
Roaming Borders
EU Black Hat conference: PLMN 1 PLMN 2

5GC 5GC
Diameter and SS7 can be used to
attack operator networks. SEPP SEPP
TLS
Orange statistics in 2016:  Encryption and integrity protection for transmitted data through TLS
A large number of illegitimate SS7
 Message filtering and topology hiding by SEPP
requests from Africa and Middle East
4G without
EPC protection vPLMN PLMN 1 PLMN 2
Security Security
5GC gateway gateway EPC
 No filter to prevent illegitimate messages
 No E2E signaling protection
 Untrusted or insecure service partners  Roaming security between the 5GC and 2G/3G/4G core network
through security gateways
Section Summary
 Network Security Threat

 5G Air Interface Security
 5G Network Security
Quiz
1. (True or False) NSA mode can only support eMBB services.
2. (Multiple) What technologies are used to improve spectral efficiency in 5G?

A. F-OFDM
B. Massive MIMO
C. High-order modulation
D. New coding schemes
3. (True or False) User plane integrity protection is introduced on 5G air interface.
Summary
 5G Network Architecture
 Key 5G Air Interface Technologies
 5G Network Security
intelligent world.


5G + New Technology Innovative
Application
Objectives

 Understand the development trend of ICT convergence
 Describe the characteristics and status quo of new technologies
 Elaborate the applications of 5G with new technologies in enabling the
industry
Contents
1. ICT Convergence Drives the Digital Economy
2. Characteristics and Status Quo of New Technologies
3. Use Cases of 5G with New Technologies in Enabling Vertical Industries
The World Enters the Digital Economy Era
Productivity
development 5G
Blockchain
AI
Cloud
computing
Big data
Planting Industrial
Internet Internet era
Steam Electric power technology
Hunting
Livestock technology technology
farming
Consumer-driven
Internet era
Electrical
Digital
Steam era economy era
era
Agricultural era 1760s Industrial era 1970s Information era 2020s
Digital Economy - Reshaped Economic Development and
Government Governance Through ICT
Industry Digital Digital
Digitization Industrialization Governance
Smart manufacturing, Foundation network, City operation,

smart agriculture, and electronic components, management, and
smart services software, and services services
Device-Network-Cloud: New Network Architecture and Service Mode
Full Sensing Connectivity of Everything Full Intelligence

Digital signals converted Bring data online to Applications based on
from physical world enable intelligence big data and AI
Temperature, space, and touch Broad connections Digital twin

Smell, hearing, and vision Multiple and deep connections Digital existence
5G Data center Cloud computing Big data IoT AI
ICT infrastructure, the foundation of an intelligent world

5G Facilitates Digital Awareness in All Domains
All-domain sensing + Full

connection
Physical world Digital world
5G + X Vertical Integration Enables Intelligent Services
Industry integration shifts from horizontal to Ecosystem: Elastic, Dynamic, Open, and
vertical, and service intelligence capabilities become Collaborative
the new point of control.
Applications: industry,
enterprise, family, and
entertainment
Cloud
Industry engine
Video, IoT, and payment
Intelligent and flexible Immersive VR
manufacturing experience
ABC engine
Network 5G network
Network
intelligence Cloud-network
integration
IoT
Terminals, sensors, and
UAV Unmanned driving automated/unmanned
Device
devices
Contents

 IoT
 Cloud Computing
 Big Data
 AI
IoT: From Internet of People to Internet of Things
Internet of People Internet of Things
Development of IoT
The "Sensing China" "Made in China 2025"

speech Chinese government, 2015
Chinese government,
Wuxi, 2009
Reference of IoT
World Summit on the
Information Society, "Industry 4.0"
2005 German government,
Hannover Messe 2013
"Smarter Planet"
IBM, 2008
The Road Ahead
Bill Gates, 1995 Proposal of IoT
MIT, 1999
Origin of IoT
 Trojan Room coffee pot
 A Coca-Cola vending
machine
Technology Architecture of IoT Applications
Smart campus IoV Smart City Smart industry
Industry
Data presentation and
application
customer interaction ...
Data storage, retrieval, and Cloud marketplace Product center

Cloud usage, service planning, security,
maintenance, and expenses Development platform Operation center
Access and
Network
transmission network
2G/3G/4G NB-IoT/eMTC 5G eLTE LoRa
Edge IoT edge

AR502 AR531
Huawei LiteOS/Chip/Module
Information collection
Device and signal processing
IoT Wireless Technology
Operation Range Name
Short Bluetooth Wi-Fi Zigbee Z-Wave
Long Sigfox LoRa NB-IoT eMTC
Short-Range Wireless Technologies
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a large-capacity wireless digital Wi-Fi enables an electronic device to connect

communications technology standard for exchanging to a wireless local area network (WLAN)
data over a short range. It was developed to achieve using a 2.4 GHz UHF or 5 GHz SHF ISM radio
a maximum data transmission rate of 1 Mbps with a frequency band to exchange data.
range of 10 cm to 10 m. The transmission range can
reach 100 m by increasing the transmit power.
Short-Range Wireless Technologies (cont.)
Z Zigbee Z WAVE
Zigbee is a communications technology Z-Wave is an emerging RF-based wireless
that consumes little power. communications technology that is cost-effective
and highly reliable while consuming little power.
Comparison among Short-Range Wireless Communications
Technologies
Bluetooth Wi-Fi Zigbee Z-Wave

• 868 MHz
• 2.4 GHz • 868.42 MHz (Europe)
Frequency Band 2.4 GHz
• 5 GHz
• 915 MHz
• 908.42 MHz (USA)
• 2.4 GHz
• 11 b: 11 Mbps
• 868 MHz: 20 kbps
Transmission • 11 g: 54 Mbps • 9.6 kbps
1–24 Mbps • 915 MHz: 40 kbps
Rate • 11 n: 600 Mbps • 40 kbps
• 2.4 GHz: 250 kbps
• 11 ac: 1 Gbps
• Indoor: 30 m
Typical Range 1–100 m 50–100 m 2.4 GHz: 10–100 m
• Outdoor: 100 m
Data exchange
between adjacent
nodes such as a WLAN, high-speed Home automation, building
Typical Smart home appliances,
computer mouse, Internet access at home automation, and remote
Application monitoring and control
wireless headset, and other indoor places control
mobile phone, and
computer
Long-Range Low-Power Wireless Technologies
LoRa Alliance
SIGFOX
The Sigfox network uses Ultra Narrow LoRa is a technology that enables network data
Band (UNB) technology. The communication based on the physical layer. It
transmission power consumption is low, supports bidirectional data transmission and
and the data connection is stable. complies with a series of open-source standards.
Long-Range Low-Power Wireless Technologies (cont.)
eMTC
NB-IoT is a cellular-based narrowband IoT. It is built eMTC is a wireless IoT solution proposed by Ericsson.
on a cellular network and requires a bandwidth of It designs the soft features of the wireless IoT
only around 180 kHz. It can be directly deployed on network based on the LTE access technology.
legacy GSM, UMTS, and LTE networks to reduce The low-rate solution is mainly used in IoT where
deployment costs and implement smooth upgrades. deep coverage and massive connectivity with low
power consumption are required.
Comparison among Long-Range and Low-Power Wireless
Technologies
Sigfox LoRa NB-IoT eMTC
Frequency SubG unlicensed SubG unlicensed frequency Mainly SubG licensed frequency
SubG licensed frequency band
Band frequency band band band
Transmission
100 bps 0.3–50 kbps < 100 kbps < 1 Mbps
Rate
• Transmission range: 1–
• Transmission range: 1–20 • Transmission range: 1–20 km • Transmission range: 2 km
50 km
km • Use of licensed frequency • Licensed frequency bands, low
• Low power
• Low power bands, low interference interference
Features consumption
• Low operation cost • Stable rate • High rate, mobility, and
• Sigfox base station and
• Self-deployed base stations • Use of legacy 4G base stations positioning
cloud platform
with higher flexibility • Support for voice services
• Global network services
Smart home appliances,

Smart agriculture, intelligent Water meters, parking, pet
Typical smart power meters, Bike sharing, pet tracking, POS,
construction, and logistics tracking, trash cans, smoke
Application mobile healthcare, remote and smart elevators
tracking alarms, and retail terminals
monitoring, and retail
NB-IoT Solution Architecture
Smart meter Application Application
MCU layer layer
CoAP CoAP HTTP CoAP
Chip AP
UDP/IP UDP/IP TCP/IP UDP/IP
Chip CP NAS NAS Third-party applications
Uu Uu Application
HTTP/HTTPS HTTP
EPC TCP/IP
NB-IoT terminal MME HSS Application
Protocol PGW SGW IoT platform
NB-IoT HTTPS
interface
S1-lite TCP/IP
NB-IoT terminal NB-IoT eNodeB IoT core network IoT platform

 Wireless connection  Low-cost site solution  Mobility, security, and connection  Protocol stack adaption at the application
 VSIM  Large-capacity management layer
 Sensor interface connections supported  Secure access for non-SIM terminals  Terminal SIM OTA
 Application camping by the new air  Energy-saving features of terminals  Terminal and event subscription management
 Support for NAS data interface  Congestion control and traffic  API capability exposure (industries,
scheduling developers)
 Charging enablement  OSS/BSS (self-service subscription, charging)
 Support for NAS data  Big data analysis
Key NB-IoT Features
Ultra-Low Cost Ultra-Low Power

Consumption
Ultra-Wide Coverage Massive Connectivity
Ultra-Low Power Consumption: PSM
Active state
Data transmission
Paging monitoring
Terminal power Dormant state
Idle state Max. 310 hours

Time
The activity The PSM

timer starts. dormancy
timer starts.
Ultra-Low Power Consumption: eDRX
 According to 3GPP specifications, the idle-state eDRX function extends the paging
cycle from 2.56 seconds to a maximum of 2.91 hours. This reduces the frequency of
idle-state terminals listening to the paging channel and enables terminals to remain
in deep dormancy for long periods of time, consuming little power and conserving
energy.
DRX cycle: 1.28 s Max. eDRX cycle: 2.92 hours
Paging time window (PTW)

Terminal power
Time
DRX cycle: 2.56 s eDRX
DRX
Ultra-Low Cost — Terminal Chips at USD1
Cat-4 Cat-0 NB-IoT
2RX 1RX 1RX

BB RF MMMBPA BB MB BB
1TX 1TX RF PA 1TX RF PA
PMU Flash/RAM Flash Flash

PMU PMU
/RAM /RAM
 Key technologies of low-cost chips

 Low baseband complexity due to 180 kHz narrow bandwidth
 Low requirement on the cache flash or RAM (28 KB) due to low sampling rate
 Low RF cost due to single antenna and half duplex
 Support for built-in PA of the SoC at the transmit power of 23 dBm due to low peak-to-average ratio (PAR) and high power
amplification efficiency
 Simplified protocol stack (500 KB) to reduce on-chip flash or RAM
Ultra-Wide Coverage — 20 dB Higher Gain than GSM/LTE
20 dB more maximum Deep coverage solution
coupling loss (MCL) than GPRS
11 dB gain
LTE MCL = 142.7 dB Increased power
GSM MCL = 144 dB
spectral density
(PSD)
NB-IoT MCL = 164 dB
180 kHz 15 kHz
3x coverage with NB-IoT than with GRPS

Coverage
comparison
 9 dB gain in the downlink
GPRS  12 dB gain in the uplink
NB-IoT Repeated
transmission
NB-IoT penetrates two more walls than GPRS.
Advantages of NB-IoT Technology
Comparison of different wireless IoT access Notable advantages of NB-IoT over short-range
technologies communication/proprietary technologies
100 Mbps Technology Feature

Wi-Fi
(short range UMTS/LTE A low-cost wide-area IoT
technology that can evolve with the
broadband) International NB-IoT existing cellular networks. NB-IoT
features operator-grade reliability
and security.
GSM
Bluetooth A local-area IoT technology that
100 kbps requires independent networks.
Zigbee LPWA LoRa Note that using this technology on
(short (long unlicensed bands pose high risks.
range, low range, low Proprietary A high-cost and high-risk IoT
technology that cannot be used on
rate) rate) Sigfox China's unlicensed bands. Sigfox
builds the network and works with
100 bps operators.
1m 100 m 10 km
5G Brings New Opportunities for IoT Development
 5G enables enormous connections at extremely low power consumption and costs,
which will drive leapfrogged development of IoT technologies and enable the
"connectivity of everything".
5G Provides Powerful Connection Technologies for IoT
Massive
connectivity of
5G networks
Connectivity of everything
5G Enables Low-Latency IoT
System latency
3G
100 ms
4G 50 ms
5G 1 ms
Increased braking distance
Ultra-low latency 3G 333 cm
4G 167 cm
Vehicle speed: 120 km/h 5G 3.3 cm
Autonomous driving requires very

low latency to ensure safety.
5G Applications to Be Based on Device-Network-Cloud Synergy
Cloud
application Third-party industrial application Third-party data platform
Network
5G
Open modules integrated by third parties
Chip/Module IoT module
Terminal
CPE Meter Controller Sensor
5G and IoT Enable the Access of Many Devices
Intelligent Vehicle management

Intelligent lighting, water
power meter Equipment • Orderly dispatch of medical and
meter, and power meter
Intelligent room logistics vehicles
• Intelligent control of lighting,
lighting monitoring • Emergency positioning and assistance
temperature, and water on Vehicle
demand Intelligent management
• Energy conservation elevator
Intelligent
bulletin
board
5G Intelligent
garbage can
Intelligent Intelligent
water firefighting
meter
Intelligent Intelligent video Intelligent firefighting
camera conferencing • Temperature control by areas and
Intelligent cameras Intelligent air equipment rooms
• Population flow data conditioner • Quick alarm generation upon
acquisition detection of a fire
• Population flow data analysis • Intelligent activation of fire hydrants
5G-Enabled mMTC Drives the Internet of Everything
Bike sharing Smart city
IoT better connects society.

Intelligent power meter Intelligent parking lot
Contents

 IoT
 Cloud Computing
 Big Data
 AI
Cloud Services
Cloud Cloud
album music
Cloud
Cloud
video
document
What Is Cloud Computing?
 National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST): PaaS
 Cloud computing is a model for enabling
SaaS IaaS
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, CLOUD COMPUTING
storage, applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service
provider interaction.
 Wikipedia: On-demand Resourse Broad Rapid Measured
Network
Self-service Pooling Access Elasticity Services
 Cloud computing is a computing mode that
provides dynamically scalable and virtualized
resources as services through Internet.
Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing
 Self-service on demand
 Ubiquitous network access
 Location independent resource pooling
 Rapid elasticity
 Pay per use
Common Classification of Cloud Computing: By Service Level
IaaS PaaS SaaS
Infrastructure as a Service Platform as a Service Software as a Service
Software Software Software

(application) (application) (application)
System platform
(application server, application
System platform
(application server, application framework, and programming language)
framework, and programming language)
Infrastructure
(network, computing, storage, equipment room, environment, power supply, heat dissipation, and cooling)
Type Description Commercial Opportunity

 Internet Web 2.0 applications (MM)
SaaS  Enterprise applications (ERP, CRM, and more)
 The "Walmart" of applications and software
 Provides application running and development environment.  Fully utilizes network resources.
PaaS  Provides components for application development (including email,  Controls and manages network platforms.
messaging, charging, and payment).
 Leases basic IT services such as computing, storage, network, and  Provides cost-effective elastic IT resources leasing services.
IaaS DNS.  Offers applications and web hosting.
Virtualization Technology
Virtualization is a broad concept. Any technology that virtualizes resources can be called virtualization. Virtualization refers to the logical
abstraction of computing resources that are free from physical constraints.
Before After
App App App
Windows Linux Linux
Virtualization
Resource pooling
Server 1 Server 2 Server 3 Virtualization layer Virtualization layer Virtualization layer
 Independent IT resources
 Tight coupling between the OS and hardware
 Abstraction of resources to a shared resource pool
 Decoupling between the OS and hardware, resource allocation
from the resource pool
Characteristics of Virtualization
Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS
Host OS
Partition Isolation
Encapsulation Independence
VM VM
New Opportunities in the 5G Era for Cloud Computing
Development
 Cloud services will be fully upgraded.
 Comprehensive upgrades will be promoted for cloud vendors.
 Cloud computing will shift from the network center to the network edge.
Cloud
5G Applications to Be Based on Device-Network-Cloud Synergy
Device Network Cloud

Cloud PC
Cloud storage Cloud

Cloud computing
gaming Gaming, VR, AR, IoV,
Edge healthcare, and more
Cloud cloud
identification
5G Computing, storage,
and rendering
Cloud VR
Cloud AR
eMBB Edge computing: Operators have the
100+ Mbps
capability to build an edge computing platform
5 ms latency
Thin client: low cost, easy deployment that better matches service requirements and
and management, and high mobility integrates or interconnects with cloud platform
applications.
Use Case: 5G + Cloud AR/VR
Sensor: ~ 3 ms
Cloud-
based
Screen Network
rendering
response: RTT
~ 2 ms
Refresh: ~ 8 ms Processing:
~ 2 ms
Multimedia transmission latency: < 20 ms
Minimum rate: 200 Mbps

Optimal visual experience: 1.4 Gbps
RTT: < 5 ms
Use Case: 5G + Cloud eMBB HD Videos
The 100 Mbps rate will meet the requirements for most
HD videos. 5G eMBB Network Target:
100 Mbps on Average
Current
LTE
4K video 8K video
(15–20 Mbps) (60–80 Mbps)
PDF CDF
5G
6000 100%
4000
eMBB target 50%
2000
Avg. 100 Mbps Mbps

0 0%
Glasses-free 3D Video 360° HD video

(50–100 Mbps) (80–100 Mbps)
Source: Huawei Wireless X Labs
Contents

 IoT
 Cloud computing
 Big data
 AI
3. 5G with New Technologies Enables Vertical Industry Application Cases
What Is Big Data?
 Wikipedia:
 Big data refers to data sets with sizes beyond the ability of commonly used software tools
to capture, manage, and process data within a tolerable elapsed time.
Volume Velocity
Large amounts of data Rapid data processing
4V
Variety Value
Different types of data Low value density
Big Data Volume
 In the Web 2.0 era, people will change from passive recipients of information to active creators.
 2.9 million e-mails are sent worldwide per second, which would take one person 5.5 years to read one email
per minute 24 hours a day.
 28,800 hours of videos are uploaded to YouTube every day, which would take one person 3.3 years to watch
every video 24 hours a day.
 50 million tweets are created a day, which would take one person 16 years to read 24 hours a day, assuming
that the person reads one tweet in 10 seconds.
 700 billion minutes are spent by users on Facebook each month, and up to 1.3 EB of data is sent and received
by mobile Internet users.
 China Mobile's call records in a province can reach 0.5–1 PB per month.
 And more...
Data Storage Unit
All cells in 7,000
human bodies
50% of books
in all
academic
research Total number
libraries of sand grains
across the US on all beaches
All words in the world
spoken in
human history
x 1024
KB MB GB TB PB EB ZB YB
Traditional and Big Data Analysis
Traditional Big Data
Data
Data structuring format Unstructured or semi-
structured
Relationship Data
models relationships No clear relationship
Processing Non-directional batch

Directional batch method processing or real-time
processing processing
Processing Universal
Expensive cost
hardware/open-source
hardware/software software
Technical Architecture of Big Data
Visualization Tool library such as charts and reports

Management Tools
Data analysis Data mining and machine learning
Data Security
Offline statistics and real-time
Data processing computing
Multiple structures and massive

Data storage and management storage
Real-time access and massive

Data collection and integration
accumulation
Infrastructure resource and cloud Highly available and high-performance

platform cloud server cluster
Mainstream Big Data Technologies
 Big data technologies refer to those related to the collection, storage, processing,
and analysis of big data.
Technical
aspect
Data collection Data storage and Data processing

and preprocessing management and analysis
5G Enables Scaled Data Growth and Further Enhances Data
Dimensions
 In mMTC scenarios, 5G communications technologies enable massive connectivity.
 Connectivity of everything — Large-scale IoT
Connectivity of everything
5G Facilitates Intelligent Decision-Making of Big Data Applications
 The 5G technology drives IoT development, which in turn sparks big data development. Big data technology can
analyze and process large-capacity data, facilitating decision-making and thereby improving efficiency.
Big Data
Use Case: Big Data Monitoring and Warning
 Real-time monitoring and warning of risks in gas pipes based on 5G/IoT and big data stream processing
Transmitters of pressure, temperature,

flow, and combustible gas in gas pipes
Real-time pipe
information collection
Prevention Risk warning

5G/NB-IoT On-site maintenance
Stream processing engine Prediction model

IoT platform Spark Warning algorithm
Redis Kafka
Flume History Rule and
database indicator library
Contents

 IoT
 Cloud Computing
 Big Data
 AI
What Is AI?
 Artificial intelligence (AI) is a new technical science that studies and develops theories, methods, techniques, and
application systems for simulating and extending human intelligence. In 1956, the concept of AI was first proposed
by John McCarthy, who defined it as the "science and engineering of making intelligent machines". AI aims to
enable machines work intelligently, similar to the way that the human mind works. Currently, AI has become an
interdisciplinary that overlaps with various fields.
Brain science
Cognitive
science
Computer
science
AI Psychology
Philosophy
Linguistics
Logic
Types of AI
 Currently, there is no unified definition of AI research. Generally, there are four types
of intelligent robots:
 "Thinking like human beings": narrow (or "weak") AI, such as Watson and AlphaGo
 "Acting like human beings": narrow AI, such as humanoid robots, iRobot, and Atlas of
Boston Dynamics
 "Thinking rationally": general (or "strong") AI; currently, no such type of AI has been
created due to the bottleneck in brain science.
 "Acting rationally": general AI
Relationship of AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning
Four elements: data, algorithm,

computing power, and scenario
Machine Learning
 Machine learning (including deep learning) is a study of learning algorithms. A computer program is
said to learn from experience E , which is gained from performing tasks T, and performance
measurement P if its performance in tasks T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.
Data Learning algorithm Understanding
Experience Task Performance
Machine Learning Process
Feature Model Model

Data Data Model
extraction evaluation deployment
collection cleaning training
and selection and testing and integration
Feedback and
iteration
Machine Learning and Deep Learning
 Deep learning is a learning model based on unsupervised feature learning and a feature
hierarchical structure. It has great advantages in speech recognition, Natural Language
Processing (NLP), and computer vision.
Machine Learning Deep Learning

A large number of matrix operations, which can be
Low requirements for computer hardware
optimized by the GPU
Applicable to training with a small data amount, and High performance when provided with high-
performance cannot be improved continuously as dimensional weight parameters and massive training
the data amount increases. data
Level-by-level problem breakdown End-to-end learning

Automatic feature extraction for learning using
Manual feature selection
algorithms
Easy-to-explain features Hard-to-explain features
Application Directions of AI Technologies
 Currently, AI technologies predominantly
follow the following application directions.
 Computer vision: the science of enabling
computers to perceive the world Outside
 Speech processing: a general term for Inside China China
various processing technologies

 Natural language processing (NLP): a
science that leverages computer
technologies to understand and use natural Speech Vision NLP Basic hardware
language. Application distribution of AI technologies
in enterprises in and outside China
Source: China AI Development Report 2018
AI Application Direction — Computer Vision
 Among the three applications of AI technologies, computer vision is the most mature, including image classification and
segmentation, object detection and tracking, text recognition, and facial recognition.
 In the future, computer vision is expected to implement advanced functions, such as autonomous understanding, analysis, and
decision-making. Machines capable of perceiving are highly valuable in applications such as unmanned vehicles and smart homes.
 Applications:
A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks
AI Application Direction — Computer Vision
Action analysis in videos Identity authentication
Infringement
Image search
AI Application Direction — Speech Processing
Sentence
Coherent and fluent
Sentence
Smart
Vocabulary
speaker Vocabulary
Accurate and appropriate
Grammar
Correct, no noticeable
errors
Spoken language
Pronunciation
evaluation Pure native accent without
Chinese accent
Voiceprint
registration
Speech detection Noise suppression Feature Voiceprint model
extraction
Voiceprint confirmation/
identification
Voiceprint match
Diagnostic
Voiceprint robot
recognition Similarity score
AI Application Direction — NLP
 NLP studies fields such as machine translation, text mining, and sentiment analysis. NLP imposes high requirements
on technologies but addresses low technology maturity. Due to highly complex semantics, it is difficult for deep
learning based on big data and parallel computing to think and understand as humans do.
 Application scenarios
Sentiment analysis
Public opinion analysis
Topic mining Trend analysis
Public Sentiment
opinion analysis
analysis
Hot event This phone is cost effective. I'd like to buy this brand again. Price
Information
）
The new phone is quite good. It has a long battery life. Battery life
distribution
）
The photographing performance of this phone is poor. Photographing
）
The Perfect Match — 5G + AI
Mobile Internet Mobile AI
People proactively explore Convergence AI analyzes the world and provides

the world. services on demand.
Terminals and sensors
Key technologies
Industry-wide adoption
2007 2020
Use Case: 5G + AR Glasses
• Security guards can check only whether employees wear
employee ID cards, but cannot easily identify fake or
expired employee IDs. AR glasses employee identification
by connecting to the Huawei cloud database.
• Security guards can act quickly when they receive real-

time alarms, which is more flexible than fixed cameras.
5G
Core
AI-enabled cloud
network
video analysis
AR glasses
Contents
5G + Cloud + AI + IoT — Changing Society
Application
Social Public Industry and Electric
Individual Home media utility mining IoV power Healthcare
Intelligent Smart home

3 Smart lamp PLC massive Logistics
Low-voltage Medical
mMTC centralized instrument
wearables interconnection pole connectivity tracking metering control
Motion Autonomous Power Remote

control driving distribution PMU surgery
Digital media
URLLC
2 AGV Remote Power distribution
Immersive social driving automation
networking Industrial Vehicle Precise load
AR platooning control
Video Cloud gaming, Assisted AGV Remote B-scan

+ cloud office 1 Media live UAV patrol
eMBB Low latency Cloud AR/VR broadcast Industrial shooting
High-speed data Home In-car Monitoring of Mobile

Mobile HD large screen City Robot
+ entertainment communications power distribution ward
video IPTV 4K/8K Signage service management inspection /entertainment rooms
Video round
Phase 1: 2019–2020 Phase 2: 2021–2022 Phase 3: 2023–X

Quiz
1. Which of the following scenarios is not suitable for deep learning application? ( )
A. Computer vision
B. Natural language processing
C. Charging system
D. Speech recognition
Summary
 5G technologies drive the development of the digital economy

 5G and new technologies promote each other
 5G with new technologies enables digital transformation of vertical
industries
Bring digital to every person, home and
intelligent world.


5G Basic Service Capabilities and
Applications
Objectives

 Describe the current state of 5G development in the industry.
 Explain the functions and value of 5G basic service capabilities.
 Describe the major solutions that employ 5G basic service capabilities.
 Understand the current state of 5GtoB basic service applications.
 Understand the 5GtoB basic service application solutions.
Contents
1. 5GtoB Industry Understanding
2. 5GtoB Basic Service Capabilities
3. 5G Basic Service Applications
5GtoB — A 12 Trillion Dollar Market
5G investment space: USD3.5 trillion Forecast economic value of 5G in 2035, by industry
In billions of USD
4,000
3,350
3,500
China: 30%
3,000
2,500
2,000 1,400
1,500 1,300
1,050
1,000 750 680 660 600
550 500 400
500 300 280 250 150
65
-
Industry value: USD12+ trillion
Data source: HIS, Huawei MI
 Between 2020-2035, investment in the 5G industry will reach USD3.5 trillion with about 30% coming from China.
 By 2035, the global market space of 5G-driven industry applications will exceed USD12 trillion. Trillions of industries will come with manufacturing,
information and communication, retail, and public services.
 Industry investment includes network operation, OEM terminals, content and application development, core technologies and components, and
infrastructure construction.
5G+X Enables the Digital Transformation of Industries
GSMA: 5G's biggest opportunity lies in toB industry applications
eMBB Enterprise
Consumer
Government
Peak rate 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
20 Gbps
Most important Somewhat important Neutral
Not very important Least important Source: GSMA

Connection
5G
density Latency
1 million Transform
devices/km2 1 ms industries
Industrial Agriculture Transportation Energy
BtoB
mMTC URLLC Generate
new value Media Healthcare Education Finance
1 billion
BtoH connections BtoC Abundant
AI Broadband Smart toC Cloud Cloud gaming
home services computer Cloud AR/VR
upgrade
Explosive Growth in Informatization and Contactless Services Due to
COVID-19
Smart healthcare Online education
Remote disease control Remote consultation

in isolated wards and training
Remote collaboration, diagnosis, Massive online teaching

protection, and so on
Telecommuting Smart city

Tens of millions • Immediate: Pandemic requires centralized
A maximum of
of enterprises
500 concurrent monitoring and collaborative management.
0.2 billion connections
employees • Medium- and long-term: faster digitalization
Remote office Online (video) conferencing and modernization of government services
5GtoB Pioneers Are Exploring New Applications
EU Typical Service China Service
VDF MPN, campus network slicing, IoV, etc. 5G+ strategy for 15 industries; innovation partnerships in
China
live video broadcasting, remote control, and power grid
AGV, video surveillance, autonomous driving, remote Mobile
DT applications
control, port, campus, etc.
Innovation through "hybrid transformation", 10 key
BT/EE Video surveillance, smart manufacturing, etc. China
industries, cooperation with BAT, pilot UAV projects, remote
Unicom
TI Remote control and robotics control, etc.
Orange Security inspection, surveillance and identification Upgrade to 5G + cloud and piloting 5G media live
China
broadcasting, video security surveillance, and campus
Enterprise Audi /BASF (AGV, automation, video surveillance, etc.) Telecom
scenarios
Zhenhua/China Central Television/Yuexin/Zhoushan Port
Industry (AGV, remote control, video surveillance, live broadcasting,
logistics, etc.)
Actively exploring new services, such as microwave South Korea Typical Service
Middle East replacement, Internet access for small and medium
Quality inspection (Myunghwa Industry), autonomous
enterprises, and private 5G campus networks SKT
driving
Autonomous driving (joint testing with Hyundai), smart
KT
grid, and smart surveillance
Industrial VR live broadcast, remote control (LSMtron),
U+
5GtoB Industry Timeline autonomous driving, and smart factory
2019: 5GtoB exploration 2020–2021: Preliminary 5GtoB

2022 onwards: 5G in vertical industries Large-
Basic service applications in various Primarily applications that require large
bandwidth + low-latency applications
industries bandwidth
5GtoB Productization Path
Operator Inside-Out: Network resources that can be orchestrated and operational capabilities lead to success.
Basic service Basic service Industry
customer
Industry
5G network capabilities of
5G networks applications solutions
Product definition,
Orchestration and Integration of basic services
Abstract modeling standardization, orchestration,
standardization Customization
and launch
Outside-In: New services and business models require new resource capabilities.
What are some 5GtoB products? How can we provide them?
Technology and Business Model Trends: Migration to As-a-Service
BaaS
Cloud 5G/AI/Cloud computing business BPaaS INaaS
enablement and XaaS services
computing- SaaS
encapsulated based on DaaS
based services hardware/software/(traditional) PaaS
at all levels service capabilities CaaS IaaS
DCaaS
Different types of XaaS
XaaS: Helps cope with diverse service formats and complex technologies.
Complex High pressure Uncertain Easy-to-use new

implementation on investment input-to-output technologies
of technologies model
Basic Service Capabilities and Applications of 5GtoB
High-value
industries 1
Public SME Internet
Media Mine Port Power Manufacturing
security access
Basic
Service
Applications Photography- Surveillance XR UAV Remote Unmanned
level video video Latency < 20 ms Mobility control driving
of 5G
Uplink: 45–300 Mobile video Mobility Uplink: > 20 Bidirectional Mobility
Mbps surveillance & Bandwidth > 30 Mbps latency < 20 ms Uplink: > 30
Highly mobile cloud AI Mbps Zero packet Mbps
4–16 Mbps loss
Basic toB
Service
E2E rate Autonomous Fast service
E2E latency Reliability Mobility
Capabilities management provisioning
Contents

 E2E Bandwidth
 E2E Latency & Reliability
 Mobility
 Autonomous Management
 Fast Service Provisioning
Bandwidth Requirements in Typical toB Scenarios
Video
Scenario Cases Rate
Requirement
Wide-Area Fixed- • Vehicle surveillance: 4–8 1080p cameras per vehicle, 2 vehicles per
Point Surveillance kilometer during peak hours
• Mining: A total bandwidth of 30 Mbps per self-driving mining vehicle
Mobile
after the compression of six channels of 1080p videos. Port: There are 2–
Surveillance and
Mainly multi- 3 automated container trailers per square kilometer. About 18 cameras
Command
channel 1080p are used for stream pulling in each gantry crane. In addition, 12
20–30 Mbps
concurrent channels are supported for remote control. Each channel of
video is compressed to 2 Mbps. There are 3–6 gantry cranes per stack
Remote Control and each stack covers an area of about 0.15 km2.
• Auxiliary assembly with industrial AR: 30 Mbps per channel
Media Live • CCTV 4K live broadcast: Artifacts are allowed only once every 4 hours.
Streaming Mainly multi- • AGVs of Hangcha Group: four 40-60 Mbps cameras per AGV, maximum
channel 4K of 100 AGVs/km2
40–50 Mbps
Logistics AGV • Remote driving of forklift trucks and mining vehicles: Multi-channel 4K
• Three-dimensional detection for blade manufacturing (Hangzhou Turbine

Group)
• Stitch detection for parts manufacturing (Commercial Aircraft
Industrial Machine Mainly multi-
Vision channel 8K
Corporation of China, Ltd. (COMAC)) 100–200 Mbps
• Uploading of flight test data during landing and taxiing of COMAC
aircrafts (4 CPEs used)
• UAV application in laser mapping
E2E Bandwidth in toB: Addressing Uplink Bandwidth
Bottlenecks over the Air Interface
Enterprise
access point
Enterprise DC
IP/MPLS
UPF on the Internet

5G CPE 5G base station Mobile backhaul
core network
• Highly reliable • QoS/Slicing • FlexE • Device-pipe-cloud
enterprise-class CPE • Super Uplink • Channelized logical synergy
• VLAN/Dual-link/4T sub-interface • Slicing/MEC
terminal
• Appliance integrated Cloud Platform
with 5G AR
In toB, the main bottlenecks for E2E bandwidth are on the air interface, especially for uplink bandwidth.
Bearer and core networks already have mature solutions.
What factors affect the air interface bandwidth?
Air Interface Bandwidth Assurance: Signal Level and User Quantity
Control the quantity of allocated numbers in
Signal levels match service rates
each cell to ensure user-perceived rate
CSI-RSRP ≥ –103 dBm, meeting the 10 Mbps service rate Base Station
requirement in the uplink 64T64R 32T32R
Configuration
Mbps CSI-RSRP vs. UL Throughput (Mbps)
120
Slot configuration 4:1 & 8:2 7:3 4:1 & 8:2 7:3
100
Uplink 5 Mbps
80 private line
Recommended 46 66 42 60
60
quantity of users with
40 allocated numbers
20 UL 10 Mbps@–103 dBm dBm Uplink 10 Mbps

private line
0 Recommended 23 33 21 30
-116 -113 -110 -106 -103 -100 -99 -94 -87
quantity of users with
allocated numbers
Assumptions: 64T64R/32T32R mode, 53 dBm transmit power,

100 MHz bandwidth, 2T4R CPE, 4:1 slot configuration, light- Assumptions: 100 MHz system bandwidth, urban scenarios,
load network 2T4R outdoor CPEs, full buffer services
Air Interface Bandwidth Assurance: High-Priority QoS-based
Scheduling or Resource Reservation
Spectrum resource Independent private
QoS RB reservation
reservation network
Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 1 Carrier 2

Co-carrier Co-carrier,
with some
exclusive
resources
Private Common Private Common Private Common Private Common

network user user network user user network user user network user user
Private Private Private Private
network network network network
user user user user
Common Common Common Common
user user user user
100 MHz (60+40) MHz 100 MHz
(60 + 40) MHz
Air Interface Bandwidth Assurance: Super Uplink
Super Uplink enables uplink data to be transmitted in all possible
The throughput increases by 20–50% for UEs at or near the cell
slots through joint scheduling of time and frequency resources in
center, and by 50–300% for UEs at the cell edge.
high and low frequency bands.
Sub-3 GHz Mbps Field test results of Super Uplink show that the rate and gain
are consistent with theoretical values.
300 300%
C-band
250 At the cell edge 250%
50–300%
200 200%
UL rate with Super

150 Uplink enabled (Mbps) 150%
NR UL
UL rate with Super
100 Uplink disabled (Mbps) 100%
C-band D D D S U D D D U U Rate gain (%)
Uplink data is transmitted only in 50 At or near the cell center 50%
the TDD uplink slots. 20–50%
0 0%
-120
-116
-111
-109
-108
-105
-104
-101
-96
-93
-89
-85
-81
-77
-73
-69
-65
-61
-57
-53
-49
Sub-3 GHz U U U U RSRP
D D D S U D D D U U • For UEs located at or near the cell center, enabling Super Uplink
C-band
increases the rate by 40 Mbps, an increase of 20–50%.
Sub-3 GHz is used to enable uplink data transmission in all possible • For UEs located at cell edge, enabling Super Uplink increases the rate
slots, including those corresponding to TDD downlink slots. by 50–300%.
Air Interface Bandwidth Assurance: New Slot Configurations
in Dedicated Frequency Bands
Mainstream 5G frame structures (2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz)
China Unicom, China Telecom, Hong Kong, etc.
7:3 D D D S U D D S U U
China Mobile, UK, Kuwait, UAE, etc.
8:2 D D D D D D D S U U
South Korea, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, Qatar, etc.
4:1 D D D S U D D D S U
Slot configuration 2:3 is now

The new slot configuration multiplies supported in the 4.9 GHz band.
uplink capacity:
• 2.7x compared with slot configuration 4:1
2:3 D S U U U D S U U U
• 1.9x compared with slot configuration 7:3
Principles: All operators with network deployment in the 4.9 GHz band
must select slot configuration 2:3 (DSUUU) to avoid inter-RAT interference.
Contents

 E2E Bandwidth
 E2E Latency & Reliability
 Mobility
Low Latency and High Reliability Requirements in toB Scenarios
 5G introduces URLLC to fulfill the requirements of vertical industries. As defined in 3GPP specifications, the target
latency on the RAN is 1 ms (0.5 ms for both the uplink and the downlink) and the reliability is 99.999%.
 Different market segments have different latency requirements.
Scenario Application E2E Latency Jitter Reliability
Queue control < 3 ms 1 μs 99.9999%

Collaborative control < 10 ms 1 ms 99.9999%
Autonomous Sensor information sharing < 50 ms 20 ms 99.99%

driving Remote driving 10–30 ms 5 ms 99.9999%
Intent detection in remote driving < 100 ms 20 ms 99.9%
Dynamic HD map uploading ~ 100 ms 20 ms 99.9%
Essential VR services 10–20 ms 5 ms 99.9999%
Live event broadcast over 360-
10–20 ms 5 ms 99.99%
degree VR videos
VR/AR
VR collaborative games 10–20 ms 5 ms 99.99%
VR remote education/shopping 10–20 ms 5 ms 99.9%
AR 20 ms 5 ms 99.9%
Low Latency and High Reliability Requirements in toB Scenarios
(cont.)
Scenario Application E2E Latency Jitter Reliability
High-voltage power grid

< 5 ms 1 ms 99.9999%
communication
Smart power grid
Medium-voltage power grid
25 ms 5 ms 99.9%
communication
Real-time motion control ≤ 1 ms 1 μs 99.9999%
Smart Automatic separation 10 ms 100 μs 99.99%

manufacturing Remote control 50 ms 20 ms 99.9999%
Surveillance 50 ms 20 ms 99.9%
Remote surgery 10 ms 1 ms 99.9999%
Healthcare, smart Intelligent transportation system 10 ms 5 ms 99.9999%

city, and UAV
Sensor data backhaul 30 ms 5 ms 99.99%
Remote UAV operation 10–30 ms 1 ms 99.9999%
Key Factors in the E2E Latency Assurance Solution
 E2E latency needs to be assured in terms of architecture, air interface, device, and service. Architecture
and air interface are key factors.
 Segments need to define and ensure E2E latency:
Air interface Device Architecture Service
Edge DC Regional DC Central DC

5
6 5G Core UP 6
Fiber 4 CDN/Server
CSG CSG
3
1 Aggregation
Access layer layer Core layer
2 Microwave
gNodeB
6–10 ms ~1 ms ~1 ms ~15 ms ~30 ms

RAN RTT Transmission RTT Core network RTT Transmission RTT Transmission RTT
Transmission Latency Assurance Solution: MEC Deployed to
Speed Up Transmission
 Moving the core network downwards significantly reduces latency and meets the latency requirements of
different services.
HD video: Service
1–10 Gbps CDN-based content Control
distribution
Low-speed
massive Control
connections Service
Real-time
services like
autonomous Service Control
driving
Data center (edge) Data center (region) Data center (core)
Air Interface Latency Assurance Solution: Lower Scheduling Latency
4G Ideal RAN RTT* latency estimation
TDD IF: 30 kHz SCS FDD: 15 kHz SCS

8.00
7.29
7.00 6.74
5.79 5.89 5.66
6.00
5.00 4.69
3.54 3.62 3.60 3.76
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
5G 0.00
Average RAN RTT latency (ms)

Numerology: enables flexible 5G subcarrier
bandwidth configurations to adapt to various
services, thereby speeding up scheduling.
Mini-slot: reduces the average RTT by 22–48%.
E2E Reliability Assurance: Active/Standby Mode
Active/standby mode is the most effective solution to ensure connection reliability.
AR
Active
CPE
Standby
gNodeB 1
CPE CSG 1 ASG 1 MASG 1
UPF Enterprise DC
gNodeB 2 CSG 2
ASG 2 MASG 2
Scenario 1: active/standby CPEs, active/standby links between the CSG and gNodeB, ring backup.
Scenario 2: active/standby devices, active/standby links between the CSG and gNodeB, ring backup.
Three Solutions for E2E Reliability Assurance
3. Redundant transmission over the

1. Redundant transmission with 2. Redundant transmission with dual
air interface with multiple RLC links
E2E paths N3 tunnels
DRB 1
PDCP
RLC1 RLC2 RLC3 RLC4

1 0 0 1
LCH 1 LCH 2 LCH 1 LCH 2
LCH1 LCH2 LCH1 LCH2
MAC (MN) MAC (SN)
MCG SCG
• Redundant sessions are • GTP-U data packet redundant • Applicable to the CA, DC and
transmitted over transmission with N3 tunnels CA + DC architectures
independent paths. improves link reliability. • Each radio bearer supports a
maximum of 4 RLC links.
Three solutions defined by 3GPP to improve link reliability
Air Interface Reliability Assurance Solutions
Interference coordination in the beam Interference coordination in the time
domain and frequency domains
The main or side lobe of the beam of UE 2 causes strong Time-frequency resources allocated to two UEs that are
interference to UE 1. This solution changes the beam close to each other are staggered to reduce
weight of UE 2 to reduce the interference. interference between them.
Signal Signal
Interference Cell 2 Interference Cell 2 RB scheduling information 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cell 1 Cell 1
Signal Cell 1 Cell 2
Interference Cell 2 RB 0
Cell 1
RB 1 UE 1
UE 1 UE 1 RB 2
UE 2 UE 2 RB 3 UE 2
…
CBF disabled CBF enabled
UE 1 UE 2 RB n
RBs indicated by red boxes

are not used for scheduling.
Contents

 E2E Bandwidth
 Mobility
Mobility Comparison Between 5G and Wi-Fi 6
5G network Wi-Fi 6 network
5G core
network Router
Office/Home Road Hotel/Airport Room 1 Room 2 Room 3
The 5G network provides contiguous coverage to support seamless handovers. However, Wi-Fi 6
only supports handovers of low-speed moving UEs and cannot guarantee the handover delay.
Germany's Bosch Rexroth Replaces Industrial Wi-Fi with 5G
Improvements with 5G:
1. Improved network latency and stability

(with reduced jitter)
2. More stable handovers, higher mobility

performance, waiting avoidance at the
AGV turning point, and higher single-
vehicle efficiency
Mobility Assurance: NR Dual-Connectivity-based Handover
During the handover, the UE can send and receive data to and from both the source
cell and target cell, thereby achieving zero handover interruptions.
Contents

 E2E Bandwidth
 Mobility
 Autonomous Management
Simplified Network + Intelligent O&M Achieve Autonomous
Network Management
Application Driven networking (ADN)
All
Continuous systematic innovations
Intelligence
Operator
ADN BSS Network AI unit
Cross-domain O&M unit
Design Studio Cloud-based network knowledge
2019 ~ Intelligent
base
Operator O&M process and O&M
+ AI knowledge asset Data lake service AI training service
OSS
All Cloud
Network management
· and control unit
SoftCOM EMS/NMS Network management Network control Network analysis
Local knowledge base + AI inference framework
2012 ~ 2018
+ Cloud Simplified
Simplified network Network AI inference unit
All IP network
infrastructure Real-time AI inference
Single MBB FBB awareness framework
2006 ~ 2011
Autonomous Network Management, Addressing Structural
Challenges with Systematic Innovation
Structural challenge: The OPEX is expected to be 3–4 times that of the CAPEX.
Energy efficiency multiplication
Energy consumption and services are unrelated. "0" watt for "0" bit. Energy consumption and services are
This results in a large amount of energy being connected, and this dynamically adapts to services, reducing
wasted on the wireless and DC sides. unnecessary power consumption.
Performance and resource efficiency multiplication

Intelligent
O&M Manual optimization is difficult due to massive parameters, Dynamic optimization based on intelligent prediction increases
large numbers of devices, and constantly evolving services. spectral efficiency and resource utilization.
O&M efficiency multiplication

A large number of invalid work orders, complex networks, AI replaces manual intervention. Intelligent prediction and
and undifferentiated inspection in low O&M efficiency. proactive O&M are enabled to ensure that major events can
be identified and controlled.
Simplified Improved service experience

network The network is complex, and the service experience cannot The network is simplified to reduce O&M difficulties and
be guaranteed. Faults cannot be predicted and located, ensure user experience. AI is introduced to predict and
resulting in poor user experience. prevent faults, boosting user experience.
Contents

 E2E Bandwidth
 Mobility
 Fast Service Provisioning
5G Network Slicing Accelerates Deployment of
Differentiated Networks
Network capability Slice offering Use by tenants
Infrastructure Service slice template Service slice instance
Live VR of Lanting XX concert

VR live broadcast
Live VR for Migu XX show Uplink: > 40 Mbps;
1. VR recording; 2. Secondary sites downlink: 10–30 Mbps
High bandwidth 4K live broadcast CCTV New Year's Gala 4K live broadcast
Game acceleration Tencent XX game acceleration
Low latency Uplink: 10–30 Mbps
Remote control Remote controlled excavator for XX
High reliability Latency < 50 ms
1. Video surveillance Construction
Massive 2. Control command delivery Power distribution automation of China Latency: 10 ms
connections Southern Power Grid Timing < 10 μs
Smart power grid
Assistance and entertainment system of
IoV Shanghai Volkswagen Automobile
Independent Secure Guaranteed SLA

service operation isolation
• Service • User • Smart • Autonomous • Ultra-high • Massive
customization management power grid driving bandwidth connections
• KPI visibility • Independent • Industrial • Game • Ultra-low • High
upgrade control assurance latency reliability
Implementation of Network Slicing O&M
Tenants' requirements
Slice Slice operations support system

management (Open, allowing customers to customize slice attributes)
Access-side slice system
Operation Design and
adjustment deployment
Policy center Resource orchestration
5G
IP bearer network slice Core network function slice
SDN control
LTE VNF
VNF
NB-IoT
VNF
MCE Open Platform: Zero-Change Third-Party Application
Integration and Quick Online Release
Day-long TTM, available upon release
Graphical drag and drop Sandbox Cloud-based selected products

Cloud-based SaaS
application
packaging service Creating an Importing applications into
Selecting a test environment
image package the application repository
.
VM Medium Uploading . Local traffic Digital
Container Small . distribution
Container images signature
... Large ... Charging
More... differentiation
Selecting resources and Creating an Configuring Integrity Online

product flavors image service rules protection Sandbox
Open platform, enabling third-party application integration without any changes
Contents

 Photography-level video
 Surveillance Video
 Cloud XR
 UAV
 Remote Control
 Unmanned Driving
Huge Application Potential of 4K/VR in UHD Industry
• By 2022, industry applications are estimated to bring a value of
• By 2022, the overall value of the UHD video industry in China will
CNY1.8 trillion (accounting for 45% of the market share), becoming
exceed CNY4 trillion.
the largest market share in the UHD video industry. The TV, culture
and entertainment sectors account for 32.6% of the market share,
bringing revenues of CNY1.3 trillion.
45000 Overall scale of China's UHD industry in 2022

2% 6%
40000 19%
35000
17%
30000
25000
20000 12.40%
7%
15000
10000 4%
5000
32.60%
0
2017 2018 2019 2020E 2021E 2022E
2020E Video production device Broadcast TV & culture and
Network transmission device entertainment
Predicted output value of China's UHD Terminal display device Healthcare & security surveillance
Core component & intelligent transportation
video industry in China (CNY100 million) Platform service Other
5G UHD Application Development Pace
Market
expectations Live broadcast
and backhaul
4K OB van
5G 8K 5G 4K
terminal 8K OB van terminal
UHD video
Telemedicine
Cloud-based
news collection
and compiling
Security surveillance
High-speed
Exploration stage Market start-up stage development stage Application maturity stage
Market Small Mature in 3 Mature in 2 Mature in 1 Mature

Large
space to 10 years to 3 years to 2 years within 1 year
UHD Video Application Hype Cycle (source: CAICT's White Paper on the 5G Application Innovation)
Bit Rate Requirements of Videos with Varying Resolutions
(1080p, 4K)
Scenario Bit Rate
4K live
20~40 Mbps
broadcast
Multi-camera
80~160 Mbps
4-channel 4K
Free viewpoint At least 30 Mbps
360-degree
30~150 Mbps
panorama
TV screen (4K): 20–60

Cross-screen Mbps
interaction Mobile phone (4K): 8–
40 Mbps
Note: The actual bandwidth required
varies depending on the coding and
compression technologies.
Challenges of the Industry Chain from the Current E2E
Media Live Broadcast Process
Dedicated (wired, microwave) Private line (wired, satellite) Network (TV, communication)
Collection Editing Stream pushing Broadcasting
Wired/Microwave
• Traditional
media
SDI/HDMI
...
• New media
SDI HDMI
Wired/
Camera Microwave OB van Production center Content distribution End user
Front-end system
Functions: Functions: Functions: Functions:

• Baseband signal collection • Multi-channel signal switching in live broadcast • Centralized directing • Large screen: TV
• Multiple channels of baseband • Baseband signal transcoding and editing • Centralized editing: re-editing, re- • Small screen:
signals are pushed to OB vans. • Content is pushed to the production center or transcoding (partially required) Mobile phone/Pad
• Cameras: Multiple angles, wireless distribution center through wired private lines • Pushing: The final program is • Others: VR glasses
connections for data transmission or satellites. pushed to various playback media Challenges:
Challenges: Challenges: (such as TVs and new media). • For IPTV/new
• Wired backhaul: Time-consuming • High OB van costs: A 12-channel 4K OB van Challenges: media, user
and labor-intensive cabling, costs about CNY80–100 million. • Collaboration between the experience is
difficult to move cables • Complex upgrade and replacement: For production center and production subject to the CDN
• Microwave backhaul: Subject to example, all devices need to be replaced during front-end, synchronization deployment
weather and locations 4K to 8K upgrade. between onsite video and audio location.
5G Will Empower the UHD Industry
Video collection and backhaul
• 4K/8K camera, encoding and stream pushing
device, IP data stream
• Video data forwarding to 5G base stations by 5G
CPEs, 5G mobile phones, or 5G modules
Integrated video production resources at the edge

• Cloud-based video production resources through desktop
applications and HTML5 pages
• Real-time analysis of sports event information and historical data
• AR-based interaction and selective watching at specific stand in
stadiums
UHD video program broadcasting

• Content distribution through the 5G network
• Real-time interaction in stadiums
5G Realizes Smooth Live Broadcasts and UHD Video Playback
Anytime and Anywhere
Remote live
broadcast
Camera+Portable encoder + Terrestrial station + Decoder

Microwave
Live broadcast vehicle Expensive
(microwave + satellite)
Local live
broadcast
Encoder Decoder
4K camera
5G live
broadcast Encoder + CPE
4K camera 5G base station 5G core network IP private line + Decoder
Flexibility Usability Stability Capability Price

Remote Poor. A live broadcast vehicle Poor. Microwave and Good. Satellite and The microwave and satellite are High (live broadcast
live is required due to the small satellite antennas need to microwave signals are unsuitable for 4K UHD live vehicle and satellite
broadcast coverage of microwave. be installed temporarily. unstable. broadcasts. required)
Good. Four channels of 4K videos
Good. Stability needs
5G live Good. 5G modules are Good. Good coverage is in the uplink are supported in a
to be guaranteed in Huge margin
broadcast integrated. required. single cell, which satisfies the
specific areas.
requirements of most scenarios.
Outdoor Live Broadcast Solutions
 5G outdoor live broadcast requirement analysis
High cost of satellite live broadcast Unsatisfactory mobility and speed Single-angle live broadcast
 Traditional satellite broadcasting of provincial  The location of emergencies restricts the  Users cannot adjust viewing angle
television broadcast stations or above are costly deployment of large-sized live broadcast for videos.
(CNY30,000 for 8 hours). On top of this, various devices. Also, the rapid construction of a live  Multiple users cannot concurrently
professional equipment is needed. broadcast environment and the realization of watch programs on the same
 The OB vans used by city-level television broadcast mobile live broadcast have also promoted the network.
stations are costly, but with low utilization rates. development of 5G mobile live broadcast.
Live broadcast using the 5G UAV XX live broadcast cloud platform

IP signal 4K live broadcast HD live broadcast
service service
UAV 5G CPE Live broadcast and VOD content

HD live broadcast
transcoding
5G mobile HD live broadcast
5G Protocol conversion Intelligent 5G
broadcast control
SDI signal
Synchronous
Resource scheduling
recording
HD camera 5G backpack 4K live broadcast
Live Broadcast Solutions in Stadiums
Analysis of requirements for 5G live broadcast in stadiums 5G live broadcast solutions in stadiums
5G HD video live broadcast backhaul mode 1

High network High cost of video Immersive
load in stadiums transmission in experience for 5G live
stadiums remote spectators broadcast
 The networks  High bandwidth  Enhanced Camera 5G gNodeB Live Video

backpack 5G Core User
deployed in is needed for 4K immersion for broadcast distribution
stadiums are HD signals and fans viewing from platform
 4K high-definition cameras use 5G networks to backhaul signals, and push live video
heavily loaded due multi-channel live beyond the to the live broadcast platform for live broadcast.
to large numbers broadcast signals stadium
5G HD VR video live broadcast backhaul mode 1
of spectators, and to ensure video
Stream pulling of VR headset playback over 5G
thereby require quality. VR Stream pushing of VR live broadcast over 5G
urgent upgrade. headset
MEC
360-degree
panoramic 5G gNodeB 5G Core Video ingestion
camera terminal Transcoding service
Editing and directing
 With the 5G network, panoramic cameras complete video collection and splicing.
 The CPE connected to the 5G network transmits the 4K panoramic video to the
stream pushing server in the uplink.
 The MEC is deployed in the stadium. It integrates video transcoding, editing, and
directing software, and ensures an immersive experience for stadium spectators.
Case: 5G with Free-Viewpoint Solution
Video shooting Video production Video distribution and transmission
Live video shooting Media processing Video platform UHD distribution network End user
1 3 4 5 6
Edge CDN 1 5G base station

...
Onsite pre- Media Video

5G base
processing 2 processing platform
station
Gigabit home
Edge CDN N
broadband
Building core video production capabilities based on cloud and AI Focusing on E2E distribution and superior user experience
1 Provide the deployment solution reference design, device 4 The video platform collaborates with front-end media processing
list, and integration solution based on the site's scale. components to provide capabilities such as content management, user
management, content operations, and content storage and distribution.
2 Receive video streams from cameras and pre-process video 5 Provide free-viewpoint video distribution (interactive experience) and
streams, such as focus parameter calibrating and synchronization. highlight video distribution (common video) to users.
3 Use AI algorithms to complete focus processing, virtual view 6 Encapsulate capabilities in SDKs, provide standard interface
synthesis, and highlight video generation. definitions, and integrate with third-party APKs.
Lightweight and agile front-end deployment + Intelligent media processing + Efficient device-side distribution -> Free-viewpoint live broadcast experience
Contents

 Photography-level Video
 Surveillance Video
 Cloud XR
 UAV
 Remote Control
Rapid Video Surveillance Growth in China
Market space of video surveillance devices in China Number of IP cameras (IPCs) in China increasing from 67
expected to reach USD11.4 billion by 2021 million to 100 million
Market Scale (USD Million) Camera Delivery (0.1 Million)

12000 11412
10186 10469
10000 9056 9552
8032 8306
8000 7102 6764
6000 5105
3592
4000
2000
0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Note: Traditional financial video surveillance being saturated; hard pipe
isolation for dedicated video surveillance network of public security organs
Operators are expected to provide around 40% of services for the government, public utilities & energy, manufacturing & industrial
sectors, and other industries.
Video surveillance by industry
17.5%
15.0%
13.0%
9.7% 9.1% 8.7% 8.6% 7.6%
5.4% 5.0%
Banking & City security Traffic Residence Government Education Utilities & Manufacturing Trade Others
Finance surveillance energy & Industrial Data source: IHS report
Pain Points in the Video Surveillance Industry: Difficult Cabling,
Mobile Surveillance, and Emergency Scenarios
Scattered Locations, Difficult and Costly Infeasible Cabling During Mobile Slow Wired Network Deployment and
Cabling Surveillance Resource Wastes for Emergency Response
Port Road/River course/Pipe Vehicles Mobile policing Major event Contingency
Surveillance of
Control of forest fires UAV Inspection robot Disaster Hazardous operation
construction sites
Trend: from Fixed Surveillance to Mobile Surveillance + Temporary
Surveillance Deployment
3D surveillance
Fixed security surveillance
Periodic
Mobile surveillance (law enforcement devices and
inspection vehicles)
3D security protection (UAV)
Event-triggered
Temporary surveillance deployment (emergency

events/important cases)
Police patrol On-demand temporary surveillance

On average, each officer patrols 1.24 km2 per day for 5 hours.
Source: Code of Practice for Patrol Police Law Enforcement
Police vehicle-based patrol
The patrol speed, time, and distance are 40 km/h, 4 hours/day, and 160
km/day, respectively.
Source: Police Technology: 110 Police Car Configuration and Patrol Solution
Temporary surveillance
2. Dynamic control of key personnel is classified into regular control and
temporary control.
Source: Regulations on Dynamic Management and Control of Key Personnel in Zhejiang
Public Security Bureau (Provisional)
Video Surveillance: in High Demand, with No Strict Requirements on
Uplink Bandwidth and Latency
High requirement on uplink latency
Remote control
Machine vision
Remote driving/engineering machinery
Remote ultrasound scan Industrial machine vision
Uplink video +
downlink control
Low requirement on High requirement on
uplink bandwidth uplink bandwidth
Uplink video only
Video surveillance Live video

First scene live broadcast and editing
Low requirement on uplink latency
Evaluation of Video Surveillance Requirements on Network Bit Rate
and Bandwidth
• The bandwidth required for video playback depends on the video bit rate, which varies with the video encoding format, resolution, and content features.
Peak Bandwidth
Video Quality Resolution Video Encoding Typical Bit Rate
Requirement
1080p 1920 x 1080 H.264 3.5 Mbps 7 Mbps
2K 2560 x 1440 H.264 6 Mbps 12 Mbps
4K 3840 x 2160 H.265 16 Mbps 35 Mbps

Instantaneous bit rate
• The instantaneous bit rate is high for videos with fine-

(kbps)
grained images and frequent scenario switching, and

vice versa. In addition, network jitter must be taken into
account. Therefore, the peak bandwidth must be higher
than the average video bit rate to achieve smooth video
Time (s) playback.
Typical Bit Required Non-stalling
Resolution Condition
Rate Rate Rate • According to an analysis on video samples obtained
1.4 times the bit rate 4.9 Mbps ≥ 90% from the live network test, when the download rate is
1.4, 1.7, or 1.9 times of the average video bit rate, we
1080p 3.5 Mbps 1.7 times of the bit rate 6 Mbps ≥ 95% can achieve non-stalling rates of 90%, 95%, and 98%,
respectively. Therefore, the peak bandwidth
1.9 times of the bit rate 6.7 Mbps ≥ 98% approximately doubles the bit rate.
Common Networking Solutions for 5G Video Surveillance
Enterprise intranet/
Video cloud platform
5G Panoramic
camera camera Campus surveillance
Patrol Private line

Motorcycle
robot
1
5GC
2
UAV
Body-worn MEC Bearer
camera 5G base 3
station
Policing cloud AR
terminal glasses
Intelligent Video Surveillance Platform with Device-Edge-
Cloud Synergy
Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent
frontend edge center
cloud cloud
View Intelligent Search and Device- Scenario-based

management analysis alert edge-cloud Big data
capability
synergy analytics
openness
Behavior Facial License plate Vehicle

analysis collection recognition recognition
Association between edge and center Data classification and aggregation,

Front-end intelligence and edge computing
collaborative application
• High-quality intelligent object capture • Nearby storage and analysis to reduce network
• Lossless video analysis before encoding bandwidth • Big data analysis and data collision
• Local lightweight search • Front-edge-center integrated analysis and
• Front-end video structuring and facial snapshot
• Intelligent multi-camera collaborative analysis unified management
5G + Intelligent Video Surveillance Identification Helps Upgrade Road
and Bridge Security
5G + Cloud + AI Real-Time Identification and Emergency Handling of Road 5G + 4K Required for Road- and Bridge-related Visual
and Bridge Road Distresses Identification
Manual inspection 4G 5G
√
Nearly 20 trailing and frame Smooth and clear images with

loss events within 3 minutes 5G uplink large bandwidth
24/7 video collection

Intelligent acceptance
Efficient, convenient 1080p 4K √
14 AI precise 18 AI precise
5G + cloud + AI collection points
collection points
Backhaul/Storage Intelligent and Distress rectification
Flexible, reliable closed-loop Fast, agile
management
AI-powered analysis Exception notification

4K is clearer than 1080p, increasing the distress
Accurate, timely Visible, directional
identification points by 15–20%, and improving the
accuracy of AI-based distress estimation.
Improved Security and Efficiency of Road and Bridge Management, and a New
Era of Health Monitoring and Inspection
Improvement of functional capabilities
Automatic identification of road distresses and automatic closure — commercial
Incoming calls
from the public
 Over three-fold roaduse
inspection frequency, improving the
Online
governance promptness of problem identification
platform
 Road distress analysis time shortened from 3 days to real-
Digital city time
management
system Capability  Real-time identification of class 1 problems and
• 30% of road and bridge problems are dispatch of resources and personnel
obtained from the government hotline.
• 90% expected improvement in the
monitoring level
 Real-time identification and repair of road distresses,
Management types
reducing traffic congestion and risks by 15%
Class 3
 Prevents road inspection personnel from taking photos in
Class 1
Security dangerous environments.
Class 2
• 20% of the problems fall into class 1 and

 Only 1 hour is required for the intelligent analysis of a
need to be promptly addressed. single road section, instead of 3 days x 2 persons.
Manpower
Contents

 Cloud XR
 UAV
 Remote Control
VR, AR, and MR
VR: Oculus Rift AR/MR: HoloLens/Magic Leap
What you see is a mixture of

Everything you see is virtual reality and virtuality
Immersion Interaction Imagination Panoramas
5G Transforms Industries, Shifting the Focus from VR to AR
 VR: big entertainment, small-scale business
 AR: small entertainment, large-scale business. AR is more likely to obtain a large market
landscape with small innovations.
Global AR/VR expenditure

(USD100 million)
1600 Laboratory and on-site training (higher education and vocational education)
2000
Lab and on-site training (K12)
1500 10x
1000 Common infrastructure maintenance
168
500 Anatomy diagnosis During the forecast period, laboratory
and on-site training, industrial facility
0 Retail marketing maintenance, anatomy diagnosis, and
2019 2023 retail marketing were the fastest-growing
Others
use cases.
2019 2023
Source: Worldwide Semiannual Augmented and Virtual Reality Spending Guide
XR Gradually Recovers and Enters the Rapid Development Period
Mature devices: better wearing experience in terms of

VR/AR: out of the valley and into the development phase
weight, size, and 4K display
All-in-one CNY 4K
200 g
Separated 2000
Type Price Weight Screen display

Ultimate phase: 24K, 1.5 Gbps, 8 ms
2023
2021 Ideal phase: 12K, 540 Mbps, 10 ms
Global VR/AR content is gradually enriched and
2019
VR 2017
Comfort phase: 8K, 130 Mbps, 20 ms growing, delivering a better experience.
AR 2016 VR 2016
AR 2017
7700 1000 1 million
Source: Gartner, August 2017 + + +
2017 2022
Confidence Scale Global mainstream Top-quality XR videos Global VR

building expansion XR applications and games in China videos
Cloud XR
Thin Terminal Broad Pipe Cloud Rendering
WAN cloud
rendering VR
105 g VR UHD ultra-thin HMD Low-latency bandwidth Real-time cloud rendering and ultra-low-
connection latency encoding and compression
Rapid industry growth VR Level Parameter Coding Bandwidth

of VR/AR
Pre-level 4K 2D H.264 25 Mbps
Entry level 8K 2D H.265 75 Mbps
Medium-level 8K 3D H.265 120 Mbps
Advanced 12K 3D H.265 220 Mbps
Top-level 24K 3D H.266 1.5 Gbps
E2E latency: 20 ms; optimal latency: 10 ms

5G Enables the XR Industry
Video VR requires 5G's high CG VR requires 5G's 5G cloud-based architecture reduces VR
bandwidth to provide HD experience low latency terminal costs and is crucial to VR ubiquity
Real-time
Cloud-based VR
1. Wireless HMDs used 2. Infinite cloud

Throughput only for video playing, capabilities, real-time
Mobility requiring no computing cloud rendering and
and storage hardware return of video streams
5G
3. Ultra-low-
latency image
transmission over
wireless networks
QoS Density
XR + Education: Training Achievements in Medical and Military Industries
BBC: Magic Leap for exploring AR applications in education U.S. Pentagon: VR/AR training bidding to cope with nuclear war
DMDII: USD12 million investment in AR employee training Precision OS: 570% learning efficiency in the medical training
AR + Remote Guidance: AR-based Connection Between On-Site
Engineers and Remote Experts
• Connects on-site engineers

and remote experts over the
5G network + expert
platform + AR can be widely
used in medical care,
automobile, and common
industrial maintenance.
Contents

 Cloud XR
 UAV
 Remote Control
UAV Types
Military Industry-level Consumer-level

• Fixed-wing, • Fixed wing • Multi- rotary-wing, electric
piston/turbine • Height: 300–3000 m • Height: 10–100 m
• Height: > 3000 m • Logistics, agriculture, and inspection • Photography and shooting
• Reconnaissance
• Determine the UAV model based on the service requirements, UAV usage, flight distance, flight height,
and load bearing/endurance capability.
Networked UAVs
WI-FI
vs.
China's UAV Market Forecast
2019 UAV market:
CNY28.4 billion,
increasing rapidly
UAV market scale (CNY100 million) Sales scale of civil UAVs (CNY100 million)
 From 2015 to 2018, consumer-level UAVs developed, but industry-level and commercial UAVs were still in the infancy stage.
 Since 2019, the civil UAV market has been developing rapidly. With the commercial use of 5G, networked UAVs are expected to
explode in the next one to two years.
Typical UAV Application Scenarios
Service Scenario Value Network Demands
Agriculture • 20-fold increase in the efficiency of crop spraying
• Crop spraying and 30% reduction in costs: 10–20 Coverage
Rate Latency Positioning
• Agricultural field mu/day/person –> 300–400 mu/day/UAV Height
surveying and • Real-time HD survey, flight status monitoring, Spraying: 10 Spray: 10 m
mapping network positioning, and intelligent computing Mbps Surveying
PMI • Grid maintenance • 12-fold increase in the efficiency of grid maintenance Surveying and 20 ms and <1m
inspection inspections: 2 hours/person –> 10 minutes/UAV; mapping (8K): mapping:
• Base station tower guaranteeing the personal safety of operators 120 Mbps 200–300 m
• Secure smart remote control and efficient data collection Power
• Oil pipeline
supply, base
4K HD image station: 50–
Logistics • Improved delivery efficiency and user experience; transmission: 30 ms 100 m -
• Logistics minute-level delivery efficiency, and 70% over 50 Mbps
reduction in costs Oil pipeline:
3 km
• Flight status monitoring and network positioning End logistics:
100 m
• Firefighting • Improved inspection efficiency, solving the
Security 30 Mbps 5 ms Branch <1m
monitoring problems of insufficient inspection personnel,
• Patrol large areas, and insufficient law enforcement logistics: 3
• Counter-terrorism vehicles km
surveillance 4K HD video: 50
• Border defense • HD real-time video, network positioning, and 20 ms 100 m <1m
Mbps
inspection intelligent big data analysis.
Source: Huawei x-Lab and BNC
Airspace Management
GNSS+RDSS
3000 m
Large-sized UAV
Large-sized UAV
ADS-B
1000 m
Area monitoring range
Medium-
5G sized UAV Medium-sized UAV
300 m
120 m height-limited surveillance fence
4G Agricultur PMI Ground remote sensing vehicle

e
Base Terrestrial ADS-B

station station Airport
Remote control Base station
UAV data center
5G Is the Optimal for UAV Low-altitude Communication
5G UAV Low-altitude coverage (< 300 m)
Uplink rate Duration online: 0.5–4 hours for events
Wide coverage
Type Typical Uplink rate: 100 Mbps
Uplink Rate
Image transmission Low latency
3 Mbps
via flight control 99.999% reliability
Low-altitude Scenario-based video 20 Mbps
coverage (< Latency
300 m)
High-Bandwidth Continuous Coverage
Rate
5G brings UAVs continuous coverage at
low altitudes, meeting the UAV's
requirements for communication anytime
and anywhere and enabling concurrent
transmission of HD 4K data and images in
Network capacity Communication Latency
real time.
distance Low-Altitude Comprehensive Network
5G massive MIMO provides comprehensive network coverage at
Communication cost low altitudes with multiple beams in the vertical dimension:
main lobe coverage on the ground and side lobe coverage in low
Dedicated
Satellite communication altitudes.
station
5G Enhancements in Coverage and Capability
Peak carrier wave
Signal
improvement
Signal deterioration
Massive MIMO
Antenna element Beam Antenna element

weighting weighting
Two New 5G Capabilities for Integrated IoT for Aviation
5G with the slicing capability: Provides secure and manageable E2E
4G without the slicing capability: provides logical dedicated networks based on unified resources, and flexibly combines
dedicated network services through VPN private lines physical resources and NE functions.
as well as general wireless and core network functions. Slice instance = Access network + Bearer network + Core network
EPC AN TN CN
4G public
network HD video Mobile AN TN Basic + High eMBB
terminal functions bandwidth
Energy IoT Power-saving IoT/mMTC

EPC metering terminal basic functions
4G Vehicle-
dedicated Assisted mounted Basic + Low
network driving functions latency URLLC
device
5G edge computing capability: 4G computing resources can be deployed on the backbone core ring, and 5G computing resources can be flexibly
deployed at positions 1 to 4. 2. Local network 3. Access aggregation 4. Backbone convergence
deployment equipment room equipment room
Edge DC (30 km) Local DC (100 km) Center DC (250 km)
1. Co-located with the base station
RTT < 5 ms RTT < 20 ms RTT < 50 ms
CU UPF MEC UPF CDN UPF 5GC-CP
MANO
Fiber Cloud OS Cloud OS Cloud OS
CSG CSG
Metropolitan ring Aggregation ring Core ring
Microwave
Contents

 Cloud XR
 UAV
 Remote Control
Remote Control Process – Information Closure
Controller Controlled item
Remote
sensing
Status information
Analysis and
decision-making
Instructions
Communication network Instruction

execution
Typical Application of Remote Control: Production Operation
 Sub-scenarios
 Fixed line: shuttle buses, ports.
 Harsh environment: mining, foundation compaction, garbage/waste/coal seam
compaction, gantry cranes in ports, etc.
 Benefits
 Improves safety.
 Improves efficiency and
reduces costs.
Typical Application of Remote Control: Healthcare
 Sub-scenarios
 Insufficient medical resources in remote areas
 Inadequate service capabilities of grassroot medical institutions, such as healthcare organizations in counties
and towns
 Time of contact to be reduced between doctors and patients with highly infectious disease
 Benefits
 Helps medical institutions at all levels to efficiently and
flexibly allocate resources.
 Improves healthcare service capabilities and efficiency.
Typical Application of Remote Control: Autonomous Driving
 Sub-scenarios
 The last mile of autonomous driving of cargo vans on the highway: highway entrance and exit <-> delivery
center.
 Manual intervention required when the autonomous driving function fails
 Benefits
 Accelerates the commercial use of autonomous
driving, especially in specific scenarios.
 Reduces operation costs. It is estimated that one
person can monitor 10-30 vehicles in 8 hours.
5G Is the Optimal Choice for Remote Control
Scenario Wi-Fi Fiber 4G 5G
100 Mbps unlicensed

spectrum Uplink: > 100 Mbps
Bandwidth, spectrum > 1000 Mbps Uplink: 10 Mbps
(No bandwidth guarantee, (with SLA assurance)
complex interference)
Latency 200 ms < 1 ms 40 ms < 10 ms
99.999%
99.999%
(Easy to be damaged;
99.9% (Good mobility, multi-link
Reliability dual optical fibers or ring 99.99%
Weak dispatching capability backup, slicing & QoS, and
topology required
SLA assurance)
for backup)
High
Network security Low High Medium (Air interface 256-bit
encryption)
Costs & construction High & difficult

Low & easy Medium & easy Medium & easy
difficulty (fiber routing required)
Requirement Match
5G Remote Control Scenarios and Network Requirements
Scenario Sub-scenario Network Requirement
Remote control of gantry cranes, container Uplink rate (total): 30 Mbps; network latency: 30 ms;
cranes, and front cranes reliability: 99.999%
Port
Uplink rate (total): 30 Mbps; network latency: 30–50
IGV control and failover
ms; reliability: 99.999%
Production
Remote control of heavy equipment such Uplink rate (total): 12 Mbps; network latency: 30 ms;
Mining
as excavators, rigs, and forklifts reliability: 99.999%
Uplink rate: 30 Mbps; network latency: 20 ms;

Industrial Remote-controlled bridge cranes
reliability: 99.999%
Uplink rate (total): 20 Mbps; network latency: 20 ms;

Remote surgery
Healthcare Hospital
Uplink rate (total): 18 Mbps; network latency: 100 ms;
Remote ultrasound
Autonomous Campus Emergency remote driving and control in Uplink rate: 10 Mbps; network latency: 20 ms;
driving IoV the campus reliability: 99.999%
5G Smart Iron & Steel: Xiangtan Iron & Steel Smart Factory
Five 4-megapixel cameras, 23 Mbps uplink rate per channel
Each bridge crane One panoramic 4K video, 33 Mbps uplink rate per channel
Remote control and data collection (distance measurement 148 Mbps Siemens PLC latency: 20 ms
and scanning) of unmanned bridge cranes Real-time upload of scanned data: 10 Mbps
Bridge crane/PLC
1 2
3 Campus MEC Algorithm server
Coverage & Capacity 20EM+39CPE
Network Requirements
Xiangtan
Iron & Steel
• Network connection:
+ • Network maintenance: CNY
x00,000 annually
Area 54,000 m2 (300 m x 180 m)
Business Model
x,000,000
• China Mobile: O&M 30 remote/autonomous bridge cranes: One
• 100% 5G coverage in
service provisioning for panoramic 4K camera + five 4 cameras + PLC
factories
communication devices Major Production line monitoring: 500 channels, 4-
China • 300 Mbps uplink rate
• Response within 15 Scenarios megapixel & 2-megapixel cameras
Mobile • 50 ms latency
minutes, site visit within Several marking robotic arms: Cameras and PLCs
30 minutes, and fault Smart lighting: 50 IoT nodes
rectification within 3 hours
Network product solution Uplink: > 300 Mbps
System integration and O&M services Single Cell
Huawei PLC: < 20 ms
Cloud service subscription, AI Phase II
Total
capability, AR video platform, etc. 3.3 Gbps
Bandwidth
Contents

 Cloud XR
 UAV
 Remote Control
 Unmanned Driving
Analysis of 5G + Unmanned Driving Application
Higher autonomous driving

requirements in urban areas with Unmanned buses for Robo-taxis
complex road conditions and picking up passengers at (driverless taxis)
high rule violation rate by non- Urban preset stations and No fixed driving
along preset urban route, picking up
motor vehicles and pedestrians Road roads passengers on
Scenario demand
Simplified driving High-speed freight for

unmanned cargo
Restricted environment in specified transportation between
Port and mining
for cargo dispatching
Scenario scenarios, suitable for warehouses via
switching from highways
low-level to high-level
autonomous driving
Low-Speed AGV for unmanned Low-speed shuttles

With low requirements, this scenario is transportation and for last-mile
Scenario the earliest autonomous driving
hauling in smart passenger transport
scenario. manufacturing and in campuses and
campus warehousing airports
Current Pain Points in Autonomous Driving
Tesla's vehicle collision fully exposed the defects of single-vehicle intelligent autonomous driving.
Lidar
Suspended sign
AI
Floating white cloud

Incorrect security
Camera information
Tesla changed "autonomous driving" to "assisted

driving" on its official website after the incident.
5G Penetration in Autonomous Driving
Key control point: significant reliability improvement of autonomous driving decision-making
 Currently, devices such as video cameras, radar

sensors, and laser rangefinders are used to
assist single-vehicle automation.
 5G IoV greatly enhances the perception of the
surrounding environment of vehicles. (The
single-vehicle system based on radar sensor
cameras cannot implement NLOS and all-
weather monitoring.)
 HD maps and exchange of vehicle-vehicle or
vehicle-road data require large bandwidth and
low latency.
5G Edge Computing and Slicing Enable Autonomous Driving
 Based on 5G near-real-time HD video transmission, V2N and V2V complement each other, enabling all-round
security in autonomous driving. The requirements on unmanned driving include coverage, capacity, latency,
reliability, rate, mobility, security, cost, power consumption, and other aspects.
5G Network Slicing Consistently Ensures QoS
Edge Computing Is the Future of Autonomous Driving
Consistent Latency and Throughput Ensured by Network Slicing
Unsatisfactory Latency and Throughput Without Network Slicing
Moved to Core Network High rate and

the edge network slicing low latency
Unmanned Mining Vehicle Solution
Working principles
Working diagram of an unmanned mining area in Baiyun Ebo
• The unmanned mining vehicle completes related services based on
Construction site Control center background scheduling commands.
• In addition, the vehicle incorporates functions such as positioning
Industrial-
and peripheral sensing.
grade camera
Monitoring + Operation • Industrial-grade cameras are deployed at the construction site to
5G network upload HD videos in real time at the surveillance center to
implement instructions.
Video stream
Server + Control • The 5G network features high bandwidth and low latency, which
Control stream Algorithm can meet the requirements of mining areas.
Mining vehicle performance Technical configuration of mining vehicles

• Maximum speed: 25 km/h • Lidar • Remote vehicle monitoring
• Speed error < 1 km/h • Millimeter-wave radar • Task management
• Rectilinear horizontal error < 0.3 m • Radio communication module (V2X)
• Vehicle management
• Precise parking: 0.2 m • Main controller
• Automatic unloading/Remote • Cameras
alarm generation
Unmanned Mining Vehicle Value
CNY30 million reduction 5% reduction in energy Around 10% increase in the

in labor costs consumption of mining vehicles overall efficiency
• Four drivers for each vehicle • Inconsistent manual driving speeds • Reduces maintenance costs, for example,
• 30 mining vehicles in total • Big data analysis on the speed that by doubling the service life of tires.
• Driver costs: CNY250,000/year delivers the optimal energy • Reduces the impact of weather factors and
consumption improves work efficiency.
• Social value: Reduces security incidents
and improves the production environment
for workers.
Quiz
1. In the early stage of 5G commercial use, enhanced mobile broadband services are
the major applications, including ultra-HD video services, VR/AR services, etc. ( )
2. Which of the following about 5G network slicing is incorrect? ( )
A. Independent service operation B. Energy efficiency multiplication
C. Guaranteed SLA D. Secure isolation
3. Which of the following provides the lowest latency in the remote control solution?
( )
A. Wi-Fi B. Optical fiber C. 4G D. 5G
Summary
 In this course, we have talked about:

 The industry status quo of 5GtoB's basic service applications
 Basic 5GtoB service capabilities
 5GtoB basic service application solutions
intelligent world.


5G Industrial Applications and Solutions
Foreword
 With large bandwidth, low latency, and massive connections, 5G preludes an era of
opportunities based on three ideas: Mobile Beyond Giga to transmit data faster
than optical fibers, Real-Time World to deliver real-time capabilities unrivaled by
industrial buses, and All-Online Everywhere to realize ubiquitous connections.
 5G provides novel business models for customers. These business models require
future networks to efficiently provision and commercialize various new services
and applications based on different service levels and requirements on
performance.
Objectives
On completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Understand the application and development trend of 5G in vertical industries.
 Understand the 5G solutions to industrial applications.
 Understand IoV solutions.
 Understand smart grid, smart healthcare, smart education, and smart
manufacturing solutions.
Contents
1. 5G Industrial Applications and Development Trends
2. IoV Solutions
3. Applications in Other Industries
The Phases of 5G Development
Middle phase: URLLC/mMTC Long term: vertical industries

Initial phase: eMBB Experience slicing: service isolation E2E slicing: one-stop slicing for RANs,
High bandwidth: 10X larger and differentiated transport networks, and 5GC
experiences
RAN: massive connections and wide RAN: low latency and high reliability
RAN: 2–5 Gbps single-site capacity coverage Transport network: low-latency
Transport network: 10GE–50GE–200GE Transport network: network hard slicing solution
Core network: cloud-based and converged Core network: distributed architecture and Core network: slicing and mobile edge
isolation of the control and user planes computing (MEC)
In 2019, 3GPP Release 15 prevailed and the After 2020, 3GPP Release 16/17/18 will take over, and URLLC and
focus was eMBB large bandwidth. mMTC service slicing requirements will be introduced.
Step-by-Step Promotion of Three 5G Applications
Gradual application of AR/VR/HD AR/VR/HD videos are selling points of
videos/UAVs devices and peripherals
Wave 1:
AR-guided car 2K screen is standard
eMBB 360° live VR maintenance configuration for mid-
range and high-end
mobile phones.
UAV video upload
Mobile phone-based
HD videos AR applications
IoV Cloud-based & AI robots Smart manufacturing

Wave 2:
URLLC
Joint exploration of typical applications 5G industry chain and ecosystem
Wave 3: As 4G IoT is still in its infancy, the release of 5G-based IoT technical standards will be postponed.
mMTC 4G IoT will be the first step to exploring vertical industries for 5G and is important for verifying 5G services.
Industry Applications — The Key to 5G Business Success
Autonomous driving
 Innovative industry applications
Smart transportation
 Differentiated services UAV logistics
Smart manufacturing Indoor
distributed Smart grid
 Building an industry ecosystem Remote healthcare system
VR social networking
Distance education UAV patrol Digital life VR video
In-vehicle infotainment 4K video VR gaming

Live VR
Industry
Individuals
Home control
HBB
Live TV
Home
Network slicing
MEC
5G
Contents
2. IoV Solutions
 Introduction
 Service Scenarios and Requirements
 C-V2X Evolution and Key Technologies
 Solutions
 Use Cases
Challenges in Transportation
Congestion Accidents Traffic law violation
Emergency command and Complex evidence collection for

Non-real-time information
dispatching traffic law enforcement
Intelligent Transport System
 Safe Satellite
Vehicle-to-ground
Port communications
Smart
 Unobstructed logistics Emergency
Traffic
guidance commanding Airport
 Convenient Accidents
Command
 Efficient Transportation
center
Public
Intelligent
hub information
bus
 Eco-friendly service
ETC
Comprehensive
supervision
Onboard
navigation
Railway
Autonomous
driving
Signal
control
ETC System
 Electronic toll collection (ETC) is an efficient system for collecting tolls on roads and bridges.
 Wireless communications between the on-board unit (OBU) and roadside unit (RSU) in the ETC
system achieve vehicle-road information interaction.
RSU
Lane
Network controller
Highway
OBU
Driveway bar
Ground induction coil
Autonomous Driving — ADAS
 ADAS-based autonomous driving and its limitations
Easily affected by harsh weather

1 conditions such as rain, snow, and fog
Unable to effectively detect road

2 conditions, such slippery roads and
tight turns
3 Unable to detect non-line-of-sight

(NLOS) or vehicle blind spots
4 Short detection distance

• Long-range radar
• Medium- and short-range radar
5 High cost from installing multiple
• Lidar sensors
• Camera
• Ultrasonic radar Post-event detection and passive
6
delayed receipt
Wireless Communication — Critical for Smart
Transportation
 Wireless communication is the key to connecting people, vehicles, and roads in a smart transportation system.
 People: pedestrians
 Vehicles: transport agents
 Roads: road infrastructure, traffic lights, cameras, and radars
 Network: connections among people, vehicles, and roads
Wireless
communication
Multi-Scenario Smart Transportation Services
 5G networks can provide higher bandwidth and lower latency for sophisticated smart transportation than current networks.
Smart Transportation Maturity Model

Automation level
Smart Road digitalization and
transportation platform vehicle-road-network
V2N V2I synergy
Phase 3 • Assisted/autonomous driving
V2V
Multi-scenario • Real-time traffic status
scheduling and road
Real-time
optimization
• Traffic route planning
Traffic light
Phase 2 optimization algorithm Data convergence and
Near- Single semi-automatic Video Traffic light analysis
real-time • Dynamic traffic light
scenario collection optimization
optimization
• Path planning
Manual
Phase 1
Video Traffic Signal Static manual configuration
and static Single static guidance control • Road surveillance
scenario • Traffic guidance
Scenario
complexity
Single scenario Multi-scenario
What Is IoV?
 The Internet of Vehicles (IoV), also called Vehicle to Everything (V2X), provides comprehensive network
connections through telematics and four interaction modes.
 IoV interaction modes:
 Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
 Vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P)
 Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) V2N
 Vehicle-to-network (V2N)
V2P
V2I
V2V V2P
IoV — Development and Evolution
Intelligent network
Vehicle-road synergy and
Telematics connection and fully
assisted driving
autonomous driving
Vehicle information service, Information interactions among Abundant IoV services

infotainment & navigation service pedestrians, vehicles, roads, and for autonomous driving
cloud for enhanced vehicle
awareness and assisted driving
Goal of IoV — Autonomous Driving
 Levels of autonomous driving defined by SAE International:
Level Name Steering and Monitoring of Fallback Performance System Capability
Acceleration/Deceleration Driving of Dynamic Driving (Driving Mode)
Environment Tasks
L0 No automation Human driver Human driver Human driver N/A
L1 Driver assistance Human driver + system Human driver Human driver Some driving modes
L2 Partial automation System Human driver Human driver Some driving modes
L3 Conditional automation System System Human driver Some driving modes
L4 High automation System System System Some driving modes
L5 Full automation System System System All driving modes
1995 2005 2015 2020 2025 2030

No automation • Assisted driving • Partial automation (mainly • Autonomous driving and • Autonomous driving
• ADAS manual) parking on specific roads anytime and anywhere
Level 0 and under specific
• Adaptive cruise and lane
Level 1 conditions
keeping
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4/5
IoV — Benefits
 IoV improves traffic efficiency and reduces time and energy costs.
Benefits in different areas
Improves traffic efficiency and road utilization
Transportation
Optimizes driving routes Reduces the total cost
Road users Logistics
Reduces fuel consumption

and carbon emission
Eco-friendly
IoV Communication Technologies
 Cellular V2X (C-V2X) is a 3GPP-based global communication technology that combines LTE-V2X and
5G-V2X. LTE-V2X can coexist with 5G-V2X.
 Based on IEEE 802.11p, the dedicated short range communication (DSRC) technology enables short-
distance wireless transmission. V2V and V2I communications are the main application modes.
C-V2X DSRC
LTE-PC5
LTE-Uu DSRC
No cellular coverage
Cellular coverage
C-V2X vs. DSRC
C-V2X DSRC
Technical In 2017, 3GPP LTE-V Release 14 (R14) was released. In 2010, DSRC (802.11p) was released.
Standard In June 2018, 3GPP Release 15 (R15) that supports LTE-V2X In 2013, ETSI ITS-G5 was released in Europe.
enhancement (LTE-eV2X) was released.
In June 2020, 3GPP Release 16 (R16) that supports 5G-V2X
was released.
Standard 3GPP IEEE (US) & ETSI (EU)
Organization
Spectrum 5.9 GHz (5905–5925 MHz) 5.9 GHz
Chipset Huawei Balong 765, Qualcomm 9150, and Intel NXP, Autotalk, Renesas, and Qualcomm
Module Datang, Quectel, and so on Bosch, Continental, DENSO, and so on
Latency 20 ms (R14), 1 ms (R16) < 50 ms
Communication 450 m at a speed of 140 km/h 225 m at a speed of 140 km/h

Distance
Industry Progress Since 2015, multiple tests have been conducted worldwide, Applications such as ETC and AVI are available.
and multiple automotive enterprises supported C-V2X. In
December 2019, the US allocated C-V2X frequencies.
C-V2X Provides Intelligent Decision-Making and
Collaborative Control for Autonomous Driving
 C-V2X ensures effective collaboration among pedestrians, vehicles, and roads.
 Superior to DSRC (IEEE 802.11p), C-V2X generates warnings of potential risks.
Reaction time: Braking time:

Cloud LTE-V2X vs. DSRC
approx. 9.2s approx. 2.5s
140 km/h LTE-V2X range > 450 m
Infrastructure
Compared with DSRC, LTE-V2X has 8 dB higher link budget
0 km/h
140 km/h
DSRC range: approx. 225 m
LTE-Uu PC5
PC5 Reaction time:

PC5
approx. 3.3s
C-V2X — Advantages
1. 5G-oriented evolution A clear technical standard evolution roadmap

2. V2P services C-V2X supports V2P services
3. More business models C-V2X supports abundant services
4. Simplified chipsets A chipset supports both short-distance communications
(PC5) and long-distance communications (Uu)
5. Larger economies of The C-V2X provides clearer network deployment and
scale reduces chipset cost
Expanding C-V2X Industry Alliance
 The 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) is a global, cross-industry organization of companies
from the automotive, technology, and ICT industries. It focuses on developing end-to-end
solutions for future mobility and transportation services.
 5GAA is continuously expanding, with more than 130 members to date, to promote the
commercial process of C-V2X.
Contents
2. IoV Solutions
 Introduction
 Service Scenarios and Requirements
 Solutions
 Use Cases
C-V2X — Basic Applications
Crossroad collision warning Collision due to lane change warning Sudden stop warning Forward collision warning
Emergency vehicle notification Motorcycle detection Roadside construction notification Congestion warning
Information broadcast of RSUs Dangerous road warning Dangerous weather warning Speed limit reminder
C-V2X — High-level Applications
 Four high-level applications defined by 3GPP:
e.g., cooperative lane change
Vehicle platooning Cooperative driving
Sensor information sharing Remote driving
5G Enables Advanced Autonomous Driving
 Higher efficiency
 Solves the vehicle driver shortage problem and improves efficiency
 Reduces power consumption by 9% to 25% through vehicle platooning
 Higher safety
 Updates the dynamic map in real time to avoid areas with road works
 Provides video sharing and collaborative environment awareness to cover driver blind spots
 Controls the round-trip tome (RTT) in 20 ms, with 0.6 m of the response distance deviation (10% of LTE-V2X)
Challenges on Networks
High-Level Scenario Maximum E2E Reliability Throughput (Mbps) Minimum
Latency Communication Range
Vehicle platooning 10–25 ms 90–99.99% 50–65 80–350 m
Cooperative driving 3–100 ms 90–99.999% 10–53, UL: 0.25; DL: 50 360–700 m
Sensor information sharing 3–100 ms 90–99.999% 10–1,000 50–1,000 m
Remote driving 5 ms 99.999% UL: 25; DL: 1 –
Contents
2. IoV Solutions
 Introduction
 C-V2X Evolution and Key Technologies
 Solutions
 Use Cases
C-V2X — Standard Evolution
 The 3GPP C-V2X supports future evolutions.
R14
LTE-V2V WI
R14
R15 LTE-eV2X WI NR-V2X
LTE-V2X WI
C-V2X Evolution
LTE-V2X and 5G-V2X Complement Each Other
Basic security services: Value-added services:

assisted driving autonomous driving
R8 R14 R15 R16–R17
Dec. 2008 Mar. 2017 Jun. 2018 Mar. 2020 – Jun. 2021
LTE LTE-A Pro LTE-V2X 5G LTE-eV2X 5G-V2X & LTE-V2X
On-demand access of unified applications

3GPP SA1 Req. R14 LTE- R15 LTE- R16 5G-V2X
V2X eV2X E2E V2X application layer
Latency (ms) 20 5 1 Anti-collision Dynamic Vehicle Autonomous
High
warning congestion control platooning driving
Reliability > 90% 99.99% 99.999% layer
Transmission rate V2X mediation

(Mbps) ~30 ~300 ~1,000
(50–12,000 bytes)
Value-added
Coverage (m) ~500 ~550 ~1,000 Access Basic security services services/autonomous driving
layer LTE-V2X 5G-V2X
Speed (km/h) 500 500 500
C-V2X — Deployment Roadmap
 LTE-V2X: applicable to 27 application scenarios (3GPP TR 22.885) of 3GPP, including proactive safety, traffic
efficiency, and infotainment
 LTE-eV2X: compatible with LTE-V2X, improving reliability, data rates, and latency performance of V2X to partially
meet the requirements of advanced V2X services
 5G-V2X: applicable to the following four groups of scenarios related to autonomous driving (3GPP TR 22.886)
 Vehicle platooning, cooperative driving, sensor information sharing, and remote driving
LTE-V2X LTE-eV2X 5G-V2X

4G
network
ITS
RSU
V2I eNodeB HD video
(5.9 GHz)
eNodeB Autonomous
V2N driving MEC Core Network
(1.8 GHz) edge cloud slicing
Remote cloud
V2P Base station resource surveillance
V2V
(5.9 GHz) Autonomous AR/VR
(5.9 GHz) allocation
resource selection
Vehicle-road synergy achieves proactive safety Resource sharing improves assisted 5G network provides diverse services for
driving capabilities autonomous driving
D2D Uu PC5 Architecture
Application of D2D in C-V2X

 Device to device (D2D): technology for direct communication between two devices
 Proximity-based Services (ProSe): based on the service dimension
 Sidelink (SL): link used for direct communication between devices
E-UTRAN E-UTRAN
UL
DL
SL
Functions and Application Scenarios of D2D

 Core functions: discovery and communication
 Discovery (direct or EPC-level): ProSe-capable UEs (with or without E-UTRAN) can discover each other in
adjacent areas.
 Communication: ProSe direct communication establishes links between two or more ProSe-capable UEs within a
direct communication range.
 Four D2D scenarios based on network coverage:
Scenario UE1 UE2

1A: Out-of-coverage Out-of-coverage Out-of-coverage
1B: Partial-coverage In-coverage Out-of-coverage
1C: In-coverage-single-cell In-coverage In-coverage
1D: In-coverage-multi-cell In-coverage In-coverage
Communication Scenarios of D2D

 Scenario 1A: Both devices are not in the coverage area of the base station.
 Scenario 1B: Only one device is in the coverage area of the base station.
Communication Scenarios of D2D (cont.)

 Scenario 1C: Both devices are within the coverage area of the base station.
 Scenario 1D: Each device is located in the coverage area of a different base station.
Communication Interfaces of LTE-V2X

 Two wireless communication interfaces:
 V2X-Cellular: Uu interface (cellular-network-based communication)
 V2X-Direct: PC5 interface (direct communication)
+
UL DL
PC5
Uu PC5
The requirements on latency and reliability are Latency and reliability are improved further
higher in V2X than in common cellular based on the D2D technology.
communication.
Key Technologies of the LTE-V2X Uu Interface

Unicast Latency Optimization/QoS Enhancement Flexible Multicast (SC-PTM)
• V2X-dedicated QCIs (3, 75, and 79) • Shared physical channels of unicast and multicast services
• Preallocation & short SPS period (PDSCH and PDCCH)
• Multiple SPS processes • Group-RNTI-based multi-user scheduling and flexible

resource allocation
• Cell-by-cell dynamical adjustment of multicast areas
SPS instance 1
SPS resources
SPS instance 2 PDCCH PDSCH
100 ms
200 ms
Key Technologies of the LTE-V2X PC5 Interface

Mode 3: Base Station Scheduling Mode 4: UE Autonomous Resource Selection
Dynamic or semi-persistent scheduling of PC5 Sensing-based autonomous selection of PC5 resources

resources by the eNodeB by the UE from the configured resource pool
GNSS
GNSS
Uu Uu PC5
V2X on ITS bands

PC5 PC5
V2X on ITS bands PC5
Reference Model of the LTE-V2X Network Architecture

 Reference model of the LTE-V2X network architecture in non-roaming scenarios:
V2X
Application
V2X Control Function, Server V3
providing UEs with the
parameters required to use
V2 SGi
V2X services HSS
V4
V3 V2X S6a S/P-GW

Control
MME
Function
UE C S1 V2X
(pedestrian) Application
V2X UE D
E-UTRAN (stationary)
Application V3 V3
Reference point between UEs, used for PC5 LTE-Uu
control-plane-based V2X services using
LTE-Uu PC5
ProSe direct communication V5 PC5
UE B UE A
(Vehicle) (Vehicle)
V5
V2X V2X
Application Application
V5
Service authorization and parameter provisioning V1
LTE-V2X Network Architecture
V2X Control
V2X Application Server
Function
S1
New 5G-V2X Technology
 5G-V2X aims to provide lower latency, higher reliability, larger bandwidth, more precise positioning,
and more comprehensive coverage.
Architecture Convergence
• 5G-V2X and LTE-V2X
LTE
• V2X slicing 5G
• 5G MEC converged networking
Uu enhancement Spectrum Positioning

• UCNC • Sidelink for unlicensed • Uu-based high-
• Dual connectivity ITS frequency bands precision positioning
• Sidelink for licensed • Sidelink-based
frequency bands positioning
Enhancement Technology of 5G-V2X over the Uu Interface
UCNC (user-centric & no cell edge) Flexible multicast (vehicle platooning) Unified QoS (Uu & sidelink)
• Virtual cell • Higher efficiency • Unified QoS for NR-Uu and NR-
• Hyper cell • Higher reliability sidelink
• Dual connectivity
SMF V2X V2X V2X

(supports multicast) packet packet packet
Controller Controller QoS QoS flow 3
flow 1 QoS flow 2
AMF
V2X server
DRB DRB
UPF
gNodeB (supports multicast)
NR cell 1 NR cell 2 NR-PC5 NR-Uu
Enhancement Technology of 5G-V2X in the Sidelink
5G sidelink service extension Relay for UEs Sidelink-based positioning

• All frequency bands • Coverage extension • Sidelink ranging
• Unicast, multicast, and broadcast • Higher reliability with multiple links • OTDOA/TDOA and AoA positioning
GNSS
gNodeB
gNodeB
GNSS
gNodeB
Sidelink positioning
RSU
GNSS positioning
Cellular network positioning
OoC IC
5G Sidelink Supports Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast
Services
 LTE-V2X sidelink only supports broadcast services and basic safe driving services.
 NR-V2X sidelink supports broadcast, multicast, and unicast services.
MEC Provides Assurance for Autonomous Driving
 V2N and V2V complement each other based on 5G V2X, achieving higher security.
 The 5G network slicing provides consistent QoS assurance (high rate and low latency).
 Edge computing reduces latency and network load, while also improving data security and privacy.
MEC
Application Scenarios of MEC
Intersection Closed Campus Highway
RSU RSU RSU
4G/5G base station MEC Core network Internet

5G + RTK for High-Precision Positioning
PRS
PRS
PRS
PRS
Scenario Open areas with few obstacles Scenario Densely populated urban areas Scenario Indoor, densely populated urban,
and urban canyons and blocked areas
Precision Centimeter-level Precision Submeter-level and centimeter- Precision Meter-level
level for some scenarios
Condition Number of available satellites: > 5 Condition 1–2 valid satellites + 1–2 base Condition LOS signals of three base
stations stations, independent of satellites
Others Phase 1: base station upgrade + Others Supplement scenarios with Others High-precision synchronization +
OTT insufficient satellites and 5G base large bandwidth for meter-level
Phase 2: 3GPP specification (R15) stations (3GPP R16) positioning (3GPP R16)
Coexistence of LTE-V2X and 5G-V2X
 Newly-developed vehicles need to support LTE-V2X and 5G-V2X to interconnect with less-advanced
vehicles.
LTE-V2X
LTE-V2X LTE-V2X
NR-V2X NR-V2X
LTE-PC5 NR-PC5 LTE-/NR-Uu
Contents
2. IoV Solutions
 Introduction
 Solutions
 Use Cases
ICT-enabled Vehicles and Roads for Future Travel
ICT-enabled Vehicles and Roads

Pedestrian-Vehicle-Road Synergy
Big Safe/Relieved
data/AI
Assisted/autonomous driving
 BLOS security warning
 Roadside pedestrian alarm
Cloud Network Efficient/Satisfying
computing communication
C-ITS
Vehicle  Real-time perception of road condition
ICT
 Intelligent route planning
Convenient/Considerate
Intelligent driving experience
 Personalized and scenario-based
intelligent recommendation
Chipset Device
Road  Voice interaction and AR-HUD
Huawei E2E IoV Solution
In-vehicle HUAWEI CLOUD
ITS
Service infotainment service Maintenance, interconnection,
Cloud fleet, security, data, and travel
services
Platform V2X server
Core network
E2E C-V2X solution
MEC C-V2X platform, core
network, and base station
Wireless
Base station First dual-mode RSU
LTE&5G
Uu commercial product
Uu Uu + PC5 interfaces
PC5
C-V2X commercial vehicle-
Vehicle PC5
mounted chip/device
PC5
Balong 765 and T-Box
Commercially Available Chipset, Vehicle-Side, Road-Side,
and Platform Products
C-V2X Chipset OBU RSU V2X Server
(Balong 765) (Module & T-Box)
• PC5 + Uu concurrency • T-Box recognized by • Globally first RSU that supports • Layered deployment
• Mode 3 + Mode 4 numerous automotive Uu + PC5 concurrency • Third-party algorithm
• 3GPP R14 enterprises • Uu + PC5 communication deployment frameworks
• DL peak rate: 1.6 Gbps • Advantages of C-V2X and 5G encryption • Evolution to cooperative
• 4CC CA + 4x4 MIMO • BDS and GPS dual positioning autonomous driving
• 2CC CA + 8x8 MIMO systems
• DL 256QAM • Wired and wireless deployment
modes
C-V2X-based OBUs
 Two types of OBUs:
 Factory-installed T-Box and customer-installed OBD
Factory-installed
Customer-installed
+ +
T-Box Central head
communication unit OBD box
gateway
Camera Lidar GPS antenna
HU
ECU HMI
Inertial
Long-range radar navigation
In-vehicle
computing Short-range radar
Vehicle
Ultrasonic wave T-Box control
C-V2X Industry Promotion and Network Deployment
Roadmap
 Gradual promotion of commercial C-V2X
Commercial Roadmap for C-V2X Industry
Connection Establishment Capacity Enhancement Application Upgrade
Deployment in key areas and user accumulation Network upgrade Smooth evolution to 5G-V2X
 Phase-based deployment of the C-V2X network

 PC5-based deployment
 Uu-based deployment
 Uu- and RSU-based deployment
 MEC-based deployment
 Overall IoV deployment
PC5-based Deployment Solution
 Supported PC5 communication services: traffic safety and efficiency
 Traffic safety: forward collision warning, auxiliary turning warning, and crossroad collision warning
(without RSUs)
 Traffic efficiency: deceleration area/speed limit notification and adaptive cruise (with drivers in
following vehicles).
V2V
V2V V2V
Uu-based Deployment Solution
Information Traffic efficiency Entertainment and life Autonomous driving

 Navigation service  Traffic light control  HD video download  Remote driving
 Diagnosis of  Speed guidance  Vehicle-mounted VR/AR  Unmanned driving
vehicle condition
LTE-Uu 5G-Uu
• Wide and continuous coverage IoV platform • Large bandwidth, high reliability, and
• High latency and upgrade needed to low latency
support broadcasting services • Continuous coverage unavailable during
LTE 5G the initial stage
eNodeB gNodeB
Uu- and RSU-based Deployment Solution
Smart transportation Assisted driving

 Anti-jam route planning  Forward collision warning
 Traffic light information collection  Emergency braking warning
and broadcasting
Uu + RSU
• Information collection, broadcasting, and IoV services IoV platform
• Increased deployment costs 4G/5G
V2V/V2I
MEC-based Deployment Solution
Smart transportation Assisted driving

 Speed guidance  Vehicle platooning
 Traffic light control  Remote monitoring
IoV platform
MEC API
• Local processing to achieve lower latency
CU UPF MEC Edge app 4G/5G
and higher transmission efficiency,
ensuring optimal user experience Cloud OS
COTS V2V/V2I
• Network upgrade required (due to billing
and authentication issues)
Overall IoV Deployment Solution
4G
MEC
5G
V2V/V2I
EPC IoV service
platform
4G 5G
RSU
5GC
Contents
2. IoV Solutions
 Introduction
 Solutions
 Use Cases
IoV in Wuxi City
 First city-wide IoV deployment, achieving people-vehicle-road-network-cloud synergy with 17 scenario
demonstrations based on C-V2X. A coverage of 170 km2 with 240 traffic signal controllers.
V2I traffic light information push V2V right-of-way to high-priority vehicles
V2I reversible lanes V2P collision warning
61 Huawei Confidential V2I reversible lanes

5G-enabled Electric Mining Trucks for Autonomous Driving
5G base station Cloud computing center

…
Satellite BOSS
RTK GPS 5G Information mgmt. platform Smart charging mgmt. platform
Device Device Device Large display Computer Computer Mobile phone
Networking diagram
Luoyang Zhengzhou Luoyang

Differential 5G base
GPS Transmission
station
Private line
Transmission
lines
Differential Access device
Binocular Binocular 5G core
GPS
camera camera network
Binocular Binocular Cloud computing, autonomous driving

camera camera control platform, and monitoring center
Contents

 Smart Grid
 Smart Healthcare
 Smart Education
 Smart Port
 Smart Campus
 Smart Manufacturing
Composition of a Typical Power System
 The generator in the power plant converts energy into electric power. The electric power is then boosted to 35–500
kV by the substation and transmitted down a high-voltage power line. When it reaches a substation in the power
receiving area, the voltage is reduced to 6–20 kV. Afterwards, the electric power is transmitted to the power
distribution substation through the power distribution line with the voltage reduced to 380 V, which can be used in
household circuits.
Power
Power transmission Power distribution Power consumption
generation
Power transformation Power transformation Distributed energy resource (DER) Power sales
Power Grid Communication Network — Distribution
> 800 kV: National backbone

Several UHV network
• High penetration rate
of communications
330–800 kV: Provincial backbone devices and optical
about 10 EHV
network fibers
• Self-built private
220 kV: 40–80 network
110 kV: 300–400 HV MAN
35 kV: 500–800
< 35 kV:
Access
100,000– Power distribution
200,000 network • Low penetration of
optical fibers
• Wide coverage and
Numerous Street cabinet numerous connections
devices Power consumption
Power Grid Communication Network — Current State
Department Service
Optical Operator Operator Operation Inspection
Fiber GPRS 4G
Automated power distribution √ √
30%
Power distribution environment status and
70%
security monitoring √
Operation
Smart robot inspection √
inspection
Power transmission and transformation status
monitoring √ Optical Wireless communications
Mobile inspection √ communications (public network)
Power consumption data collection √
Marketing Communications
Marketing Charging station/post video inspection 20%
√ √
Mobile service expansion and meter installation √ 80%
Materials Material storage management and monitoring √
Optical Wireless communications
Infrastructure Construction site image and data collection √ communications (public network)
• Cable pit buried • Power services carried on public networks are insecure and
unreliable.
• Located on traffic artery
• Due to high latency and a low online rate, the public GPRS
• Construction not allowed in residential areas network cannot provide remote monitoring, remote
communication, or remote control, leading to slow fault
• Difficult construction in old urban areas
locating.
Developing optical communications for power distribution networks • Service monitoring using operators' 4G networks is costly
below 10 kV is difficult. Overreliance on operators' wireless networks poses
security risks.
Power Grid Transformation Toward Smart Grid
Efficient utilization
Resource optimization Smart grid
for clean energy
New energy: wind and solar power
Power generation: clean Smart automation of

and eco-friendly distributed power
distribution: millisecond- New users: charging post
level precise load control Power consumption:
New requirements: no
power supply interruption diversified and interactive
Power distribution:
Power transmission: flexible and reliable
safe and efficient
Communication Requirements for Power Distribution and
Consumption in Smart Grid
Generation Transmission Transformation Distribution Consumption
Grid
Mainly wired, with supplemental wireless Mixture of wired and wireless Mainly wireless
• Low cost due to a small number of nodes • High cost due to tens of millions of • The wired advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
• 100% fiber to the site distribution nodes; global average fiber- technology is mature but it is unable to traverse
to-the-site ratio: less than 10%; wireless transformers. It is therefore suitable only for
• Substation robot inspection deployment E2E cost reduced by 70% densely populated areas with large transformers.
• Wireless coverage preferred due to large- • Wireless AMI supports several transformers on a
scale mesh distribution single site, and is suitable for sparsely populated
areas with small transformers.
Trunking voice Smart metering/Charging post

Video Distribution automation
dispatching mgmt.
Name E2E Latency Communication Latency Single-Link Bandwidth 5G Service
Differential protection for distribution network < 15 ms < 10 ms < 10 Mbps URLLC
Service
Timing < 100 us < 10 us < 2 kbps URLLC

Trunking voice dispatching < 300 ms < 300 ms > 23.85 kbps eMBB
Smart metering Seconds Seconds < 10 kbps mMTC
Online monitoring Seconds Seconds > 19.2 kbps mMTC
Video Seconds 100 ms > 4 Mbps eMBB
Mobile operation Seconds 100 ms > 2 Mbps eMBB
5G Meets Diverse Requirements of Smart Grid
Smart grid Communication 5G
development network technology
trends challenges requirements
• One-way to two-way • Optical transmission is used in only A+ • 99.999% reliability

• Centralized to areas due to high fiber costs. • Dedicated service slices:
distributed • 90% of power failures occur on  URLLC for power grid
• Digital and automated medium- and low-voltage grids in the protection and power
• New energy last 5 km. distribution
• Smart transmission is becoming the key  mMTC for microgrids
to improving power supply reliability.  eMBB for video inspection
Typical Service Scenarios and Requirements of Smart Grid
Smart automation of
Millisecond-level Low-voltage power Distributed power
distributed power
precise load control consumption data collection supply
distribution
Latency Latency Latency Latency
Bandwidth Bandwidth
Isolation Bandwidth Bandwidth
Isolation Isolation Isolation
Connections Reliability Connections Reliability Connections Reliability Connections Reliability
5G Network Slicing Meets Different Requirements of Smart
Grid
 5G network slicing for different services of smart grid
 Technology: 5G network slicing to meet the connection requirements of core industrial control services
 Typical slice type for industrial control services: URLLC (ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability)
 Typical slice type for information collection services: mMTC (massive connections)
Service Latency Reliability Bandwidth Device Service Service Slice Type
Quantity Isolation Priority
Smart distributed power High High Low Medium High High URLLC
distribution automation
Millisecond-level precise High High Low/medium Medium High Medium URLLC
load control
/high
Low-voltage power Low Medium Medium High Low Medium mMTC
consumption data
collection
Distributed power supply Medium/high High Low High Medium Low/medium mMTC (UL) +
URLLC (DL)
5G Network Slicing Architecture of Smart Grid
BSS
E2E slicing mgmt.

Access network slicing mgmt. Transport network slicing mgmt. Core network slicing mgmt.
Slice for collection of low-voltage power consumption data
Forwarding Scheduling Routing
Policy Authentication Security
NR access Mobility mgmt. Session
Transport mgmt. mgmt.
NR network Edge data center Local data center Central data center
Slice for smart automation of distributed power distribution
Distribution Ultra-low
network latency Encryption Policy Authentication Security
mgmt. scheduling NR access Mobility mgmt. Session
Routing mgmt. mgmt.
Transport Forwarding Charging
NR network Local data center Central data center
Edge data center
Slice for precise load control in milliseconds
Ultra-low
Grid load Encryption
latency Policy Authentication Security
control
scheduling
NR access Mobility mgmt. Session
Forwarding Charging Routing mgmt. mgmt.
Transport
NR network Edge data center Local data center Central data center
Use Case — 5G-based Precise Load Control
 5G-based precise load control networking solution
Load control
device A Slice 1
Common
Slice 2
Load control 100 Mbps 100 Mbps
device B
Master and
5G SA core network slave stations
(C/U co-deployment) for precise
control tests
Load control
device
5G SA core network
100 Mbps 100 Mbps
Master and slave stations
for precise control tests
Average E2E latency: 37 ms
Contents

 Smart Grid
 Smart Healthcare
 Smart Education
 Smart Port
 Smart Campus
Pain Points of the Traditional Healthcare Industry
Insufficient and unevenly distributed healthcare resources Limited specialists for a huge number of critical patients
Operations
annually
Parkinson's
disease patients
Brain pacemaker
surgery
Rural areas Cities Remote surgery
3-hour waiting, Remote diagnosis
Healthcare workers/1,000 Annual growth
5-min diagnosis
people in China (2017)
High emergency department (ED) mortality rate, requiring Rapid development of personal & family healthcare and
prompt, suitable emergency medical treatment wearable healthcare technology
1/3 of ED
deaths happen Emergency medical workers
 Limited professional competence  Population aging
in transit.
 Lack of experience  Income increase
 Technology
development
Personal & family
healthcare
Remote emergency The population of more countries is

medical treatment getting older, with more than 20% of
ED mortality rate: 0.07% the population aged 65 and above.
Smart Healthcare Overview
 The rise of the aging population is increasingly prominent. The proportion of the world's population aged over 55
will increase from 12% to 20% from 2000 to 2030, calling for higher levels of medical treatment.
 With increasing applications of mobile Internet in medical devices, 5G can better support medical systems through
remote services including such as diagnosis, surgery, and health monitoring solutions, facilitating real-time health
management, patient data and medical record tracking, treatment solutions and medicine prescription, and follow-
up appointments.
Smart Healthcare
Wireless Remote Intelligent
• Full connection and coverage • Inter-hospital resource sharing • Smart resource allocation
• Network access for devices • Real-time communications between • Digitalized experience
• Visual patient locating doctors and patients • Big data-assisted treatment
• Access anytime, anywhere • Real-time information access and update • Efficient and precise mgmt.
5G Application in the Healthcare Industry
Patient
tracking
Mobile image reading Pre-hospital (remote) Internet (remote)

emergency treatment consultation Asset mgmt.
ICU wireless access AR/VR healthcare Remote surgery Indoor value-added service
5G Facilitates Smart Healthcare — High Speed, Low
Latency, and Massive Connections
 5G provides stable connections for efficient and orderly hospital management.
 Medical imaging requires large bandwidth and medical operation requires low latency.
Bandwidth
Transmission Content at the E2E
Scenario Requirement at
Patient End Latency
Intra-hospital the Patient End
Massive
IoT Operation and control data (DL 1
connections
Mbps)
Remote B-mode (UL) 18 Mbps
High-resolution medical images
ultrasonography (DL) 9 Mbps 100 ms
Large bandwidth Intra-hospital (UL 10 Mbps)
Low latency communication Doctor-patient video
communication (UL/DL 8 Mbps)
Operation and control data
Hospital Large bandwidth Medical imaging (remote desktop: UL 4 Mbps)
(UL) 20 Mbps
network High access speed system Remote surgery Surgery footage (UL 8 Mbps) 20 ms
(DL) 12 Mbps
Group consultation video (UL/DL
Medical 8 Mbps)
Large bandwidth
equipment Ambulance information (UL 12
Low latency Remote
system Mbps)
High QoS emergency (UL) 20 Mbps
Interactive video between an 50 ms
medical (DL) 8 Mbps
ambulance and the emergency
treatment
5G slicing of the hospital network center (UL/DL 8 Mbps)
*Videos here are at 1080p. For 4K videos, a bandwidth of 25 Mbps is required.
5G + MEC Provides Basic and Innovative Support for the
Healthcare Industry
Partner hospital Hospital Network Service provider
Smart VR/AR/MR Medical Smart device

device robot
Core network Service provider

server
Smart medical device
VR/AR/MR Smart medical Service server MEC
device
Outside hospital
Doctor Patient
In the 5G era, MEC and traffic offloading ensure low Non-5G traffic
latency and zero transmission error. 5G traffic

Smart device Smart device
Robot for navigation,

Mobile HD image VR patient condition
medicine delivery, and Smart OR AR-assisted diagnosis MR-assisted surgery
reading explanation
ward round
Use Case — Remote Emergency Medical Treatment
Emergency center Ambulance
(UL: 8 Mbps (UL: 20 Mbps
DL: 20 Mbps) DL: 8 Mbps)
设备：
设备：
2 02 1-03 -11 14: 2 0: 45 2 02 1-03 -11 14: 2 0: 45
Real-time Real-time
2 02 1-03 -11 14: 2 0: 45 2 02 1-03 -11 14: 2 0: 45
audio and audio and

video video
Core
5G base network 5G base CPE
CPE station
station
Real-time audio and video: 8 Mbps Medical equipment on

Command center Medical data: 12 Mbps the ambulance
Use Case — Remote Healthcare
Network
Remote consultation
platform
Remote monitoring and instruction Remote consultation room
Network
Remote diagnosis room Clinical room ICU
Contents

 Smart Grid
 Smart Education
 Smart Port
 Smart Campus
Status Quo of Traditional Education
 Traditional education methods cannot meet social development requirements, meaning that
digital transformation is needed urgently.
Uneven resource
Simple methods Low efficiency
distribution
• Blackboard-based
• Indirect data display
teaching • Most resources in
• No reliable
• Excessive developed areas
supervision
assignments
Challenges and Opportunities
 Challenges in current education networks:
 Difficult to share resources
 Insufficient capacity to bear new services
 Low data security
 High construction and O&M costs
 5G smart classroom leverages the following advantages of 5G to deliver the optimal

teaching experience:
 Unified network bearer
 Ultra-high bandwidth
 High speed and low latency
 Capacity to foster new application scenarios
5G Smart Campus — Network Architecture
4K/8K live AR/VR Holographic 4K HD video Automatic
classroom classroom education patrol vehicle
High bandwidth Low latency Private network slicing Edge computing
• Slice subscription (bandwidth, • Smart sensing and route forwarding

Ultra-low latency to latency, number of users, and to reduce latency, save bandwidth
Gbps peak data rate to
support remote precise SLA) • Support for edge computing, and
support 4K/8K/AR/VR
control and operation • Status display (rate and regional customization of content
latency) and third-party applications
RAN sub-slice mgmt. Transport network sub-slice mgmt. Core network sub-slice mgmt.
MAN and WAN NEF

MEC
DU AMF SMF UPF
CU NFVI
RAN Transport network Core network
Camera/CPE/mobile phone/
tablet/e-whiteboard
Use Case — 5G Enables VR Remote Education
Wifi
5G CPE
Live VR server
Use Case — AR/VR Distance Learning
 AR geographic system
 Sea level and atmosphere changes are controlled by voice, so the geographic model can
display corresponding virtual scenarios, making the teaching process more interesting.
 VR chemistry teaching
 The chemical elements are virtualized to vividly simulate the chemical reaction process,
making chemistry equations easier to understand.
Contents

 Smart Grid
 Smart Education
 Smart Port
 Smart Campus
5G Smart Port — Application Scenarios
Remote control of cranes
Positioning and autonomous driving
Real-time positioning of AGVs and transport vehicles, achieving

autonomous and assisted driving
5G-carried PLC information without optical fibers, requiring high
reliability and low latency
Wireless upload of HD videos
Robot and UAV inspection
Rail Wheel Crawler

inspection inspection inspection
robot robot robot
HD video upload with mobile cameras for loading and transportation
Goods transportation from ships through the conveyor belt for several
areas, tidal surveillance, and video inspection on ship containers
kilometers; robot inspection to replace current manual inspection
5G Remote Control Solution for Gantry Cranes in Zhoushan Port, Ningbo
Gantry cranes are key for port operations. In Zhoushan Port, Ningbo, there are more than 550 gantry cranes, 90% of which do not support remote control.
Only new ports support remote control over optical fibers, but lack backup networks.
RTG/RMG Pain Points

Port Operation cranes
Process Container • Harsh working environment: on-site operation in
a harsh environment without gantry cranes,
resulting in high employee resignation and low
Owner External Barrier External Yard bridge/ Internal container Quay Shipping efficiency
container gate container stack yard trailer/straddle crane company
• Difficult machine transfer with low utilization:
trailer trailer carrier/AGV
difficult transfer of gantry cranes over optical fibers,
requiring high-speed and reliable wireless
PLC central
PLC switch CPE (PLC) 5GC PLC switch control transmission
PLC device 5QI = 6 • Difficult reconstruction at old ports: complex and
Switch gNodeB IP Switch
time-consuming optical fiber construction; unstable
MEC Video Video and Wi-Fi signals with poor coverage continuity
Camera switch other service
5QI = 9 flows
Video switch CPE (video) Solution Benefits

PLC and video data for remotely controlling gantry cranes over 5G networks • Higher efficiency: 3–4 remote-controlled gantry
cranes per operator
Low latency: The PLC flows of gantry Large bandwidth: Remotely controlling
• Lower cost: labor cost reduced by 70%;
cranes require a latency of less than 20 ms. gantry cranes requires 18 channels of HD
reconstruction of gantry cranes shortened to less
videos and 30 Mbps dynamic video streams
than one week at lower cost than optical fibers
per RTG crane.
5G-based Internal Container Trailers at Ports for Unmanned Driving
 An unmanned horizontal transportation system is developed for ports; control signaling is transmitted in real time based on the 5G
private network; and autonomous driving of internal container trailers (replacing geomagnetic devices) is enabled based on the
vehicle-road synergy and high-precision positioning. Multiple vehicle-mounted HD cameras support remote driving in the case of an
incident.
MEC Live streaming

Lossless real-time HD image transmission
Working condition
data CPU data GPU graphic
processing processing
Visualized
gNodeB navigation
Unified dispatching
User Application Resource Real-time
management scheduling allocation rendering
Remote control
• 5G with high bandwidth and low latency supports AGV control on the cloud.
• 5G provides networking capabilities for scaled dispatching of AGVs.
• Centralized control considerably reduces the per-unit cost of AGVs.
Port Security Management with 5G, Cloud, and AI
Monitoring and identification
Smart monitoring of personnel Robot and UAV inspection
on container trailers/containers
906886
Rail Wheel Crawler
45G1 inspection inspection inspection
robot robot robot
Identification of personnel not wearing

safety helmets and unauthorized personnel
Cloud
Applications:
 Wireless transmission cameras required in
areas where optical fibers cannot be deployed Solutions:
 Wireless transmission cameras flexibly  Cameras running on a large-bandwidth 5G
deployed and easily adjusted in temporary network can upload XX channels of HD videos
deployment scenarios, reducing operations
per cell simultaneously.
costs
 Inspection results based on 5G, cloud, and AI
 Wireless transmission cameras required to
meet mobility requirements can be directly applied to routine operations.
Contents

 Smart Grid
 Smart Education
 Smart Port
 Smart Campus
5G + Cloud + AI for Smart Campuses
General campus services Public campus services Enterprise production services
Intelligent Convenient Efficient
Resource integration and unified management One network for all life services Digital transformation and smart manufacturing
5G + Cloud computing + Big data + AI + IoT
5G Security Inspection of the Air and Ground
5G inspection robot
5G CPE 5G base 5GC

HD UAV Video server 4K HD display
station
Solutions: Benefits:
• The walking security robot over 5G CPE performs security inspection, • The 5G inspection robot performs 360-degree inspection, autonomous
autonomous sensing, protection, and interactive communication based on movement (automatic obstacle bypass and charging), task execution (gas
preset instructions. detection, fire warning, and facial recognition), and alarm generation
• The 5G network provides low-altitude coverage for UAVs to collect video (networking alarm and exception report) in the campus based on preset
footage. instructions.
• HD inspection images are uploaded through the 5G CPE for projection and • UAV inspection covers blind spots in monitoring and improves inspection
real-time monitoring. efficiency.
5G Low Latency Enables Unmanned Vehicles
Operation scenarios (such as
Vehicle Network Cloud office campuses and ports)
5G
Edge Core
cloud network
Network cable
Vehicle-
mounted
Surrounding
industrial
computer
environment video Backend Delivery by unmanned vehicles
Applications:
 Fixed line: shuttle bus and port
Control transportation
(steering/braking/accelerating)
Vehicle management  Harsh environments: mining areas, ground
ToD cockpit
platform compaction, landfills, waste materials, and
coal seam compaction
5G network latency is at minimum 100 ms lower than that of 4G. At the speed of 30 km/h, braking Benefits:
distance with 5G is at minimum 1 m less than that with 4G, greatly improving safety.  Improved personal safety
 Higher operation efficiency and lower costs
5G Indoor Precise Positioning for Efficient Asset
Management
 Independent southbound devices with various protocols and complex cabling, lack Campus positioning
OA service
system
of unified management of bus architecture and IP devices
Switch
 Frequent changes in operation modes, reconstruction, and updates of the devices AC
and subsystems in the campus, calling for quick synchronization between device
information and ledgers
5G network
 Difficult to locate and count assets in the campus
IoT AP
Bluetooth/RFID/Zigbee
ETH/Wi-Fi ETH/Wi-Fi RFID/Bluetooth RFID/Bluetooth
One-click query Security incident alarm

One-click counting
generation
Office Mobile Asset Asset e-label
office positioning tag
High-Density IoT Access Improves Collection and Inspection Efficiency
Energy consumption Power Temperature Humidity ESD

management monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring
Local IoT applications
Non-latency-sensitive
Sensors applications such as big
data analysis
IoT Capability openness
TOF LBS MEC
Core
IoT cloud
Smart meters Internet platform
5G MEP network
IoT Agent
Controllers Device and access
management Performance Requirements on 5G Networks
Rule engine service Number of
Reliability Latency Coverage
Positioning tags Data management Connections
service Inside the
X000/X00 m2 ≥ 99.5% ≤ 10 ms
• Local deployment of IoT applications for low-latency scenarios factory
• Cloud-based deployment of data analysis applications for non-real-time services
• Unified APIs to facilitate cloud-edge synergy and provide full coverage of IoT applications
• Data functions moved to the edge, enabling data processing both locally and on the cloud IoT platform
Contents

 Smart Grid
 Smart Education
 Smart Port
 Smart Campus
 Smart Manufacturing

Stages of the New Industrial Revolution
Full
connectivity
5G Cloud IoT Big data
Intelligence
Mechanization Electrification Automation Intelligence
Office HR Marketing R&D Logistics and Procurement Manufacturing

warehousing
ICT reconstructs the information flow, logistics, and capital flow of enterprises, enabling significant efficiency improvement and
business model innovation.
Challenges of Digital Transformation in the Industry
Status Quo Challenges
Network  Long cabling time

cable  Poor scalability
Current Industrial Internet Solutions
 Poor corrosion resistance (high temperature and • High cost

Wired Optical high corrosion) • Poor scalability
networks fiber  High cost (quality inspection cost and frequent
replacement)
 Complex O&M
Cable
 High monopoly (Siemens, ABB, etc.)
High security
Short-range (such as Bluetooth) Industrial-dedicated
requirements
Sensor data collection and asset Scenarios with high reliability in real time
management and positioning Narrow industry chain and high deployment
Limited number of devices and costs
Wireless
solutions operation distance
• Disadvantages in
Cellular
Wi-Fi
Remote monitoring and maintenance of large all solutions
Mobile code scanning in warehouses and
devices •
AGV dispatching Relatively closed
• Massive connectivity and high real-time
Unstable performance and security risks performance unavailable in 4G
• Data forwarding through the public network

Next-Generation Wireless Communication Systems Required
in the Industrial Field
 There are many protocols for existing wireless communication systems, each of which has disadvantages and is
relatively closed. Difficult device interconnection restricts device cloudification. Therefore, next-generation wireless
communication systems are urgently required in the current industrial field.
Electromechanical
Persons to robots Fixed to mobile separation
Lower costs and higher efficiency Flexible manufacturing Fast device iteration
Manual operation to Industrial buses to 5G Device algorithms on the
automatic devices networks cloud
Mobile devices > 100 Inconsistent production capacity in each Electromechanical separation with the
Real-time dispatching < 10 ms process in the factory electrical component on the cloud
Flexible production with wireless modes Low-cost iterative optimization

Typical Application Scenarios: Logistics and Warehousing
Areas
Enterprise
cloud
5 Asset
Positioning, tracking, and
inventory management
AGV 2
Loading and unloading
of goods
Truck 1
Visualized parking
and dispatching
AGV 3
Classification and
packaging of goods AGV 4
Production processing

Remote Control: 5G Robotic Arms with High Reliability
Performance Requirements on 5G Networks
Uplink Rate Reliability Coverage Working

MEC condition data CPU data
computing Cloud-edge
≥ 10 Mbps 99.999% Production line Real-time control synergy Industrial cloud
Collaborative platform
dispatching
Resource
User allocation
management
5G base station
The 5G network replaces the wired network, facilitating flexible factories with the following benefits:
• Reduced cables and cabling workload, as well as shortened time to adjust the production line
• Reduced maintenance and upgrade costs through unified control of system functions by the MEC system

Remote Control: Robots Replace Human Labor, Reducing
Safety Risks
Sensor monitoring
Performance Requirements on 5G Networks Video recognition
GPU
Automatic alarm CPU data
Transmission graphic
Uplink Rate Coverage notification computing
computing
Latency Collaborative
Inside the dispatching
≥ 50 Mbps ≤ 20 ms Resource
factory User management allocation
MEC
Audio, video, and
HD camera sensor parameters
Control center
Infrared camera Control signals
5G base
Sensor station
Navigation and
positioning
Based on the large bandwidth and wide coverage of 5G networks, robots negate the need for manual inspections and operations in
complex and harsh environments (high temperatures and pollution), upload HD images and environmental data to the backend
platform in real time for analysis and processing, and generate alarms for safety risks in the factories.

Cloud-based AGVs with 5G, Enabling Higher Dispatching
Capability Automatic guided vehicle (AGV)
Navigation Modes
• Electromagnetic • Optical
• Tape • Laser
• Magnetic nail • Visual
Current Problems 5G + Visual and laser SLAM navigation

• Limited dispatching quantity Lidar Single-lens/multi-
lens/depth camera
• Poor flexibility
• Prone to interference (Wi-Fi)
• High costs
CNY 100,000+ CNY X000
 5G with high bandwidth and low latency supports AGV control on the
Performance Requirements on 5G Networks
cloud.
 5G provides networking capabilities, enabling scaled dispatching of AGVs. Uplink Rate Transmission Latency Coverage
 Centralized control considerably reduces the per-unit cost of AGVs. ≥ 20 Mbps ≤ 20 ms Inside the factory

Remote and On-site: AR/VR
Live video
Model adaptation
CPU data
Device model Video annotation GPU graphic computing
computing
Voice interaction
AR overlay Voice interaction Graphic Video
Operation test computing rendering
5G base MEC
Frontline operation personnel station Application Resource Real-time
User management
scheduling allocation rendering
Higher productivity and operation efficiency and lower costs, accelerating the development of industrial Internet and cloudification

5G Supports High-Density Industrial IoT Access
Performance Requirements on 5G Networks  Data functions moved to the edge, enabling data processing
both locally and on the cloud IoT platform
Number of Transmission
Reliability Coverage
Connections Latency  Unified APIs to facilitate cloud-edge synergy and provide full
Inside the
coverage of IoT applications
X000/00 m2 ≥ 99.5% 10–50 ms
factory
Energy consumption Vehicle Power Temperature Humidity ESD

management management monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring
Sensors Local IoT applications IoT cloud platform
Smart IoT Capability openness MEC

meters TOF LBS Core Non-latency-sensitive
MEP Internet applications such as big
network
data analysis
Controllers IoT Agent
Device and access • Local deployment of IoT applications for low-latency
management scenarios
Positioning Rule engine service • Cloud-based deployment of data analysis applications for
tags Data management non-real-time services
service

Typical Applications of Smart Factory
Warehousing
Robotic arm control Data center management
(cloud-based PLC)
Factory
Information-based
governance
Industrial
camera Hand-held
barcode scanner
Inspection robot
Wireless control
AGV
Industrial
wearables

Quiz
1. Which of the following are information interaction modes of the IoV? ( )

A. V2V
B. V2P
C. V2I
D. V2N

Summary
 5G Industrial Applications and Development Trends

 IoV Solutions
 Smart Grid
 Smart Healthcare
 Smart Education
 Smart Port
 Smart Campus
 Smart Manufacturing

Recommendations
 Huawei Official Websites

 Enterprise: https://e.huawei.com/en/
 Technical support: https://support.huawei.com/enterprise/en/index.html
 Online learning: https://e.huawei.com/en/talent/#/

intelligent world.
Copyright© 2021 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.


portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors
that

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5G Development and Evolution

 Mobile communications have profoundly changed peoples' lives. Despite

 On completion of this course, you will be able to:

1. Basics of Mobile Communications

2. Driving Force of 5G Development

4. 5G Industry Chain and Ecosystem

5. Global 5G Commercial Use

Telegraph Telephone Pager Mobile phone

Optical fibers Network cables

Electromagnetic spectrum Frequency

UHF 300 ~ 3000 MHz Decimeter wave

EHF 30 ~ 300 GHz mmWave

Aviation and navigation Broadcasting station NFC Wireless television Walkie-talkie

2G/3G/4G GPS 5G terminals and modules Next-generation Wi-Fi

 AMPS, TACS  GSM, CDMA TD-SCDMA  ~ 100 Mbps  ~ 10 Gbps

Voice services SMS Image browsing HD video Massive

1. Basics of Mobile Communications

2. Driving Force of 5G Development

4. 5G Industry Chain and Ecosystem

5. Global 5G Commercial Use

Terminal Application services

Access Video Storage Application Network Display

DAU DAU DAU Module Module DAU

Ring main unit Pole-mounted Smart electricity

C. VHF （30 ~ 300 MHz）

D. UHF（300 MHz ~ 3 GHz）

1. Basics of Mobile Communications

2. Driving Force of 5G Development

4. 5G Industry Chain and Ecosystem

5. Global 5G Commercial Use

Smart home Healthcare

100x IMT- 500 km/h

mMTC Connection density Air interface latency

eMBB URLLC mMTC

AR/VR Autonomous driving mMTC

Live sports UAV Smart city

3D/8K HD video Smart manufacturing IoV

Cloud processing AR/VR experience

1 ms 10 Gbps 1 million Slicing

30–50 ms 100 Mbps 10000 Flexibility

1. Which types of 5G application scenarios are defined by the International

B. Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Connections(URLLC)

C. Massive Machine-type Connections(mMTC)

D. Narrowband Internet of Things(NB-IoT)

1. Basics of Mobile Communications

2. Driving Force of 5G Development

4. 5G Industry Chain and Ecosystem

5. Global 5G Commercial Use

1 Protocols and Standards 2 Product Implementation

Protocol Standard Description

RRC 3GPP TS 38.331 Radio Resource Control Protocol Specification

PDCP 3GPP TS 38.323 Packet Data Convergence Protocol Specification

NGAP 3GPP TS 38.413 NG Application Protocol

UE 3GPP TS 38.306 User Equipment Radio Access Capabilities

5G NR Rel-15 Rel-16 Rel-17 ...

Rel-12 Rel-13 Rel-14 Rel-15 Rel-16 Rel-17 ...

• 5G New Radio • 5G Next Generation Core

• LTE Advanced Pro Evolution • EPC Evolution

Rel-14 Rel-15 Rel-16

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

2017 Q3 2017 Q4 2018 Q1 2018 Q2 2018 Q3 2018 Q4

Standards version 3GPP Release 15 3GPP Release 16

3GPP Release 16 (eMBB + URLLC)

LTE air interface evolution