CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND

COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of
Quezon R4A

Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818

CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805

Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Instructional Module in
PECS FS 301

Preliminaries
I. Lesson Number
II. Lesson Title
III. Brief Introduction
of the Lesson
IV. Lesson Objectives
3
Foundations of Curriculum Development / Curriculum
Development Processes and Models
The lesson emphasizes the importance of curriculum
development, its processes, and its models. It vividly describes
how philosophical, psychological, historical, and sociological
foundations of the curriculum are interrelated; hence curriculum is
ever dynamic and undergoes a continuing process.
At the end of the lesson you are expected to:
1. Describe the different foundations of the curriculum.
2. Explain how those foundations reflect the development of
curriculum in the first-century classroom.
3. Make a flow chart of the curriculum development process.
4. Research and present the different curriculum models.

Lesson Proper
I. Getting Started
Spark your Interest – Think of a scenario in the classroom wherein you can connect the
curriculum to real-life situations. Get a partner and discuss it. (5 minutes)

II. Discussion
The foundation upon which the curriculum is based is educational philosophies,
historical developments, psychological explanations, and societal influences. All of these
foundations are interrelated to each other. With the stated objectives and related learning
activities curriculum should produce outcomes.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION

The Philosophical Foundation of curriculum helps determine the driving purpose of education as well as
the roles of the various participants. While all foundation's purpose is to set goals of curriculum
philosophy, it presents the manner of thinking from which the goal is created.
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND
COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of
Quezon R4A

Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818

CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805

Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

The Philosophy of the curriculum answers questions like:

a. What are schools for?

b. What subjects are important.

c. What outcomes should be achieved?

d. Why there are many philosophies in education.

 Examples of Philosophies in Education are:

 Perennialism – Perenialist believes that the focus of education should be the ideas that
have lasted over centuries. They believed the ideas are as relevant and meaningful today
when they were written.
 Essentialist believes that teachers should try to embed moral values and virtues, such as
respect for authority, perseverance, fidelity to duty, consideration for others, consideration
for others, and practicality and intellectual knowledge that student needs to become a
model citizen.

 Progressivists believe that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental

to one’s education, believing that people learn best from what they consider most
relevant to their lives. Progressivists center their curricula on the needs,
experiences, interests, and abilities of students, knowledge.
 Social reconstructionists believe in the condition in which the population
achieves a level of tolerance and peaceful co-existence, gains cohesion through
acceptance of national identity, and transcends individual, sectarian, and
communal differences; has the mechanism and will resolve disputes non-
violently.
 Existentialism is a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the
existence of the person as a free and responsible agent determining their
development through the acts of the will.
 Behaviorism known as behavioral psychology is a theory of learning which
states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through
a process called conditioning. Thus, behavior is simply a response to
environmental stimuli.
 Constructivism is the theory that says learning construct knowledge rather than
just passively taking information. As people experience the world reflect upon
those experiences, they build their representations and incorporate new
information into their pre-existing knowledge (schemas).
 Conservatism is a social-cultural, and political philosophy that primarily aims to
promote and to preserve traditional values and institutions held to be either good
in themselves or better than the likely alternatives, or at last safe, familiar, and
the objects of trust and affection.
 Humanism/humanist engages in social skills, feelings, intellect, artistic skills,
practical skills, and more as part of their education. Self–esteem goals and full
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND
COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of
Quezon R4A

Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818

CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805

Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

autonomy are key learning elements in the humanistic learning theory.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION

 The historical foundations show the chronological development along a timeline.

Some of the many whom we consider having great contributions are Hollis Caswell
(1901-1989) who believed that curriculum, instruction, and learning are interrelated
and Hilda Taba (1902-1967) who helped lay the foundation for a diverse students
population.

The historical foundation of education is the belief and experiences of education

today rest on the history of this field endeavor by knowing what accomplishments of leaders
in the past, today’s educator's attempt to build on their achievements.

 What is the historical foundation of education in the Philippines?

The decree of Education in 1863 establishing the first-ever educational
system in the Philippines. It required the government to provide school
institutions for boys and girls in every town. Given the situation, the Spanish
schools started accepting Filipino students.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION

Psychology provides a basis to understand the teaching and learning process.

Questions that can be addressed by psychological foundations of education are:
a. How should the curriculum be organized to enhance learning?
b.What is the optimal level of students’ participation in learning the various contents of
the curriculum?

The Psychological Foundation of Education presents some of the principles of

Psychology that are relevant to learning and teaching. It presents an alternative answer to
the problem of bifurcation of general and educational psychology in the curriculum of
teacher preparation.

The Psychological foundation of the curriculum is based on individual differences.

Every student has a unique personality and they have differences in their learning skills.
They are different so that they can’t be treated alike in the teaching-learning process. Some
may be fast learners while others are slow.
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND
COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of
Quezon R4A

Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818

CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805

Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

What is Curriculum Development?

Curriculum development is a dynamic process involving many different people and
procedures. In curriculum development, there are always changes intended for
improvement. Let us look into the Curriculum Process Model

Ralph Tyler Model"

Hilda Taba Model :
Four Basic Principles:
Grassroots Approach Galen Saylor and William Alexander
1. Purposes of the Hilda TAba improvedd on tyler's Model. described curriculum as a plan for
School She believsed that tachesrs should providing sets of learning
participate in developing a curriculum. She opportunities to achieve broad
2.Educational presented seven (7) major steps. educational goals and related
experience related to 1. Diagnosis of learner's needs. specific objectives for an identifiable
the purposes. 2Formulation of learning objectives population served by a single school
3.Selection of learning contents center.
3. Organization of the 4.Organization of learning contesnts 1.Goals objectives and domains
experiences 5.Selection of learning experiences. 2. Curriculum designing
Determination of what to evaluate and the 3. Curriculum implemenaion
4. 4. Evaluation of the means of doing it. 4. Evaluation
experience.

Looking into the different Curriculum Process Model which one catches your attention
and Why?

III. Application
1. Interview three of your classmates and let them assume the position of an administrator/
or principal. Ask them how they can apply the Curriculum Development Process
2. Present the three different models in a graphic organizer.

IV. Assessment
Cite specific examples on each of the items given below.
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND
COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of
Quezon R4A

Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818

CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805

Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

Foundations of Curriculum Samples/ Situations

1. Philosophical Foundation

Philosophical Foundations

Historical Foundations

Psychological Foundations

V. Reflection
Evolve your philosophy based on the existing philosophies of education. Illustrate through
a graphic organizer. Explain how this will be applied if you are to put up your school.

VI. References
Boravo, M. (2015)Exploring the Curriculum, Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Borabo H.G. (2015) Exploring the curriculum, LorimarPublishing
Brawner, D.G. (2014) the curriculum Adriana Publishing Company Inc.
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND
COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of
Quezon R4A

Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818

CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805

Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

Prepared by:

ROSALINA V. REMOLONA, MM
Guidance Director

Approved by:

Reviewed by: JESS JAY M. SAJISE, DBA

Vice President of Academic Affairs External

JOHN MARC R. MENDOZA, MAEd, MLIS

Program Head, School of Teacher Education