ROSALES, ALLONDRA O.

SS31

LESSON 2

ACTIVITY

1. What is the terminal goal for Communication (English) Learning Strand of the K to
12 Curriculum?
 The terminal goal the aforesaid is to develop effective and functional
individuals as a members of the society. Wherein, they are capable in
participating the economic development of the community.

2. What macro skills are emphasized in the framework?

 Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing, and Viewing

3. What are expected of the ALS learners after completing the Learning Strand?
 Effective and critical user of the processed knowledge acquired in the
strand.

4. What are the mechanisms to be used to ensure that these expectations are met?
 They should have the ability to access, critically process, and use the
information or knowledge they have gained.

5. Do you think that this Learning Strand is anchored to a philosophy? If yes, can you
guess what could this be?
 Yes, it is anchored to a philosophy. It is the philosophy of essentialism since
it is centered on providing the basic and other skills to be carried out
throughout the whole curriculum.

ANALYSIS
1. Why is it imperative to anchor a curriculum like that for the ALS to a specific
philosophy?
 I think that in every educational system it necessary to be anchored to an
educational philosophy to make organized and systematic. Also, it adds to
the dynamics of the curriculum within school. The philosophies serve as a
description, explanation, and evaluation of the curriculum as seen from
one’s own perspective, or through some social lenses. As to the Alternative
Learning System or ALS it is crucial as well that it is affixed to a specific
philosophy because it functions the same to the other curriculum such as K
to 12 which is to have the learners equipped and knowledgeable throughout
the process of educating or teaching them. The philosophies serve as a
basis or guide towards how the curriculum is going to function and to ensure
that the curriculum implemented will be effective to the learners and efficient
in various environment.
2. Just as, what other philosophies do you know by which a curriculum can be
anchored?
 Pragmatism or Experientialism because the curriculum is based on the child’s
experiences and interests, and prepares him or her for life’s affairs and the
future. The center of education are the learners and the main goal is to impart
knowledge, hone their skills, and teach various values to them that is
essential for the career paths they are headed to. The curriculum is
committed to the huge responsibility of guiding and helping an individual to
reach his or her goals and aspirations in life. In considering the personality,
experiences and choices of the learners’ it will be easier to adopt and
implement the curriculum to them because the way education is regarded is
that it helps them improve as a human being among the various challenges
they are about to experience from what they have already gone through and
how they have learned from it. Also, to how this could give a large impact to
their choices for the future. With that, the aforesaid philosophy could be
anchored to a curriculum because it correlates to its goal and the learners
themselves.

APPLICATION
1. Why is it necessary that a curriculum be anchored to philosophy?
 It is necessary that a curriculum be anchored to philosophy because it gives
dynamic, organization, and a systematic curriculum to the educational
system. According to Bloom, the philosophy helps the people in-charge of
making the curriculum and the educators to be aware on the bases of school
organizations, the purpose of the schools, the importance of the different
subject areas, the learning environment of the students, the effective use of
methods and learning materials, framework for broad issues and tasks
including determining the goals of education, the goals of education and the
process of teaching and learning, the giving of activities or tasks that are
effective and relevant, and lastly, in assessing and evaluating what the
students have learned. Thus, philosophy is crucial because it is like the
framework of the curriculum.

2. Which of the philosophical lenses will you embrace when you become a full-pledge
teacher? Why?
 I will embrace progressivism when I become a full-pledge teacher because I
believe that the purpose of being in school and learning is to become
educated. An educated person is someone who has developed his or her
awareness in the personal, social, and political aspects, and is able to use
critical thinking skills which is necessary in everyday life. With that, I believe
that in this philosophy I could develop and help an individual to become that
person because each day we are bound to make choices. The choices we
make hold what is ahead of us and it is important to be knowledgeable and
mindful in every step. The society doesn’t need an ignorant people and we
have to continuously cultivate our rights and responsibilities in our
 communities because as we improve to be better and so as the progress of
the society. Thus, this philosophy would play an essential part to me being an
educator and to students being a learner, a citizen, and as a person they are
in the present until the future.

REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITY
1. Plato: Idealism
2. Aristotle: Realism
3. John Dewey: Progressivism
4. George Kneller: Existentialism
5. Robert Hutchins: Perennialism
6. William Bagley: Essentialism
7. Thomas Jefferson: Progressivism
8. Theodore Brameld: Reconstructionism

METACOGNITION ACTIVITY

Curriculum Type: Achieved or learned curriculum because it recognizes if the result

of the lesson and if they have attained the learning objectives.

Curriculum Approach: Behavioral Approach because the instruction was based to

the established goals and objectives

Philosophical Anchor: Essentialism because it emphasizes the mastery of essential

facts and concepts about the subject matter and the teacher has a control in the room.

Scenario
Mrs. Alforque is a professor at Pamantasan ng Markina. She is in the Social
Science unit and currently teaching geography to the first year students. She is
passionate when it comes to her profession and adored by many. In her mode of
instruction, she establishes first the specific goals and objectives, the flow of the topics,
and the tasks to conduct.
The first topic that was discussed by Mrs. Alforquue to her students was about
the bodies of water in the world. The class was expected to know and identify the
different characteristic of each. The whole class was attentive and participating towards
the discussion. And then by the end of the lesson, Mrs. Garcia announced that for the
next meeting she will be conducting a moving exam for the class.
Among the 38 students of Mrs. Alforque, there were only 11 of them who have
failed during the test. Majority of the class have met the expected learning outcomes,
however, the number of students who have failed bothers her so she decided to
conduct remedial exam for them.
ROSALES, ALLONDRA O.
SS31
LESSON 3

ACTIVITY

CURRICULUM LUMINARIES CONTRIBUTIONS

1. Frederick Tyler Four Curriculum Principles

2. Werret Charters Scientific Curriculum

3. Franklin Bobbit Machine Theory

4. Hilda Taba Grassroots Approach

ANALYSIS
What do you think is the essence of knowing the historical perspective of curriculum?

 It is important to trace the historical development of curriculum because it helps

us identify the development and its impact to the society. This background
helps us to be aware of how the evolution in the educational system or
curriculum is strengthen and modified as time passes by. We get to understand
the relevance of those changes and how it contributed in the present time.

APPLICATION
After having read the in-depth discussions above, what have you realized about the
historical dimensions of curriculum? How will you apply the knowledge you have gained
in this lesson when you become a full-pledge teacher? Be mindful of the rubrics below.

 After reading the historical dimensions of curriculum I have realized that it has
gone through a lot of perspectives, ideas, and principles of intellectual people in
the history such as Bobbitt, Charters, Kilpatrick, Rugg, Caswell, Tyler, and etc.
However, overtime it may have change in some aspects but the contributions of
the aforementioned people were still influential to it. They have made a huge
impact and significance in the present curriculum structure. With that, I could
utilize the knowledge that I have gained from this subject matter someday when
I enter the field of teaching. I will apply their principles of how should a teacher
connects to the students and the lesson itself to provide an effective job and
good outcomes. The process of how the instruction should be observed in the
school or classroom and follow the guidelines of the curriculum so that the
 lessons is organized and the intended learning outcomes in each course or
lesson is presented and observed.

REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITY

1. Rugg and Hollis Caswell: The Development Period

o Rugg – He introduced the concept of the development of the whole child,
the inclusion of social studies and the importance of planning a curriculum
in advance
o Caswell – He believed that curriculum is a set of experiences and learners
must experience what they learn. He emphasized that from formulating a
course of study to improving instructions and envisioned curriculum
making as a means of helping teachers coordinate with their instructional
activities with subject matter and students’ needs and interests

2. William Kilpatrick: The Progressive Influence – He introduced the child-centered

curriculum which is the use of small group interaction and the project method in
which the teacher and students plan together

3. Bobbitt – He believes that lessons should be organized and planned depending

on the needs of the students and these needs must be addressed by the
teachers

4. Charters – He believes that the objectives along with the corresponding activities
should be aligned with the subject matter or content

5. Tyler – He states that curriculum should revolve around the student’s needs and
interests. His model depicts a rational, logical, and systematic approach to
curriculum making
ROSALES, ALLONDRA O.
SS31
LESSON 4

ACTIVITY

1. What is the focus macro language skill of the unit plan?

 The unit plan focuses on listening skills.

2. What verbs were used to realize the competencies listed above?

 The verbs that was utilized in order to grasped the competencies of the
lesson are “show” and “listen”

3. What do you think is the learning theory/ies to which the learning competencies
is/are anchored with?
 The learning competencies is anchored to the philosophy of
Constructivism.

4. Using you background knowledge about psychology, what do you think are the
psychological principles by which these competencies are anchored with?
 Learning by doing
 Learning using the multiple sense
 Demonstration learning
 Experiential Learning

ANALYSIS

Why do you think psychological principles important as a foundation of curriculum?

 Curriculum serves as a blueprint of education and the educational system

itself. It is necessary that a curriculum should encompass dynamic,
organization, and is systematic to the educational system. As such, the
psychological principles are relative in establishing a curriculum. It is
concerned and focuses on understanding the teaching and learning
process which is very important to be aware of. Analyzing the curriculum
making and learning it is being strengthen by psychology, as a result, the
outcome is effective and efficient when being applied to the educational
system and the school embodies its goal and purpose. Hence, the
foundation of curriculum is solid when the aforesaid principle is considered
because it widens the scope and see the holistic perspective of education
such as the teaching process and the learning capabilities and process of
the students.
APPLICATION

Curriculum Type: Achieved or learned curriculum because it recognizes if the result

of the lesson and if they have attained the learning objectives.

Curriculum Approach: Behavioral Approach because the instruction was based to

the established goals and objectives

Philosophical Anchor: Essentialism because it emphasizes the mastery of essential

facts and concepts about the subject matter and the teacher has a control in the room.

Learning Theory: Cognitive-informative processing theory because the teacher deals

on establishing the total environment and focuses on the learners’ capacity to apply the
information and their gained knowledge or the student’s developmental stages.

Scenario
Mrs. Alforque is a professor at Pamantasan ng Markina. She is in the Social
Science unit and currently teaching geography to the first year students. She is
passionate when it comes to her profession and adored by many. In her mode of
instruction, she establishes first the specific goals and objectives, the flow of the topics,
and the tasks to conduct.
The first topic that was discussed by Mrs. Alforquue to her students was about
the bodies of water in the world. The class was expected to know and identify the
different characteristic of each. The whole class was attentive and participating towards
the discussion. And then by the end of the lesson, Mrs. Garcia announced that for the
next meeting she will be conducting a moving exam for the class.
Among the 38 students of Mrs. Alforque, there were only 11 of them who have
failed during the test. Majority of the class have met the expected learning outcomes,
however, the number of students who have failed bothers her so she decided to
conduct remedial exam for them.
REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITY

1. Behaviorist
 It is the oldest learning theory that deals on the stimulus-response and
reinforces to condition, modify, and shaping the behavior of the learner
through reinforcements.

2. Cognitive-informative
 This theory outlook the relationship of a learner to the total environment
and focuses on the student’s developmental stages and multiple forms
of intelligence.

3. Processing
 This theory considers the child holistically – social, psychological, and
cognitive development of an individual. Also, it brings about other
alternatives in learning that would suit to the characteristic of the learner.

METACOGNITIION ACTIVITY

2.1 Identify the philosophical and psychological bases utilized for the subject matter

BAITANG 9: EKONOMIKS

Philosophical Basis: Pragmatism

Psychological Basis: Cognitive-informative

2.2 Write a commentary paper on the task performed in 2.1. in relation to becoming a
future teacher. (POSTION PAPER)

Teaching is the act of imparting knowledge, honing the skills, and teaching
various values to the learners. Committing oneself to teaching takes courage as it a
contains a huge responsibility on guiding and helping an individual to reach his or her
goals and aspirations in life. Moreover, teaching is primarily about the interaction
between the teacher and learner and it involves applying various teaching strategies to
make the act effective and efficient. The goal of teaching is to enable the students
understand the nature of the subject matter and to have fully acquire the desired
learning outcome at the end of the session.
As a future educator, it is essential that a teacher must to be aware and
knowledgeable about the content of the lessons and the learning capabilities of the
learners. So, the manifestation of educational principles and philosophies are relevant
to the teaching and learning process. The aforesaid serves as a foundation to a
dynamic and organized teaching instruction as to what the teacher is preferred to
embrace in establishing a classroom environment base on the goals and objectives of
the curriculum. Moreover, the purpose of a curriculum is to organize and identify specific
goals that all the teachers should acquire to effectively impart knowledge to the
learners. It is important to be able to meet the set learning outcomes of a particular
subject matter that was established in the curriculum because it will reflect to the
effectiveness of the teacher’s instruction and the tasks involved in the lesson.
Thus, the various teaching philosophies and psychological foundations are
interconnected to the curriculum. It plays a vigorous role to the educational system as to
where the learners knowledge would depend, and to be able produce top performing
professionals such as future teachers.