Aggregate Effects on Pervious Portland Cement Concrete

Static Modulus of Elasticity

L. K. Crouch, P.E.1; Jordan Pitt2; and Ryan Hewitt3

Abstract: The effects of aggregate gradation, amount, and size on pervious portland cement concrete 共PCC兲 static modulus of elasticity
were compared using four different mixtures. A standard mix and three variable mixes using a uniform gradation, increased aggregate
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amount, and increased aggregate size were used. The effective air void content was determined for each mixture. The compressive
strengths and static elastic moduli were determined and compared at equal void contents. For a uniform gradation, the compressive
strengths and static elastic moduli appeared to be higher within an optimal range of voids; however, there was no statistically significant
difference between the results from the different gradations. An increased aggregate amount resulted in a statistically significant decrease
in both compressive strength and static elastic moduli due to the subsequent decrease in paste amount. While the compressive strengths
were higher for mixtures containing smaller aggregate sizes, there was no significant difference between the static elastic moduli when
different aggregate sizes were used. Further research is needed to understand the effects of aggregate size on the static modulus of
elasticity of pervious PCC.
DOI: 10.1061/共ASCE兲0899-1561共2007兲19:7共561兲
CE Database subject headings: Concrete; Portland cements; Aggregates; Elasticity; Compressive strength; Compaction.

Introduction and Literature Review
Pervious concrete is a mixture of portland cement, water, coarse
aggregate, and, in some cases, chemical admixtures and/or
supplementary cementing materials. Excluding fine aggregate
from the mixture lowers the workability of the fresh pervious
portland cement concrete 共PCC兲. Therefore, a compactive effort
must be applied in order to obtain desired properties, which in-
clude strength and permeability. The lack of fines also creates an
open void structure, allowing water to percolate from the surface
down through the interconnected voids. The effective air voids
are those which are accessible from the surface 共ASTM 2005b兲.
The effective air void content plays a major role in the hardened
properties of pervious PCC. Current research has shown that the
effective void content affects the compressive strength and water
permeability of the hardened concrete—at higher effective void
contents, water permeability is increased, but the compressive
strength is decreased 共Meininger 1988; Ghafoori and Dutta 1995兲.
Thus, it is essential to optimize the effective void content in order
to achieve both strength and permeability. Effective void contents
in pervious PCC typically range from 15 to 35%. The desired
1
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Tennessee Technological
Univ., Box 5015, Cookeville, TN 38505.
2 area increases, resulting in improved strengths 共Yang and Jiang
Field Engineer, Stanley D. Lindsey & Associates, Ltd., 1801 W. End,
Suite 400, Nashville, TN 37203.
3
Graduate Research Assistant, Tennessee Technological Univ., Box
5015, Cookeville, TN 38505.
Note. Associate Editor: Baoshan Huang. Discussion open until
December 1, 2007. Separate discussions must be submitted for individual
papers. To extend the closing date by one month, a written request must
be filed with the ASCE Managing Editor. The manuscript for this paper
was submitted for review and possible publication on January 11, 2006;
approved on December 28, 2006. This paper is part of the Journal of
Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 7, July 1, 2007. ©ASCE,
ISSN 0899-1561/2007/7-561–568/$25.00.
void content may be achieved either by modifying the level of
compactive effort or by adjusting the aggregate proportions and
properties.
When the level of compactive effort is minimal, the effective
void content is typically increased. As the void content increases,
there is a concomitant reduction in the compressive strength when
using limestone aggregates 共Kevern et al. 2005; Meininger 1988兲.
As no standard specifications have been determined for achieving
compactive effort in the field, it is difficult to ensure that pervious
PCC will obtain the desired amount of effective air voids, which
directly affects strength and permeability. Therefore, experience
has proven that it is more beneficial to modify the aggregate
proportions and properties, such as gradation, size, and amount,
rather than change the level of compactive effort, to reach desired
void contents.
Pervious PCC research at Tennessee Technological University,
Cookeville, Tenn., has shown that the effective void content, com-
pressive strength, and permeability are largely dependent upon
the aggregate. The compressive strength is dependent on the size
of the aggregate, whereas the effective void content is dependent
upon gradation 共ACI 2004; Ghafoori and Dutta 1995兲. As the
aggregate size decreases, the number of particles per unit of vol-
ume increases. As the amount of particles increases, the binding
2003兲. It has also been observed that pervious PCC fails at the
binder layer between the aggregates, and the cement paste area
should be increased in order to improve strength properties 共Yang
and Jiang 2003兲. Modulus of elasticity and compressive strength
are important properties used for the design of pervious PCC
pavements 共Pasko 1998兲. Although the effect of aggregates on
compressive strength has been studied, there has been no pub-
lished research that reveals the effect of aggregates on the static
modulus of elasticity of pervious PCC. Understanding the behav-
ior of the elastic modulus in relation to aggregate proportions and

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Fig. 1. Aggregate gradation plots
properties will lead to better input parameters for pervious PCC
pavement design.
For normal PCC, the significance of aggregate proportions and
properties is best understood when considering concrete as an
assembly of aggregates bonded together with cement paste, with
the voids completely filled with paste. Thus, the amount of paste
depends on the amount of void space that must be filled and the
total surface area of the aggregate that must be coated. The vol-
ume of voids between aggregate particles is greatest when the
particles are of uniform size.
When a wider range of sizes is used, the smaller particles pack
between the larger ones, decreasing void space and lowering paste
requirements. Using larger maximum aggregate sizes can also
reduce void space 共Mindess et al. 2003兲 even though the median
void size is actually larger 共Marolf et al. 2004兲. Pervious concrete
can be understood in the same manner. However, pervious PCC is
designed to have enough paste to coat the aggregates without
having excess to fill the voids. Studying the variations in aggre-
gate gradation, amount, and size will lead to a better understand-
ing of the paste requirements for pervious PCC.
Some researchers maintain that the coarse aggregate is the
main factor in the elastic modulus values of normal PCC 共Wu et
al. 2001兲. For normal strength concrete, it is well known that the
factors affecting modulus of elasticity include aggregate stiffness,
type, volumetric content, and size 共Neville 1997; Cetin and
Carrasquillo 1998兲. Typically, as the compressive strength of con-
crete increases, the elastic modulus increases 共Sideris and Manita
2004; Wu et al. 2001兲. Smaller aggregate sizes result in higher
compressive strengths at equal aggregate contents. However, the
opposite is true for the elastic modulus, which increases with
larger aggregate sizes 共Oloukon et al. 1991兲. Also, concretes with
higher coarse aggregate contents exhibit slightly higher elastic
moduli. Aggregates are the stiffest material in regular PCC, so
adding more aggregate results in the end product being stiffer
共Cetin and Carrasquillo 1998兲.
Materials
Three gradations of limestone were obtained from a local quarry:
9.5 mm 共3 / 8 in.兲, 12.5 mm 共1 / 2 in.兲, and #57 stone 共ASTM
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J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2007.19:561-568.
2004d兲. The limestone was sieved and then recombined to obtain
the desired gradation for each mix. Local river sand was also
obtained and added as the finer portions of all gradations, those
passing the 2.36 mm 共No. 8兲 and retained on the 0.30 mm 共No.
50兲 sieve.
The gradation plots for each of the four mixes are shown in
Fig. 1. For the standard mix, referred to as Mix A, the aggregates
were combined to achieve a near mid-specification #89 gradation
共ASTM 2004d兲. For the second mix, Mix B, the aggregate content
remained the same, but the gradation was more uniform. The third
mix, referred to as Mix C, was given the same gradation as Mix
B, whereas the aggregate content was raised from 58.7 to 61.7%
of the total volume. The fourth mix, Mix D, also contained an
aggregate content level of 61.7% of the total volume and a uni-
form gradation, while the maximum size aggregate was increased
to 19.5 mm 共3 / 4 in.兲.
Both the Type I portland cement 共ASTM 2005a兲 and Class C
fly ash 共ASTM 2004b兲 were obtained from a local supplier
共ASTM 2004a,b兲. ASTM Type D and F admixtures were used
共ASTM 2004c兲 along with a viscosity modifier. Local tap water
was used for all mixtures. All four mixes had a water-to-
cementitious materials 共w/cm兲 ratio of 0.39. Also, an effective
void content of 20% was assumed for the absolute volume mix
design. The mixture proportions are shown in Table 1 and admix-
ture dosages are in Table 2.
Procedure
The three gradations of limestone were sieved and recombined as
per ASTM C 136 to achieve the specific aggregate gradations
shown in Fig. 1 共ASTM 2004e兲. Cylinders were cast in accor-
dance with ASTM C 192 共ASTM 2004a兲. For each batch, a total
of 18 cylinders 共three cylinders for each compactive effort level兲
were cast using 10 cm by 20 cm 共4 in. by 8 in.兲 steel molds. A
4.5 kg 共10 lb兲 Marshall Hammer 共AASHTO 1998兲 with a 45 cm
共18 in.兲 drop was used to achieve the desired level of compaction.
The six levels of compactive effort were as follows:
• 1 layer—2 Marshall Hammer blows 共no rodding兲;
• 1 layer—5 Marshall Hammer blows 共no rodding兲;
 Table 1. Pervious PCC Mixture Proportions
Mix A Mix B Mix C Mix D

Component kg/ m3 共lb/ yd3兲 kg/ m3 共lb/ yd3兲 kg/ m3 共lb/ yd3兲 kg/ m3 共lb/ yd3兲
Type I portland cement 266.97 450 266.97 450 222.48 375 222.48 375
Class C fly ash 77.72 131 77.72 131 64.67 109 64.67 109
Water 共net兲 105.01 177 105.01 177 87.21 147 87.21 147
Aggregate 共SSD兲 1,541.93 2,599 1,541.93 2,599 1,620.24 2,731 1,620.24 2,731

• 1 layer—16 Marshall Hammer blows 共no rodding兲; C 39 using sulfur mortar capping at 28 days 共ASTM 2002a,b兲.
• 4 layers—5 Marshall Hammer blows per layer 共each layer Static modulus of elasticity was determined according to ASTM
rodded 25 times兲; C 469 共ASTM 2004f兲.
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• 4 layers—10 Marshall Hammer blows per layer 共each layer

rodded 25 times兲; and
• 4 layers—20 Marshall Hammer blows per layer 共each layer
rodded 25 times兲.
Twenty-four hours after casting, the cylinders were demolded,
labeled, and placed in a lime–water curing tank maintained at
23.0± 2.0° C 共73.5± 3.5° F兲 as per ASTM C 192 共ASTM 2004a兲.
After 7 days, one specimen for each compaction level was oven
dried at 110± 5 ° C 共230± 9 ° F兲. The effective air void content was
determined at 14 days after casting as per ASTM D 7063, with
each cylinder remaining in the water bath for 24 hours 共ASTM
2005b兲. As tests for effective air void content required oven dry-
ing, the cylinders used for this procedure were not used for any
other testing. Compressive strength was determined as per ASTM
Results
The results for effective void content as a function of compactive
effort are shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows the results for compres-
sive strength as a function of effective void content. The results
for static modulus of elasticity as a function of effective void
content are shown in Figs. 4–6. The effect of aggregate gradation
is shown in Fig. 4, which compares Mix A to Mix B. Fig. 5 shows
the effects of aggregate amount by comparing Mix B and Mix C.
A comparison of Mix C to Mix D is shown in Fig. 6, which
indicates the effect of aggregate size. For static modulus of elas-

Table 2. Admixture Dosages

Mix A Mix B Mix C Mix D

Admixture mL/ 100 kg 共oz/ cwt兲 mL/ 100 kg 共oz/ cwt兲 mL/ 100 kg 共oz/ cwt兲 mL/ 100 kg 共oz/ cwt兲
Type F 326.0 5 326.0 5 0 0 0 0
Viscosity modifier 130.4 2 130.4 2 652 10 652 10
Type D 0.0 0 0.0 0 326 5 326 5

Fig. 2. Effective air void content versus compactive effort

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Fig. 3. Compressive strength versus effective void content

ticity testing, the average of two trials performed on each speci-
men was used for analysis. In 50% of the cases, the measured
modulus values differed by less than one percent, and in all cases
the values differed by less than 3%.
Effect of Aggregate Gradation
The effective void content of Mix B is greater than Mix A at
every compaction level, as shown in Fig. 2. As the uniform gra-
dation has a smaller range of aggregate sizes, the aggregates do
not form as dense a configuration, which results in a higher void
content. This effect becomes greater at higher compaction levels.
As the compactive effort increases for Mix B, the uniform grada-
tion, the rate at which the void content decreases is greatly re-
duced. However, Mix A, with a wider range of sizes, continues to
compact until the void content falls below the desired limits for
pervious PCC. This indicates that a more uniform gradation is
more reliable for pervious PCC field placements as it is difficult
to apply a compactive effort that will lower the effective void
content below the desired range.
At equal void contents, the more uniform gradation, Mix B,

Fig. 4. Static modulus of elasticity versus effective void content—Mixes A and B

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Fig. 5. Static modulus of elasticity versus effective void content—Mixes B and C

exhibits higher compressive strengths than Mix A 共see Fig. 3兲.
The static modulus of elasticity also appears to be greater for Mix
B when within an effective void content ranging from approxi-
mately 23 to 31%, as shown in Fig. 4. The optimal void range lies
within the desired void range of pervious PCC 共NRMCA兲. Values
for static modulus are lower for Mix B when the effective void
content is above the optimal range. An explanation for this phe-
nomenon is unclear. As indicated in Fig. 2, a greater compactive
effort is required for Mix B to reach the same void content as Mix
A. The increased compactive effort necessary to obtain equal void
contents contributes to the apparent increase in strength and elas-
tic modulus for Mix B within the optimal range of voids. It ap-
pears that at higher compactive efforts, the paste–aggregate bond
becomes stronger at each interface, which would result in an in-
crease in compressive strength and static modulus of elasticity.
Although Figs. 1, 3, 4, and 6 appear to show a distinct difference
between the compressive strengths and elastic moduli of the
mixes with different gradations, neither of the parameters showed
a significant difference at the 95% confidence interval when an
analysis of covariance was performed.
Effect of Aggregate Amount
The difference between Mixes B and C is the amount of aggre-
gate. The aggregate amount increases from 58.7 to 61.7% of the
total volume from Mixes B to C. The increase in aggregate
amount for Mix C decreases the cement, fly ash, and water pro-

Fig. 6. Static modulus of elasticity versus effective void content—Mixes C and D

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 portions based on an absolute volume mix design. Therefore, the
paste/aggregate ratio decreases from 0.29 to 0.23 from Mixes B
to C.
The effective void contents, compressive strengths, and
moduli of elasticity for the two mixes with different aggregate
amounts showed a statistically significant difference at the 95%
confidence interval when an analysis of covariance was per-
formed. Referring to Fig. 2, the effective void content is greater
for Mix C at each compactive effort. At equal void contents, Mix
C exhibits lower compressive strengths and lower values of elas-
tic modulus than Mix B, as shown in Figs. 3 and 5, respectively.
These results are consistent with normal PCC data which show
that as compressive strength increases, the elastic modulus in-
creases as well. For pervious PCC, the compressive strength and
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elastic modulus are lower when using a greater amount of aggre-
gate. This does not follow normal PCC trends, in which the
elastic modulus increases as aggregate amount increases. This
inconsistency is due to the differences in the role of the paste
between normal PCC and pervious PCC.
The higher effective void contents that result from increasing
the aggregate amount can be explained by the effects of the paste
on pervious PCC. As previously mentioned, sufficient paste is
needed to coat the aggregates and ensure bonding while excess
paste will occupy the voids. Thus, for pervious PCC, decreasing
the paste amount results in a higher void content. Also, the reduc-
tion in paste amount lowers the compressive strength and modu-
lus of elasticity as less paste is available for aggregate bonding.
Effect of Aggregate Size
Both Mixes C and D have an aggregate content of 61.7% of the
total volume. The shape of the gradation curve is also identical for
both mixes 共see Fig. 1兲. However, the aggregate sizes are larger
for Mix D than Mix C. The aggregate sizes for Mix D range from
4.75 mm 共No. 4兲 to 19.5 mm 共3 / 4 in.兲, whereas Mix C ranges
from 0.30 mm 共No. 50兲 to 9.5 mm 共3 / 8 in.兲.
Referring to Fig. 2, the effective void contents are slightly
lower for Mix D at equal compactive efforts. At first, these results
seem counterintuitive; it would seem that using larger size aggre-
gates would result in a greater void content. However, at equal
aggregate amounts, a mix with larger size aggregates has less
specific surface than one with smaller aggregates. As less paste is
required for coating a smaller specific surface, the excess paste
partially fills the voids and reduces the void content. Although the
effective void contents of Mixes C and D are relatively similar,
the actual sizes of the voids are larger in Mix D. The effective
void size is represented by the diameter on the gradation plot
which has ten percent of the total finer than its size 共D10兲 共Marotta
2005兲. The effective void size 共D10兲 for Mix D is 7.5 mm
共0.30 in.兲, which is much larger than Mix C at 3.3 mm 共0.13 in.兲.
Mix D has larger voids, but Mix C has a greater number of
smaller voids. Therefore, even though the two mixes have very
different void systems, the void contents are still relatively
similar.
At equal void contents, the compressive strengths are greater
for Mixes C than D 共see Fig. 3兲; there was a statistically signifi-
cant difference at the 95% confidence interval when an analysis of
covariance was performed. The increased strengths for Mix C
follow trends for both pervious PCC and normal PCC found in
the literature, which states that mixtures with smaller maximum-
size aggregates exhibit higher compressive strengths 共Yang and
Jiang 2003兲. There was no statistically significant difference be-
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J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2007.19:561-568.
tween the moduli values of the two mixes, but at equal void
contents the values for elastic modulus are slightly greater for
Mix D when within an effective void content ranging from ap-
proximately 26 to 33%, as shown in Fig. 6. This optimal void
range lies within the desired void range of pervious PCC. This
behavior is similar to that of normal PCC, in which larger size
aggregates result in higher elastic moduli values. The reduction in
elastic moduli for void contents greater than 33% may be due to
lack of particle contact. As stated previously, the actual air voids
themselves are larger as the aggregates sizes are larger; there is
less contact between the aggregates and therefore a reduction in
the stiffness of the hardened pervious PCC. This is consistent
with the literature; as the aggregate size decreases, the binding
area increases and results in an improvement of the strength
共Yang and Jiang 2003兲. Fig. 7 indicates that as the effective void
size 共D10兲 increases, the modulus of elasticity decreases for all
compactive efforts. In Fig. 7, each compactive effort is repre-
sented by the number of layers and the number of Marshall Ham-
mer blows per layer.
Conclusions
1. For pervious PCC, there was no significant difference be-
tween the voids, compressive strength, and elastic moduli
when using a more uniform gradation, as indicated from an
analysis of covariance. However, Figs. 1 and 2 indicated that
a more uniform gradation results in slightly higher effective
void contents at equal compactive efforts. Also, the compres-
sive strength and modulus of elasticity appeared to be higher
at equal void contents within an optimal void range of 23–
31%. Therefore, a uniform gradation mix appears to be more
reliable for pervious PCC field placements. At high compac-
tive efforts it is difficult to lower the void content below
desired limits, and better strength properties can be achieved.
2. Increasing the aggregate amount of pervious PCC results in
higher effective void contents at equal compactive efforts, as
well as a decrease in both compressive strength and modulus
of elasticity. This is the opposite of normal PCC and is a
result of the role of paste in pervious PCC. An increased
aggregate amount also results in a decreased paste amount.
Hence, there is less paste to fill up the voids, resulting in
higher void contents. Also, less paste is available for aggre-
gate bonding, which lowers the compressive strength and
modulus of elasticity.
3. At equal compactive efforts, there is a negligible difference
in effective void contents when the aggregate size is in-
creased for pervious PCC. The void sizes are larger when
using larger aggregate sizes, but the void content is still rela-
tively similar as a result of the excess paste after particle
coating. Also, the compressive strength decreases and the
static modulus of elasticity slightly increases for larger ag-
gregate sizes at effective void contents ranging from 26 to
33%. The larger void sizes may result in slightly lower com-
pressive strengths. The increase in modulus of elasticity for
increased aggregate sizes is consistent with normal PCC.
When increasing the aggregate size, there was a statistically
significant difference in the compressive strengths but not in
the elastic moduli when using an analysis of covariance at
the 95% confidence interval.
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Fig. 7. Modulus of elasticity versus effective void size 共D10兲
Acknowledgments
The writers gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the
Tennessee Concrete Association. The research team appreciates
material donations from Rogers Group, Inc., MBT Degussa, Irv-
ing Materials Inc., Builder’s Supply of Cookeville, Tenn., and the
TTU Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. The
writers also appreciate the technical assistance of Jeff Holmes,
Tim Dunn, Wes Mittlesteadt, and Ben Byard of TTU. The writers
would like to thank the TTU Center for Energy Systems Research
for administering the project and providing financial assistance.
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