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51-60-00 - EDDY CURRENT TESTING - GENERAL
51-60-00 - Descriptions
1. General
A. The eddy current nondestructive testing method is capable of detecting or measuring the following in
electrically conductive materials :
- cracks,
- corrosion,
- thickness of non-conductive layers on conductive materials,
- conductivity .
2. Basic Principles
COIL
ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE
MATERIAL
L_NT_516000_1_0040101_01_00
GRAPHITE
100 4
3
TITANIUM
50 2
STAINLESS STEEL
1
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF PENETRATION (MILLIMETERS)
20 ZIRCONIUM 0.8
0.6
TUNGSTEN URANIUM
0.001
0.02 0.0008
0.0006
0.01 0.0004
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000
FREQUENCY (KHz)
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF PENETRATION
THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF PENETRATION
IS THE POINT IN THE MATERIAL WHERE THE
EDDY CURRENT STRENGTH HAS DECREASED
TO 37% OF THE STRENGTH AT THE SURFACE
L_NT_516000_1_0050101_01_00
Figure 51-60-00-991-005-A - Effective Depth of Penetration and Conductivity of Common Materials
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Cu = 58 MS / m = 100% IACS
IACS = International Annealed Copper Standard
100 58
(% IACS) (MS / m) 50 29
55
49
90
48 28
50
47
27
80 46
45 (% IACS) (MS / m)
45 26
44
70 40 25
43
42
24
60 35 41
40
23
39
30
50 38 22
37
25 21
36
40
35
20
20 34
30 33 19
15 32
31 18
20 30
10 17
29
28
10 16
5 27
26 15
0 0 25 14.5
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Figure 51-60-00-991-006-A - Conductivity Conversion Diagram
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MS/m & IACS MS/m & IACS MS/m & IACS MS/m & IACS
1 1.72 15 28.5 30 51.7 44 75.8
2 3.45 16 27.6 31 53.4 45 77.6
3 5.17 17 29.3 32 55.2 46 79.3
4 6.90 18 31.0 33 56.9 47 81.0
5 8.62 19 32.7 34 58.6 48 82.7
6 10.3 20 34.5 35 60.3 49 84.5
7 12.1 21 36.2 36 62.1 50 86.2
8 13.8 22 37.9 37 63.8 51 87.9
9 15.5 23 39.6 38 65.5 52 89.6
10 17.2 24 41.4 39 67.2 53 91.4
11 18.9 25 43.1 40 68.9 54 93.1
12 20.7 26 44.8 41 70.7 55 94.8
13 22.4 27 46.5 42 72.4 56 96.5
14 24.1 28 48.3 43 74.1 57 98.3
29 50.0 58 100.0
POSITION 2
DRIVER COIL
V V
EDDY CURRENTS
EDGE EFFECT
MEASURING
COIL
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Figure 51-60-00-991-007-A - The Effect of Discontinuities and Edges on the Distribution of Eddy Currents
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A. When coil wound around a ferrite core is subjected to an alternating current, an electromagnetic alternating
field is produced. When this coil system is placed in contact with (or near to) the surface of an electrically
conductive material, eddy currents are produced within that material.
B. At any position within the central area of the material (away from edges and discontinuities) the distribution
of eddy currents is constant (See FIGURE 51-60-00-991-007, Position 1).
C. At, or near to, an edge or over a discontinuity (e.g. a crack), the eddy current distribution is disturbed (See
FIGURE 51-60-00-991-007, Position 2).
D. An additional measuring coil can be wound around the ferrite core of the exciter coil. This is used to give
information about the eddy current reaction within the material.
E. These principles of eddy current production provide the basis for all inspections using this method.
EVALUATION DISPLAY
GENERATOR
UNIT UNIT
PROBE
TEST PART
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PHASE
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1.0
cmR =
1.73
0.9
s=
2.90
0.3810
0.8 CALCULATED VALUES
L
Lo MEASURED VALUES
4.98
R2 = CONSTANT
INDUCTANCE
0.7 0.1905
8.56
0.0952
0.6
18.0
0.0476
29.0
0.5
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
RESISTANCE R
Lo
R = COIL RADIUS
S = LIFT OFF
= RADIAN FREQUENCY
R = PERMEABILITY
S
= CONDUCTIVITY
L = INDUCTANCE
L_NT_516000_1_0100101_01_00
X X
COMPENSATION FILTER FOR
DISPLAY AND
OSCILLATOR AND SIGNAL ROTATING
EVALUATION
ROTATION SYSTEMS
Y Y
TEST PART
L_NT_516000_1_0110101_01_00
Figure 51-60-00-991-011-A - Block Diagram of an Eddy Current System
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A. All eddy current systems have common features which are derived from physics. It is therefore possible to
divide an eddy current system into basic units of equipment:
(1) A generator drives a coil system (probe). The coil system measures the discontinuity and gives a
signal. An evaluation unit makes an analysis of the signal. The result is shown on a display unit (See
FIGURE 51-60-00-991-008).
B. The coil system (probe), together with the generator forms a vibration system, the properties of which
are influenced by the environment of the coil system. The influences consist of changes of conductivity
and permeability at locations adjacent to the probe system. Cracks and reduced or increased component
thicknesses, for example, are local conductivity changes. This will determine the impedance behavior of
the coil system and affect the phase relationships between voltage and current and their amplitude ratios.
C. For most inspections, it is sufficient for the evaluation unit to display only the amplitude of the measuring
system (See 51-60-00-003, Figure 51-60-00-007). For these inspections equipment can be used which has
a meter display for measuring the amplitude of the eddy current signals.
D. It is often not sufficient to measure only the amplitude. For some inspections the evaluation unit must
also assess the phase changes of the eddy current signals (See FIGURE 51-60-00-991-009). For these
inspections equipment with a visual display (cathode ray tube) is used for the representation of phase and
amplitude (impedance plane representation).
E. The use of impedance plane methods requires a knowledge of the following parameters which influence
the eddy current field:
- conductivity,
- frequency,
- the distance between the coil and the test part,
- permeability,
- geometry,
- edge effect.
Each parameter has a different direction of indication on the impedance plane. The influence of
conductivity, permeability, frequency, coil radius and distance effect on the impedance plane, see FIGURE
51-60-00-991-010. Typical eddy current equipment (for measuring amplitude and phase changes) has
components, see FIGURE 51-60-00-991-011.
ABSOLUTE PROBES
1 COIL SYSTEM
THE TRANSMITTER IS
ALSO THE RECEIVER
MEASURING COIL
AND
2 COIL SYSTEM
THIS HAS A TRANSMITTER
AND A RECEIVER
MEASURING COIL
DIFFERENTIAL PROBE
MEASURING COIL
L_NT_516000_1_0130101_01_00
Figure 51-60-00-991-013-A - Examples of Coil Windings for Eddy Current Probes
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FOUR-POLE PROBE
MEASURING COIL
A TEST PART
ROTARY PROBE
MEASURING COIL
ROTARY HEAD
A
L_NT_516000_1_0140101_01_00
Figure 51-60-00-991-014-A - Examples of Coil Windings for Special Differential Probes
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A. To inspect a component, a probe adapted to the inspection task is required. In principle there are two types
of probe:
(1) An Absolute Probe System
(a) In its simplest form this has a ferrite core around which a coil is wound. This acts as an exciter
and a measuring winding. It is also possible to have a separate exciter coil (field coil) and receiver
coil (measuring coil) in this system. This probe system is used for corrosion measurement,
conductivity measurement, layer thickness measurement and surface crack inspections.
(2) A Differential Probe System
(a) In its simplest form this consists of two ferrite cores which are surrounded by a common field
winding. Each core has a separate counterwound measuring coil. When this arrangement of coils
is used to inspect an area which is uniformly good or has a discontinuity which extends under both
coils, the resulting measuring signal is zero. If a discontinuity occurs under only one coil, the two
coils are out of balance with each other and a measuring signal is generated.
(3) Both of the above probe systems can be made into multi-coil systems with various field and
measuring coils. This depends on the set-up and type of wiring. For example, a four-pole coil with
a centrally located transmitter coil and four receiver coils located around the transmitter coil can
be used to inspect riveted joints. Examples of different types of probe coil windings, see FIGURE
51-60-00-991-013 and FIGURE 51-60-00-991-014.
(4) Special probes can be used to inspect the bores of holes. These are usually differential coil probes
which are rotated by a motor at a constant speed to scan the bore of the hole. Hand-rotated absolute
probes can be used as an alternative.
(5) Special probes may be necessary for some inspections to counteract the effects caused by changes in
the profile or the edges of the inspection area. The probe can have the same shape as the inspection
area or a special probe holder can be used to hold the probe in a controlled position.
(6) Probe guides can be used if it is necessary to maintain a constant scanning path during the inspection.
For example, a draftman's template can be used to scan around rivet heads or a non-conductive
straight edge can be used to scan in a straight line.
6. Calibration Block
SLOT A B C
mm in mm in mm in ELECTRO EROSION SLOTS
DEPTH 0.2 0.008 0.5 0.02 1 0.039
WIDTH 0.2 0.008 0.2 0.008 0.2 0.008
C
7 mm A
(0.276 in)
80 mm
(3.15 in)
35 mm
(1.378 in)
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Figure 51-60-00-991-015-A - Example of a Calibration Block to Calibrate for Surface Crack Inspections
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D
X
SLOT
X
HOLE WITH A
SPARK EROSION SLOT
NOTE:
THE WIDTH OF THE SLOT MUST BE A MAXIMUM OF 0.2 mm (0.008 in)
THE DEPTH OF THE SLOT MUST BE APPROXIMATELY 0.5 mm (0.02 in)
L_NT_516000_1_0160101_01_01
Figure 51-60-00-991-016-A - Example of a Calibration Block for the Inspection of Holes
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REDUCTION
FROM D
5% 10% 15% 20%
A A
A A
150 mm
(5.906 in)
20 mm
(0.79 in)
50 mm 3 x 50 mm
(1.969 in) (3 x 1.969 in)
250 mm
(9.843 in)
NOTE: BOTH AXES OF THE REBATES MUST BE GREATER THAN THE PROBE DIAMETER.
L_NT_516000_1_0170101_01_00
Figure 51-60-00-991-017-A - Example of a Calibration Block to Inspect for and Evaluate Corrosion
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A. Before using the eddy current method to inspect a part for its condition or for discontinuities, the condition
or discontinuities which are sought must be defined. As for any other measuring method, the eddy current
method requires a reference as a block. All deviations from this block, within a specified tolerance, will then
be considered as unacceptable.
B. For different inspections, different calibration blocks and adjusting blocks are required for this
measurement comparison. These calibration blocks can also be used for functional checking of the test
equipment.
C. As a general rule, the simulated discontinuity in a block must be as representative of a real discontinuity
as is possible. When testing for cracks, for example, a saw cut will have a different effect on eddy current
distribution than a natural fatigue crack. For practical purposes, however, it is often not possible to produce
a calibration block with natural discontinuities. Therefore, the choice of calibration block is very important
for the assessment of the discontinuity. Different types of blocks are given below:
(1) Calibration Block for the Inspection of Surface-Breaking Cracks
(a) A calibration block with eroded surface slots of different depths can be used. The material
specification of the block must be similar to the material specification of the part to be inspected.
The widths of the eroded slots are 0.2 mm (0.008 in), the depths of the slots are 0.2 mm (0.008
in), 0.5 mm (0.020 in) and 1 mm (0.039 in). An example of a calibration block to calibrate for
surface crack inspections is shown in FIGURE 51-60-00-991-015.
(2) Calibration Block for the Inspection of Holes
(a) A calibration block for the inspection of holes must be made from the similar material as the part to
be inspected. It must have the same thickness as the part.
(b) For each hole to be inspected, there must be two holes of the same diameter and quality in the
block. One hole must have no discontinuities, the other must have a continuous eroded slot.
The width of the slot must be a maximum of 0.2 mm (0.008 in). The depth of the slot must be
approximately 0.5 mm (0.020 in). An example of a block for the inspection of holes is shown in
FIGURE 51-60-00-991-016.
(3) Calibration Block to Inspect for and Evaluate Corrosion
(a) A calibration block to inspect for and evaluate corrosion must be made of the same material as the
part to be inspected and must have the same thickness.
(b) The calibration block should have areas of reduced thickness, e.g. 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the
nominal material thickness. These depend on the depth of material reduction to be measured. An
example of a block to inspect for and evaluate corrosion is shown in FIGURE 51-60-00-991-017.
(4) Calibration Block for Coating Thickness Measurement
(a) A calibration block for coating thickness measurement must be made from the same material
as the basic unpainted material of the inspection area. Two or more foils with similar material
properties to the coating to be measured must be supplied with the block. These foils should have
different thicknesses which are within the measurement range. This is to permit the calibration of
the equipment.
(5) Calibration Block for Conductivity Measurement
(a) Basic calibration blocks to measure conductivity are usually supplied with the equipment. For
special applications it may be necessary to produce special blocks. These must be within the
required measurement range.
(6) Calibration Block for Special Applications
(a) For some special inspections, a calibration/reference block must be made which represents
the part to be inspected. This type of block must be made from the same materials and to the
same construction blocks as the part to be inspected. The block must contain representative
discontinuities in the areas where discontinuities are likely to occur in the real structure.
CALIBRATION BLOCK
CRACKS
ABSOLUTE
PROBE
DRAFTMAN'S
CIRCLE TEMPLATES
L_NT_516000_1_0180101_01_01
Figure 51-60-00-991-018-A - Example of an Inspection for Surface Cracks
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615
6 SCALE DIVISIONS
WITHOUT CRACK
PROBE A
CENTER MARK
EXTERNAL
SKIN DIFFERENTIAL PROBE
(FOUR-POLE PROBE)
PROBE
GUIDE
RIVET
ROW 1
INTERNAL
SKIN
INSPECTION
DIRECTION
RIVET
ROW 1
SIMULATED CRACKS
(SAWCUTS) FATIGUE
CRACKS
100% 100%
75% 75%
50% 50%
25% 25%
0% 0%
616
HOLE WITH
NO SLOT
ROTARY PROBE
SLOT
HIGH FREQUENCY
A
EDDY CURRENT
INSTRUMENT WITH
SYNCHRONOUS
SCREEN DISPLAY
MOTOR UNIT TO
ROTATE THE PROBE CALIBRATION
BLOCK
CRACK
L_NT_516000_1_0200101_01_01
Figure 51-60-00-991-020-A - An Example of an Inspection for Cracks in Holes
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617
INSPECTION AREA
OUTER SKIN
A A
CALIBRATION BLOCK
A A
L_NT_516000_1_0210101_01_01
Figure 51-60-00-991-021-A - An Example of an Inspection for Corrosion
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End of document