LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT-1
Study of voltage build up process and to plot the magnetizing characteristics of self-
excited induction generator.

Submitted By – Ayash Mohanty

Roll No.- 221EE4442

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
Study of voltage build up process and to plot the magnetizing characteristics of self-excited induction
generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No. Apparatus Rating No.
Required
1. DC motor- Squirrel cage DC:3.5 KW,220 volt,1500 RPM 1
induction generator set 18.5 Amp,
Shunt IM: 3.7KW,415 V ,1445
RPM, 7.5A

2. Voltmeter (AC) (0-500) V 1

3. Ammeter (AC) (0-5) A 1
4. Rheostat 220 Ω 2
5. 3-phase VARIAC 415 V, 50 Hz 1
6. Capacitor Bank 2.8 kVAR 1
7. Lamp Load 1 kW 1
8. Tachometer - 1
9. Digital storage oscilloscope 20 MHz, Dual Channel 1

THEORY:
Introduction

With increasing demand for the amounts of electricity from the potential distributed energy in wind,
hydropower, biomass, and tidal, self-excited induction generator (SEIG) is becoming a popular dynamo which
has the advantages of lower maintenance demands and relatively simplified controls in conjunction with the
different prime movers for effective utilization of these renewable energy sources. The challenges of using
SEIG are the quality control of the power out, i.e. voltage and frequency when driven by the intermittent energy
resources. Therefore, more attentions have been drawn on improving the voltage, frequency, and regulating
the power quality of SEIG-based distributed generation system, especially its stabilization and the influence
factors .

Self Excited Induction Generator(Working Theory)

Just like a DC Machine, a same induction machine can be used as an induction motor as well as an induction
generator, without any internal modifications. Induction generators are also called as asynchronous
generators. It is clear that, an induction machine needs reactive power for excitation, regardless whether it is
operating as a generator or a motor. When an induction generator is connected to a grid, it takes reactive
power from the grid. But what if we want to use an induction generator to supply a load without using an
external source (eg-grid)

A capacitor bank can be connected across the stator terminals to supply reactive power to the machine as well
as to the load. When the rotor is rotated at an enough speed, a small voltage is generated across the stator
terminals due to residual magnetism. Due to this small generated voltage, capacitor current is produced which
provides further reactive power for magnetization.
 Fig 1- Self Excited Induction generator

Applications of induction generators: Induction generators produce useful power even at varying rotor
speeds. Hence, they are suitable in wind turbines.
Advantages: Induction or asynchronous generators are more rugged and require no commutator and brush
arrangement (as it is needed in case of synchronous generators).
One of the major disadvantage of induction generators is that they take quite large amount of reactive power.

Working principle of Induction Generator

Consider, an AC supply is connected to the stator terminals of an induction machine. Rotating magnetic field
produced in the stator pulls the rotor to run behind it (the machine is acting as a motor).Now, if the rotor is
accelerated to the synchronous speed by means of a prime mover, the slip will be zero and hence the net
torque will be zero. The rotor current will become zero when the rotor is running at synchronous speed.
If the rotor is made to rotate at a speed more than the synchronous speed, the slip becomes negative. A rotor
current is generated in the opposite direction, due to the rotor conductors cutting stator magnetic field. This
generated rotor current produces a rotating magnetic field in the rotor which pushes (forces in opposite
way) onto the stator field. This causes a stator voltage which pushes current flowing out of the stator winding
against the applied voltage. Thus, the machine is now working as an induction generator (asynchronous
generator).

Fig 2- Working of Induction Generator

Induction generator is not a self-excited machine. Therefore, when running as a generator, the machine takes
reactive power from the AC power line and supplies active power back into the line. Reactive power is needed
for producing rotating magnetic field. The active power supplied back in the line is proportional to slip above
the synchronous speed.
Voltage Build up in any Self-Excited Generator

When a generator is driven at constant speed without its shunt circuit being closed, a very small residual
voltage (1 to 5 volts) appears at its terminals because of the residual magnetism remaining in the Iron. When
the field circuit is properly connected, the residual voltage forces a small exciting current through the field
circuit and thereby increases the field strength.

Because of the increased field strength, the generated voltage increases. This reciprocal action continues until
a point of stability is reached at which the flux produced by the current in the field is just sufficient to generate
the voltage required to produce the field current. Most modern generators are so designed that, with no
resistance in series with the field, the voltage will rise to about 125 per cent of rated value. This condition is
represented by the point a in Fig 3. The straight line Oa is called a field resistance line because its slope V/If is
equal to Rf, the resistance of the field circuit including the field rheostat. After the voltage has built up, it may be
adjusted to any desired value between a and c by increasing the resistance of the field circuit by means of its
rheostat. Generators are usually designed so that the rated voltage is generated at the point b or at somewhat
higher field current. For every value of field-circuit resistance, the resistance line will have a particular slope,
such as Od or Ob.

Fig.3 . Generator Self-Excitation Curve

If the resistance is made so high that the slope of the resistance line, as Oe, is equal to or greater than that of
the lower straight part of the magnetization curve, the voltage of the generator will collapse and will drop to the
residual value O'. A generator may fail to build up for any of the following reasons:

1. Field-circuit resistance too high; including open circuit.

2. Speed too low.

3. Residual magnetism lost.

4. Direction of rotation incorrect.

5. Generator terminals connected to external circuit of too low resistance.

6. Shunt-field terminals reversed.

Voltage Build Up in Self excited Induction Generator:

Voltage build-up in a single phase self excited induction generator (SEIG) is a transient phenomenon which
depends upon many factors such as speed of the prime mover, excitation capacitance and magnetizing
inductance of the induction machine.
The magnetizing characteristic of a Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) defines relationship between its
magnetizing reactance and air-gap voltage. The characteristic is essential for steady state, dynamic or
transient analysis of SEIGs as the magnetizing inductance is the main factor responsible for voltage build-up
and its stabilization in these machines. In order to obtain essential data to get this characteristic the induction
machine is subjected to synchronous speed test. The data yielded by this test can be utilized to extract
complete magnetizing behaviour of the test machine.

Self excitation is a transient phenomenon requiring onset of excitation current increasing with time
facilitated by an initial charge either on the excitation capacitance or in the machine rotor. The successful
self excitation in a SEIG leads to a perpetual rise of magnetizing current leading to successful voltage build-up
across its terminals. As the magnetizing current and hence the flux inside the machine build-up rapidly the
magnetizing inductance keeps decreasing which leads the machine towards magnetic saturation. The
saturation in the machine is essential to bring the generated voltage in steady state corresponding to its rated
value.

PROCEDURE:
Magnetization characteristics:

1. Connect the circuit as per Fig 4.

2. First establish a connection among the DC supply and DC motor. By varying the field and
armature resistance, the speed of the machine is increased up to synchronous speed.
3. Connect the 3-phase variac to stator supply of the induction machine and gradually increase the variac
voltage up to rated voltage with constant synchronous speed. By varying the stator voltage, take the
voltmeter and ammeter reading. Put all the readings in Tabulation.
4. From the above Tablulation, calculate Xm.

X m = √Z 2 − R S 2

Plot Xm vs I curve.

Voltage build-up process:

1. Connect the circuit as per Fig. 5.

2. Increase the speed of the shaft by using DC motor field and armature circuit to synchronous speed.
3. Connect the capacitor bank, at no-load, take line-line voltage waveform through the digital oscilloscope.
4. Connect the lamp load, observe the waveform

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 4- Circuit diagram for Synchronous speed Test

 Fig 5- Circuit diagram for Voltage build-up process of the SEIG.

CONCLUSION
We arrive at a very important conclusion that the voltage build up of the self excited Induction generator is not
possible without magnetization curve which is obtained experimentally through synchronous speed test of the
SEIG. The magnetizing characteristic of a SEIG defines relationship between its magnetizing reactance and
air-gap voltage. The characteristic is essential for steady state, dynamic or transient analysis of SEIGs as the
magnetizing inductance is the main factor responsible for voltage build-up and its stabilization in these
machines. Self excitation is a transient phenomenon requiring onset of excitation current increasing with
time facilitated by an initial charge either on the excitation capacitance or in the machine rotor. The
successful self excitation in a SEIG through capacitor bank leads to a perpetual rise of magnetizing current
leading to successful voltage build-up across its terminals. As the magnetizing current and hence the flux
inside the machine build-up rapidly the magnetizing inductance keeps decreasing which leads the machine
towards magnetic saturation. The saturation in the machine is essential to bring the generated voltage in
steady state corresponding to its rated value.