Sociocultural and Political Evolution

THERE ARE MANY THEORIES ON HOW CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL

AND ECONOMIC PRACTICES WERE ESTABLISHED AND CHANGED
OVER TIME. ONE SUCH THEORY IS THE SOCIOCULTURAL
EVOLUTION.
• HOW DID SOCIETIES TRANSFORM THROUGH TIME?
• HOW DOES CULTURAL EVOLUTION AFFECT THE
TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETIES?
• WHAT ARE THE SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS THAT
HAPPEN AS SOCIETIES AND THEIR CULTURE EVOLVE?
 SOCIETIES ARE OF DIFFERENT TYPE AND THEIR TYPES
DEPEND ON THEIR LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT:

1. HUNTING AND GATHERINGS SOCIETIES

2. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
3. PASTORAL SOCIETIES
4. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
5. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
6. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
 HUNTING AND GATHERINGS SOCIETIES

MEN- HUNT ANIMALS LIKE DEER, MOOSE AND OTHER ANIMALS AVAILABLE
IN THE AREAS
WOMEN- COLLECT VEGETABLES, BERRIES, AND SMALL EDIBLE CROPS
RELY ON THEIR NATURE FOR FOOD, FREQUENTLY MOVE AND DO NOT
HAVE PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS. HENCE THEY'RE ARE NOMADIC SOCIETIES.
LIVES IN CAVES AND PIT OR UNDERSTANDING HOUSES THAT ARE DUG
AND COVERED WITH TREE BRANCHES AND LEAVES.
SMALL GROUPS CONSISTS OF 20 TO 30 MEMBERS
SHAMAN OR PRIEST – RULERS/ LEADER OF THEIR GROUP
THEY BELIEVE IN SPIRITS ( ANIMISM)
 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

SEMI SEDENTARY BECAUSE THEY DO NOT FREQUENTLY MOVE

SMALL SCALE FARMING
PRODUCE SIMPLE FORMS OF HAND TOOLS TO PLANT CROPS
FOOD SUPPLY IS MORE THAN ENOUGH TO FEED THE MEMBERS OF
SOCIETY.
CRAFTS MAKING AND TRADING
UNEQUAL CLASSES
Transported through wagons
 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

STARTED CULTIVATING WHEAT, RICE, PEAS, BARLEY

FARMING
ANIMAL DOMESTICATION ( SHEEP, GOATS, PIGS, CATTLE)
TRANSPORTED THROUGH WAGONS
MONEY BECAME THE FORM OF EXCHANGE REPLACING THE BARTER
SYSTEM
SOCIAL INEQUALITY (SLAVES, ELITE)
 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AND MACHINERIES WERE INVENTED

PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING
WORKPLACES, FORMAL EDUCATION AND COMPLEX SOCIAL SYSTEM
 POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTERS

• EDUCATION AS THE BASIS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
• INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL
EMPLOYMENT