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ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO, Inc
Junior High School Department
“Christus in Centro
LESSON 1: QUADRILATERALS
CONTENT STANDARD:
demonstrates understanding of key concepts of parallelograms and triangle similarity.
We will haveSTANDARD:
PERFORMANCE the following learning targets. At the end of the lesson, check the column that best
describes
is able toyour assessment
investigate, of your
analyze, and own
solvelearning
problemsrelative to the
involving given learningand
parallelograms targets.
triangle similarity
through appropriate and accurate representation
To make our learning more meaningful, here are some expectations from you and your
parents/guardian as we journey together on this module.
To keep us all healthy and always ready to learn, here are some of the “home mode reminders”,
we can practice.
LESSON OVERVIEW:
Mathematics is a form of a language. And as such, it has its own manner of communicating
information. As you progress in your mathematical career, you will discover that mathematics
relies more and more on its own set of symbols when discussing information. In this module
you will be introduced to the different symbols and manner of labelling figures to communicate
geometric information. Moreover, this module will focus on quadrilaterals as parallelogram, its
properties, and how to solve related problems related to parallelogram properties. Chapter 4
of your book provides a discussion and numerous exercises and examples leading to mastery
of the competencies stated as follows:
determine the conditions that make a quadrilateral a parallelogram.
use properties to find measures of angles, sides and other quantities involving
parallelograms
prove theorems on the different kinds of parallelogram (rectangle, rhombus, square).
Proves the Midline Theorem
Proves theorems on trapezoids and kites
Solves problems involving parallelograms, trapezoids and kites.
Chapter 4 pp. (239-287) of your textbook provides additional discussions and exercises for this
module.
INTRODUCTION:
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ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO, Inc
Junior High School Department
“Christus in Centro
LESSON 1: QUADRILATERALS
What is a quadrilateral?
In geometry, a quadrilateral can be defined as a closed two-dimensional shape which has four
straight sides.
A quadrilateral can be classified according to number of pairs of parallel sides it has. Take a look at the
figure below.
Now, Let us familiarize ourselves with the different symbols that will be used in the discussion.
Geometric
Interpretation Example
Symbol
Angle
Triangle
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ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO, Inc
Junior High School Department
“Christus in Centro
↔ Line
Line Segment
→ or ← Ray
|| Parallel
⊥ Perpendicular
Congruent
Similar
Note: If geometric figures are congruent then the figures have equal measures.
. Lines are traditionally labeled by expressing two points through which the line passes
.
Lines may also be labelled with a single scripted letter, and referred to by that name.
When drawing rectangle ABCD: the letters must follow, in order, around the outside of
the figure. You may start at any vertex point.
When drawing rectangle ABCD: you may NOT label "across" the figure as shown here.
This is not rectangle ABCD.(It is rectangle ACBD.)
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ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO, Inc
Junior High School Department
“Christus in Centro
Notice how they appear as sets: the lines with one feather are parallels, and the lines with two
feathers are parallel.
“Hash marks" are used to represent segments of equal length on diagrams. Notice that
corresponding sides are distinguished by their number of hash marks. It is customary, with
congruent triangles, to "letter" the triangles' names in a corresponding order: vertex A will
correspond to vertex D, vertex B to vertex E, and vertex C to vertex F, so triangle ABC is
congruent to triangle DEF
´ CD
Since, the slopes of AB∧ ´ are equal, we can now ´ = 3−(−1) = −4 =−4
slope of AB
´ ´
conclude that AB∧CD are parallel to each other. Then 1−2 1
´ BC
we also need to prove that AD∧ ´ are parallel by
showing that they have equal slopes. ´ = (5−1) = −4 =−4
slope of CD
6−7 1
After showing two pairs of parallel sides, we now show two pairs of opposite sides congruent.
Opposite sides are BC
´ and AD ´ and AB ´ and CD ´ . We need to show each pair must have equal
length. To do these we need to use the distance formula. d= √ ¿ ¿ ¿
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ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO, Inc
Junior High School Department
“Christus in Centro
Another property that needs to be proven is: “the diagonals bisect each other”. We can do this by
showing that the segments have identical midpoint.
x2 + x 1 ´ . Are
Activity 3: Determine the midpoint of AC
x midpoint =
2 they the same? What can you conclude about AC ´
Therefore, the midpoint of diagonal and BD´ ? ´
BD
1+7 3+1
x BD´ = = 4; y= = 2;
2 2
Thus, the midpoint of BD
´ is (4, 2)
Try it 3:
(b)
P Q
Following the same Idea in the first
(x+30) 0 example, we have
( x+30) + 72 = 180
X + 30 + 72 = 180
5 cm ( 8y-3) cm X + 102 = 180
X = 180-102
X = 78
Substitution: ∠ P=78+ 30
720 ∠ P = 1080
S R
A two-column proof is one common way to organize a proof in geometry. Two-column proofs
always have two columns: one for statements and one for reasons. The best way to
understand two-column proofs is to read through examples.
When writing your own two-column proof, keep these things in mind:
1. Number each step.
2. Start with the given information.
3. Statements with the same reason can be combined into one step. It is up to you.
4. Draw a picture and mark it with the given information.
5. You must have a reason for EVERY statement.
6. The order of the statements in the proof is not always fixed, but make sure the order
makes logical sense.
7. Reasons will be definitions, postulates, properties and previously proven theorems.
“Given” is only used as a reason if the information in the statement column was given in
the problem.
8. Use symbols and abbreviations for words within proofs. For example, ≅ can be used in
place of the word congruent. You could also use ∠ for the word angle
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ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO, Inc
Junior High School Department
“Christus in Centro
What is a postulate?
A statement, also known as an axiom, which is taken to be true without proof
Postulates are the basic structure from which lemmas and theorems are derived.
What is theorem?
A theorem is a statement that can be demonstrated to be true by accepted
mathematical operations and arguments
For a guided discussion on proofs on the different theorems regarding rectangles, rhombus
and squares, follow this link:
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/Quadrilaterals/QDRectangle.html
Examples of trapezoids:
Types of trapezoids:
1. Right trapezoid: It has a pair of right angles.
2. Isosceles trapezoid: It has equal length of non-parallel sides.
3. Scalene trapezoid: It neither has equal angles nor has equal sides.
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ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO, Inc
Junior High School Department
“Christus in Centro
Properties of trapezoids
A. The properties of the trapezoid are as follows:
1. The bases are parallel by definition.
2. Each lower base angle is supplementary to the upper base angle on the same side.
B. The properties of the isosceles trapezoid are as follows:
1. The properties of trapezoid apply by definition (parallel bases).
2. The legs are congruent by definition.
3. The lower base angles are congruent.
Theorems on Trapezoids
1. A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if the base angles are congruent.
2. A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if the diagonals are congruent.
3. If a trapezoid is isosceles, the opposite angles are supplementary.
What is a Kite?
In Euclidean geometry, a kite is a quadrilateral whose four sides can be grouped into two
pairs of equal-length sides that are adjacent to each other.
Examples of a kite:
Properties of kites:
1. Two disjoint pairs of consecutive sides are congruent by definition
2. The diagonals are perpendicular.
3. One diagonal is the perpendicular bisector of the other diagonal.
4. The main diagonal bisects a pair of opposite angles.
5. The opposite angles at the endpoints of the cross diagonal are congruent
Activity 7: To observe how the measures in a kite changes as the angles and side
change follow the link: https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/kite.html . Also answer
the 10 questions about kite at the end of the page of the site, the Mathopolis questions
to see how well you do in kites.
2) PQRS is a trapezoid in which PQ || RS. If ∠P = ∠Q = 40, find the measures of other two
angles.
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ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO, Inc
Junior High School Department
“Christus in Centro
5) In a quadrilateral, the angles are in the ratio of 4:5:3:6.Find the measures of each
angles.
6) If three angles in the trapezoid are 130 0, 120 0, 50 0 and 2x 0 . Find x and the 4th angle.
1
Mid segment = 2 ( b1+ b2 )
The proof
A B
P Q
D C E
´ ≅ EC
8. AB ´ and AQ
´ ≅ EQ
´ Corresponding parts of Congruent triangles are
congruent (CPCTC)
´ and PQ= DE
´ ∥ DE 1 The median of a triangle is parallel to the third
9. PQ side and is half as long
2
10. PQ´ ∥ DC
´ Since from (9) and C is contained in DE ´
´ ∥ AB
11. PQ ´ (9) and (10)a line parallel to one of two parallel
lines is parallel to the other line.
12. DE = DC + EC Definition of betweenness
13. AB = EC From (8) definition of congruent segments
14. DE = DC + AB FROM (11) law of substitution
1 From ( (9) law of substitution
15. PQ= (DC + AB )
2
Illustrative Example:
In the diagram below: ABDC is an isosceles trapezoid with EF as its median or midline.
Find the values of x and y. D
E
(5y +1)0
5x cm 7x cm 18 cm
A
F 640
C
FC = ½ (AB + ED) Since, ∠ C∧∠ D form the base angles of the trapezoid,
7x = ½ ( 5x + 18 ) then they are congruent and ∠ A∧∠D are supplemen-
14x = 5x + 18 tary angles, therefore ∠ A+∠ D=180° , then it makes
14x – 5x = 18 ∠ A+∠C to be supplementary also.
9x = 18 ∠ A+∠ C=180 °
X=2 5y + 1 + 64 = 180
Therefore CF = 14 cm 5y = 180-65
5y = 115
y = 23, thus m∠ B=116 °
Activity11. IN SUMMARY
Complete the table below by putting check marks. The first one has been done for you.
Scaffold 1:
The word tessellation comes from the small ceramic tiles called tesserae. A
tessellation of a plain is a collection of tiles that fill the plain without gaps or
overlaps. A tessellation in which tiles are congruent regular polygons and which
edges exactly match are called regular tessellations. Create a design of your own,
using quadrilaterals only. Present a report about the step-by step procedure in
coming up with the design.
For an example of a tessellation, follow the link:
https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/tessellation.html
You can also use other links.
You are a budding artist trying to put up a portfolio of your artworks in preparation
for an application in a university. The university requires portrait samples of
famous renaissance artists. You plan to make a scaled drawing as part of your
portfolio in a 17” by 11” board with 1 inch border on all sides of the working space.
You will be graded according to proper use of similarity concepts and creativity.
Congratulations, you had just finished your lesson module! After studying our lesson,
kindly write the things you learned, found interesting and question as your learning summaries
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ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO, Inc
Junior High School Department
“Christus in Centro
Based on our lesson, what are your new learning and realizations as a child of God
We would like to hear from you and your parent/guardian comments and observations of this
lesson’s module. If you have suggestions, please feel free to write it on the box provided. Remember,
we are partners in this learning. Your feedbacks will be highly appreciated.
Observation:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__________
Question (if there’s any):
REFERENCES:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelogram
2. https://www.google.com/search?
q=what+is+a+parallelogram&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=pxRZLzT3Hl3VkM
%252CkGsVZ0xmjWNFCM%252C%252Fm%252F0_86w&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
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ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO, Inc
Junior High School Department
“Christus in Centro
kQQ9yP00l9gd7aRpWOwiiiXPlHkEw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuseGLi8PtAhUuGqYKHa-
4DsUQ_B16BAg5EAE#imgrc=pxRZLzT3Hl3VkM
3. https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/BasicTerms/BTnotation2.html
4. https://tutors.com/math-tutors/geometry-help/proving-a-quadrilateral-is-a-parallelogram#para
5. https://www.dummies.com/education/math/geometry/how-to-prove-that-a-quadrilateral-is-a-
parallelogram/
6. https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/geometry/trapezoid
7. https://www.shmoop.com/quadrilaterals/kites-examples.html
8. https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/kite.html
9. E-Math 9 Worktext in Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce, Marilyn O. Mendoza
NEW SYLLABUS MATHEMATICS, Singapore Math Worktext, Dr yeap Ban Har, Dr. Joseph
Yeo The KengSeng. Et. Al.
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