READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER
CHAPTER 1- HISTORY AND HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
Definition of History
 Simple acceptance of what is written about
a historical topic, event or person
 Simple historical chronology of famous date,
incidents and people
 Integrative to many disciplines like
geography, literature, art , sociology,
economics, political science
Idealism - history is describe in terms of ideas-
what people thought and their action intention
Historicism - the autonomy of the past must be
respected
Relativism - there is no absolute truth; all views of
history are valid
Cliometrics - express history in statistics and
mathematics
Primary Source- original item like image,
document, map, artifact that provide evidence of
the past
Secondary source- which a primary source is
represented
Analytical approach- an argument is valid ifit is
based on sound evidence
Logic- evidence supports the premise and the
conclusions that are made
Some Comments About History
 History is written by the winners- Napoleon
Bonaparte
 Study the past if you would define the
future- Confucious
 If we are to make progress, we must not
repeat history but make new history. We
must add to inheritance left by our
ancestors - Mahatma Gandhi
 We are not makers of history. We are made
by history - Martin Luther King, Jr.
 The history of all hitherto existing society is
the history of class struggles - Karl Marx
 Let us study things that are no more. It is
necessary to understand them, if only to
avoid them- Victor Hugo
Why Study History?
History- knowledge of the past that is important to
the welfare of individuals, communities and nation
To Ourselves
 Identity- discover own place in the stories
of their family, community and nation
 Critical Skills- teaches independent skill,
research, accuracy and reliability of sources
To Our Communities
 Vital Paces to Live and Work- no place
becomes community without human
memory, family stories, traditions
 Economic Development- catalyst for
economic growth
To Our Future
 Engaged Citizens- practice of expressing
views and take actions
 leadership- with inspiration and role models
to meet complex chalenges to face nation,
world
 Legacy- save and preserve is the
foundation for future generations
History Differentiated
 History vs Past
 Past- everything happen since the dawn of
time; action of man, leaves that fell,
chemical change
 History- interpreting evidence from past
through informed way; narrative that gives
meaning, sense and explanation to past in
the present
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER
History vs Prehistory
 History- records of significant events
happen in the past
 Prehistory- period of human activity prior to
invention of writing system
History, Historicity and Historiography
 History- narrative account to examine and
analyze past events
 Historicity- authentication of characters in
history like of legend or myth
 Historiography- writing of history and how
the interpretation change over time
History vs Herstory
 History- Greek word historia meaning
inquire, knowledge acquire by investigation;
study of the past
 Herstory- written from woman’s point of
view
Historical Research
 Techniques and guidelines which historians
use primary source and other evidence to
research and write in forms of past accounts
 Historical approach- researches interested
in reporting evnts occurred in the past
Purpose of Historical Research
 Describe and examine events of the past to
understand the present and anticipate
potential future effects
 Research conclusions about past
persons/occurrences
 To help people learn from past failures and
success
Characteristics of Historical Research
 Focus on the past
 Portrayal of past events
 Collecting and reading research material
collected and writing manuscript from data
collected
 Discovery of data already exist
 Analytical
 Has variety of foci like issues, events
 Records and evaluates accomplishment of
individuals
Advantage of Historical Research
 Investigation of topics can be studied in
other way
 Suited for trend analysis
 Not physically involve in the situation under
study
 No danger of experimenter- subject
interaction
 Documents are located by researcher, data
is gathered,
 Conclusions are drawn out of sight
Disadvantage of Historical Research
 Many threats to internal validity
 Researches cannot control treats to internal
validity
 Limitations are imposed
 Cannot ensure representation of sample
 Bias in interpreting historical sources
 Time consuming
 Availability of historical materials can be
problematic
 Lack of control over external variables
Steps in Historical Research
 Identifying topic/ defining problem or
hypothesis
 Search for data sources and resource
materials
 Summarizing and evaluating the sources
 Analyzing, synthesizing, interpreting
evidence/ draw conclusions
Cyclical View of History
 From histories of the Greeks
 Heroditus- work Histories, story of men and
states as cycles
 Thucydides- time as recurring in cyclical
fashion
 Petrach- basis of history was people’s
actions rather than whims of God
 Machiavelli- history as casebook of political
strategy
 Arnold Toynbee and Oswald Spengler-
history is cyclical; civilizations rise and fall
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER
Linear View of History
 History is progressive not having cyclical
return
 Augustine- unfolding of God’s plan, end in
final judgment
 Voltaire- 4 great ages of man in scientific
enlightenment of Newton
 Marxist- class struggle that end’s in
workers revolution
 H. G Wells- race between education and
disaster
Great God View of History
 Myths- does not have scientific validity like
of God’s creation
 King- Sumerians, Babylonians, Egyptians
before Greeks and Romans
 Reshaped by Christian and Mohammedan
Great Man View of History
 Dominant personalities determine the
course of history like rulers, warriors,
statesmen
 History is the record of deeds of great
people
 Thomas Carlyle- record of collective
experience of ordinary people
 Sir Walter Scott- how people live through
significant events
 William E.B. Du Bois- record of the lives of
subject peoples
Best People View of History
 Some elite, the best race, favored nation,
ruling class make history
 Israelites as God’s chosen people
 Greeks- acme of culture, better in all
aspects than barbarians
 Plato and Aristotle- look the slave-holding
aristocracy as superior to lower orders
 Hitler- Arian race was the best among
races
Ideas or Great Mind View o History
 Anaxagoras- reasons govern the world
 Aristotle- prime mover of universe and
animator of everything is God
 G.W.F Hegel- spirit or mind is the only
motive principle of history
Human Nature View of History
 Human nature- rigid and unchanging from
one generation to another
 Thucydides- human nature and behavior
are fixed qualities
 David Hume- mankind are so much the
same in all paces and time
 E. B Tylor- human institution are shaped by
human nature
Economic View of History
 Karl Marx- most proponent of this view
 Economic factor as the most important
determinant of history
Gender History
 Joan Kelly- Did women have
Renaissance?
Postmodern View of History
 History as we make of it
 Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault-
each historical period has own knowledge
system
Other views of History
 Friedrich Nietzsche- history has no
beginning or end
 Michel Foucault- victory of social struggle
use political dominance to suppress
defeated
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER
CHAPTER 2- SOURCES OF HISTORY
4 category of historical source materials
 Documents
 Numerical records
 Oral Statements
 Relics
Documents- Written/ printed materials produced in
one form or another sometime in the past
Numerical records- numerical data in printed or
handwritten form
Oral statements- statement made orally by
someone
Relics- objects whose physical or visual
characteristics can provide information about the
past
Primary Source
 Prepare by an individual who is participant
or direct witness to the event
 First-hand information like eyewitness
reposts and original documents, personal
journals, interviews, surveys, experiments
 Original, unfiltered information
Advantage
 Directly address topic and provide
information that is unavailable
elsewhere
 Design your own experiment
Disadvantage
 May be too close to the subject,
lacking critical distance
 Consuming to prepare, administer
and analyze
Secondary Source
 Document prepared by an individual who is
not direct witness to an event but obtain his
description from someone else
 Filtered by someone else perspective and
maybe biased
 Textbook’s author’s explanation
Advantage
 Provide variety of experts
perspectives and insights
 Quality of sources like scholarly
articles
 More efficient than planning,
conducting and analyzing primary
sources
Disadvantage
 Dig to find applicable information
 Information maybe colored by the
writer’s own bias or faulty approach
Tertiary Sources
 Third hand information by reporting ideas
and details from secondary sources
Advantage- offer quick, easy introduction to
topic
Disdavantage- oversimplify or distort a topic
Types of Primary Sources
 Autobiographies and memoirs
 Diaries, personal letter, correspondence
 Interviews, surveys, fieldwork
 Photographs, posters
 Work of arts and literature
Autobiography- account of person’s life written by
that person; ex: Mga Tala ng Aking Buhay by
Gregoria de Jesus translated by Leandro
Hernandez
Memoir- history/record composed from personal
observation and experience, writers are person
who played roles or close observer of
Diary- kept record of artist’s activity and reflections
Personal Letter- informal composition that
concerns personal matters sent from one individual
to another
Correspondence- body of letters or
communications, pen pal or email buddy
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER
Interview- one-on-one conversation where
questions are asked and answers are given
Survey- list of questions aimed at extracting
specific data from particular group of people, can
be specific or limited
Field research or fieldwork- collection of
information outside laboratory, library or workplace,
range of well-defined methods
Photographs and posters- illustrate past events
as they happen
Work of art- thing of beauty in itself
Painting- visual art where paint or ink is use on
canvass to depict an artist rendering of scene
Drawing- visual art where person uses drawing
instrument to mark
Paper
Literature- body of written works; imaginative
works of poetry and prose
Speech- communication in spoken language made
by speaker before an audience
Types of Secondary Sources
 Bibliographies
 Biographical Works
 Periodicals
 Literature Reviews and Review Articles
Bibliographies- organized list of sources followed
by a brief note or annotation
Biography- description of real person’s life
including factual details and stories; Greek word
bios means life and graphia meaning writing
Periodicals- newspaper, magazines, journals
publish periodically
Newspaper- periodical publication about current
events
Magazine and journal- publish weekly, monthly,
quarterly, annually; print edition use better paper
and more color
Journals- written by scholars for scholars
Magazines- produced by professional writers and
editors
Literature review- evaluative report of information
found in literature
Review Article- summarize the current state of
understanding on a topic
Survey articles- review articles
Academic publication- review journals
Film review- assess film’s overall quality to
determine if it is worth recommending
Book review- book is analyzed based on content,
style and merit
Types of Tertiary Sources
 General reference like dictionaries,
encyclopedia, almanac
 Crowd sources like Wikipedia, You Tube,
Twitter, Facebook
 Search sites
Repositories of Primary Source
Library-collection of source of information and
similar resources made accessible to a defined
community
Archive- accumulation of historical records or
physical place they are located
Museum- institution that cares for collection of
artifacts
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER
Historical Society- dedicate in preserving,
collecting, researching and interpreting historical
information or items
Special Collection- library unit that materials
require specialized security
2 kinds of criticism
 External Criticism- Genuineness of the
documents researcher uses in historical
study
 Internal Criticism- accuracy of the contents
of a document; what the document says
General principles in determining reliability
1. Human source maybe relics like fingerprint,
narrative like statement or letters. Relics are
more credible sources than narratives
2. Any given source may forged or corrupted.
Strong indications of the originality of the
source increase reliability
3. The closer a source is to the event to
describe, the more it can trust to give
accurate historical description of what
actually happen
4. An eyewitness is more reliable than
testimony at second hand which is more
reliable than hearsay
5. If number of independent sources contain
the same message, credibility of message is
strongly Increased
6. Tendency of a source is its motivation for
providing some kind of bias. Tendencies
should be minimized or supplemented with
opposite motivations
7. If it can be demonstrated that witness or
sources has no direct interest in creating
bias then credibility of message is increased
Indirect Witnesses
 Most information come
 People who were not present on the scene
but heard of events from someone else
Oral Tradition
 Broad Conditions Stated
1. Tradition should be supported by
unbroken series of witness from
immediate and first reporter of the fact to
living mediate witness
2. Several parallel and independent series
of witness testifying to the fact in
question
 Particular Conditions Formulated
1. tradition must report a public event of
importance ; known directly to a great
number of persons
2. Tradition must generally be believed for
at least definite period of time
3. During definite period, it must gone
without protest
4. Tradition must be one of relatively
limited duration; maximum limit of 150
years
5. Critical spirit must develop while
tradition lasted
6. Critical-minded persons surely
challenged tradition-may consider ir
false- must have no challenge
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER
CHAPTER 3 - HISTORICAL SOURCES FOR
ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS
Historical Sources For Assessment And
Analysis
1. Chronicles
2. Declaration of Principles
3. Memoirs
4. Proclamation
5. Cartoons
6. Speech
7. Paintings
8. Films
Customs of the Tagalogs
- Distinctions made among the priest of the
devils
1. Catolonan- either a man or woman, rule
general in island
2. Mangagauay- witches who deceived by
pretending to heal the sick
3. Manyisalat- same as mangagauay; has
the power of applying remedies to lovers
that they would abandon and despise their
own wives; prevent them to have
intercourse with the latter. If woman are
abandon it would bring sickness to her
4. Mancocolam- duty was to emit fire from
himself at night at himself once a month.
Fire could not br extinguished nor emitted
except as priest wallowed in ordure and filth
which falls from houses
5. Hocloban- witch greater than
mangagauay. Without medicine or by
saluting or raising hand, they killed whom
they choose, destroy house of Indians
hostile to them without instruments,
Catanduanes area
6. Silagan-if they saw anyone clothed to
white, tear their liver causing his death;
Catanduanes
7. Magtatangal- show himself at night to many
persons without heads or entrails, in
morning it return to her body
8. Osuang- equivalent to sorcerer, fly,
murdered men and ate their flesh, Visayan
island
9. Mangagayoma- made charms for lovers
out of herbs, stones and wood which infuse
the heart with love, deceive people,
sometimes through intervention of devils,
they gained their ends
10. Sonat- equivalent to preacher; to help one
to die at which time he predicted the
salvation or condemnation of the soul
11. Pangatohojan- soothsayer and predicted
the future
12. Bayoguin- signified a cotquean, man
whose natire inclined toward that of woman
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN NI EMILIO JACINTO
1. Ang buhay na hindi ginugol sa isang Malaki
at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na
walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbuhat sa
paghahambog o pagpipita sa sarili at hindi
talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan ay
di kabaitan
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang
pagkakawanggawa, ang pag-ibig sa kapwa
at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t
pangungusap sa talagang katuwiran
4. Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat,
lahay ng tao’y magkakapantay,
mangyayaring ang isa’y hihigtan sa dunong,
yaman, sa ganda…ngunit di mahihigtan sa
pagkatao
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban, inuuna ang
puri kaysa pagpipita sa sarili, ang may
hamak na kalooban, inuuna ang pagpipita
sa sarili kaysa sa puri
6. Sa taong may hiya, ang salita ay
panununmpa
7. Huwag mong sayangin ang panahon, ang
yamang Nawala’y mangyayaring magbalik,
ngunit panahong nagdaan ay di na muli
pang magdadaan
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, bakahin ang
umaapi
9. Ang mga taong matalino’y ang may pag-
iingat sa bawat sasabihin, matutong
ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim
10. Sa daang matinik ng buhay, lalaki ang
siyang patnugot ng asawa at mga anak;
kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang
patutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan din
11. Ang babae ay huwag mong tingnang isang
bagay na libangan lamang kundi isang
katuwang at Karamay sa mga kahirapan
nitong buhay, gamitin mo ng buong
pagpipitagan ang kanyang kahinaan at
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuharan at nag-
iwi sa iyong kasanggulan
12. Ang di mo gawin sa asawa mo, anak at
kapatid ay huwag mong gagawin sa asawa,
anak at kapatid ng iba
Paghirang sa Supremo bilang hari
Dakilang Parangal sa pagdating ng Supremo
 9 na kilometro- mula Noveleta hanggang
San Francisco Malabon
 Balantok na kawayang may watawat-
tanda ng maringal na pagsalubong at
maligayang pagbati sa dakilang panauhin
 Banda ng musika- sumalubong kay
Bonifacio
 Kampana- nirupiki ng nasa pintuan na si
Bonifacio
 Aranya at dambana- pawang may sindi ng
ilaw
 Padre Manuel Trias- naghihintay sa mga
panauhin
 Te Deum- kinanta hanggang sa dambana
 Bb. Estefania Potente- bahay na tinukuyan
nina Bonifacio
 Pamahalaang Magdiwang- gumanap sa
malon ng inihandang pagpaparangal
 Andres Bonifacio- supremo, ang
pinakamataas na tungkulin sa Haring Bayan
 Hen. Mariano Alvarez- Vi Rey ng
pamunuan o pangalawang hari, tiyuhin ng
asawa ni Bonifacio na si Gregoria de Jesus
 12 bayan- nasasakupan na hindi naliligalig
sa anumang laban
 Magdiwang at Magdalo- 2 pamunuang
magpipisan
 Viva Tagalog- mga hiyawan
 8 bayan sa Pamahalaang Magdalo-
nagigimbal sa paghanap sa mga kalaban
 Hen. Mariano Noriel at Hen. Pio del Pilar-
mga namuno sa labanan
 Ilog Zapote- muling namula sa dugo ng
mga kalaban
The Act of Declaration of Philippine
Independence
 In the town of Cavite-Viejo, province of
Cavite, June 12, 1898
 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista- War
Counsellor and Special Delegate;
designated to proclaim and solemnize the
Declaration of Independence Day by the
Dictatorial Government of the Philippines by
virtue of decree issued by Don Emilio
Aguinaldo y Famy
 Gen. Blanco-issue a decree of unjust
deportation of illustrious Filipino
 Gov. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi- first Gov.
Gen. in the Philippines
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER

 Ferdinand Magellan- landed on the shores  Slave raiding as retaliation on colonizers

of Cebu, occupied the islands by means of
Pact of Friendship with Chief Tupas
 Chief Kalipulako- provoke the battle of
Mactan, landed in Island of Bohol, enter
Blood Compact with Chief Sikatuna
 Don Emilio Aguinaldo- president of the
Republic establish in Biak-na-Bato
 GOV. Gen Don Fernando Primo de
Rivera- accept the Biak-na-Bato fact
 Cavite Mutiny- San Felipe in Cavite on
January 21,1872
 Lanong, Garay, Salisipan- 3 sophisticated
ships
 Pirate Monsoon- well- organized forces
between July-October
 Panglima Taupan- Balangingi Leader,
exiled in Cagayan
 Dela Cruz Nuno- Mass Nuno, Ancestor of
present Nuno clan of Zamboanga

3 Principal island of the Archipelago- Luzon,

Visayas, Panay

8 rays in the Philippine flag-

1. Manila
2. Cavite
3. Bulacan
4. Pampanga
5. Nueva Ecija
6. Bataan
7. Laguna
8. Batangas

Red, blue, white- commemorate the US flag

Speech before the joint session of the United

States Congress (1986) by Corazon C. Aquino

 Archibald Macleish- democracy must be

defended by arms when it is attacked by
rams and with truth when it is attacked by
lies

PAINTINGS
 Spolarium (1884) by Juan Luna; oil on
canvas 4.22 m x 7.675m, National Museum
of Fine Arts
 The Making of the Philippine Flag by
Fernando Amorsolo
 Raiders of the Sulu Sea (2008) 46 Mins
Documentary
 Focus on Zamboanga City depicting how
Spaniards defend the city
 Fort Pilar- Spain’s last stronghold in
Philippine south
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER
CHAPTER 4 - THE FIRST MASS SITE IN THE
PHILIPPINES
The First Voyage Round the World by Antonio
Pigafetta
 Ladrone Island- 3 island
 Saturday, March 16, 1521- arrive in island
named Zamal
 Monday, March 18, 1521-
 Cochi- fruit with palm trees bear
 Palmito- tree which liquor comes out in
drops down the tree like white must Sweet,
bitter
 Cocho- fruit of palmito- large as head, first
husk is green
 Humunu- land with two springs
 Watering Place of good sign- very fresh
water, found first sign of gold
 Archipelago of St. Lazarus- stay and feast
of St. Lazarus, 10 degrees north altitude
and 161 degrees longitude from line of
demarcation
 March 22- schione- gold rings suspended in
ears of these people
 Caphre- people wear holes in ears so large
that they can pass their arms through them
 March 25- Monday of Passion week, pass
in the island of Cenalo, Huinanghar,
Ibusson, Abarien
 March 28, Thursday- saw small boat called
Boloto
 Traprobana- captain’s slave from Sumatra
 Ballanghai- two long boats
 Raia Calambu- painted king of Zuluan
island
 Raia Siani- painted king of Calagan island
 March 31- easter, the captain sent the
chaplain to say mass in a shore
 Aba- their God
Butuan or Limasawa? The Site of the First Mass
in the Philippines: A Reexamination of the
Evidence
 Pigafetta- first mass is celebrated on Easter
Sunday, March 31, 1521 in an island called
Mazaua
 2 chieftains attend: rajah of Mazaua, rajah
of Butuan
 Mazaua- little island south of Leyte called
Limasawa and Masao at mouth of Agusan
River in northern Mindanao, now called
Butuan City
Butuan Tradition
 Monument erected in 1872 near the mouth
of Agusan River within municipality of
Butuan but today a separate municipality of
Magallanes, named after Ferdinand
Magellen
 Monument is a brick pillar with marble slab
 To the Immortal Magellan: The People of
Butuan with their Parish Priest and the
Spaniards therein, commemorate his arrival
and First Mass celebration on this site on
April 8,1521 Erected in 1872 under District
Governor Jose Ma. Carvallo
 April 8, 1521- an error or clumsy attempt to
translate the original date in terms of
Gregorian calendar
17th Century
 Father Francisco Colin S.J- one of Jesuit
historian, Labor Evangelica publish in
Madrid in 1663
 Labor Evangelica- 3 volume edition
annotated by Fr. Pablo Pastells S.J
 Colin’s account on Magellan’s arrival: 15
degrees North Latitude they come in 2
islands name: Las Velas (the Sails) 12
degrees North- they come in Ladrones
Island (Marianas Island)
 Few days- they saw Ibabao Island (Samar)
 Humunu- first island they touch, small
uninhabited island near Guiuan Point
 Buenas Senas- they name the other islets
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
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 San Lazaro- name of the whole
archipelago, Saturday of Saint Lazarus
Sunday in Lent in 1521
 Easter Sunday- in territory of Butuan, the
first mass is offered and a cross planted
then Magellan took formal possession of the
island
 Important thing in Colin’s account- he
represents the first mass and the solemn
Planting of the cross and the formal
possession of the island
 Fr. Francisco Combes S.J- other Jesuit
writer, wrote Historia de Mindanao y Jolo
 Fr. Combes Account
 Admiral Alonso de Magallanes- discover
the archipelago
 Enter Strait of Siargao, Leyte, landing in
Limasaua
 3 powerful nations among Pintados
(Visayans)-Caraga, Samar, Zebu
 Zebu- near to them, they pass between
Bool and Leyte and Camotes Island and
reach Mandawe on April 7, 1521
 Colin and Combes compared
- Magellan visit both Limasaua and Butuan
- From Limasaua Magellan’s expedition went
to Cebu
18th Century
 Colin: Mindanao- largest island in size
 Danao- means lake
 Maguindanao- place and dwellers of lake
 Caraga- 1st province that faces the sea
across New Spain (Mexico)
 Did not say Magellan sighted Cape of San
Agustin (where Caraga begin) but Magellan
enter Philippine near Samar landing first at
Homonhon
 Fray Juan de la Concepcion - One
historians who made error.
 14 volume of History of the Philippines is
publish in Manila
 He account that Magellan left island las
Velas Latinas or the Archipelago of San
Lazaro
 Magellan also name Marianas Island, first
saw cape of San Agustin, sailed in Caraga,
entered Siargao and landed in island of
Limasawa
 He think Las Velas, Marianas Island and
Archipelago of San Lazaro were the same
19th Century
 Fr. Joaquin Martinez de Zuniga- accept
the Butuan tradition
 Easter Sunday 1521- Magellan is in
Butuan, ordered mass and plant a Cross on
a hill rock near the beach
 John Foreman- March 16,1521, Magellan
reached the Ladrones Island and arrive at
mouth of Butuan River
Shift in Opinion
 Due to rediscovery and attentive study of 2
primary sources namely: Pigafetts’s account
and Albo’s log
The Evidence for Limasawa
1. Alba’s Log Book
2. Pigafetta’s Evidence
a. Testimony regarding the route
b. Pigafetta’s map
c. 2 native kings
d. 7 days at Mazaua
e. Argument from omission
3. Summary of evidence of Albo and Pigafetta
4. Confirmatory evidence from Legazpi
expedition
Evidence of Albo’s Log Book
 Francisco Albo join Magellan expedition as
pilot in flagship” Trinidad”
 One of the 18 survivors of Sebastian Elcano
“Victoria”
 Keep diary- a log book
 March 16, 1521- sailed from Ladrones and
saw land name Yunagan
 Went to other island named Suluan
 They got wood and water in Gada
(Pigafetta’s account it was Homonhon)
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
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 They sailed at Seilani, Pigafetta call it

Ceylon-was Island of Leyte
 Turn to small island Mazava, they plant a
cross on mountain-top
 They see 3 island and they enter a channel
between 2 island name Matan and Subu
 Subu- enter a peace-pact with local king
Evidence from Pigafetta
 Most complete account of Magellan’s
expedition
 Eyewitness of principal events
 First mass- Philippine Archipelago, Island of
Saint Lazarus
Pigafetta’s Testimony Regarding the Route
 March 16,1521- Saturday- Magellan sighted
high land named Zamal
 March 17,1521- landed to island Humunu
(Homonhon); named the archipelago Island
of Saint Lazarus, Sunday In Lenten season
when gospel assign was 11th chapter of St.
John, raising of Lazarus from the dead
 March 18, Monday- stay 4 days in that
island, Homonhon was name Watering
Place of Good Omen
 March 22, Friday- 8 days in In Homonhon,
March 17-25
 March 25, Monday- left Homonhon, feast of
Incarnation, feast of Annunciation, Our
Lady’s Day
Summary of Evidence of Albo and Pigafetta
 Magellan enter in Samar and dropped at
Homonhon
 Mazaua- south of Leyte
 Sails in Canigao Channel between Bohol
and Leyte
 Magellan did not go to Butuan
Importance of Butuan
 First place in Mindanao where Christian
mission was establish
Butuan Monument
 1872- monument erected at Magallanes
near Butuan
 1953- petition submitted at National
Historical Commission for rehabilitation and
re-erected of Butuan Monument
 Luis Montilla- chairman of National
Historical Commission

 4 islands after Homonhon are:

1. Cenalo- Ceilon
2. Huinanghan- Hinunangan, mainland of Leyte
3. Ibusson- east of Leyte
4. Albarien

 March 28,Thursday- Mazaua island

 April 4, Thursday- left Mazaua, bound for
Cebu, 5 past island are Ceylon, Bohol,
Canighan, Baibai, Gatighan
 Canighan- southwest of Leyte
 Camotes Group- Poro, Pasihan, Pozon
 Sunday, April 7- enter Zubu or Cebu
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CHAPTER 5 - THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872
2 Faces of 1872 Cavite Mutiny
2 Major Events Happen In 1872
1. 1872 Cavite Mutiny
2. Martyrdom of 3 martyr priest name Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora
(GOMBURZA)
A. Spanish Version: Planned Conspiracy
B. Filipino Version: A Response to Injustice
A. Spanish Version: Planned Conspiracy
 Jose Montero y Vidal- highlight as attempt
of Indios to overthrow Spanish government
 Gov Gen. Rafael Izquierdo- use it to
implicate the native clergy who was Active
in call for secularization
 Main reason of revolution- Scored that the
abolition of privileges enjoyed by Cavite
arsenal workers like non-payments of
tributes and labor force exemption
 Gen. Izquierdo- report to King of Spain
that the rebels want to throw Spanish
government and install a new “hari” in the
likes of Father Burgos and Zamora
 Native clergy enticed other participant by
giving charismatic assurance that fight will
not fail because God is them and promise
reward of enjoyment, wealth and army rank
 Firing of rockets in Intramuros- signal of
revolution
 January 20,1872- feast of Virgin of Loreto
in Sampaloc celebrated with fireworks
 Those in Cavite mistook that fireworks is the
sign so 200 men lead by Lieutenant
Lamadrid launch attack targeting Spanish
authority in arsenal
 Iron-fisted Gen. Izqueirdo- order
reinforcement to quell the revolution
 Lieutenant Lamadrid- killed
 Other were sentence to death, suspended
from law practice, life imprisonment in
Marianas Island
B. Filipino Version- A Response to Injustice
 Dr. Trinidad Herminigildo Pardo de
Tavera- wrote the Filipino version of this
bloody tragedy in Cavite
 Action of Filipino soldiers and workers who
is dissatisfied in abolition of their privilege
 He blamed Gov. Izquierdo for his cold-
blooded policies like abolition of privilege
and native army members and prohibition of
founding of school of arts and trade for the
Filipinos
 January 20, 1872- 200 men Lead by
Lieutenant Lamadrid rose in arms and
assassinated the commanding officer and
Spanish soldiers
 Gen. Izquierdo- order reinforcement, after
2 days the mutiny is declared subdued
 Used by Izquierdo and Spanish friars as
conspiracy To overthrow the government
 During that time, Central Government in
Madrid announce its intention to deprive the
friars all the powers in civil government and
educational institution management
 Friars do something drastic to maintain
power in the Philippines
 Central Government of Spain- welcome
an educational decree authored by
Segismundo Moret promoted the fusion of
sectarian school run by friars into a school
called Philippine Institute
 It propose the improvement Of Philippine
education by acquiring teaching position
 Native clergy zest for secularization
 The friars fearing that their influence would
be a thing of the past present the incident in
Spanish Government
 Madrid Government- believe that the
scheme was true without any investigation
 Participants in the Mutiny were sentenced
life imprisonment while native clergy headed
by GOMBURZA were tried and executed by
garrote
 Awake the nationalism and outbreak of
Philippine Revolution of 1896
 Edmond Plauchut- compliment Tavera for
confirming that the event happen due to
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
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discontentment of arsenal workers and

soldiers in Cavite Fort
Unvarying Truth

1. Dissatisfaction among workers in arsenal

after privilege were drawn back by Gen.
Izquierdo
2. Strict and rigid policies of Gen. Izquierdo
3. Central Government failed to conduct
investigation
4. Happy days of friars were numbered when
Central Government in Spain decide to
deprive them from government affairs and
educational management
5. Filipino clergy members Actively participate
in secularization to allow Filipino priest to
hold parishes
6. Filipinos are active participants and they
deemed it as injustice
7. GOMBURZA execution was a blunder on
Spanish part
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER
CHAPTER 6 - THE RETRACTION
CONTROVERSY OF RIZAL
Text of Rizal’s Alleged Retraction
I declare myself a Catholic and in this religion in
which I was born and educated I wish to live and
died
I retract with all my heart whatever in my words,
writings and publications
And conduct has been contrary to my character as
a son of the Catholic Church. I believe and I
confess whatever she teaches and I submit to
whatever she demands. I abominate Masonry, as
the enemy which is of the Church and as a society
prohibited by the Church
The Diocesan Prelate may, as the Superior
Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this
spontaneous manifestation of mine in order to
repair the scandal which my acts may have caused
and so that God and people may pardon me
4 Different Sources
1. December 30, 1896- 1st text publish in La
Voz Española and Diaro de Manila on the
very day of Rizal’s execution, December
30,1896
2. December 31, 1896- 2nd Text appeared in
El Imparcial after Rizal’s execution; short
formula of execution
3. February 4, 1897- 3rd text appear in
Barcelona, Spain on February 14, 1897 in
magazine La Juventud- anonymous writer
but after 14 years revealed as Fr. Balaguer
4. May 18, 1935- alleged “original text”;
discovered by Fr. Manuel Garcia C.M., in
archdiocesan archives after it disappear for
39 years from the afternoon of December
31, 1896
Analysis Rizal’s Retraction
 Fr. Balaguer- said he receive an exact copy
of retraction written and signed by Rizal
 Received by Fr. Balaguer in the evening
preceding Rizal’s execution
 No one claimed to have seen it except the
publisher of La Voz Española
 May 18, 1935- lost original document found
but differ from those found in Jesuits and
Archbishops copies
Significant Difference between copies
1. Instead of the words “ mi cualidad” (with u)
which appear in original and newspaper
Jesuits copy have “mi calidad” (without you)
2. Jesuits copy omit the Word “Catolica” after
the first “Iglesias” which are found in original
and newspaper texts
3. Jesuits copy add before the third “Iglesias”
the word “misma” not found in original
newspaper
4. Fr. Balaguer text does not begin the second
paragraph until the fifth sentences while the
original copies start the second paragraph
immediately with second sentences
5. Original text have 4 commas while Fr.
Balaguer copy has 11 commas
6. Fr. Balaguer copy did not have the names
of witness from text of newspaper in Manila
 20 years later- Fr. Balaguer name the
witness Señor Fresno, Chief of the Picket
and Señor Moure, Adjutant of the Plaza
 Fr. Balaguer- dictate to Rizal the short
formula, he received 2 original copies
1. Changes which you was made
2. That of the Archbishop was the exact
copy of the retraction signed by Rizal
 Not say it was signed by Rizal and himself
 Rizal in order to marry Josephine Bracken
require to sign a profession of faith to be
approved by Cebu Archbishop
Rizal’s Handwriting
 December 30,1896- 5am- teary eyed
Josephine Bracken and Jose Rizal came
 Agent of Cuerpo de Vigilancia- Rizal and
Josephine were married
 Josephine- gifted by Rizal with classic
Thomas a Kempis book Imitations of Christ
in which he inscribe “ To my dear and
unhappy wife, Josephine, December
30,1896, Jose Rizal”
 They embraced for the last time
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CHAPTER 7 - PUGADLAWIN, BALINTAWAK
OR BAHAY TORO
Balintawak: Cry for a Nationwide Revolution
 Cry of Rebellion- sweeping Spanish
colonies
 Cry of Dolores- Mexico (September 10,
1810)
 Cry of Matanza- Cuba (February 24, 1895)
 August 1896- Philippines
Raging Controversy
 Cry- shouting of nationalistic slogan
 April 1895- Pamitinan Cave in Rodriguez,
Rizal; Katipunan members wrote on cave
walls “ Viva la indepencia Filipina”
 Teodora Agoncillo- emphasize Bonifacio’s
tearing of cedula before a crowd of
Katipuneros and broke out in cheers
 Emilio Aguinaldo- commissioned a “Himno
de Balintawak” to herald fighting after failure
of pact of Biyak na Bato
 September 3, 1911- monument to the
Heroes of 1896 was erected in intersection
of EDSA and Andres Bonifacio Drive- North
Diversion Road
 August 26,1896- Cry of Balintawak
 Cry of Pugadlawin- August 23,1896 is not
accurate. Testimony of only one witness,
Dr. Pio Valenzuela is not enough to
authenticate and verify the issue
Conflicting Accounts
 Pio Valenzuela- had several version of the
Cry
 August 23-25- Katipunan took meeting at
Balintawak (September 1896)
 Olive Court- investigate persons involve in
rebellion
 1911- Katipunan began the meeting on
August 22 and the cry took place on August
23 at Apolonio Samson’s house in
Balintawak
 1928-1940- Cry of Pugadlawin in Melchora
Aquino’s house on August 24- now Pasong
Tamo road
 With photograph of Bonifacio’s widow
Gregoria de Jesus and Katipunan members
Valenzuela, Briccio Brigido Pantas, Alfonso
and Cipriano Pacheco
 1935- Valenzuela, Pantas, Pacheco- first
cry of revolution did not happen in
Balintawak where the monument is but in a
place called Pugadlawin
 Philippine Historical Committee-
forerunner of National Historical Institute of
NHI
 Pugadlawin- part of Sitio Gulod, Banlat,
Kalookan City
 Pres. Diosdado Macapagal- ordered that
the Cry be celebrated on August 23 and
Pugadlawin as its site
The Pugadlawin Marker
 Prevalent account- Teodoro Agoncillo in
Revolt of the Philippines (1956)
 Pugadlawin- proceed upon leaving
Samson’s place in afternoon of August 22
and more than 1000 men of Katipunan met
in the yard of Juan A. Ramos-son of
Melchora Aquino on August 23 morning
 Bonifacio shouted: “ Brothers. It was agreed
to continue with the plan of revolt. My
brothers, do you swear to repudiate the
government that suppress us? The rebels
replied: “Yes Sir”. That being the case,
Bonifacio added: bring out your cedulas and
tear them to pieces to symbolize our
determination to take revolt”. They shout
“Long live the Philippines, Long live the
Katipinan”
 Pres. Macapagal- order the Cry of
Balintawak be called the Cry of Pugadlawin
celebrated on August 23 not August 26
 Monument- installed in front of Vinzons
Halls in Diliman Campus of UP on
November 29, 1986
 Teodoro Agoncillo, 1962- place marker at
Pugadlawin site because the house of Juan
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER

Ramos stood here in 1896 while the house
of Tandang Sora is in Pasong Tamo
 Adelina S. Rodriguez- Quezon City mayor
who create the Pugadlawin Historical
Committee on June 30, 1983 to determine
the location of Juan Ramos residence in
1896 at Pugadlawin
NHI findings
1. August 1983- Pugadlawin in Barangay Toro
was inhabited by squatter colonies
 NHI believe it was the house of Juan
Ramos not Tandang Sora
 There was an old dap-dap tree at the site
when NHI conduct survey on 1983. Dap-
dap tree is not mention by Teodoro
Agoncillo, Gregorio Zaide and Pio
Valenzuela
2. Pio Valenzuela- main proponent of
Pugadlawin version was dead at the time of
NHI research
3. Teodoro Agoncillo tried to locate the marker
installed in August 1962 but no longer
extant in 1983
 Only Bahay Toro remains intact
 Sofronio Calderon- it would be a mistake to
say that there is such as Pugadlawin in
Kalookan
Conclusion:
 Pugadlawin was never officially recognized
as place name on Philippine map before
World War II
 Pugadlawin only appear in historiography
from 1928
 Revolution have occurred in the area of
Baintawak, distinct from Kalookan and
Diliman
 Even Pugadlawin is more romantic it is
more accurate to stick to original Cry of
Balintawak
Turning Point
 The Cry- Filipino finally rejected Spanish
colonial dominion over Philippine Island by
formally setting their own government

NHI- place a marker on August 23, 1984 on

Seminary Road in Barangay Bahay Toro behind
Toro Hills High School in Quezon City General
Hospital and San Jose Seminary

Cartographic Changes

 Pugadlawin is not identified as barrios

 Kalookan and Balintawak- mark by Spanish
and American maps
 1943- map of Manila mark Balintawak
separate from Kalookan and Diliman
 1956, 1987, 1990 maps- confirms the
existence of Barangay Bahay Toro but do
not define their boundaries. Pugadlawin is
not on these maps
 Balintawak- no longer in Quezon City but
replace by several barangay
 Barrio Banlat- divided into barangays
Tandang Sora and Pasong Tamo
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
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CHAPTER 8 - AGRARIAN REFORM POLICIES
R.A 6657 or CARP - Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program
 Redistribution of public and private
agricultural lands to farmers and
farmworkers who are landless
Vision- have an equitable land ownership with
empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries who can
effectively manage their economic and social
development to have a better quality of life
Land Tenure Improvement- one of major
programs of CARP that seek to distribute lands to
landless farmer
Support Services- offer to beneficiaries like
infrastructure facilities, marketing assistant
program, credit assistance program, technical
support programs
R. A No. 6657- legal basis for CARP; otherwise
known as CARL or Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law signed by Pres. Corazon Aquino on
June 10, 1988; an act aims to promote social
justice and industrialization, providing mechanism
for its implementation
What is CARP?
 Aims to grant landless farmers and
farmworkers ownership of agricultural land
R.A No. 8532-amends the R.A 6657; appropriate
additional funds for program and rending the
automatic appropriation of ill-gotten wealth
Recovered by PCGG or Presidential Commission
on Good Governance for CARP until 2008
 John R. Castriciones-DAR Secretary
 PCGG Chairman- John Agcaoli Agbayani
CARPER
 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
Extension with Reforms
 Amendatory law that extends the deadline
of distributing agricultural lands to farmers
for 5 years
 Signed into law on August 7, 2009
CARP Beneficiaries
 Landless farmers including agricultural
lessees, tenants, regular, seasonal and
other farmworkers
 DAR- identify and screens potential
beneficiaries and validates their qualification
Qualifications:
1. At least 15 years old
2. Resident of barangay where land holding is
located
3. Own no more than 3 hectares of agricultural
lands
Government Offices involved in the program
1. DAR
2. DENR
They are in charge of identification and distribution
of covered land referred to CARPable land
Land Subjected to Land Reform
 7.8 million hectares of land is covered by
CARP
Land been acquired and distributed so far
 As of December 31, 2013- 6.9 million
hectares of land is acquired and distributed
by government
 88% of total land subject to CARP
Land distributed to beneficiaries under this
administration
 July 2010- December 2013- distributed
751, 514 hectares or 45% of total
landholdings
 DAR- distributed 412,782 hectares
 DENR- distributed 338,732 hectares
Land government still need to acquire for
distribution from 2014-2016
 DAR- still needs to acquire 771, 795
hectares
 DENR- still needs to acquire 134, 857
hectares- total of 906,652 hectares
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM REVIEWER

How Government acquire landholdings?
 Private lands:
 DAR will issue Notice of Coverage to
original owners of landholdings
 Notice of Coverage- issue to most
landholdings by June 30,2014
4. Land owners may petition that their lands be
exempted or excluded from CARP, some petition
gone up to the Supreme Court
5. Smaller parcel of lands (5-10 hectares) were only
processed in last implementation of CARPER (July
1,2013-June 30,2014)

Notice of Coverage
 Letter informing the landowner that his land
is covered by CARP and is subject to
acquisition and distribution to beneficiaries
 Inform landowner of his rights under the law
including the right to retain 5 hectares

After time allotted for CARPER, how will the

remaining landholdings be distributed to
beneficiaries?

 Section 30 of R.A 9700- as long as Notice

of Coverage is issue on or before June 30,
2014, land distribution to beneficiaries shall
continue upon completion
 R.A 9700- CARPER
 Even after CARPER deadline, the law itself
mandates concerning agencies to finish
distributing lands to beneficiaries up to the
very last hectare
 This assures farmers that process for
receiving land will continue

How DAR intended to deal with remaining

landholdings to be distributed?
 DAR projects that it will distributing
 187,686 hectares in 2014
 198,631 hectares in 2015
 385,478 hectares in 2016
 551,275 hectares- considered workable
 220,520 hectares- tagged as problematic

Challenges Encountered

1. Technical description in land titles were

erroneous and had to be corrected
2. Some titles are destroyed and reissue by
undergoing court process
3. Potential beneficiaries argued who should
be qualified as beneficiaries, disputes
resolved by agreement