Module B:

Air Quality
Sources,Transport/Transformation,
Receptor & Control Technology

Manoranjan Sahu
ESED, IIT Bombay
Email: mrsahu@iitb.ac.in
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 Today’s Learning Objectives !
• To understand particle composition & size
distribution

• To learn about monitoring methods and thus able

to quantify pollutants’ concentrations
Particulate Matter – size matters !

Recent focus is on ultrafine and nanoparticles (<100 nm

size) especially in urban areas
3 Photo : US EPA
 Particles – size matters !

http://www.particlesciences.com/news/technical-briefs/2012/glossary-of-drug-nanotechnology.html

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 Size Matters
Ultrafine/Nano Particles
E-coli
Fine Particles

1nm 10nm 100nm 1000nm

0.001µm 0.01µm 0.1µm 1µm 10µm 100µm 100µm

Urban Aerosols
Asbestos
Vehicular exhaust Wind/Mining dust
Bacteria

Spores

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Shape Different and Same composition
E-coli

Nanostructures of ZnO, Materials Today, Wang Z.

L 2004.
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Different Shapes of Aerosols
E-coli

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 Particle shape & size
Biogenic (pollen) Iron particle (railway)

Mineral Particle Diesel Soot

(soil )

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Physical and Chemical Properties of PM

• 6 properties
• Particle size
• Shape and aspect ratio
• Surface Area and volume
• Solubility
• Composition
• Reactivity
– These properties also determine toxicity
 Aerodynamic Equivalent Diameter
Same Projected Surface
E-coli
p
area (dp)

2
vt = g d
18 
Same Surface Area
equivalent Diameter(dp)
where,
g – gravity acceleration 9.8 m/s2
Same Settling velocity
d – particle diameter (m)
rp – particle density (g/m3)= 2 x 106
g/m3
m - air viscosity = 0.0172 g/m.s

Same Volume equivalent

Diameter(dp)

Aerodynamic Diameter(dp) Equivalent Diameter can be based on geometric

properties as well as particle behavior under the
action of a force

PM2.5: Particle size with diameter equal and less than 2.5μm
PM10: Particle size with diameter equal and less than 10μm 10
 Aerosol Size Evolution/Human Exposure

Condensation

Nucleation

Evaporation
Coagulation

0.0001µm 0.001µm 0.01µm 0.1µm 1µm

Ultra Fine Fine

Gas Molecules

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 Mechanism of Particle Deposition
Inertial impactions
–Function of particle velocity and mass

Interception
–Function of particle diameter

Sedimentation (gravitational settling)

–Function of particle velocity (residence time)
and mass

Diffusion
–Function of particle diameter, concentration,
velocity (time), and distance
Regional Particle Deposition
 Particle deposition in lungs

Husain et al., Health, 2011

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Particle size distribution: Ambient aerosols

Particle count distribution

Frequency distribution curve

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Hinds, 1999
Particle size distribution: Ambient aerosols

Idealized example of an ambient particle size distribution ,

Source: Cao et al., 2013
 Particle size distribution: Diesel exhaust

https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/dpm_size.php
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 Particles composition
PAHs
Soot
● PM a complex mixture of
Heavy particles that can be
Metals
Organics solid/ liquid or both
Nitrates
Carbon Smoke
Soil ● vary in size composition
Sulfates Dust Salts and origin

Complex
Mixture

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 PM10
chemical
composition
across Indian
cities

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(Gargava & Rajagopalan, 2016)
Air quality monitoring network
How to manage air quality
… in a city, region or countrywide ???
• NAMP (National Air Monitoring Program): >680 stations in 300
cities/areas (http://www.cpcb.nic.in/air.php)
• Typically SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10 measured
• Monitoring is conducted twice a week for 24 hours (resulting in 104
daily measurements /year)
 Monitoring networks & data sources

• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

http://www.cpcb.nic.in/air.php
• Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB)
http://mpcb.gov.in/envtdata/envtair.php
• US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
http://www.epa.gov/gateway/science/air.html
• California Air Resources Board (CARB)
http://www.arb.ca.gov/aqmis2/aqdselect.php
• European Environmental Agency (EEA)
http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/airbase/airbase
• Clean Air Portal/ Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-
Asia) http://cleanairinitiative.org
• Clean Air World/ National Association of Clean Air Agencies
(NACAA) http://www.cleanairworld.org/
• World Health Organization (WHO)
http://www.who.int/topics/air_pollution

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ES 651: Air Pollution Monitoirng/24.Jul.2014