The First Report

2021

Name ID
Abdulelah Yahya Ageeli 201603551
Mohammed safar 201603798
Hassan Hefzy 201603886
Abdullah Khormi 201600203
Abdulrahman Thafar 201615871

Supervised By: Muthanna

 2

 The First Report

INTRODUCTION

A current transformer is an instrument transformer in which the secondary current, in normal conditions
of use, is substantially proportional to the primary current and differs in phase from it by an angle which
is approximately zero.

The transformer is an electrical device used to transfer electric power from one circuit to another without
changing its frequency and it achieves by electromagnetic induction. Basically, transformers are
available in two types namely shell type and core type. The main function is to step up and step down
the voltage. For measurement purposes, instrument transformers are used because these transformers
measure current, voltage, energy and power. These are used in different instruments with a conjunction
like a voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter & energy meter. These transformers are classified into two types
namely the current transformer and potential transformer.

The principle of operation of a current transformer is the same as that of the power transformer. The
current transformer has a primary and a secondary winding. An alternating current flowing in the primary
winding induces an alternating current in the secondary winding.

The primary winding may be a single turn or a small number of turns, the secondary winding will have
many more turns depending on transformation ratio. The rated transformation is the ratio of the rated
primary current to the rated secondary current.

The design and testing of current transformers are governed by standard IEC 61869-2:2012 (replaces
IEC 60044-1:1996).

Fig 1. A current transformer.

impedances obtained for parameter values given in Table II.

Jazan university .
 3

 The First Report

Current Transformer Construction.

The construction of this transformer includes different features based on the design like primary
ampere-turns, core, windings, and insulation.

Fig 2. Current Transformer Construction.

.
 Primary Ampere Turns. impedances obtained for parameter values given in Table II.
.

The no. of primary ampere-turns in the transformer ranges from 5000 to 10000 so these are decided
through the primary current. .
.

 Core.
To achieve the low magnetizing ampere twists, the core material must include low iron losses and low
reluctance. Core materials like nickel and an alloy of iron include different properties like low loss,
high permeability.

 Windings.
The leakage reactance in the transformer can be reduced by placing the windings close to each other.
The wires used in the primary winding are copper strips and for secondary, SWG wires are used. The
designing of these windings can be done for appropriate strength & fixed bracing without any harm.

Jazan university
 4

 The First Report

Background

The real equation why we are used ?

Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation of the
power grid. Along with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the electrical utility's watt-hour meter on
many larger commercial and industrial supplies.

High-voltage current transformers are mounted on porcelain or polymer insulators to isolate them from
ground. Some CT configurations slip around the bushing of a high-voltage transformer or circuit breaker,
which automatically centers the conductor inside the CT window.

Current transformers can be mounted on the low voltage or high voltage leads of a power transformer.
Sometimes a section of a bus bar can be removed to replace a current transformer. Often, multiple CTs
are installed as a "stack" for various uses. For example, protection devices and revenue metering may
use separate CTs to provide isolation between metering and protection circuits and allows current
transformers with different characteristics (accuracy, overload performance) to be used for the devices.

The burden (load) impedance should not exceed the specified maximum value to avoid the secondary
voltage exceeding the limits for the current transformer. The primary current rating of a current
transformer should not be exceeded or the core may enter its non linear region and ultimately saturate.
This would occur near the end of the first half of each half (positive and negative) of the AC sine wave
in the primary and would compromise the accuracy.

Jazan university
 5

 The First Report

Fig 3. Illustration of Current transformers
impedances obtained for parameter values given in Table II.
.

.
Two identical current transformers are used for each winding of a transformer, stator, or other device.
.
The current transformers are placed around opposite ends of a winding. The current through both ends
should be identical. A protective relay detects any imbalance in currents, and trips circuit breakers to
isolate the device. In the case of a transformer, the circuit breakers on both the primary and secondary
would open.
A short circuit at the end of a long transmission line appears similar to a normal load because the
impedance of the transmission line limits the fault current. A distance relay detects a fault by comparing
the voltage and current on the transmission line. A large current along with a voltage drop indicates a
fault.

Jazan university
 6

 The First Report

Types.

Window Current Transformers.

A window current transformer is a transformer that consists of a secondary winding wrapped around a
core and the primary sent through the opening in the core. After the secondary is wound around the core,
the assembly is placed into a mold, and an insulating material is injected around the transformer. Taps
are brought out from the winding. A power line is passed through the window and acts as the primary.
This completed assembly is referred to as a window current transformer.

Fig 4. Illustration of Window Current Transformers.

impedances obtained for parameter values given in Table II.
.
Bar Current Transformers.
.
A bar current transformer is a special type of window current transformer with a solid bar placed
.
permanently through the window. A bar current transformer can withstand the stresses of heavy
overcurrent. To avoid magnetic stresses that could destroy the bus and damage the transformer, care
must be taken to properly mount these transformers with respect to adjacent conductors. This type of
transformer is typically found on installations where the potential is 25kV or less.

Fig 5. Illustration of Bar Current Transformers.

Jazan university
impedances obtained for parameter values given in Table II.
.
 7

 The First Report

Wound Current Transformers.

A wound current transformer is a transformer with separate primary and secondary windings wrapped
around a laminated core. A wound current transformer is designed so that the primary winding consists
of one or more turns of large cross-section wire connected in series with the circuit to be measured. This
kind of current transformer is located on the high-voltage side of substations and contains a primary
conductor that carries the current and a wound current transformer for the output current.

Fig 6. Illustration of Wound Current Transformers.

impedances obtained for parameter values given in Table II.

.

.
.

Jazan university
 8

 The First Report

Theoretical background

Current transformers are often used to monitor high currents or currents at high voltages. Technical
standards and design practices are used to ensure the safety of installations using current transformers.

The secondary of a current transformer should not be disconnected from its burden while the current is
in the primary, as the secondary will attempt to continue driving current into an effective infinite
impedance up to its insulation break-down voltage and thus compromise operator safety. For certain
current transformers, this voltage may reach several kilovolts and may cause arcing.

Exceeding the secondary voltage may also degrade the accuracy of the transformer or destroy it.
Energizing a current transformer with an open circuit secondary is equivalent to energizing a voltage
transformer (normal type) with a short circuit secondary. In the first case, the secondary tries to produce
an infinite voltage, and in the second case the secondary tries to produce an infinite current. Both
scenarios can be dangerous and damage the transformer.

A CT functions with the same basic working principle of electrical power transformer, as we discussed
earlier, but here is some difference. If a electrical power transformer or other general purpose
transformer, primary current varies with load or secondary current. In case of CT, primary current is the
system current and this primary current or system current transforms to the CT secondary, hence
secondary current or burden current depends upon primary current of the current transformer.

In a power transformer, if load is disconnected, there will be only magnetizing current flows in the
primary. The primary of the power transformer takes current from the source proportional to the load
connected with secondary. But in case of CT, the primary is connected in series with power line. So
current through its primary is nothing but the current flows through that power line.

The primary current of the CT, hence does not depend upon whether the load or burden is connected to
the secondary or not or what is the impedance value of burden. Generally CT has very few turns in
primary where as secondary turns is large in number. Say N p is number of turns in CT primary and Ip is
the current through primary. Hence, the primary AT is equal to N pIp AT.
f number of turns in secondary and secondary current in that current transformer are N s and Is
respectively then Secondary AT is equal to NsIs AT.

In an ideal CT the primary AT is exactly is equal in magnitude to secondary AT.

So, from the above statement it is clear that if a CT has one turn in primary and 400 turns in secondary
winding, if it has 400 A current in primary then it will have 1 A in secondary burden.

Jazan university
 9

 The First Report

Thus the turn ratio of the CT is 400/1 A

Current Transformer Error

But in an actual Current Transformer (CT), errors with which we are connected can best be considered
through a study of phasor diagram for a CT,

Fig 7. Illustration of Current Transformer Error.

.
Is – Secondary current.
Es – Secondary induced emf.
impedances obtained for parameter values given in Table II.
Ip – Primary current. .
Ep – Primary induced emf.
KT – Turns ratio = Numbers of secondary turns/number
. of primary turns.
.
I0 – Excitation current.
Im – Magnetizing component of I0.
Iw – Core loss component of I0.
Φm – Main flux.
Let us take flux as reference. EMF Es and Ep lags behind the flux by 90°. The magnitude of the passers
Es and Ep are proportional to secondary and primary turns. The excitation current I o which is made up
of two components Im and Iw.

The secondary current I0 lags behind the secondary induced emf E s by an angle Φ s. The secondary
current is now transferred to the primary side by reversing I s and multiplied by the turns ratio KT. The
total current flows through the primary I p is then vector sum of KT Is and I0.

Jazan university
 10

 The First Report

Procedure

Equipment's used.

Fig 8. Single-phase current Fig 9. Load for current

Fig 10. Single-phase voltage Fig 11. Load for voltage

transformer transformer
transformer transformer.
. . .

impedances obtained for parameter values given impedances obtained for parameter values
impedances obtained for parameter values
in Table II. given in Table II.
given in Table II.
. . . .
Initially, connect the current transformer so that the resulting current transíormation ratio. is
1:1.
. . .
. . .

Jazan university
 11

 The First Report

Fig 12. Current transíormation ratio is 1:1.

Now repeat the above experiment, but with a transformation ratio of 5:1.
.
Vary the current on the primary side from 1A to 5.5 A in steps of 0.5 A (observe the maximum current
values of the single-phase transformer in the respective
. ranges). Enter the current values you have
.
measured in the table below and determine the current the error here as well.

Fig 13. current transíormation ratio is 5:1.

Jazan university .
.
 12

 The First Report

The rated load of the transformer is 5 VA, ie., 5 ohm at a rated current of 1 A on the
secondary side. Set the resistance of this load to approximately this value, and repeat the above

experiment at a transformation ratio of 1:1.

Fig 14. The rated load of the transformer is 5 VA., 5 ohm at a rated current of 1 A on the secondary side.

To do this, connect a voltmeter to the terminals k and I of the current transformer and vary the value of
. load from 0 ohm to the maximum 56 ohm in steps of approximately 50. For this experiment, the
the
current in the primary circuit of the transformer must be set to 1A and be held constant by regulating
.
either the voltage or the load resistance. Enter the values .you have measured in the table below.

Jazan university
 13

 The First Report

Fig 15. For this experiment, the current in the primary circuit of the transformer must be set to 1A

.
.

Jazan university
 14

 The First Report

Results

The first experiment at the resulting current transíormation ratio is

1:1.

Current l
Current l (A): 0.1
1 0.2
1.5 0.3
2 0.4
2.5 0.5
3 0.6
3.5 0.7
4 0.8
4.5 0.9
5 1
(A):

Current l2
Current l2 0.294 0.394 0.493 0.596 0.696 0.794 0.895 0.998
(A):
0.093
0.195 0.197
0.297 0.389 0.492 0.594 0.692 0.811 0.892 0.986 0.998

Current error
Current -6 -6 -7 -4 -4 -6 -5 -2
(%):
error (%): -7 -7 -6 -6 -5 -4 -3 -5 -3 -2

(I1= primary current in A, l2 = secondary current in A, KN=rated transformation ratio of the

transformer)

The second experiment at the resulting current transíormation ratio is

5:1.

Current l (A): 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Current l2 (A): 0.195 0.297 0.389 0.492 0.594 0.692 0.811 0.892 0.986

Current error
(%):
-5 -3.5 -3 -2.5 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.034

(I1 = primary current in A, l2 = secondary current in A, KN=rated transformation ratio of the transformer)

Jazan university
 15

 The First Report

The rated load of the transformer is 5 VA, ie., 5 2 at a rated current of 1 A on the secondary side. Set the
resistance of this load to approximately this value, and repeat the above experiment at a transformation
ratio of 1:1.

The third experiment at the resulting current transíormation ratio is

1:1.

Current l (A): 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Current l2 (A): 0.098 0.192 0.293 0.392 0.490 0.591 0.698 0.789 0.844 0.989

Current error
(%):
-2 -4 -2.33 -2 -2 -1.5 -0.285 -1.375 -6.222 -1.1

To do this, connect a voltmeter to the terminals k and I of the current transformer and vary the
value of the load from 0 ohm to the maximum 100 ohm in steps of approximately 5 ohm. For this
experiment, the current in the primary circuit of the transformer must be set to 1A and be held
constant by regulating either the voltage or the load resistance.

Load (Ohn): 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

U2 (V): 0 2.217 6.99 13.60 18.02 21.58 23.30 24 24.30 24.50 24.70

Jazan university
 16

 The First Report

The relationship between voltage and resistance
30

25

20

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Conclusion.

For current transformers, the accuracy rating is determined at a full-rated load. The full load includes the
impedance of the secondary winding itself, the impedance of the leads from the transformer to the load,
and the load itself. At lower loads, the accuracy may be only half the stated accuracy.

Jazan university
 17

 The First Report

Cover Page ....................................................................................................................... ...1

INTRODUCTION

1 – introduction………………………………………………………………………2

SOURCE

1- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_transformer

1- Background ……………..…………………………………………………………2 - 7
2- Theoretical background ………………………………...…………………………8 – 9
SOURCE

1- https://www.electrical4u.com/current-transformer-ct-class-ratio-error-phase-angle-error-in-
current-transformer/
2- https://eepower.com/technical-articles/current-transformer-operation-and-applications/#

3- Procedure………………………………………………………………………...10 - 13
4- Results……………………………………………………………………………14 - 16
5- Conclusion................................................................................................................16

Jazan university