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Cable Ampacity
Cable Ampacity
Cable Ampacity
PROGRAM
Based on
NEHER-McGRATH AND IEC 60287 & 60853 METHODS
Steady-State and Transient Analysis
© Copyright 2008
All Rights Reserved
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
Background ................................................................................................................................................... 2
General Data ............................................................................................................................................. 3
Cable in Air ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Solar Radiation .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Heat Source/Sink....................................................................................................................................... 5
Installation ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Possible Cable Installation Conditions ...................................................................................................... 5
Backfill ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Conductor Material .................................................................................................................................... 6
Conductor Construction............................................................................................................................. 6
Dried And Impregnated ............................................................................................................................. 7
Conductor Losses...................................................................................................................................... 7
Cable Insulation......................................................................................................................................... 7
Skid/Concentric Neutral Material............................................................................................................... 9
Bonding Arrangement................................................................................................................................ 9
Loss Factor Constant ................................................................................................................................ 9
Jacket/Pipe Coating Material................................................................................................................... 10
Armor/Reinforcement Material ................................................................................................................ 10
Armor Bedding, Serving Material ............................................................................................................ 10
Armor Permeability .................................................................................................................................. 10
Insulation Shielding ................................................................................................................................. 10
Sheath/Reinforcing Material .................................................................................................................... 11
Cable Transposition................................................................................................................................. 11
Pipe Material and Configuration .............................................................................................................. 11
Material and Construction of the Ductbank or Duct ................................................................................ 12
Cable Dimensions ................................................................................................................................... 12
Running Cable Ampacity Program.............................................................................................................. 16
Loading Sample Cable/Project Library ....................................................................................................... 16
Provided Sample Projects........................................................................................................................... 17
Step by Step Instructions for Adding a New Cable Type............................................................................ 19
Using the Drop-Down Menu........................................................................................................................ 20
Adding/Creating a New Cable Type Using the Wizard ............................................................................... 22
How to Add/Create a Project/Study ............................................................................................................ 37
How to Run a Steady-State Simulation....................................................................................................... 46
Program Validation and Verification for Steady-State Analysis .................................................................. 50
Transient Analysis- Cyclic and Emergency Loading................................................................................... 51
How to Run a Transient Simulation......................................................................................................... 51
Defining Load Curve (Loading Pattern)................................................................................................... 53
Program Validation and Verification for Transient Analysis .................................................................... 58
References – Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 62
APPENDIX I: IEC & Neher-Mcgrath Cable Ampacity Calculations Methodology....................................... 64
APPENDIX II: Some Useful Diagrams and Figures.................................................................................... 68
APPENDIX III: Tables of Material Properties.............................................................................................. 74
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Comparing Results of Neher McGrath and EDSA’s Cable Ampacity Program ............................ 50
Table 2: V&V of the EDSA’s Transient Simulation Program....................................................................... 60
Table 3: Specific Inductive Capacitance of Insulation ................................................................................ 74
Table 4: Thermal Resistivity of Various Materials....................................................................................... 74
Table 5: Pipe Constants.............................................................................................................................. 74
Table 6: Conductor Material........................................................................................................................ 75
Table 7: Dielectric Loss...............................................................................................................................75
Table 8: Resistivities of Materials ............................................................................................................... 75
Table 9: Absorption Coefficients of Solar Radiation ................................................................................... 76
Table 10: Constants For Ducts Or Pipes .................................................................................................... 76
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Selecting Cable Ampacity Program from Design base 2.0 Main Dialog ..................................... 16
Figure 2: Main Menu of Cable Ampacity program ...................................................................................... 16
Figure 3: Opening a cable/project library .................................................................................................... 17
Figure 4: Main Cable Menu after a cable/project library is loaded.............................................................. 17
Figure 5: Cable Type Dialogs ..................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 6: Cable Conductor Dialog............................................................................................................... 20
Figure 7: Selecting an Item from the Dropdown Menus ............................................................................. 20
Figure 8: Cable General Data Dialog.......................................................................................................... 22
Figure 9: Conductor Data Dialog ................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 10: Conductor Dimension Data Dialog ............................................................................................ 24
Figure 11: Cable Insulation Data Dialog ..................................................................................................... 25
Figure 12: Cable Insulation Dimension Data Dialog ................................................................................... 27
Figure 13: Cable Sheath Data Dialog ......................................................................................................... 28
Figure 14: Reinforcing Tape Data Dialog.................................................................................................... 29
Figure 15: Reinforcing Tape Dimension Data Dialog ................................................................................. 30
Figure 16: Concentric Neutral/Skid Wire Data Dialog................................................................................. 32
Figure 17: Jacket/Pipe Coating Data Dialog ............................................................................................... 33
Figure 18: Armor/Serving/Bedding Data Dialog.......................................................................................... 34
Figure 19: Overall Cable Dimension Data Dialog ....................................................................................... 35
Figure 20: Project/Study General Data Dialog............................................................................................ 40
Figure 21: Adding a Cable to a Study/Project............................................................................................. 42
Figure 22: Selecting a Cable from the Cable Type Library......................................................................... 43
Figure 23: Report Browser Window Showing the Result of Ampacity Calculation ..................................... 47
Figure 24: 138 kV, 2000 MCM high pressure oil-filled, 3-conductor, pipe type cable. ............................... 50
Figure 25: Selecting the Transient Analysis Option.................................................................................... 52
Figure 26: Transient Analysis Main Dialog ................................................................................................. 52
Figure 27: Defining a Load Curve ............................................................................................................... 53
Figure 28: Saving of Load Curves to the Transient Library ........................................................................ 54
Figure 29: Graph of Sample Load Curve .................................................................................................... 54
Figure 30: Assigning a Load Curve to a Cable ........................................................................................... 55
Figure 31: Selecting a Load Curve from Transient Load Curve Library ..................................................... 55
Figure 32: Defining the Transient Simulation Parameters .......................................................................... 56
Figure 33: Performing the Transient Simulation ......................................................................................... 56
Figure 34: Inspecting the Transient Analysis Result................................................................................... 57
Figure 35: Graphical Display of the Transient Simulation Results.............................................................. 57
Figure 36: Transient Simulation Results for the program V&V ................................................................... 59
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Figure 37: Cable Installation Screen Defining Final Temperature Obtained in the Transient Simulation .. 59
Figure 38: Basic Thermal Circuit ................................................................................................................ 64
Figure 39: Definition of Thermal-Ohm Units ............................................................................................... 66
Figure 40: Mathematical Model of a Cable Thermal Circuit........................................................................ 66
Figure 41: Cable Topology / General Parameters Self Contained Cables ................................................. 72
Figure 42: Typical Pipe Cable Cross-Section ............................................................................................. 72
Figure 43: Configuration of Cable in the Duct/Conduit ............................................................................... 73
Figure 44: Ductbank Gb Factor ................................................................................................................... 73
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Foreword
This manual assumes that the user is a Professional Engineer familiar with the concepts of cable
ampacity calculation. Determination of the validity of the results is the user's responsibility.
The IEC (International Electro-technical Commission) and Neher-McGrath cable ampacity program is
undergoing continuous development to make it as comprehensive and as easy to use as possible.
Additional analysis capabilities will be made available as they are developed. Any comments, suggestions
or errors encountered in either the results or the documentation should be immediately brought to EDSA’s
attention.
It is recommended that users of the program experiment with the sample job files that are included before
creating their own job files. It is also recommended that users consult the relevant papers on which the
program is based: IEC Standards 60287 & 60853, Neher-McGrath IEEE paper 57-660 and Underground
Transmission Systems Reference Book, Electric Power Research Institute, 1992 Edition.
This program is intended to be a very easy to use tool. However, it is expected that the user of the
program have good knowledge of the cable construction and ampacity calculations.
Overview
Cable ampacity assessment and temperature rise calculations is an important but time consuming task
for cable manufacturers, designers and operators. This is due to the fact the computations often includes
numerous mathematical calculations and extensive table look up and data processing. EDSA has
developed an efficient computer program in order to facilitate such calculations. The EDSA cable
ampacity program utilizes the techniques and formulae suggested in the IEC (International
Electrotechnical Commission) standard publication No. 60287 & 60853 to compute the temperature rise
and ampacity of power cables in the steady-state and transient conditions. This program also offers an
alternative computational method to handle non-unity load factor based on the Neher-McGrath technique.
Several enhancements to both Neher McGrath and IEC 60287 standard have been implemented. These
include:
9 Steel armoured submarine cables with or without concentric neutral or metallic sheath
9 Cables on riser poles
9 Single phase circuits consisting of one single core cable with concentric neutral wires or sheath
serving as the return conductor.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Background
The EDSA’s advanced power cable ampacity program supports all AC as well as DC voltages. Cables
can be directly buried, be in ducts, be in steel pipes, as well as in air. The permissible current rating of an
a.c. cable can be derived from the expression for the temperature rise above ambient temperature:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
Δθ = I 2 R+0.5Wd T1+ I 2 R(1+λ)+ Wd nT2 + I 2 R(1+λ1 +λ2 )+ Wd n(T3 +T4 )
Where:
Δθ is the conductor temperature rise above the ambient temperature (K). Note: The ambient
temperature is the temperature of the surrounding medium under normal conditions in a situation in which
cables are installed, or are to be installed, including the effect of any local source of heat, but not the
increase of temperature in the immediate neighborhood of the cables due to heat arising there from.
R is the alternating current resistance per unit length of the conductor at maximum operating temperature
(ohm/m).
Wd is the dielectric loss per unit length for the insulation surrounding the conductor (W/m).
T1 is the thermal resistance per unit length between one conductor and the sheath (K.m/W).
T2 is the thermal resistance per unit length of the bedding between the sheath and armor (k.m/W).
T3 is the thermal resistance per unit length of the external serving of the cable (K.m/W).
T4 is the thermal resistance per unit length between cable surface and the surrounding medium (K.m/W).
n is the number of load carrying conductors in the cable (conductors of equal size and carrying the same
load).
λ1 is the ratio of losses in the metal sheath to total losses in all conductors in that cable.
λ2 is the ratio of losses in the armoring to total losses in all conductors in that cable.
The permissible current rating is obtained from the above formula as follows:
ΔQ is temperature difference between critical isotherm (50 ºC) and the ambient (critical isotherm is one at
which drying out occurs), m is the ratio of the thermal resistivities of the dry and moist soil zones. The
nonisothermal surface is modeled by introducing an imaginary additional layer of soil d meters thick at the
earth surface, where:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
1
d=
aρ 0
a is the convection coefficient and ρ 0 is the thermal resistivity of the moist soil. The program computes
the convection coefficient.
General Data
General site configuration data as outlined below should be specified. The following items require special
attention:
9 Ambient temperature and soil resistivity values should correspond to the installation situation and not
to the test condition of the manufacturer. Ambient temperature is the soil ambient at the depth of the
cable if the cable is buried. If the cable is installed in air, ambient temperature means air ambient.
9 Soil thermal resistivity is normally in the range of 0.8 to 1.3 C-W/m. Values as low as 0.4 and as high
as 4 C-W/m have been recorded in field. Thermal resistivity of the soil is one of the most important
parameters affecting cable ampacity. The higher the value of the resistivity, the lower the ampacity.
Thermal resistivity increases with the decrease in moisture content in the soil. Thermal resistivity of
dry sand can be as high as 5 C-W/m, whereas, thermal resistivity of dry crushed limestone usually
cannot be higher than 1.5 C-W/m. Another factor affecting the value of the soil thermal resistivity is
its compaction. The higher the soil compaction, the lower is its thermal resistivity. If the soil thermal
resistivity is unknown, the more conservative value of 1.3 can be used as a starting point.
9 For simulation of soil drying out, the user should enter dry soil (and backfill if present) thermal
resistivity. The dry thermal resistivity is larger than the moist values.
Cable in Air
For cables in air, the following possible configurations are supported.
Installation Z E GC Configuration
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Solar Radiation
When cables are in air, the following information is required in addition to the cable arrangement as
shown above:
a) Shaded or un-shaded cable. For shaded cable the next two items do not apply.
b) Intensity of solar radiation (W/m2). The radiation should represent the long-term average value.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
c) The cable surface absorption coefficient. The following default values are provided, however, the
user can change the value if required:
9 Polychloroprene = 0.8
9 Polyvinylchloride = 0.6
9 Polyethylene = 0.4
Heat Source/Sink
The heat source/sink in proximity of cables can be simulated with the following four possibilities:
Installation
9 Cable geometrical coordinates should be defined with origin of the coordinate system such that the Y
values for buried cables are always a positive number (Y=0.0 at the ground level). The X values may
be either positive or negative. The choice of the origin of the X-axis in normally decided by the ease
of entering cable coordinates. For cables installed in air, the Y location has no significance and can
be set to 0.
9 Circuit number identifies the three phases of the cable circuit. The user should not define more than
one cable specified for the same circuit number; all of the three cables of the same circuit should be
of the same cable type.
9 Selection of a reference (for dissimilar or unequally loaded cables) cable. The program finds the
ampacity of the reference cable at its maximum operating temperature and the ampacities of the
remaining cables will be the highest possible without exceeding their thermal ratings.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Backfill
Backfill data pertain to thermal backfills or to ductbanks. The program can only handle two different
materials surrounding the cable. Only rectangular backfills/ductbanks can be simulated. Backfill or
ductbank is defined by its dimensions and thermal resistivity. The thermal resistivity of the backfill is
usually lower than that of the native soil. Concrete thermal resistivity is usually in the range of 0.5 to 0.8
ºC-W/m.
Conductor Material
Conductor material can be copper, aluminum, or user defined. If conductor material is your defined, then,
the user should provide the conductor resistivity at 20 ºC (in Ohm-m) as well as thermal coefficient of
resistance in 1/(ºC).
Conductor Construction
The conductor construction can be any of the following available choices:
9 round, stranded
9 round, compact or compressed
9 type m, round segmental type m, 4 segment hollow core
9 hollow core
9 type m, six segment hollow core
9 sector shaped
9 oval
9 solid
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Conductor Losses
The a.c. resistance of the conductor at its maximum temperature is computed from:
Racm = Rdcm ( 1 + Ys + Yp )
Where:
Cable Insulation
The insulation material can be selected from the following available choices. When a user has a different
insulation material than those listed below, then, thermal resistivity of the insulation should be provided:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
9 EPR, RHI=5.0
9 PVC, RHI=6.0
9 polyethylene, RHI=3.5
The program selects dielectric constant and loss factor coefficients according to the following table (see
the 1988 revision of IEC 287)
Dielectric constant Loss factor
Cables insulated with impregnated paper solid type,
fully-impregnated, pre-impregnated or mass-impregnated non-draining 4.0 0.01
Self-contained, oil filled, low pressure 3.3 0.004
Self-contained, oil filled, high pressure 3.5 0.0045
Oil-pressure pipe-type 3.7 0.0045
External gas-pressure 3.5 0.004
Internal gas-pressure 3.4 0.0045
Butyl rubber 4.0 0.05
EPR
up to 36 kV 3.0 0.020
above 36 kV 3.0 0.005
P.V.C. 8.0 0.1
PE 2.3 0.001
XLPE
up to 36 kV (unfilled) 2.5 0.004
above 36 kV (unfilled) 2.5 0.001
above 36 kV (filled) 3.0 0.005
Paper-polypropylene-paper-laminate (ppp or ppl) 3.5 0.00095
The dielectric loss factor is only taken into account for cables operating at equal or greater phase to
ground voltage than the following:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Bonding Arrangement
Sheath means metallic sheath/metallic shield/concentric wires. The bonding arrangement is a very
important factor in the computation of ampacity. When sheaths are bonded and grounded at both ends,
large circulating currents may result considerably decreasing cable ampacity. For cross-bonded and
single point bonded systems, only eddy current losses are present (if continuous cylindrical sheath is
present) which are much smaller than the circulating currents. For single point bonded systems, standing
voltages can develop at the open end. If a cross-bonded system has sections of unequal lengths,
circulating currents may occur and are computed by the program. The program will consider unequal
spacing between phases in two-point bonded systems if this information is available. The lengths of the
sections with unequal spacing can also be entered. The program will compute an average inductance of
the cables and this will affect the magnitude of circulating current.
If the user wishes to specify a particular loss factor, it is sufficient to specify ALOS=1 and DLF equal to
the required value of the loss factor.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Armor/Reinforcement Material
Armor here can represents reinforcing wires or tapes which can be either magnetic or nonmagnetic.
Armor serves as cable protection and should be distinguished from concentric wires that can serve as
neutral conductors for distribution cables or reinforcing conductors for transmission cables. Armor wires
are assumed always to be bonded and grounded at both ends whereas concentric wires can be either
single or two point bonded.
Armor Permeability
User can provide values for the longitudinal and transverse relative permeability (AME and AMT) and
angular time delay (GAMMA) for steel wire armor of single conductor cables. For three conductor cables
with steel tape armor user can provide just AME. If program selects the following values: AME = 400,
AMT = 10 when wires are in contact and AMT = 1 when wires are separated, GAMMA = 45 deg.
Insulation Shielding
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Sheath/Reinforcing Material
This can represents: a) reinforcing tape for self contained cables or b) metallic tape over insulation
shielding for pipe type cables. The following choices are available:
9 user supplies reinforcing tape resistivity, RHT (ohm-m) and temperature coefficient of resistance,
ALFAT ( 1/deg c)
Pipe type cables usually have metallic tape over insulation shielding made of copper, bronze or stainless
steel.
Cable Transposition
Transposition of cable reduces the circulation current for single conductor cables which are bonded at
both ends. The choices are:
This is a multiplier in the computation of skin and proximity effects for pipe type cables.
Two possible configurations namely triangular and cradled are considered in the program.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The duct/ductbank material along with its dimensions are used for the computation of appropriate thermal
resistance. The type of construction is one of the 12 listed above. Construction information together with
the value of RHD is used to compute external thermal resistance of the duct.
Cable Dimensions
The following is the list of cable components for which the dimensions will be required depending on
cable construction:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Conductor Dimensions
The present version of the program can handle only either single or three-conductor cables. Pipe type
cables are treated as three-conductor cables, therefore, the number of conductors in this case is 3. Sector
shaped conductors are replaced in the calculations by equivalent circular ones and therefore the user
should provide appropriate dimension as asked. Oval shaped conductors are replaced by equivalent
circular conductors with diameter d = Dmajor xDmin or
Insulation Dimensions
In the computation of thermal resistance of the insulation for sector shaped and circular three-conductor
cables, insulation thickness between conductors as well as insulation thickness between conductor and
the sheath should be provided.
Sheath Dimensions
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
For corrugated sheath, the thickness of the sheath should be the average thickness and the diameter
over the sheath should be equal to the arithmetic average between the internal and external diameter.
The lay of tape is the distance along the tape length between two points where the tape makes one full
turn around the cable.
Length of lay of the wire is the distance between two points measured along the wire length where the
wire makes a full turn around the cable. The following relation holds between the lay factor and the length
Length of lay
of lay x=
Diameter under the wire
Where:
X 4 6 8 9 10 12
Lay factor 1.27 1.13 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.03
For three-core cables, the average distance between cable center and conductor center is required.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Figure 1: Selecting Cable Ampacity Program from Design base 2.0 Main Dialog
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Then, the program will load the entire cables/projects library in the sample file into memory.
As can be seen below, the program window will have three parts. The upper left hand side will list the
available cable types library. The lower left hand side, shows the projects library and right hand side will
show either cable construction details (when a cable type is selected, note the highlighted row in the
upper left hand side below) or cables locations in a highlighted project. A project is the same as a study
where the user seeks cables ampacity/temperature for a given cable installation conditions.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Several tabs are shown above each corresponding to different cable construction layers, e.g. Insulation,
Sheath, Armor, etc. To edit any of the cable layers, simply select the corresponding tab. Below the dialog
for the “Conductor” tab is shown (For example, in the figure below, cable conductor material can be either
copper, aluminum or can be defined by the user):
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The list of available materials (in this case insulation) will be presented. To select, point with the mouse
on the desired row and left mouse click once on the highlighted item as shown below:
More details for each cable layers and their materials will be shown in the later sections.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
A Wizard has been implemented to assist the user in the process of creating a new cable type. The
Wizard will take the user through a step-by-step instructions/dialogs until all of the cable data are
completed. The first screen will prompt the user for general cable data as shown below:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
We will be entering the same cable data for this example as the 138 kV pipe type cable that was used in
the Neher McGrath Paper. In the below dialog, a 3-phase 138 kV, steel pipe type cable along with the
pipe inside and outside diameters is specified.
Upon completion of the above information, select “Next” to continue to the next step. The “Conductor”
data dialog is shown below:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The cable construction per Neher McGrath paper is a round 4-segmental cable. Also, the conductor does
not have any screen/shield. Next, conductor dimension data dialog will be presented as shown below:
The cable cross-section area, diameter over conductor shield (if any) should be entered in the above data
dialog. The data based on the paper is shown in figure below.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The cable insulation data dialog will be shown next as seen in the figure below.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The insulation material and loss factors are all user defined for this example. The insulation thermal
resistivity based on the paper is 5.5 ºC-m/W. This cable has no insulation shield/screen.
The insulation dimension data dialog will be the next data dialog that should be completed.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The diameter over insulation and over insulation shield is the same in this case since we have no
insulation shield.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
In the next screen, the cable sheath and bonding and transposition data should be provided.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Select “Next” to proceed to the next data dialog, i.e., the cable reinforcing data dialog as shown below:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The reinforcing tape made of brass/bronze is selected based on the data supplied in the Neher McGrath
paper.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The reinforcing tape dimension data is entered next that is shown in the figure below:
The cable concentric neutral or skid wire can be defined next. For the cable at hand, the cable does not
have any concentric neutral wires but it has a brass/bronze skid wire.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The cable Jacket or in case of a pipe type cable, pipe coating material can be specified in the data dialog
shown in the figure below:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
For this cable a user defined pipe coating material is selected where thermal resistivity of the pipe coating
is provided, i.e., RHJ = 1.0 ºC-m/W
This cable has no armor bedding, armor, or armor serving as specified and shown in the above figure.
The last data dialog, is the data regarding the overall cable diameter, pipe material (in case of pipe type
cable), and cable loss factor.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
After completing the overall cable dimension dialog, this cable that is just created will be added to the
cable/project library. As shown in the figure below, the newly added cable type is now can be seen in the
list of available cable types.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
When creating a new project/study, the program requires a number cable installation conditions in
addition to the cables types and their location. In the next screen shown below, there are two tabs one
marked as “General” where general installation data can be entered and the other tab named “Cable
Installation” where cable type and location can be specified.
First the general project data should be completed. The general data requirement is show the dialog
illustrated in the figure below:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
In the above there are several groups of data which is required. These are:
9 Study/Project Title: The user is recommended to assign an identification record to each study for
easy reference in the future.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
9 Solution method can be either IEC or Neher McGrath. If all of the cables have unity daily load
factor, then, IEC is the recommended method, otherwise, Neher McGrath should be selected
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The general installation data entered based on the Neher McGrath paper is shown in the below screen:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
After completing the “General” data, the cable locations and type needs to be identified. Use the mouse to
select the “Cable Installation” tab as shown above. The data dialog appears in the figure shown below.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
To add a cable type to the study, use the mouse to point to “Add Cable..” icon and then click once the left
mouse button.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
In the data dialog shown below, first we should specify which cable is to be used in the study. Press
“Select Cable...” icon as shown below to see a list of available cables in the library.
List of cables in the library are shown in the figure below. Simply, use the mouse to highlight the desired
cable and then press “OK” button to accept the selection. In the case at hand we will choose the cable we
created in the previous section “138 kV Pipe Type Cable from NM paper”.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Now the select cable identification is shown in the upper portion of the data dialog below.
The cable in this study based on the Neher McGrath paper is directly buried 3 feet below the ground
surface with the maximum conductor temperature of 70 ºC. Daily load factor of 85% or 0.85 p.u. is also
specified. Press “OK” to accept the data entries. It can be seen from the figure below, it is possible to add
more cable type (s) to this study by just repeating the same process (choosing “Add Cable..” icon) .
Since there is no additional cable in this study, press “OK” to complete study/project data .
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The study is just created is now can be seen in the list of existing studies as shown in the lower left hand
side of the figure shown below:
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The report browser screen show below can be used to view the result and also save a copy of the text
result for later printing or inclusion in a document. Select the “DONE” icon once the examination of result
is completed.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Figure 23: Report Browser Window Showing the Result of Ampacity Calculation
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
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Figure 24: 138 kV, 2000 MCM high pressure oil-filled, 3-conductor, pipe type cable.
The EDSA cable ampacity program for the above case produces very close result as those reported in
the IEEE paper as summarized below:
Table 1: Comparing Results of Neher McGrath and EDSA’s Cable Ampacity Program
Reference Neher McGrath IEEE Paper EDSA’s Cable Ampacity Program
Cable Ampacity (amp) 905 901
Deviance (%) - 0.44
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The transient analysis program should assist the users to seek the answers to the following questions:
9 What the final conductor temperature would be (with the defined load curve) if cable loading
increases by certain amount and duration?
9 How long cables in a study can be operated (with the defined load curve) if cable loading
increases by certain amount?
9 What is the maximum current the cables can carry for a specified period of time if the temperature
of the conductor not to exceed by certain amount?
The transient analysis program utilizes the techniques outlined in the IEC 60853. The transient program
requires the steady-state temperature and ampacity of the cables which is used as initial conditions for
the time domain simulations. Therefore, the transient program runs automatically the steady-state
program before starting the transient computations.
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The simulation period: This is the total simulation time in hours (for example the user can be examine conductor
temperature over a 2 days period, i.e., 48 hours)
Simulation Step: Is the interval for which the transient program will compute the cables response to the load curve.
Also, the reporting of the results will be done at the same interval (step). The simulation step should be provided in
hours.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
To assign a load curve from the library to a cable of the study, select the cable of the interest by double left mouse
button on the row where the cable of interest is shown (see figure below).
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The dialog for assigning a load curve is shown below. The dropdown shown on the right hand side of the below
figure can be used to select a load curve from the transient library. In the example below there are two load curve
available from the library namely, “Typical” and “New”. After selecting the load curve of interest press “OK” to
confirm the assignment.
Figure 31: Selecting a Load Curve from Transient Load Curve Library
To change the simulation parameters, such as load curve scaling factor, just place the mouse in the data field and
press the left mouse button. The default values can be changed to any value within acceptable limits. In this
example, simulation period is specified to be 48 hours (2 days), load curve scaling factor of 120 % with simulation
step of 1 hour.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
After the transient data entry is completed, press the button marked as “Calculate” to start the transient
computations. Once the analysis is performed the options “View Result” and “View Graph” becomes accessible.
These buttons are grayed out if the analysis is not performed successfully (see Figure 33).
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
To display the result of a transient simulation, press the button marked as “View Graph”. The plot of cables
(conductors) temperatures as well as the load curves will be displayed as illustrated in Figure 35.
The text report of the transient simulation result can be examined by pressing the button marked as “View Result”.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
First, we will perform a transient analysis for a given cable type and installation conditions subject to one
step function lasting for a long period of time (i.e. simulating steady-state) assuming a load curve scale
factor. The cable temperature at the end of the transient simulation run will be noted, say Tf. Next we will
perform a steady-state simulation by specifying conductor temperature to be Tf and will compute the
cable ampacity. The computed cable ampacity should be equal to the load curve scale factor specified in
the transient simulation run. It should be noted that the results obtained in this manner will not be 100%
identical since the transient uses the lumped parameters model obtained in the steady-state as per IEC
60853 which is an approximation of the cable model.
Adopting the above approach to validate and verify the transient program, we use the same pipe type
cable as in the Neher McGrath paper. The corresponding study, which was also used in the steady-state
program validation, is shown below. It can be seen from the below figure that the load curve pattern in
this case is defined as 100 % step function lasting 2000 hours. We have also defined a load curve scale
factor of 120% with simulation period of 1000 hours.
The result of the transient simulation for this study is shown in Figure 36. The result shows that the conductor
temperature reaches approximately 91.2 ºC.
Next, we will seek the ampacity of the pipe type cable having temperature of 91.2 ºC in the steady-state module. The
cable installation screen is shown in Figure 37.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Figure 37: Cable Installation Screen Defining Final Temperature Obtained in the Transient Simulation
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Finally the steady-state simulation is performed for the modified conductor temperature as shown below:
The result of the simulation is shown below. The cable ampacity in this case is 1119 Amps. Table below summarize
the result of the V&V:
The above table shows that the result obtained by the transient program when simulating a long lasting step
function is in excellent agreement with the results obtained in the steady-state simulation.
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References – Bibliography
9 AIEE Trans., "Symposium on Temperature Rise of Cables," Vol. 72, Part II, p. 530-62, 1953.
9 AIEE Committee Report, "A-C Resistance of Pipe-Cable Systems with Segmental Conductors,"
AIEE Trans. Vol. 71, Part III, p. 393-414, 1952.
9 AIEE Publication S-135-1, Power Cable Ampacity Tables, ICES Publication, pp. 46-426, 1962.
9 Arnold, A. H. M., "Proximity Effect in Solid and Hollow Round Conductors," Journal IEE, Vol. 88,
Part II*, p. 349-59, Aug., 1941.
9 Arnold, A.H.M., "Eddy-Current Losses in Multi-Core Paper-Insulated Lead-Covered Cables,
Armored and Unarmored, Carrying Balanced 3-Phase Current," Journal IEE, Vol. 88, Part I, p.
52-63, Feb., 1941.
9 Beasley, W.A., "Hot Circuits Can Be Expensive," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. Vol. 1A-19, July/August
1983.
9 Bosone, L., "Contribution to the Study of Losses and of Self-Induction of Single-Conductor
Armored Cables," L'Elettrotecnica, p.2, 1931.
9 Buller, F.H. and Neher, J.H., "The Thermal Resistance between Cables and a Surrounding Pipe
or Duct Wall," AIEE Trans, Vol. 69, Part I, p. 342-9, 1950.
9 Buller, F.H. and Woodrow, C.A., "Load Factor and Equivalent Hours Compared," Electrical World,
Vol. 92, No. 2, p. 59-60, 1928.
9 Buller, F.H., Neher, J.H. and Wollaston, F.O., "Oil Flow and Pressure Calculations for Self-
Contained Oil-Filled Cable Systems," AIEE Trans. Vol. 75, Part I, 1959.
9 Buller, F.H., "Thermal Transients on Buried Cables," AIEE Trans. Vol. 70, Part I, p. 45-55, 1951.
9 Buller, F.H., " Artificial Cooling of Power Cable," AIEE Trans. Vol. 71, Part III, p. 634-41, 1952.
9 Burrell, R.W.; Morris, M., "A-C Resistance of Conventional Strand Power Cables in Non-Metallic
Duct and in Iron Conduit," AIEE Trans. Vol. 74, 1955, Part III, p. 1014-23.
9 Greebler, P.; Barnett, G.F., "Heat Transfer Study of Power Cable Ducts and Duct Assemblies,"
AIEE Trans. Vol. 69, Part I, 1950, p. 351-69.
9 Heiman, R.H., "Surface Heat Transmission," ASME Trans. Vol. 51, Part I, p. 287-302, 1929.
9 IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., "Neher-McGrath Calculations for Insulated Power Cables," Vol. 1A-21,
No. 5, September/October 1985.
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9 IPCA Publication, “Ampacity Tables for Solid Dielectric Power Cables Including Effect of Shield
Losses,” pp. 53-426 and NEMA Publication WC 50-1976.
9 Meyerhoff, L. and Eager, Jr., G.S., "A-C Resistance of Segmental Cables in Steel Pipe," AIEE
Trans Vol. 68, Part II, p. 816-34, 1949.
9 Meyerhoff, L., “Pipe Losses in Non-Magnetic Pipe,” AIEE Trans. Vol. 72, Part III, p. 1260-75,
1953.
9 National Electric Code, National Fire Protection Association Tables 310-20 through 310-30, 1988.
9 Neher, J. H., "The Temperature Rise of Buried Cables and Pipes," AIEE Trans. Vol. 68, Part I, p.
9-21, 1949.
9 Neher, J.H., "The Temperature Rise of Cables in a Duct Bank," AIEE Trans. Vol. 68, Part I, p.
540-9, 1949.
9 Neher, J.H., "A Simplified Mathematical Procedure for Determining the Transient Temperature
Rise of Cable System," AIEE Trans. Vol. 72, Part III, p. 712-8, 1953.
9 Neher, J.H. and McGrath, M.H., "The Calculation of the Temperature Rise and Load Capability of
Cable Systems," AIEE Trans. on Power Appl. Sys., Pt. III, Vol. 76, pp. 752-772, October 1957.
9 Schurig, O.R. and Frick, G.W., "Heating and Current-Carrying Capacity of Bare Conductors for
Outdoor Service," G.E. Review, Vol. 33, p.141, 1930.
9 Schurig, O.R., Kuehni, H.P. and Buller, P.H., "Losses in Armored Single-Conductor, Lead-
Covered A-C Cables," AIEE Trans. Vol. 93, No. 1, p. 417, 1929.
9 Simmons, D.M., "Calculation of the Electrical Problems of Underground Cables," The Electric
Journal, May-November, 1932.
9 Wedmore, E.B., "The Heating of Cables Exposed to the Sun in Racks," Journal IEE, Vol. 75, p.
737-48, 1934.
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
The allowable conductor temperature for the type of insulation being used is the main factor that defines
the ampacity of a cable. A complete approach to the problem requires the integration of all aspects of
cable system design such as:
9 Load characteristics
9 Cable type
9 Conductor material & size
9 Insulation thickness and properties
9 Shield connections
9 Environment
9 Installation conditions
Of course, other system conditions and load-flow characteristics may limit the rating of the cable to values
lower than its ampacity. The basic calculation procedure for studying the thermal behavior of an element
corresponds to the thermal equivalent of Ohm's law, which is shown in above Figure. Here we can see
that Heat (Watts) is equivalent to electrical current, and Thermal Resistance (thermal ohm-foot)
corresponds to electrical resistance (ohms). When heat circulates through the circuit's thermal resistance,
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Thermal resistivity is defined in units of °C − cm / watt for both, the metric and imperial systems. In
Europe, however, is defined as °C − m / watt . To illustrate the significance of this unit, consider the
following: a material that possesses a resistivity of 1°C − cm / watt , will experience a 1°C temperature
rise when a heat flow equivalent to 1 watt / cm 2 flows through a 1 cm section of the material.
dT = 1oC
1 Watt
1 Foot
(1Meter)
1 Thermal Ohm-Foot
(1 Thermal Ohm-Meter)
In the United States, the ampacity calculations are based on a unit cable length of 1 foot, thus defining a
Thermal-Ohm-Foot (TOF) ( °C − foot / watt ) as the thermal resistance that causes a 1°C -temperature
increase, when 1 watt of heat per foot of conductor is generated. The equivalent metric unit is called the
Thermal Ohm Meter (TOM), and is expressed as ( °C − m / watt ). The above Figure illustrates the
concept of Thermal-Ohm-Foot/Meter.
Tearth
Figure above, illustrates a mathematical model that describes the thermal circuit of a self-cooled buried
transmission cable. This model is typical of a pipe-type cable system, which is one of the most common
types of cable used in transmission applications. While conventional models may include conductor and
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dielectric losses and maybe even shield effect, they fail to take into account crucial thermal elements
such as pipe fluid, and earth losses. Each of the components are summarized as follows:
Temperatures: Conductor
Cable/earth interface
Ambient
Losses: (
Ohmic I 2 ∗ R )
Dielectric (insulation)
Shield/sheath (eddy & circulating currents)
Pipe (edddy-current & hysteresis )
In the particular case of cables in free air, one must consider the effect of solar radiation, which increases
the temperature rise, and the effect of the wind, which decreases it. As seen from the above list of
elements, the true ampacity of a cable depends on many factors, which are often ignored by traditional
methods. This leads to poor/dangerous design specifications.
Virtually every steady-state ampacity calculation in the United States is performed according to the
Neher-McGrath method. This procedure quantifies with extreme accuracy the added heating effect
imposed by each and every one of the elements previously listed. A non-US practice is to employ the IEC
287 method, which is the metric equivalent to the Neher-McGrath procedure. IEC 287, however, has a
better treatment of sheath losses for single conductor cables. Both methods are applicable to both single
and three-conductor cable in various installations, such as cable in air, cable in duct, and cable buried in
earth.
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Conduit/Pipe
Air Air
Soil
Soil
Air
Air
Duct
Ground
Duct
Ground
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Ground
So
Duct
Soil Soil
Cradle
Configuration
OIL
Single conductor
Oil-filled cable
3-Conductor
Cables in Duct
Triplex Configuration
Cables in flat
configuration
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Advanced Power Cable Ampacity Program
Magnetic pipe/conduit
1-Conductor Cradled Non-Magnetic Armor
Cables. 1-Conductor Cradled
Cables.
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Jacket
Insulation ti
DJ
tC
Conductor
Insulation
Jacket
Core (tci)
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Conductor Material
Conductor Shield
Insulation Type
Insulation Shield
Sheath Type
Concentric Wires
Armour Bedding
Armour Type
External Cover
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Different types of insulating material are listed below. The user can select specific inductive capacitance
of insulation (εr) based on the type of cable.
Materials ε
Insulation ( r)
Polyethylene 2.3
Paper Insulation (Solid type) 3.7 (IPCEA Value)
Paper Insulation (Other type) 3.3 - 4.2
Rubber and Rubber-like compounds 5.0 (IPCEA Value)
Varnished Cambric 5.0 (IPCEA Value)
The thermal resistivities of different materials are listed in table below. The user has the option to select
the material thermal resistivities depending on the type of cable, its protective coverings, and the
materials for duct installations.
For cables in ducts or pipes, the constants A' and B' from below table are used for calculation of thermal
resistance (RSD) of the air space between the cable surface and the duct internal surface. The user needs
to supply the values of the constants from table below depending on the installation of the cable.
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Concrete 1.0
Fibre 4.8
Asbestos 2.0
Earthenware 1.2
PVC 7.0
PE 3.5
For the cable diameters in the range of 25 mm to 100 mm, the constants UU, V and Y in following tbale
are used for calculation of thermal resistance of the air space between the cable surface and the duct
internal surface.
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