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Bintang dan Galaksi dalam Alam
Semesta
Stars and Galaxies in the Universe
Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts
Kecerahan
Brightness
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Galaksi Galaxies
1. Terdapat berjuta-juta galaksi dalam alam semesta. 1. There are millions of galaxies in the universe. Each
Setiap galaksi terdiri daripada berjuta-juta bintang. galaxy consists of millions of stars.
2. Galaksi dikelaskan berdasarkan bentuknya, iaitu 2. Galaxies are classified based on their shapes, i.e.
galaksi elips, galaksi berpilin dan galaksi tidak elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies and irregular
seragam. galaxies.
3. Sistem suria berada dalam galaksi yang disebut 3. The solar system is in a galaxy called the Milky Way
Bima Sakti yang merupakan suatu galaksi berpilin. which is a spiral galaxies.
4. Matahari adalah satu daripada berjuta-juta bintang 4. The Sun is one of the millions of stars in the Milky
dalam Bima Sakti. Way.
Kitar Hidup Bintang (Hipotesis Nebula) Life Cycle of a Star (Nebular Hypothesis)
1. Bintang dilahirkan daripada nebula. 1. A star is formed from a nebula.
2. Nebula ialah awan besar yang terdiri daripada debu 2. A nebula is a large cloud that consists of dust and
dan gas-gas seperti hidrogen dan helium. gases such as hydrogen and helium.
3. Peringkat-peringkat kelahiran bintang: 3. Stages in the birth of a star:
(a) Gas-gas dan zarah-zarah debu dalam nebula (a) Gases and dust particles in the nebula are pulled
ditarik oleh daya tarikan graviti yang kuat dan by the strong gravitational force to form a
membentuk satu gumpalan. globe.
(b) Daya tarikan graviti yang kuat menyebabkan (b) The strong gravitational force causes the globe
gumpalan gas mengecut dan termampat sehingga of gases to shrink and it is compressed until it
sangat padat dan membentuk satu teras. becomes very compact to form a core.
(c) Teras ini semakin kecil dan padat disebabkan (c) This core becomes increasingly smaller
oleh daya tarikan graviti yang semakin kuat. and compact as a result of the increasing
(d) Apabila suhu dan tekanan dalam teras menjadi gravitational force.
terlalu tinggi, tindak balas nuklear berlaku. (d) When the temperature and pressure in the core
(e) Gas hidrogen ditukar kepada helium. Banyak become very high, a nuclear reaction occurs.
tenaga haba dan cahaya terbebas. Teras itu (e) Hydrogen gas is turned into helium. A lot of
menyinar dan satu bintang dilahirkan. heat and light energy are released. The core
4. Peringkat-peringkat kematian bintang yang shines and a star is formed.
sederhana besar seperti Matahari: 4. Stages in the death of a star of moderate size such
(a) Teras bintang kehabisan hidrogen (bahan api), as the Sun:
mengecut dan menjadi lebih panas. (a) The core of the star runs out of hydrogen (fuel),
(b) Haba yang dibebaskan memanaskan lapisan contracts and becomes hotter.
paling luar. Akibatnya, hidrogen dalam lapisan (b) The heat released heats up the outermost layer.
paling luar mula terbakar dan menyebabkan As a result, hydrogen within the outermost layer
bintang itu mengembang. starts to burn, causing the star to expand.
(c Bintang raksasa merah terbentuk. Jika bintang
(c) (c) A red giant star is formed. If the star is too big,
ini terlalu besar, bintang ini akan mengecut it will contract and produce big explosion called
dan menghasilkan letupan besar yang dikenal a supernova. A neutron star or black hole will
sebagai supernova. Bintang neutron atau be formed.
BAB
lohong hitam akan terbentuk. (d) A white dwarf will be formed if the red giant is
(d Bintang kerdil putih akan terbentuk jika bintang
(d) not massive.
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raksasa merah tidak begitu besar.
Ciri-ciri Bintang
Ciri-ci Characteristics of Stars
1. Bintang
B dikelaskan berdasarkan ciri-ciri seperti suhu, 1. Stars are classified based on characteristics such as
jarak, warna, saiz dan kecerahan.
ja temperature, distance, colour, size and brightness.
2. Bintang yang mempunyai suhu sangat rendah 2. A star with a very low temperature is red while a
berwarna merah manakala bintang yang sangat star that is very hot is blue.
panas berwarna biru.
Nota Grafik
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aleerrii Info
fo
2 Apakah yang membentuk galaksi?/What forms a galaxy?
Gal
TP1
Berjuta-juta bintang/Millions of stars
Bima Sakti mempunyai diameter
3 (a) Apakah nama galaksi yang terletaknya sistem suria kita? 100 000 tahun cahaya dan
ketebalan 10 000 tahun cahaya.
What is the name of the galaxy where the solar system is located? TP1
The Milky Way has a diameter of
Bima Sakti/The Milky Way 100 000 light years and a
thickness of 10 000 light years.
(b) Apakah bentuk galaksi yang dinyatakan di 3(a)?
What is the shape of the galaxy stated in 3(a)? TP1
Berpilin/Spiral TONTON Keindahan
VIDEO alam semesta
The beauty of
4 (a) Pada rajah angkasa lepas di bawah, lengkapkan petak-petak the universe
dengan perkataan yang berikut. https://www.
youtube.com/
In the diagram of outer space below, fill in the boxes with the following
watch?v=
words. TP1 HsvHpLCZhbg
(a) Galaksi
Galaxy
Galaksi
Galaxy
Sistem suria Bima Sakti
Solar system Milky Way
Alam semesta
Universe
BAB
(b) Bandingkan saiz relatif antara objek-objek angkasa lepas dalam peta alir yang diberi.
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Compare the relative size of the space objects in the given flow map. TP1
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the outermost layer. As a result, hydrogen within the outermost layer starts to
burn expand
, causing the star to . At this stage, the star is red and is called a
11 red giant
.A
white dwarf
will be formed if the red giant is not massive.
Galeri Info
fo
Apabila suhu mencapai 15 000°C, tindak balas nuklear berlaku.
When the temperature reaches 15 000°C, the nuclear reaction takes place.
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(a) Teras bintang kehabisan hidrogen , mengecut dan menjadi lebih panas.
hydrogen contracts
The core of the star runs out of , and becomes hotter.
(b) Hidrogen di lapisan paling luar terbakar dan bintang mengembang untuk
membentuk raksasa merah .
expands
Hydrogen within the outermost layer burns and the star to form
red giant
a .
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A that consists of that is very and has a very
neutrons gravitational
is formed. This star strong force. It cannot
rotates be seen in outer space.
and gives out radio waves.
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Bintang neutron Bintang super raksasa Bintang raksasa merah Kerdil putih
Neutron star Supergiant star Red giant star White dwarf
3 Pengelasan bintang berdasarkan kecerahan bintang dan jarak bintang dari Bumi.
The classification of stars based on the brightness of stars and the distance of the stars from the Earth. TP2
Matahari Pembelajaran
(a) ialah bintang yang paling hampir dengan Bumi dan kelihatan Abad ke-21
BAB
sangat cerah.
Sun
The is the closest star to the Earth and appears to be very bright to us.
11 (b) Kecerahan bintang bergantung pada saiz bintang, jarak bintang dari Bumi
suhu
dan bintang. Sirius dan Rigel ialah contoh-contoh bintang yang cerah di langit.
size distance
The brightness of a star depends on the of the star, the of the star from
temperature
the Earth and the of the star. Sirius and Rigel are examples of the brightest stars in the
sky.
(c) Semakin jauh bintang dari Bumi, semakin malap bintang itu kelihatan
walaupun bintang itu sebenarnya merupakan satu bintang yang sangat cerah.
farther dimmer
The a star is from the Earth, the it will look even though it may actually
be a very bright star.
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Our solar system is located in a galaxy called the Milky Way which is spiral in shape.
(b) Bintang besar dan super besar/Large and super-large stars Jika bintang besar
If a large star
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