CHAPTER 3

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

3.1 EDUCATIONAL DIAGNOSIS

3.2 REMEDIAL INSTRlJCTIONAL

I'ROGRAMMES
- . - - --- Hevrew of Related Studies

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

The review of related studies is an essential part of any

investigation. The survey of the related studies is a crucial aspect

of the planning of the study. In the words of Turney and Robb'

(1971) the iderrtificatiorr of a problem, tire development o f a

reseurclt design arrd deterrnittatiort of tlre size arrd scope o f tlte

care u ~ t dirrterrsity witlr wltich a researcher lras exarniried the

literatrrre related to tlte irttertded research.

The advantages the related studies is to provide insight into

the statistical methods through which validity of the results is to be

established. According to avid^ (1969), The literature is review

to create the content from the past for the new study to be

conducted with new subjects and newly obtained data.

The analysis of related studies revealed that very few

studies were conducted in the area of Remedial Teaching in

Chemistry The studies available in the related area are

summarized and presented under the following heads:

(1) Educational Diagnosis

(2) Remedial Instructional Programmes

 ~~ ~ ~ .- ~
Review of Related Studies

3.1 EDU<:ATlONAL DIAGNOSIS

sankara3 (1957) studied the difficulties experienced by

pupils of Standard IX in factorization. The study revealed that a

great majority of the pupils experienced difficulties in dealing with

negative numbers, applying rules of signs, factorization of

polynomials and in recognizing comnlon factor.

chaudhary4 (1958) investigated into the difficulties of class

X pupils of Delhi High Schools and Higher Secondary Schools in

solving Geometrical exercises and identified the following

difficult~es: lack of understanding and interpreting Geometrical

exercises; reasoning and interpreting the Geometrical figures.

Singh and srivastavas (1960) conducted a diagnostic study

of common errors committed by !students of Standard Vlll in

written English, their prevention and cure. The study revealed

that lack of remedial and preventive techniques in English is one

of the rnajor reasons for committing errors in English.

~ u r n a r (1964)
i~ studied the difficulties experienced by the

pupils of standard VII in fundamental operations with decimals.

The study revealed that many of the common types of errors

committed by students were either due to lack of mastery of

concepts or due to insufficient practice in operation with decimals.

-- -- - - - . --- -- -
Revrew of Related Studles

~ a c o b '(1965) studied the errors committed by the students

of standard Vlll in addition and subtraction in Algebra. The study

revealed that majority of students under study had difficulty with

terms having powers and was not able to distinguish between like

terms and unlike terms and showed difficulty to follow the

symbolic representation of Algebra.

~ l i a s ' (1966) conducted a study to identify the common

errors committed by the pupils of standard VI in fractions using a

diagnostic test. The major findings revealed that a great majority

of students experienced difficulty in division of fractions,

especially with mixed fractions and rnultiplication and division.

lndapurkarg (1968) conducted a diagnostic study of errors

in learning English of Middle school Pupils of Chandrapur district.

The study revealed that verbal inflection errors were frequent in

Standards VI. VII and VIII.

lypeiO (1969) constructed a diagnostic test in Square r o o t

for pupils of Standard IX. The difficulties experienced by the pupils

in different operations were the following: fundamental operations

especially in multiplication arid division and units of

measurements.
 -- ~.
Review of Related Studies

~ u k e "(2970) studied the difficulties faced by xthStandard

students of Kollam District in learning English Grammar. A

diagnostic test was administered to 600 pupils of Standard X. The

study revealed that the majority of the students under study had

difficulties with English Grammar.

~ r n r n a l ' ~(1972) analysed the linguistic difficulties in

learning Hindi, on a sample of 600 Secondary School pupils in

Kerala. Linguistic analysis through a specially designed test

revealed the relative difficulty among 27 different linguistic areas.

The study revealed that the method of teaching Hindi language

was inadequate and uninteresting. It also revealed that the

majority of the school children exhibited deficiencies in learning

Hindi language.

ale el'^ (1975) conducted an experimental study to test the

effect~venessof diagnostic approach in teaching Mathematics in

Standard VIII. The study conducted on a sample of 440 students

revealed that diagnostic approach in teaching Mathematics was

effective for the total sample and sub samples.

~ o r a ~ a(1979)
' ~ conducted a diagnostic study in

Mathematics at Primary level. The study revealed that most of the

errors committed by students reflect the poor formation of decimal

 Review of Related Studies

concepts due to inadequate background. The study also revealed

that carrying in addition and borrowing in subtraction were

considered difficult due to the presence of decimal points.

air'^ (1980) conducted a diagnostic study of the difficulties

of university entrants in the use of chemical equations. The

necessary data were collected by administering a diagnostic test

in chemical symbols, formulae and equations. The study revealed

that the nature and extent of errors committed by the students in

the learning of chemical symbols, formulae and equations is

influenced by certain selected socio-personal factors.

~ u r n a r y '(1983)
~ conducted a study on the procedures

adopted and the difficulties experienced by pupils of standard vlth

Standard in solving verbal problerns in Arithmetic. The study

revealed that the pupils experienced difficulty in understanding the

verbal problems; meanings of i t e m in the problem and solving

problems having more than one part.

s a l y l 7 (1984) studied the difficulties experienced by pupils

in the learning of Arabic in the secondary schools of Kerala. The

areas of difficulty identified were: different types of word order;

paraphrasing preposition, adjective and verbs and reconstruction

of senterices.
 Review o f Related Studies

at hew" (1985) identified the difficulties in learning

chemistry experienced by educationally backward students at pre-

degree level. The results of the study revealed that the Pre-degree

students experienced a high level of difficulty in learning

Chemistry and this is acute in the case of educationally backward

students.

sebastianlg (1985) studied the difficulties experienced by

educationally backward students at Pre-degree level in learning

Botany The major causes identified were lack of pre-requisite

knowledge, knowledge in related subjects, ability in concept

attainment and comprehending abstract knowledge. The study

revealed that the low achievers have more learning difficulty than

high achievers.

lJzhuvathuZO(1985) studied t.he difficulties experienced by

educationally backward students at Pre-degree level in learning

Physics The study revealed that pupils experienced great

difficulty in learning Physics at first year Pre-degree level and this

was acute in the case of educationally backward students.

~ o h a m m e d " (1986) conducted a study to identify the

errors comm~ttedby the Pre-degree students in writing English

and found that the majority of the students committed errors in

 Review o fRelated Studies

tenses, preposition, noun and relative clauses, passive voice and

auxiliary verbs

Haslam and ~ r e a ~ u s t(1'987)

~' constructed a two-tier

multiple choice instrument for the secondary school students. The

result of the study revealed that a high percentage of secondary

students do not comprehend the nature and function of respiration

and have little understanding of the relationship between

photosynthesis and respiration in plants.

scott2' (1988) studied the effectiveness of a Computerised

Diagnostic Inventory on Basic Mathematical skills. A

Computerised Diagnostic Mathematics Instrument (CDMIIMS) was

designed parallel to the commercial paper and pencil inventory

published by McGraw Hill. Analysis of the findings revealed that

the CDMIIMS requires significantly less time and fewer questions

than that of the paper and pencil inventory.

~ r e a ~ u s (1988)
t'~ developed Diagnostic tests in Chemistry

and Biology to evaluate students' misconceptions and errors

commrtted in Science. Analysis of the results of the tests

revealed that Diagnostic tests were very much effective for

ident~ficationof errors and misconceptions of both teachers and

students in Chemistry and Biology.

 Revrew of Related Studies
--

Peterson e t (1989) studied the misunderstandings of

grade - 11 and grade - 12 students in Chemistry (co-valent

bonding and structure) using a Diagnostic instrument. The results

of the study ind~cated that the two-tier Diagnostic instrument

provided a feasible approach for evaluating students'

understanding and for identifying misconceptions and

misunderstanding in the Chemistry.

~ o s e ' (1990)
~ studied the difficulties experienced by

Vocat~onal Higher Secondary students of Kerala in learning

Botany The study revealed that VHSE students experienced

difficulty in the skill of hierarchical learning and in attaining

concepts of Botany.

varghese2' (1991) studied the difficulty in learning fractions

by pup~lsof standard VI. The study revealed that the following

areas are difficult for the majority of students due to the lack of

understanding of fundamental iconcepts: changing the whole

number into a fraction; changing an improper fraction into a mixed

fraction and addition and subtraction of improper and mixed

fraction

~ a n a r j e e " (1993) assessed the students' and teachers'

understanding of Chemical Equilibrium. A Diagnostic test on

 -- Review of Related Studies

Chemical Equilibrium was administered to collect necessary data.

The study revealed that both teachers and students committed

errors in the following concepts in Chemistry: Le Chatlier's

Principle. Rate and Equilibrium, Applications of Equilibrium to

acids, base and ionic solutions.

~ a s r n i n e(1994),
~~ studied the difficulties experienced by

the pupils of standard Ill in computation, by a Diagnostic test. The

study revealed that the level of attainment of students was very

poor for the division of four digit numbers with one digit number.

~ a ~ a l e k s h r n i(1994)
~~ studied the difficulties in

computations experienced by the students in standard IV. The

study revealed that out of the fifty teaching points studied, the

level of attainment is very good in the case of six teaching points,

good in the case of twenty three teaching points, satisfactory in

the c a s e of fifteen teaching points, poor in the case of five

teaching points and very poor in the case of only one teaching

point due to the lack of understanding the basic concepts of

computatlon.

LJnisa3' (1994) identified the difficulties experienced by

lower primary school children in learning 'Science. The study was

intended to prepare a diagnostic test in LPS Science so as to

 - -
Revrew of Related Stud~es
-- - -

identify the difficult areas of knowledge, understanding,

application and to arrange the various categories of difficult areas

on the decreasing order of difficulty. The study revealed that the

most difficult area in the cited categories is application.

~ a n i ~ (1996)
' investigated the causes of difficulties

experienced in teaching English poetry at the Secondary level.

The study revealed that the difficulties experienced by pupils were

due to the inadequate library facilities, illiterate parents, and

uninteresting themes of poems and ineffective method of teaching.

~ i n d h (1996)
u ~ ~ studied the difficulties experienced by the

fifth standard pupils in learning fractions. The study revealed that

many of the common errors made by pupils were due to lack of

understanding of principles involved in the addition, subtraction

and multiplication with fraction and inadequate practice in doing

problems in fraction

~ a ~ a s r (1997)
e e ~ ~identified the difficulties experienced by

the pupils of standard VIII in expanding algebraic expression using

i d e n t ~ t ~ ewith
s the help of a diagnostic test. The study revealed

that the level of attainment is poor in the case of classification of

open and closed sentences , finding the always true sentences

and product numbers using identities. The study also revealed that
 - -
Review of Related Studies

there is no mastery of the rules of signs and many pupils do not

seem to have a clear grasp of the identities.

~ e e b a r ~(1998)
' analysed the difficulties experienced in

learning Science as revealed through their understanding of gas

exchange in plants. The study revealed that during the interviews,

the students in the group below median were often able to recall

facts and apply knowledge, but they had failed to recall and apply

the knowledge while responding to the written questions.

~ u c h o v i c(1998)
~~ in his diagnostic study discussed two

techn~ques,which have been utilized for five semesters in general

chemistry courses. The techniques used were repackage s y s t e m

and w r i t i n g exercises based on the laboratory portion of the

course Both the techniques were found to be equally effective for

learning Chemistry at undergraduate level without any

misconception and difficulties.

~ h a n ~ (1999)
a ~ ' conducted a Diagnostic study to identify the

difficulties experienced in learning Algebra at the Secondary

Level. The study revealed that the majority of the students faced

difficulties in the case of items having more than one variable.

Majority of the students had not understood the meaning of like

terms and errors in concepts of like and unlike terms.

 .
Review of Related Studies

~ u h r n ~ (1999)
' analysed the factors affecting reading

difficulties of the students of college of Micronesia. The study

revealed that the factor contributed to the problems fall in the

following areas: language, educational background, culture,

motivation, learning and reading strategies of the students and the

teaching methodologies, institutional policies and sociopolitical

conditions of the school.

vasudevan3' (2003) conducted a Diagnostic Study to identify

the difficulties experienced by pupils studying in Standard VIII, in

the computation of negative numbers. The study revealed that

majority of the students faced difficulty in carrying out the

fundamental operations involving negative numbers due to the

lack of clarity on rules of fundamental operations.

3.2 S I'UDIES RELATED TO REMEDIAL INSTRUCTIONAL

I'IIOCRAblM ES

~odgers~
( 1'932) studied the grammatical errors committed

in free composition by Junior High School pupils. It listed some

of the typical errors made by pupils and provided guidelines for

developing remedial instructional programmes.

 Review of Related Studies

stuart4' (1940) studied how innovative techniques can be

used to make remedial teaching classes interesting and novel.

The study revealed that the use of daily newspapers and

magazines can be used as effective practice material in remedial

classes

~ u i l e r ~(1946)
' identified the difficulties faced by new

students in colleges in the use of sentence structure. The study

revealed that the remedial instruction is effective in learning

sentence structure

~abel~
(1950)
' studied the errors committed by newcomers

to colleges in Arithmetic application and provided remedial

teaching to overcome the errors.

~ h i r u v e n k a t a c h a r y(1967)
~~ conducted a remedial teaching

programme to measure the pupils' ability to write with speed with

out loss of legibility and accuracy. The study revealed that speed

in writ~nycould be enhanced to about forty six letters per minute

after providing remedial teaching.

~ ~ constructed
i (1969),
e ~ a diagnostic test in basic skills in

Arithmetic computation for pupils of standards V. VI and VII and to

provicle remedial measures. When the mistakes were diagnosed

 Review o f Related Studies

and prov~dedremedial teaching, the students progressed well in

Mathernat~cs.

0 a d 4 = (1980) conducted a Diagnostic study of language

errors and developed a programme for remedial teaching in Hindi

at school level. The study revealed that the number of errors

decreased from class VI to Vlll and increased in classes IX and X.

The study also revealed that the errors can be rectified by

effective remedial teaching programmes.

vijayakurnar4' (1982) conducted a study on a Diagnostic

Remed~alApproach to some select portions in BSc Chemistry.

The rnaln objectives of the study were: to analyse the nature and

frequencies of errors committed by students in select concepts in

Organic Chemistry and to analyse the different types of difficulties

existed in the development of the select components. The study

revealed that the errors were very high even in the very simple

aspects of chemical terminology, formulae, structure and

information associated with chemical symbolism.

~ a i n ~(1984)
' conducted a diagnostic study of language

errors in Sanskrit. The study was intended to identify the types of

errors in Sanskrit, the causes, and to prepare a programme of

renied~alteaching. The study revealed that Remedial programme

was effective in reducing the errors in Sanskrit.

 - .
Review of Related Stud~es

~ o s h (1985),
~ ~ ' conducted a study to classify errors with

their sub-types and to develop the remedial programme. The

study revealed that the number and quality of errors were reduced

after the introduction of the remedial programme which included

correction of spelling, written expressions and drilling.

~ e s a i " (1986) developed a remedial programme for

improving the language ability of children in standard IV. The

major finding of the study was that most of the defects committed

the first three years of the primary school consisted of errors on

spelling, missing letters and faulty pronounciation, which can be

minimized by Remedial Instruction.

verma5' (1986) constructed a diagnostic test in Chemistry

and ident~fiedthe reasons for committing errors in Chemistry. The

investigator prepared remedial materials on selected topics and

tested the effectiveness of remedial materials prepared.

~ o ~ a (1988)
n ~ ' conducted a study on concept mapping as a

diagnostic aid. Concept maps were prepared and tested the

effectiveriess. as diagnostic aid. The study revealed that concept

mappirig is appropriate for remedial teaching in any area of study.

~ a l a i k k a n (1992)
i~~ developed a remedial package for the

teach~ngof Engl~shconsonants at Higher Secondary level. He

 Review of Related Studies

studied the effectiveness of remedial teaching package over

traditional methods. It was found that English consonants using

the remedial package was more effective than traditional method

of teaching.

asa ant hi^^ (1994) developed a remedial programme in

Mathematics for lxth standard students. The study revealed that

teaching through the remedial programme was found to be

effective over the traditional Lecture method.

Reddy and Janak ~ u r n a r(1997)

~ ~ developed a remedial

package for learning the spoken skill in English in Standard IX and

measured the effectiveness of remedial package with special

reference to low achievers. The results obtained showed that the

instruction through remedial package was more effective than

traditional Lecture method in teaching spoken skills in English and

it enabled the low achievers to cope with the normal students to a

significant extent.

Anjaneyalu et.alS6(1998) conducted a study on the usability

of a Remedial Multimedia tutorial, uses Netscape in the context of

a Remedial Teaching system in Biology. The student is given fine

grained diagnostic tests based on concepts on the human brain.

Depending on the performance in these tests the student is

allowed to browse through relevant material using Netscape

 --
Review of Related Studies

Burke et a ~ . ~ (1998)
' designed conceptual computer

animations for Remedial teaching to help students understand the

basic concepts and principles of a dynamic chemical process.

They argued that an animation sequence should be linked to a

lecture demonstration, thereby assisting in the presentation of all

three levels of representation: microscopic, macroscopic and

symbolic

Francisco et al." (1998), in their diagnostic study

incorporated three teaching strategies such as discussions,

concept maps and co-operative learning to a fresh man Chemistry

course, ~nsteadof usual lecture format. The study revealed that

integrat~onof the teaching strategies will be more beneficial for

overcoming difficulties in Chemistry.

pinto5' (1 998) conducted a study for finding out the effective

use of sports for teaching the difficult concepts in Chemistry like

chem~calbond~ngand atomic structure.

~oses~
(1998)
' Conducted a study on the Structural Drill in

Remedial Teaching. The study identified that the most frequently

occurring grammatical error in the written work of students is the

error concerned with subject-verb agreement. The study

concluded that structural drills have an important role in Remedial

 rev re^, of Related Studres
- --- - -

Teaching and the structural drill must be suitably modified to

individual learner's needs and specific Pedagogic contexts.

~ e w m a n ~(1998)
' conducted a study on diagnosing Math

learning disabilities and recommended practices to overcome the

disai :Itties identified. The study is concerned with the diagnosis

and re~r,,.diation of the difficulties Primary School children

experiences in Mathematics. The study revealed that outside of

reading difficulties, problems in Mathematics represent the

greatest single source of learning difficulty experienced by

Primary School children.

~ h a r a k a n ~(1998)
' conducted a study on diagnosis and

remediation of certain common Grammatical errors committedly

Secondary School students in Written English. The major tools

and techniques used were teacher made diagnostic test. Teacher

made Pre-requisite test and Achievement test. The study

revealed that the number of errors committed by the pupils in

Written English can be reduced though Remedial practice with in

the l i r r ~ ~ t etime.
d

Granath a n d ~ u s s e l ~(1999)
' developed a card game for

remedial teaching of nomenclature of the elements and their

synibols in the first laboratory session of General Chemistry. .

 ~-~ ~ ~ ~~ .
Review of Related Studies

The game helped the students to learn and review the symbols of

the elements without much error.

Castro-Acuna e t . a ~ .(1999)
~~ developed logic puzzles as a

remedial programme to solve the problems in chemistry easily and

without many errors. These logic puzzles were field-tested with a

diverse audience i17 the general Chemistry classes at the

University of Nebraska-Lincoln and were found to be effective for

remedial teach~ng.

wickenden6= (.1999) conducted a study based on the

developmental speech, language and communication difficulties. The

main objective of the study was to develop understanding of the range,

nature and causes of developmental speech, language and

communication difficulties and to develop suitable remedial

programmes to overcome the difficulties identified.

crute6= (2000) described a modification of a BINGO game to

chem~calnomenclature and specific application to alkenes. The

use of games in the Chemistry classroom can provide instruction,

feedback, practice, fun and avoidance of misconception and

remed~at~on.

J O ~ " (2002) conducted a study on diagnosis of errors and

development of remedial materials for teaching Chemistry at

 Review of Related Studies

Vocational Higher Secondary Level. The Investigator administered

a two-t~er Diagnostic test and developed remedial teaching

materials on selected difficult topics based on the Diagnostic test.

Effectiveness of remedial teaching materials was tested by

Experimental cum Survey method. The study revealed that

Remedial teaching was superior to Lecture method in immediate

post-test and delayed memory achievement in Chemistry.

~ e e t h a ~(2002)
' conducted a study to test the effectiveness

of remedial programmes to improve the word-recognition skill and

reading comprehension skills of low achievers. The effectiveness

of the remedial programme was studied by Survey-cum-

Experimental method. The remedial programmes developed in the

study were found to be more effective than conventional Lecture-

Demonstration methods.

~ a i z a d a ~(2002)
' conducted a study on Evaluation and

Remedial Teaching in Commerce subjects at the Plus Two level.

In the course of stucly t h e Remedial steps adopted were personal

attention, tutorial c;lasses, re-teaching the micro concept and

changing the method of teaching.

 - -- -
Kevlc\c' of Related Studies

DISCUSSION

Remedial Teaching can be considered as an effective

correct~ontechnique, a programme to improve teaching-learning

process. an instruction for overcoming difficulties and

misconceptions in various subjects. The studies revealed that

Remedial Instructional Materials were effective in improving

academic attainment of students.

Analysis of the related studies helped the investigator in the

preparation of Diagnostic test. Remedial teaching materials and in

select~ngsuitable experimental procedures.

The Analysis of studies related to Diagnostic Testing and

Remed~alTeaching, revealed that Diagnostic Testing in teaching

can be used, as a technique for finding out the frequency and

types of errors committed by students, for the correction and

elimination ot individual weaknesses, as a tool for finding out the

reason for committing errors . as a technique for prognosis and in

guidance and counseling in academic dimension . It can also be

used as a prevention technique for common errors and in

identilying major hindrances in learning various concepts.

-
. - -- . - -
Revrew of Related Studies

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 ~ ~ ~ ~p~ -~ ~ - -~
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