Prof. ANGEL M. CALIGUIRAN, RCrim,M.A.Crim,Ph.D.

,CST,CSTD,CSC,CSP
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What is FIRE?
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What is FIRE TRIANGLE?
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What is PYROLYSIS?
 a.k.a
THERMAL
DECOMPOSITION
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What is COMBUSTION?
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COMBUSTION vs PYROLYSIS
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What is FLAME?
What is FIRE TETRAHEDRON?
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 FIRE TRIANGLE vs FIRE TETRAHEDRON

FIRE TRIANGLE FIRE TETRAHEDRON

Represents how Represents how fire

fire exists is sustained
Represents the
Represents the
SURFACE MODE
FLAMING MODE
or GLOWING
of
MODE of
combustion
combustion
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Other Modes of Combustion

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES What
the ratio of the weight of a solid or liquid are
Specific
Gravity
substance to the weight of an equal volume of
water
the
the weight of a volume of pure gas composed
Vapor Density to the volume of dry air at the same
temperature and pressure

the force exerted by the molecules on the surface

Vapor Pressure of a liquid

the measure of the degree of thermal agitation of

Temperature molecules

PROPERTIES OF FIRE?
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What
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES are
the ratio of the weight of a solid or liquid
the
Specific substance to the weight of an equal volume of
Gravity water
the weight of a volume of pure gas composed
Vapor Density to the volume of dry air at the same
temperature and pressure

the force exerted by the molecules on the surface

Vapor Pressure of a liquid

the measure of the degree of thermal agitation of

Temperature molecules

PROPERTIES OF FIRE?
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
the constant temperature at which the vapor
Boiling Point pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric
pressure
Ignition/Kindling the minimum temperature at which the substance
Temperature must be heated in order to initiate combustion

the lowest temperature of a liquid in an open

Fire Point container at which vapors are evolved fast enough
to support combustion

the temperature at which a flammable liquid

Flash Point forms a
vapor-air mixture that ignites
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What are the PROPERTIES OF FIRE?

 CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
Endothermic changes whereby energy (heat) is absorbed or is
Reactions added before the reaction takes place

Exothermic those that release or give off energy (heat) thus

they produce substances with less energy than
Reactions the reactants
a chemical change that is exothermic, a change
Oxidation in which combustible material (fuel) and an
oxidizing agent (air), react. Also known as
Combustion.
flames are incandescent gases. It is a combustion
Flame product and a manifestation of fire when it is in
its gas- phased combustion
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FREE RADICALS vs FIRE GASES

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Question
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What are the TYPES OF FLAMES?

Based on Color & Completeness

of Combustibility

color orange-red, deposit soot at

Luminous the bottom of a vessel being
Flame heated due to incomplete
combustion and has a low
temperature

color blue, there is complete

Non-luminous
combustion of fuel and has
Flame relatively high temperature

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What are the TYPES OF FLAMES?

 Based on Fuel & Air
Mixture
is exemplified by a Bunsen
Premixed burner where hydrocarbon is
Flame thoroughly mixed with air before
reaching the flame zone

is observed when gas (fuel) alone is

forced through a nozzle into the
Diffusion atmosphere which diffuses in the
Flame surrounding atmosphere in order to
form a flammable mixture. The candle
flame is an example of diffusion flame
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What are the TYPES OF FLAMES?

 Based on Smoothness

Laminar when a particle follows a smooth

Flame path through a gaseous flame

Turbulent are those having unsteady,

Flame irregular flows

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What is FUEL?
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QUESTION
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COMBUSTIBL E MATERIALS
 Classification of Combustible Materials (FUELS)
they are ordinary combustible materials that are usually
made of organic substances such as wood and wood-based
Class A products. It includes some synthetic or inorganic materials like
rubber, leather, and plastic products
materials that are in the form of flammable liquids such as
Class B alcohol, acidic solutions, oil, liquid petroleum products, etc.

they are normally fire resistant materials such as materials used

Class C on
electrical wiring and other electrical appliances

they are combustible metallic substances such as magnesium,

Class D titanium, zirconium, sodium and potassium
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The SOLID FUELS

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Other SOLID FUELS

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Other SOLID FUELS

A chemical powder
used in bombs
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Other SOLID FUELS

 Classes of
Coals
Anthracite The hardest coal, least plentiful
Bituminous Most plentiful and most used by industries,
shiny
Sub-bituminous Dull (not shiny)
Lignite/Brown Has lowest percentage of carbon
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Other SOLID FUELS