EXPERIMENT C: SUSPENDED SOLIDS – TOTAL AND VOLATILE SOLIDS

Normalizing was carried out to achieve more better result comparison. A

normalization is meant to address this conflicting issue and solve it before continuing [ CITATION
Imp19 \l 1033 ]. The value of the volume of samples in graduated cylinders for Experiment B is
25 mL is normalized to volume of samples in graduated cylinders for Experiment C is 75 mL to
obtain Total Solids for Experiment C. For instance, we multiply with 3 for all the volume
samples to get 75 mL volume led us to multiply 3 to all other variables.

Table 4.3.1: Total Solid for Experiment B with volume = 25 mL (before normalized)

Samples Influent Effluent Activated Sludge

Weight of porcelain 10 10 10
evaporating dish (g),

W pot
Volume of samples 25 25 25
in graduated
cylinders (mL)
Weight of dish after 20.4 17.7 14.3
drying in oven (dish+

solids), W dried (g)

Weight of dish after 19.2 16.9 13.8

firing in muffle furnace

(dish + solids), W ignited

(g)

Total solids (g) 10.4 7.7 4.3

Total solids per liter 416000 308000 172000
(mg/L)

Table 4.3.2: Total Solid for Experiment B with volume = 75 mL (after normalized)

Samples Influent Effluent Activated Sludge

Volume of samples 75 75 75
 in graduated
cylinders (mL)
Total solids (g) 31.2 23.1 12.9
Total solids per liter 416000 308000 172000
(mg/L)

As shown in the table 4.3.2, we know that when we multiply the volume of samples in a
graduated cylinders by 3, we assume that the total solids will also thrice its weight.

Then we calculate the total solids per liter for Table 4.3.2 information and compare it
with previous data shown in the Table 4.3.1.

Table 4.3.3: Total solids per liter (mg/L) after normalization

Samples Influent Effluent Activated Sludge
Total solids per liter 416000 308000 172000
(mg/L)

As shown in table 4.3.3, the value of total solids per liter for both before and after
normalization are the same even though they have different volume of samples in graduated
cylinders. Hence, it is suggested to take the total solids (g) value with volume = 75 mL.

Next, we normalize raw data C that have 50 mL, 75 mL, and 10 mL volume of samples
prior to filtration to a fix volume of 75 mL. So that we can use the result of total solids (g) from
experiment C and have better result. Sample calculation shown in the appendices.
 Table 4.3.4: Weight of sample and aluminium dish under different stages of testing (before
normalization).
Samples Influent Effluent Activated Sludge
Weight of 7 7 7
aluminium dish and
glass fibre filter (g)
Volume of samples 50 75 10
prior to filtration
(mL)
Volume of filtrate 38 67 9.5
(mL)
Weight of dish after 12.1 10.8 8.2
drying in oven (dish
+ glass fibre filter +
filtered solids)
Weight of dish after 11.5 9.9 7.7
firing in muffle
furnace
(dish + glass fibre
filter + filtered
solids)

Table 4.3.5: Total suspended solids, fixed dissolved solids and volatile dissolved solids in
different samples (before normalization).
Samples Influent Effluent Activated Sludge
Total suspended 102000 50666.67 120000
solids (mg/L)
Fixed suspended 90000 38666.67 70000
solids (mg/L)
Volatile suspended 12000 12000 50000
solids (mg/L)
 Table 4.3.6: Weight of sample and aluminium dish under different stages of testing (after
normalization).
Samples Influent Effluent Activated Sludge
Weight of 7 7 7
aluminium dish and
glass fibre filter (g)
Volume of samples 75 75 75
prior to filtration
(mL)
Volume of filtrate 57 67 71.25
(mL)
Weight of dish after 18.15 10.8 61.5
drying in oven (dish
+ glass fibre filter +
filtered solids)
Weight of dish after 17.25 9.9 57.75
firing in muffle
furnace
(dish + glass fibre
filter + filtered
solids)

Table 4.3.6: Total suspended solids, fixed dissolved solids and volatile dissolved solids in
different samples (after normalization).
Samples Influent Effluent Activated Sludge
Total suspended 102000 50666.67 120000
solids (mg/L)
Fixed suspended 90000 38666.67 70000
solids (mg/L)
Volatile suspended 12000 12000 50000
solids (mg/L)
 Table 4.3.7: Total dissolved solids, fixed dissolved solids and volatile dissolved solids in
different samples.

Types of sample Influent Effluent Activated Sludge

Total dissolved
241333.3 317333.3 -468666.67
solids (mg/L)
Fixed dissolved
223333.33 280000 -420666.67
solids (mg/L)
Volatile dissolved
18000 37333.33 -52000
solids (mg/L)

Table 4.3.10: Percentage reduction of suspended solids for Experiment C

Percentage Reduction from influent to
Solids
effluent (%)
Total Suspended Solids 62.7
Fixed Suspended Solids 58.53
Volatile Suspended Solids 80.4
Dissolved Solids 31.5
SAMPLE 1C.1: CALCULATIONS OF WEIGHT OF DISH AFTER DRYING IN OVEN (DISH + SOLIDS).

As we know volume of samples in graduated cylinder (before normalized) is 25 mL, while the highest
volume of samples prior to filtration in Exp C is 75mL, hence we multiply the volume of samples in
graduated cylinder with 3 to normalize it. Then, we need to

i. Influent

Weight of dish after drying in oven (dish + solids) = 12.1 x 3 = 36.3 g

ii. Effluent

Weight of dish after drying in oven (dish + solids) = 10.8 x 3 = 32.4 g

iii. Activated Sludge

Weight of dish after drying in oven (dish + solids) = 8.2 x 3 = 24.6 g

SAMPLE 1C.2: CALCULATIONS OF TOTAL SOLIDS FOR 75ML OF VOLUME OF SAMPLES IN GRADUATED
CYLINDERS:

i. Influent

Since the total solids for 25 mL of volume of samples in graduated cylinder is 10.5g, hence for 75mL,
the total solids = w

10.4 g w
25 mL = 75 mL
w = Total Solids for 75 mL of volume of samples = 31.2 g

ii. Effluent

Since the total solids for 25 mL of volume of samples in graduated cylinder is 9.6g, hence for 75mL, the
total solids = w

7.7 g w
25 mL
= 75 mL

w = Total Solids for 75 mL of volume of samples = 23.1 g

iii. Activated Sludge

Since the total solids for 25 mL of volume of samples in graduated cylinder is 5.7g, hence for 75mL, the
total solids = w

4.3 g w
25 mL
= 75 mL
w = Total Solids for 75 mL of volume of samples = 12.9 g

SAMPLE 1C.3: CALCULATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS:

i. Influent

g∗1000 mg
31.2
1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1 000 mL

= 416000 mg/L

ii. Effluent

g∗1000 mg
23.1
1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL

= 308000 mg/L

iii. Activated Sludge

g∗1000 mg
12.9
1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL

= 172000 mg/L
CALCULATION OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS (BEFORE NORMALIZATION):

i. Influent

(12.1 g−7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
50
1000 mL
= 102000 mg/L

ii. Effluent

(10.8 g−7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL
= 50666.67 mg/L

iii. Activated Sludge

(8.2 g−7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
10
1000 mL
= 120000 mg/L
CALCULATION OF FIXED SUSPENDED SOLIDS (BEFORE NORMALIZATION):

i. Influent

(11.5 g−7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
50
1000 mL
= 90000 mg/L

ii. Effluent

(9.9 g−7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL
= 38666.67 mg/L

iii. Activated Sludge

(7.7 g−7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
10
1000 mL
= 70000 mg/L
CALCULATION OF VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS (BEFORE NORMALIZATION):

i. Influent

(12.1 g−11.5 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
50
1000 mL
= 12000 mg/L

ii. Effluent

(10.8 g−9.9 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL
= 12000 mg/L

iii. Activated Sludge

(8.2 g−7 .7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
10
1000 mL
= 50000 mg/L
CALCULATIONS FOR NORMALIZING THE VOLUME OF FILTRATE:

** Since for effluent stream, the volume of samples prior to filtration is at 75 mL already, hence it is
not needed to normalize the data for effluent.

i. Influent

38 mL volume of filtrate
50 mL
= 75 mL
Normalized volume of filtrate = 57 mL

ii. Activated Sludge

9.5 mL volume of filtrate

10 mL
= 75 mL
Normalized volume of filtrate = 71.25 mL

CALCULATION FOR NORMALIZATION WEIGHT OF DISH AFTER DRYING IN OVEN:

i. Influent

12.1 g weight of dishafter drying∈oven

50 mL
= 75 mL

Normalized weight of dish = 18.15 g

ii. Activated Sludge

8.2 g weight of dishafter drying∈oven

10 mL
= 75 mL
Normalized weight of dish = 61.5 g

CALCULATION FOR NORMALIZATION WEIGHT OF DISH AFTER FIRING IN MUFFLE FURNACE:

 i. Influent

11.5 g weight of dishafter drying∈oven

5 0 mL
= 75 mL

Normalize weight of dish = 17.25 g

ii. Activated Sludge

7.7 g weight of dishafter drying∈oven

10 mL
= 75 mL
Normalized weight of dish = 57.75 g
CALCULATION OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS (AFTER NORMALIZATIONS):

i. Influent

(18.1 5 g−7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL
= 148666.67 mg/L

ii. Activated Sludge

(61.5 g−7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL
= 726666.67 mg/L
CALCULATION OF FIXED SUSPENDED SOLIDS (AFTER NORMALIZATION):

i. Influent

(17.25 g−7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL
= 136666.67 mg/L
iii. Activated Sludge

(57.75 g−7 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL
= 676666.67 mg/L
CALCULATION OF VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS (AFTER NORMALIZATION):

i. Influent

(18.15 g−17.25 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL
= 12000 mg/L

iii. Activated Sludge

(61.5 g−57.75 g)∗1000 mg

1g
= mL∗1 L
75
1000 mL
= 50000 mg/L

CALCULATIONS FOR TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS:

i) Influent

Total Dissolved solids = Total Solids – Suspended Solids

= 416000 – 148666.67 = 267333.33 mg/L

ii) Effluent

Total Dissolved solids = Total Solids – Suspended Solids

= 308000 – 50666.67 = 257333.33 mg/L

iii) Activated Sludge

Total Dissolved solids = Total Solids – Suspended Solids

= 172000 – 726666.67 = - 554666.67 mg/L

CALCULATION OF VOLATILE DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Weight of dish after drying∈oven−Weight of dish after firing∈muffle furnace

= filtration(L)¿
Volume of samples prior ¿
( 18.15 g−17.25 g )∗1000
= 0.075 L
=
CALCULATION OF PERCENTAGE REDUCTION FROM EFFLUENT TO INFLUENT

i. Total Suspended solids

Total suspended solids∈Influent−Total suspended solids∈ Effluen t

= Total suspended solids ∈Influent * 100
148666.67−50666.67
= 148666.67 * 100

= 65.92 %
ii. Suspended Fixed solids

¿ suspended solids∈Influent−¿ suspended solids∈Effluent

= ¿ suspended solids ∈Influent * 100
136666.67−38666.67
= 138666.67 * 100
= 71.71%

iii. Suspended Volatile solids

Volatile suspended solids ∈ Influent−Volatile suspended ∈ Effluen t

= Volatile suspended solids∈ Influent *100
16666.67−12000
= 16666.67 * 100

= 28 %

iv. Dissolved solids

Total dissolved solids∈ Influent−Volatile dissolved solids ∈Effluent

= Total dissolved solids ∈Influent * 100
267333.33−257333.33
= 267333.33 * 100

= 3.74%