Terbium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

Not to be confused with Ytterbium (Yb) or Erbium (Er).

Terbium, 65Tb

Terbium-2.jpg

Terbium

Pronunciation /ˈtɜːrbiəm/ (TUR-bee-əm)

Appearance silvery white

Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Tb) 158.925354(8)[1]

Terbium in the periodic table

Hydrogen

Helium

Lithium

Beryllium

Boron

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

Neon

Sodium

Magnesium

Aluminium

Silicon

Phosphorus
Sulfur

Chlorine

Argon

Potassium

Calcium

Scandium

Titanium

Vanadium

Chromium

Manganese

Iron

Cobalt

Nickel

Copper

Zinc

Gallium

Germanium

Arsenic

Selenium

Bromine

Krypton

Rubidium

Strontium

Yttrium

Zirconium

Niobium

Molybdenum
Technetium

Ruthenium

Rhodium

Palladium

Silver

Cadmium

Indium

Tin

Antimony

Tellurium

Iodine

Xenon

Caesium

Barium

Lanthanum

Cerium

Praseodymium

Neodymium

Promethium

Samarium

Europium

Gadolinium

Terbium

Dysprosium

Holmium

Erbium

Thulium
Ytterbium

Lutetium

Hafnium

Tantalum

Tungsten

Rhenium

Osmium

Iridium

Platinum

Gold

Mercury (element)

Thallium

Lead

Bismuth

Polonium

Astatine

Radon

Francium

Radium

Actinium

Thorium

Protactinium

Uranium

Neptunium

Plutonium

Americium

Curium
Berkelium

Californium

Einsteinium

Fermium

Mendelevium

Nobelium

Lawrencium

Rutherfordium

Dubnium

Seaborgium

Bohrium

Hassium

Meitnerium

Darmstadtium

Roentgenium

Copernicium

Nihonium

Flerovium

Moscovium

Livermorium

Tennessine

Oganesson

Tb

Bk
gadolinium ← terbium → dysprosium

Atomic number (Z) 65

Group group n/a

Period period 6

Block f-block

Element category Lanthanide

Electron configuration [Xe] 4f9 6s2

Electrons per shell

2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2

Physical properties

Phase at STP solid

Melting point 1629 K (1356 °C, 2473 °F)

Boiling point 3396 K (3123 °C, 5653 °F)

Density (near r.t.) 8.23 g/cm3

when liquid (at m.p.) 7.65 g/cm3

Heat of fusion 10.15 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization 391 kJ/mol

Molar heat capacity 28.91 J/(mol·K)

Vapor pressure

P (Pa) 1 10 100 1k 10 k 100 k

at T (K) 1789 1979 (2201) (2505) (2913) (3491)

Atomic properties

Oxidation states +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide)

Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.2 (?)

Ionization energies

1st: 565.8 kJ/mol

2nd: 1110 kJ/mol

3rd: 2114 kJ/mol

Atomic radius empirical: 177 pm

Covalent radius 194±5 pm

Color lines in a spectral range

Spectral lines of terbium

Other properties

Natural occurrence primordial

Crystal structure hexagonal close-packed (hcp)Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for
terbium

Speed of sound thin rod 2620 m/s (at 20 °C)

Thermal expansion at r.t. α, poly: 10.3 µm/(m·K)

Thermal conductivity 11.1 W/(m·K)

Electrical resistivity α, poly: 1.150 µΩ·m (at r.t.)

Magnetic ordering paramagnetic at 300 K

Magnetic susceptibility +146,000·10−6 cm3/mol (273 K)[2]

Young's modulus α form: 55.7 GPa

Shear modulus α form: 22.1 GPa

Bulk modulus α form: 38.7 GPa

Poisson ratio α form: 0.261

Vickers hardness 450–865 MPa

Brinell hardness 675–1200 MPa

CAS Number 7440-27-9

History

Namingafter Ytterby (Sweden), where it was mined

Discovery and first isolation Carl Gustaf Mosander (1843)

Main isotopes of terbium

Isotope Abundance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Product

157Tb syn 71 y ε 157Gd

158Tb syn 180 y ε 158Gd

β− 158Dy

159Tb 100% stable

viewtalkedit | references

Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white, rare earth
metal that is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. The ninth member of the
lanthanide series, terbium is a fairly electropositive metal that reacts with water, evolving hydrogen gas.
Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite,
gadolinite, monazite, xenotime, and euxenite.

Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander discovered terbium as a chemical element in 1843. He detected
it as an impurity in yttrium oxide, Y2O3. Yttrium and terbium are named after the village of Ytterby in
Sweden. Terbium was not isolated in pure form until the advent of ion exchange techniques.

Terbium is used to dope calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate and strontium molybdate, materials that are
used in solid-state devices, and as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated
temperatures. As a component of Terfenol-D (an alloy that expands and contracts when exposed to
magnetic fields more than any other alloy), terbium is of use in actuators, in naval sonar systems and in
sensors.

Most of the world's terbium supply is used in green phosphors. Terbium oxide is in fluorescent lamps
and television and monitor cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Terbium green phosphors are combined with
divalent europium blue phosphors and trivalent europium red phosphors to provide trichromatic lighting
technology, a high-efficiency white light used for standard illumination in indoor lighting.

Contents

1 Characteristics

1.1 Physical properties

1.2 Chemical properties

1.3 Compounds

1.4 Isotopes

2 History
3 Occurrence

4 Production

5 Applications

6 Precautions

7 References

8 External links

Characteristics

Physical properties

Terbium is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a
knife.[3] It is relatively stable in air compared to the earlier, more reactive lanthanides in the first half of
the lanthanide series.[4] Terbium exists in two crystal allotropes with a transformation temperature of
1289 °C between them.[3] The 65 electrons of a terbium atom are arranged in the electron configuration
[Xe]4f96s2; normally, only three electrons can be removed before the nuclear charge becomes too great
to allow further ionization, but in the case of terbium, the stability of the half-filled [Xe]4f7 configuration
allows further ionization of a fourth electron in the presence of very strong oxidizing agents such as
fluorine gas.[3]

The terbium(III) cation is brilliantly fluorescent, in a bright lemon-yellow color that is the result of a
strong green emission line in combination with other lines in the orange and red. The yttrofluorite
variety of the mineral fluorite owes its creamy-yellow fluorescence in part to terbium. Terbium easily
oxidizes, and is therefore used in its elemental form specifically for research. Single terbium atoms have
been isolated by implanting them into fullerene molecules.[5]

Terbium has a simple ferromagnetic ordering at temperatures below 219 K. Above 219 K, it turns into a
helical antiferromagnetic state in which all of the atomic moments in a particular basal plane layer are
parallel, and oriented at a fixed angle to the moments of adjacent layers. This unusual
antiferromagnetism transforms into a disordered paramagnetic state at 230 K.[6]

Chemical properties

Terbium metal is an electropositive element and oxidizes in the presence of most acids (such as sulfuric
acid), all of the halogens, and even water. [7]

2 Tb (s) + 3 H2SO4 → 2 Tb3+ + 3 SO2−

4 + 3 H2↑

2 Tb + 3 X2 → 2 TbX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I)

2 Tb (s) + 6 H2O → 2 Tb(OH)3 + 3 H2↑

Terbium also oxidizes readily in air to form a mixed terbium(III,IV) oxide:[7]

8 Tb + 7 O2 → 2 Tb4O7

The most common oxidation state of terbium is +3 (trivalent), such as TbCl

3. In the solid state, tetravalent terbium is also known, in compounds such as TbO2 and TbF4.[8] In
solution, terbium typically forms trivalent species, but can be oxidized to the tetravalent state with ozone
in highly basic aqueous conditions.[9]

The coordination and organometallic chemistry of terbium is similar to other lanthanides. In aqueous
conditions, terbium can be coordinated by nine water molecules, which are arranged in a tricapped
trigonal prismatic molecular geometry. Complexes of terbium with lower coordination number are also
known, typically with bulky ligands like bis(trimethyl-silylamide), which forms the three-coordinate
Tb[N(SiMe3)2]3 complex.

Most coordination and organometallic complexes contain terbium in the trivalent oxidation state.
Divalent (Tb2+) complexes are also known, usually with bulky cyclopentadienyl-type ligands.[10][11][12]
A few coordination compounds containing terbium in its tetravalent state are also known.[13][14]

Compounds

Terbium sulfate, Tb2(SO4)3 (top), fluoresces green under ultraviolet light (bottom)

See also: Category:Terbium compounds

Terbium combines with nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, selenium, silicon and arsenic at
elevated temperatures, forming various binary compounds such as TbH2, TbH3, TbB2, Tb2S3, TbSe, TbTe
and TbN.[15] In those compounds, Tb mostly exhibits the oxidation states +3 and sometimes +2.
Terbium(II) halogenides are obtained by annealing Tb(III) halogenides in presence of metallic Tb in
tantalum containers. Terbium also forms sesquichloride Tb2Cl3, which can be further reduced to TbCl by
annealing at 800 °C. This terbium(I) chloride forms platelets with layered graphite-like structure.[16]
Other compounds include

Chlorides: TbCl3

Bromides: TbBr3

Iodides: TbI3

Fluorides: TbF3, TbF4

Terbium(IV) fluoride is a strong fluorinating agent, emitting relatively pure atomic fluorine when
heated[17] rather than the mixture of fluoride vapors emitted from CoF3 or CeF4.

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of terbium

Naturally occurring terbium is composed of its only stable isotope, terbium-159; the element is thus
called mononuclidic and monoisotopic. Thirty-six radioisotopes have been characterized, with the
heaviest being terbium-171 (with atomic mass of 170.95330(86) u) and lightest being terbium-135 (exact
mass unknown).[18] The most stable synthetic radioisotopes of terbium are terbium-158, with a half-life
of 180 years, and terbium-157, with a half-life of 71 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have
half-lives that are much less than a quarter of a year, and the majority of these have half-lives that are
less than half a minute.[18] The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 159Tb, is
electron capture, which results in production of gadolinium isotopes, and the primary mode after is beta
minus decay, resulting in dysprosium isotopes.[18]

The element also has 27 nuclear isomers, with masses of 141–154, 156, and 158 (not every mass
number corresponds to only one isomer). The most stable of them are terbium-156m, with a half-life of
24.4 hours, and terbium-156m2, with a half-life of 22.7 hours; this is longer than half-lives of most
ground states of radioactive terbium isotopes, except those with mass numbers 155–161.[18]

History

Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander discovered terbium in 1843. He detected it as an impurity in
yttrium oxide, Y2O3. Yttrium is named after the village of Ytterby in Sweden. Terbium was not isolated in
pure form until the advent of ion exchange techniques.[19]

Mosander first separated yttria into three fractions, all named for the ore: yttria, erbia, and terbia.
"Terbia" was originally the fraction that contained the pink color, due to the element now known as
erbium. "Erbia" (containing what we now call terbium) originally was the fraction that was essentially
colorless in solution. The insoluble oxide of this element was noted to be tinged brown.

Later workers had difficulty in observing the minor colorless "erbia", but the soluble pink fraction was
impossible to miss. Arguments went back and forth as to whether erbia even existed. In the confusion,
the original names got reversed, and the exchange of names stuck, so that the pink fraction referred
eventually to the solution containing erbium (which in solution, is pink). It is now thought that workers
using double sodium or potassium sulfates to remove ceria from yttria inadvertently lost the terbium
into the ceria-containing precipitate. What is now known as terbium was only about 1% of the original
yttria, but that was sufficient to impart a yellowish color to the yttrium oxide. Thus, terbium was a minor
component in the original fraction containing it, where it was dominated by its immediate neighbors,
gadolinium and dysprosium.

Thereafter, whenever other rare earths were teased apart from this mixture, whichever fraction gave the
brown oxide retained the terbium name, until at last, the brown oxide of terbium was obtained in pure
form. The 19th century investigators did not have the benefit of the UV fluorescence technology to
observe the brilliant yellow or green Tb(III) fluorescence that would have made terbium easier to identify
in solid mixtures or solutions.[19]

Occurrence

Xenotime

Terbium is contained along with other rare earth elements in many minerals, including monazite
((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO4 with up to 0.03% terbium), xenotime (YPO4) and euxenite ((Y,Ca,Er,La,Ce,U,Th)
(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 with 1% or more terbium). The crust abundance of terbium is estimated as 1.2 mg/kg.[15]
No terbium-dominant mineral has yet been found.[20]

Currently, the richest commercial sources of terbium are the ion-adsorption clays of southern China; the
concentrates with about two-thirds yttrium oxide by weight have about 1% terbia. Small amounts of
terbium occur in bastnäsite and monazite; when these are processed by solvent extraction to recover
the valuable heavy lanthanides as samarium-europium-gadolinium concentrate, terbium is recovered
therein. Due to the large volumes of bastnäsite processed relative to the ion-adsorption clays, a
significant proportion of the world's terbium supply comes from bastnäsite.[3]

In 2018, a rich terbium supply was discovered off the coast of Japan's Minamitori Island, with the stated
supply being "enough to meet the global demand for 420 years".[21]
Production

Crushed terbium-containing minerals are treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid to produce water-
soluble sulfates of rare earths. The acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with caustic soda to pH 3–4.
Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that the solution is treated with
ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths into their insoluble oxalates. The oxalates are decomposed to
oxides by heating. The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid that excludes one of the main components,
cerium, whose oxide is insoluble in HNO3. Terbium is separated as a double salt with ammonium nitrate
by crystallization.[15]

The most efficient separation routine for terbium salt from the rare-earth salt solution is ion exchange. In
this process, rare-earth ions are sorbed onto suitable ion-exchange resin by exchange with hydrogen,
ammonium or cupric ions present in the resin. The rare earth ions are then selectively washed out by
suitable complexing agent. As with other rare earths, terbium metal is produced by reducing the
anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Calcium and tantalum impurities can be removed by
vacuum remelting, distillation, amalgam formation or zone melting.[15]

Applications

Terbium is used as a dopant in calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate, and strontium molybdate, materials
that are used in solid-state devices, and as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated
temperatures, together with ZrO2.[3]

Terbium is also used in alloys and in the production of electronic devices. As a component of Terfenol-D,
terbium is used in actuators, in naval sonar systems, sensors, in the SoundBug device (its first
commercial application), and other magnetomechanical devices. Terfenol-D is a terbium alloy that
expands or contracts in the presence of a magnetic field. It has the highest magnetostriction of any alloy.
[22]

Terbium oxide is used in green phosphors in fluorescent lamps and color TV tubes. Sodium terbium
borate is used in solid state devices. The brilliant fluorescence allows terbium to be used as a probe in
biochemistry, where it somewhat resembles calcium in its behavior. Terbium "green" phosphors (which
fluoresce a brilliant lemon-yellow) are combined with divalent europium blue phosphors and trivalent
europium red phosphors to provide the trichromatic lighting technology which is by far the largest
consumer of the world's terbium supply. Trichromatic lighting provides much higher light output for a
given amount of electrical energy than does incandescent lighting.[3]

Terbium is also used to detect endospores, as it acts as an assay of dipicolinic acid based on
photoluminescence.[23]
Precautions

As with the other lanthanides, terbium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their
toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Terbium has no known biological role.[3]

References

Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and
Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber
Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Hammond, C. R. (2005). "The Elements". In Lide, D. R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.

"Rare-Earth Metal Long Term Air Exposure Test". Retrieved 2009-05-05.

Shimada, T.; Ohno, Y.; Okazaki, T.; et al. (2004). "Transport properties of C78, C90 and Dy@C82 fullerenes
– nanopeapods by field effect transistors". Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 21
(2–4): 1089–1092. Bibcode:2004PhyE...21.1089S. doi:10.1016/j.physe.2003.11.197.

Jackson, M. (2000). "Magnetism of Rare Earth" (PDF). The IRM Quarterly. 10 (3): 1.

"Chemical reactions of Terbium". Webelements. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

Gruen, D.M.; Koehler, W.C.; Katz, J.J. (April 1951). "Higher Oxides of the Lanthanide Elements: Terbium
Dioxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (4): 1475–1479. doi:10.1021/ja01148a020.

Hobart, D.E.; Samhoun, K.; Young, J.P.; Norvell, V.E.; Mamantov, G.; Peterson, J. R. (1980). "Stabilization
of Praseodymium(IV) and Terbium(IV) in Aqueous Carbonate Solution<". Inorganic and Nuclear
Chemistry Letters. 16 (5): 321–328. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(80)80069-9.

Jenkins, T.F.; Woen, D.H; Mohanam, L.N.; Ziller, J.W.; Furche, F.; Evans, W.J. (2018).
"Tetramethylcyclopentadienyl Ligands Allow Isolation of Ln(II) Ions across the Lanthanide Series in
[K(2.2.2-cryptand)][(C5Me4H)3Ln] Complexes". Organometallics. 141 (21): 3863–3873.
doi:10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00557.

Macdonald, M.R.; Bates, J.E.; Ziller, J.W.; Furche, F.; Evans, W.J. (2013). "Completing the Series of +2 Ions
for the Lanthanide Elements: Synthesis of Molecular Complexes of Pr2+, Gd2+, Tb2+, and Lu2+". Journal
of the American Chemical Society. 135 (21): 9857–9868. doi:10.1021/ja403753j.

Gould, Colin A.; McClain, K. Randall; Yu, Jason M.; Groshens, Thomas J.; Furche, Filipp; Harvey, Benjamin
G.; Long, Jeffrey R. (2019-08-21). "Synthesis and Magnetism of Neutral, Linear Metallocene Complexes of
Terbium(II) and Dysprosium(II)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (33): 12967–12973.
doi:10.1021/jacs.9b05816. ISSN 0002-7863.
Palumbo, C.T.; Zivkovic, I.; Scopelliti, R.; Mazzanti, M. (2019). "Molecular Complex of Tb in the +4
Oxidation State<". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (25): 9827–9831.
doi:10.1021/jacs.9b05337.

Rice, Natalie T.; Popov, Ivan A.; Russo, Dominic R.; Bacsa, John; Batista, Enrique R.; Yang, Ping; Telser,
Joshua; La Pierre, Henry S. (2019-08-21). "Design, Isolation, and Spectroscopic Analysis of a Tetravalent
Terbium Complex". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (33): 13222–13233.
doi:10.1021/jacs.9b06622. ISSN 0002-7863.

Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds. McGraw-Hill. pp. 920–921. ISBN
978-0-07-049439-8. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

Cotton (2007). Advanced inorganic chemistry (6th ed.). Wiley-India. p. 1128. ISBN 978-81-265-1338-3.

Rau, J. V.; Chilingarov, N. S.; Leskiv, M. S.; Sukhoverkhov', V. F.; Rossi Albertini, V.; Sidorov, L. N. (2001).
"Transition and rare earth metal fluorides as thermal sources of atomic and molecular fluorine".

Audi, Georges; Kondev, Filip G.; Wang, Meng; Huang, Wen Jia; Naimi, Sarah (2017), "The NUBASE2016
evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF), Chinese Physics C, 41 (3): 030001–1—030001–138,
Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A, doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001

Gupta, C. K.; Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar (2004). Extractive metallurgy of rare earths. CRC Press. p. 5. ISBN
978-0-415-33340-5.

Hudson Institute of Mineralogy (1993–2018). "Mindat.org". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 14 January

2018.

Insider, Jeremy Berke, Business. "Japan Discovered a Rare-Earth Mineral Deposit This Year That Can
Supply The World For Centuries". ScienceAlert.

Rodriguez, C; Rodriguez, M.; Orue, I.; Vilas, J.; Barandiaran, J.; Gubieda, M.; Leon, L. (2009). "New
elastomer–Terfenol-D magnetostrictive composites". Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 149 (2): 251.
doi:10.1016/j.sna.2008.11.026.

Rosen, D. L.; Sharpless, C.; McGown, L. B. (1997). "Bacterial Spore Detection and Determination by Use
of Terbium Dipicolinate Photoluminescence". Analytical Chemistry. 69 (6): 1082–1085.
doi:10.1021/ac960939w.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terbium.

Look up terbium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

WebElements.com – Terbium

It's Elemental – Terbium

vte

Periodic table (Large cells)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18

He

Li

Be

Ne

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

Ca

Sc

Ti
V

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd
In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

Cs

Ba

La

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

Hf

Ta

W
Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

Fr

Ra

Ac

Th

Pa

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm
Md

No

Lr

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

Nh

Fl

Mc

Lv

Ts

Og

Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-
transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown

chemical

properties

vte

Terbium compounds

Authority control Edit this at Wikidata

GND: 4184744-1 LCCN: sh85133986

Categories: TerbiumChemical elementsLanthanidesReducing agents

Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch

Search Wikipedia

Main page

Contents

Featured content

Current events

Random article

Donate to Wikipedia

Wikipedia store

Interaction

Help

About Wikipedia

Community portal

Recent changes

Contact page

Tools

What links here

Related changes

Upload file

Special pages

Permanent link

Page information

Wikidata item

Cite this page

In other projects

Wikimedia Commons

Print/export
Create a book

Download as PDF

Printable version

Languages

বাংলা
ગુજરાતી
हिन्दी
ಕನ್ನಡ
മലയാളം
मराठी
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
‫اردو‬
108 more

Edit links

This page was last edited on 21 August 2019, at 15:09 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile

viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki