Drafting Module

DRAFTING
LESSONS
 INTERPRET WORKING PLANS AND SKETCHES
 DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAY-OUTS AND
DETAILS
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LESSON I
Interpret Working Plans and Sketches
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Analyze signs, symbols and data
 Interpret technical drawings and plans
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ANALYZE SIGNS, SYMBOLS AND DATA
PERFORMANCE STANDARS
 Signs, symbol are drawn according to the standard
 Signs, symbols and data are identified according to job specifications
 Signs symbols and data are determined according to classification or as appropriate in
drawing
INTRODUCTION
Drafting involves breaking down complex, difficult ideas into simple, representational
lines. This process parallels the way our brains interpret and simplify the huge amount of visual
information our eyes receive. A drafter’s goal is to make a drawing as readable as a book to
people trained in interpreting drawings. Making drawings readable to members of these groups
is facilitated by following industry conventions and standards, the most common being the
Uniform Drawing System (UDS) devised jointly by the American Institute of Architects and the
Construction Specifications Institute. Whenever you begin a new job, study drawings of the
office’s past projects to learn that offices specific conventions.
A. Electrical Signs and Symbols
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Electrical signs used in Housing Electrical Plan
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B. Plumbing Signs and Symbols
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Plumbing signs and symbols used in Schematic and Plumbing Layout
o Schematic
o Layout
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C. Welding Signs and Symbols
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D. Structural Signs and Symbols
Material symbols
Material symbols represent the construction materials cut in section. Below is a
list of materials and their symbols used on architectural drawings.
Architectural graphic symbols

Walls & doors symbols in plan view
Window symbols in plan view
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Examples of door symbols in plan view
Examples of window symbols in elevation view
Drawing Symbols for Cross- Reference

Section Symbol
Section symbols are used to indicate where sections are cut. The section mark consists of
a 1/2" diameter circle, an arrow that indicates the view direction of sight which is filled solid
black, and two numbers. The upper number tells the section number on the sheet and the lower
number indicates the sheet number where the section is drawn. Generally, a section call-out is
composed of two same section marks, one on each end of the cutting plane line,
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Elevation Symbol
Elevation marks are used to indicate which direction and from which point on the
floor plan is drawn. The elevation mark consists of a 1/2" diameter circle, an arrow that
indicates the direction of sight, and two numbers. The upper number tells the elevation
number on the sheet and the lower number indicates the sheet where the elevation is
drawn. Elevation marks can be placed at each spot for different elevation views. Or
multiple elevation symbols may be used for the elevation views that are drawn from one
middle spot of the space.
Detail Symbol
Detail drawings are identified by a detail mark composed of a 1/2” diameter circle
and two numbers. The upper number tells the detail number on the sheet and the lower
number indicates the sheet number where the detail is drawn. The feature that needs a
detail drawing is enclosed in a large circle and connected to the circle of the detail mark
with a leader. Detail symbols are used on not only floor plan but also elevation or section
drawings.
Elevation Datum
Elevation data are used to indicate a level line control point. An elevation datum
has three parts. Farthest from the drawing is a ¼” diameter circle with two lines crossing
inside horizontally and vertically, and the upper right part and lower left part are filled
with solid black. Above the horizontal line stretched out from the middle of the circle is a
description of a point where a level is measured such as ceiling line, grade, or finished
floor plan. The actual elevation that is the height of the point is described below the
horizontal line. An elevation datum is generally used for exterior elevations.
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North Arrow Symbol
North arrow point annotations are used for defining direction in the drawing. It is
put on every plan views sheet in a project set. There’s always the chance that north isn’t
“up” on various sheets, so placing a north arrow on every plan sheet makes it clear which
way is north every time.
Door Number Symbol

Doors are identified by a door number symbol. A door number symbol has a 3/8”
diameter circle and a number inside. The number indicates either door number or door
type, depending on the project. The number is then referenced to the door schedule.
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Window Letter Symbol
Windows are identified by a window number symbol. A window letter symbol has
a 3/8” diameter hexagon and a letter inside. The letter indicates either door number or
door type, depending on the project. The letter is then referenced to the window
schedule.
Structural Signs and Symbol used in Floor Plan
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EXERCISE #1: ANALYZE ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING AND STRUCTURAL PLANS
Direction:
 Identify and draw all the electrical, plumbing and structural signs and symbols
used on the presented drawings on the next page.
 Use separate plate for electrical, structural and plumbing plans.
 A format is provided after the reference plans
Tools/Equipment Needed
 Drawing board/table
 Ruler
Materials needed
Materials Unit Quantity Description

Bond paper Pcs 3 Size: 8.5”x11”
Pencil Pcs. 2 Grade: soft
Marking Pen Pc. 1 Size: 0.5 mm
Personal Protective Equipment
 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 1 hour
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A. Electrical Plan
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B. Plumbing Plan
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C. Structural Plan
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(Format)
EXERCISE #1: ANALYZE ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING AND STRUCTURAL PLANS
Name: ________________________
Date: ________________
Electrical Signs and Symbols

Name Drawing Description
(name of the (Drawing of the symbol) (Describe the symbol used in the plan
symbol) as possible by describing the
number of symbol, location of the
symbol, meaning of the symbol)
(Separate page)
Plumbing Signs and Symbols

(Separate page)
Structural Signs and Symbols

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RUBRICS EXERCISE #1: ANALYZE ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING AND STRUCTURAL PLANS
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Submitted Submitted Submitted 1 Submitted 2 Submitted 3 Submitted 4

on/before on/before days after days after days after days
the deadline the deadline the set the set the set onwards
set by the deadline deadline deadline after the set
teacher deadline
(10%)
Followed All the One Two Three Four

the direction of direction of directions of directions direction of
direction the activities the activities the activities of the the activities
(25%) are followed. are not are not activities are not
followed. followed.. are not followed.
followed.
Sign and All the One Two Three Four/more

symbols signs/symbol sign/symbol signs/symbol signs/symb signs/symbo
identified s are is incorrectly s are ols are ls are
correctly identified incorrectly incorrectly incorrectly
(20%)
identified identified identified identified
Drawing All the One of the Two of the Three of Four or

symbols are symbol is not symbols are the symbols more of the
(20%)
drawn drawn not drawn are not symbols are
correctly correctly correctly drawn not drawn
correctly correctly
Cleanliness The output is The output The output The output The output
(25%) free from has few has few has many has many
any form of erasure or erasure or erasure or erasure or
erasure or dirt but not dirt and dirt and dirt and
dirt clearly noticeable noticeable clearly
noticeable noticeable
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INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
 Drawing lines are recognized and interpreted
 Drawing lines are used accordingly
 Components, assemblies or objects are recognized and drawn
 Dimensions are identified as appropriate to the plan
 Work plan is drawn following the specifications
INTRODUCTION
Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering. To
make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols, perspectives, units of
measurement, notation systems, visual styles, and page layout. Together,
such conventions constitute a visual language and help to ensure that the drawing
is unambiguous and relatively easy to understand. Many of the symbols and principles of
technical drawing are codified in an international standard called ISO.
Plans are often for technical purposes such as architecture, engineering, or planning.
Their purpose in these disciplines is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric
features of a site, building, product or component. Plans can also be for presentation or
orientation purposes, and as such are often less detailed versions of the former. The end goal of
plans is either to portray an existing place or object, or to convey enough information to allow a
builder or manufacturer to realize a design.
A. Alphabet of Lines
A drawing is made up of different lines. Each line represents something. A surface, a
hidden surface, an extension of a surface, a center of a hole, or a line with dimension on it. In
order to make the drawing easier to read and understand, each kind of line is drawn with a
different line weights. Read and understand the following.
NAME USE SYMBOL

Boarder Line - Generally, the heaviest or
darkest line in drawing.
- It surrounds a drawing and
is usually rectangular in
shape.
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Visible Line It is a thick line that
represents the visible edges
or outline of the object;
also known as the object
line
Hidden Line A medium thick line
composed of short dashes
about 2-3 millimeters long
with space between dashes
about 1-2 millimeters wide;
it represents the surface or
edges that cannot be seen
Section Line A thin line to show the
surface that has been cut;
they are spaced evenly at
45 degrees with the
horizontal to make shaded
effect
Center Line A thin line consisting of two
long dashes and short dash
drawn alternately with
a gap of at least 2
millimeters in between; it
represents the axis or
center of symmetrical
shapes like a ball, washer,
rectangular block, cube
Dimension Line A thin line with an
arrowhead in one end used
to indicate the
measurements of the
object
Extension Line A thin line that extends

from the object in order to
show dimension limits
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Leader Line A short inclined thin line
with an arrowhead at the
end and short horizontal
line on the other end.
Cutting Plane A thick lines used to

Line indicate an imaginary cut
through an object along the
line. Made up of two long
dashes broken in one end
with an arrowhead and two
short dashes drawn in
between the long dashes
Short Break A thick line drawn in
Line freehand to show details
that a part has been cut off
or broken out.
Long Break Line A medium thick line
consisting of broken and
straight lines drawn
alternately. This is also
known as the limiting line.
This limits the length of an
elongated
object without changing the
size of its view.
Cylindrical - Thin lines.
Break Line - Used to show round parts
that are broken in half to
better clarify the print or to
reduce the length of the
object.
Reference Line - A curve line with an

arrowhead at one end.
- It is used to label the parts
of an object
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Alphabet of Lines is Used in Technical Drawing
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Alphabet of Lines Used in Architectural Drawing
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EXERCISE #2: ANALYZE THE ALPHABET OF LINES
Direction:
 Identify and draw all the alphabet of lines used on the presented drawing on the
next page.
 A reference drawing is provided on the next page
 A format is provided after the reference drawing
 Ruler
Materials needed

Bond paper Pc. 3 Size: 8.5x11”
 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 30 mins.
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(Format)
Name: ________________________
Date: ________________
Alphabet of Lines
(name of the (Draw how the line was used on (Describe the line used in the drawing
line) the drawing) as possible by describing the line
meaning, interpretation and its use in
the drawing)
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RUBRICS EXERCISE #2: ANALYZE THE ALPHABET OF LINES
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

on/before on/before days after days after days after days
the deadline the deadline the set the set the set onwards
set by the deadline deadline deadline after the set
teacher deadline
(10%)
Followed All the One Two Three Four

the directions of direction of directions of directions direction of
direction the activity the activities the activities of the the activities
(20%) are followed. are not are not activities are not
followed. followed.. are not followed.
followed.
Cleanliness The output is The output The output The output The output
(20%) free from has few has few has many has many
any form of erasure or erasure or erasure or erasure or
erasure or dirt but not dirt and dirt and dirt and
dirt clearly noticeable noticeable clearly
noticeable noticeable
Alphabet of All the One Two Three Four

lines alphabet of alphabet of alphabet of alphabet of alphabet of
identified lines are lines is lines are lines are lines are
correctly incorrectly incorrectly incorrectly incorrectly
(25%)
identified identified identified identified identified
Drawing All the lines One of the Two of the Three of Four or
are drawn line is not lines are not the lines are more of the
(25%)
correctly drawn drawn not drawn lines are not
correctly correctly correctly drawn
correctly
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B. Guidelines in Dimensioning
1. Dimensions should generally be placed between views.
2. Avoid repetition of dimensions.
3, Dimension lines should be parallel to the edge or line being measured.
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4. The flares of the arrowhead should be properly made. In sketching, an arrowhead may be
made with one heavy stroke at the soft pencil
5.The fine line in a dimension line must be strictly observe. It should be about one-fourth the
thickness of the visible line.
6. the figures or numbers in a dimension line should be legible and properly located.
7. Dimensional figures are preferably directional. This preferred for the beginners.
8. Use an outside dimension if the space is limited and used an inside dimension if the space is
ample or wide.
9. Only metric measurements should appear in drawings.

10. Continuous dimensions should be use whenever possible.
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11. Staggered dimension should be used when the spaces for the dimension is narrow.
12. Dimension line maybe terminated by a projection, visible, hidden or center line
13. Dimension line should not be extended beyond the edge or line being measured
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14. Arrow head should point to the terminating line and not to the dimensional figure.
15. Let no workman add or subtract dimensions. Complete all the dimensions needed.
16. When giving the locational dimensions for round holes, measure the center to center
distance between holes from the center line of the holes to the two nearest visible line.
17. Place the dimensions closest to the part being measured. Dimensions may be placed inside
a view.
18. Never crowd dimensions.
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19. Projection or extension lines should be properly drawn. They should extend about 3 mm
from the dimension line and not closer than 1 ½ mm from the object or visible line.
20. Give the diameter of a circle or round hole. Note the various ways of positioning the
dimension lines.
21. Avoid crossing dimensions
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22. Measure angles in degrees
24. Metric measurement may be given in a whole number. A note should be added to the
drawing to identify the kind of dimension used.
25. Dimension may be given as notes in the drawing.
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EXERCISE #3: DIMENSIONING
Direction:
 Put all the needed dimension lines of the given orthographic drawing on the next
page.
 Draw the orthographic drawing on your plate
 Use 0.5 marking pen
 Follow the proper guidelines in indicating dimensions
 Ruler
 T-square
 Compass
Materials needed

 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 1 hour
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EXERCISE #3: DIMENSIONING
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RUBRICS FOR EXERCISE #3: DIMENSIONING
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Accomplish Accomplis Accomplish Accomplish Accomplish Accomplish

ment h the the activity on the activity 30 the activity the activity
activity time minutes after 1 hour after 2 hour after
(10%)
ahead of the time the time the time
time
Cleanliness The The drawing The drawing is The drawing The drawing
of the drawing is is free from free from any has has
drawing free from any form of form of noticeable noticeable
(10%) dirt and pen dirt/pen from of any from of all
any form
errors / paper errors/ paper of the the
of dirt,
folds and folds following: following:
pen errors
dirt/pen dirt/pen dirt/pen
and paper
errors and errors/ errors/
folds
paper folds paper folds paper folds
Completene All the There is one There are two There are There are
ss of needed missing missing three four/more
dimension dimension dimension dimensions missing missing
(20%) s are dimensions dimensions
indicated
Promptness All the One Two Three Four/more

(30%) dimension dimension is dimensions is dimensions dimensions
s are incorrectly incorrectly use are are
correctly use incorrectly incorrectly
use use use
Dimension All There is one There are two There are There are
lines (30%) dimension dimension dimension three four
lines are line which are lines which are dimension dimension
properly not properly not properly lines which lines which
drawn drawn drawn are not are not
properly properly
drawn drawn
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C. Orthographic Drawing
The term orthographic is derive from two Greek words, orthos and graphos. Orthos
means to write and graphos means to draw. In other words, it describes a type of drawing
represented only by lines, without shading or rendering. Orthographic drawing is a special type
of drawing which may not be pleasing to the eyes. But it is easier to understand than other types
of drawing after one develops skill in reading and interpreting it. It refers to the representation
of the exact shape of an object in two or more views as they are seen perpendicularly from its
surface.
Orthographic views
• Right-side View – labeled as
Side View RSV/SV
• Top View – TV
• Front View – FV
• Rear View - RV
• Left Side View - LSV
• Bottom View – BV
Note: The most utilized views in Orthographic drawing
are Front View, Top View and Right Side view
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Principle of orthographic drawing
1. The top view is directly above the front view
2. The side views are horizontally in line with the front view
3. The width of the top view is equal to the width of the side view
4. When a line or an edge is viewed in its top view, it appears as a point.
5. A line or edge parallel to the plain of projection will also appear as a line or edge in its
exact or true length.
6. A line or edge inclined to the plane of projection will appear shorter.
7. A surface perpendicular to the projection plane will appear a line or edge equal in length
to the nearest edge of the surface.
8. A surface parallel to the plane of projection will be shown in its exact or true shape and
size
9. A surface inclined to the plane of projection will also appear a surface but smaller in shape
10. No line or edge of the object can be projected longer than its true length.
Steps in orthographic drawing

1. Study the Object - Know the length, width and thickness of the object in order
to know the proportion of its part.
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2. Determine the views and arrangement - Choose the views which will show the
main surface of the object. Surfaces which contain circular or irregular shape
should be among the three regular views.
3. Proportion the views accordingly. Each view must about 1” apart.
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4. Block-in the views - Draw light horizontal and vertical lines in order to show the
size and location of each view.
5. Draw the detail - Other part of the object should first be sketched with light
lines so that any mistakes can be easily erased.
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6. Indicate the dimensions – the dimensions are based on the real object’s dimensions.
7. Trace the visible edges- The visible edges of the object should be represented by visible
lines
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8. Show hidden edges - Represent these edges with hidden lines. The thickness of hidden
line is half of a visible line. Hidden lines at the corner should touch each other.
9. Check the Drawing - Make certain that all hidden edges are shown in all views. Check
the proportion of the drawing with the size of the actual of the given object.
10. Label the views - The name of the top views should be placed above the view, and
those of the front and side views should be indicated below each of them. Names of all
views should be capitalize specially in large drawing
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EXERCISE #4: ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
Direction:
 Create the orthographic drawing of the given figure on the next page
 Put it on your plate
 Be guided with the principles of orthographic drawing
 Follow the proper procedure in constructing orthographic drawing.
 Ruler
 T-square
Materials needed

 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 1 hour
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EXERCISE #4: ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
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RUBRICS FOR EXERCISE #4: ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

on/before on/before days after the days after the days after the days onwards
the deadline the set deadline set deadline set deadline after the set
deadline deadline
(5%)
Followed All the One direction Two Three Four direction

the directions of the directions of directions of of the activities
direction of the activities are the activities the activities are not
(5%) activity are not followed. are not are not followed.
followed. followed.. followed.
Cleanliness The drawing The drawing The drawing The drawing The drawing
of the is free from is free from is free from has has noticeable
drawing any form of any form of any form of noticeable from of all the
(15%) dirt, pen dirt and pen dirt/pen from of any of following:
errors and errors / paper errors/ paper the following: dirt/pen errors/
paper folds folds and folds dirt/pen paper folds
dirt/pen errors/ paper
errors and folds
paper folds
Drawing All the One drawing Two drawing Three All drawing
Views drawing view is not view are not drawing view view are not
views are projected projected are not projected
(25%)
projected correctly correctly projected correctly
correctly correctly
Dimension All the 1 dimension 2 dimension 3 dimension 4/more

lines and dimension line/ label is lines/ and lines/labels dimension
labels (25%) lines and not indicated labels are not are not lines/labels are
labels are indicated indicated not indicated
indicated
Dimensions All the 1-2 3-6 7-10 11 or more

dimensions dimensions dimensions dimensions dimensions are
(25%)
are correct are incorrect are incorrect are incorrect incorrect
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D. Pictorial drawing
The pictorial drawing often represents a portion of the object and shows the method of
its construction. In others, the whole object is shown in one view. The most common pictorial
drawings used in the manufacturing industries are the isometric the oblique, and the perspective.
Of three, the perspective is the most pleasing to the eyes. While the first two is easier to draw.
Isometric drawing
The term isometric is derive from two words: iso,“ equal and metric, “measure.” The word
isometric thus means “equal measure.” In other words, the size of an isometric view is in equal
measure either to its orthographic views or to the scaled drawing. All measurements used or laid
out in an isometric drawing are taken from orthographic views.
Three Axes of an Isometric drawing

1. Vertical
2. 30⁰ Left
3. 30⁰ Right
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Three positions in Isometric Drawing
 The axes in the first position are used when one desires to build the isometric view
from the bottom of the object.
 The second position is used when one desires to construct the view from the top
of the object
Methods of Drawing Isometric View

1. Boxing Method
In this method a box is drawn with its edges parallel to the isometric axes. These edges or
lines are drawn very lightly and hence they are sometimes called crate lines or
construction lines.
• Draw the three axes as light and straight as possible. Be sure that the cross axes are about
30 degrees from the lower edge of the paper.
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• Layout the principal measurement of the axes. Get these measurements from the
orthographic view.
• Draw the box or create lines.

• Draw detail of the object
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• Trace the visible edges with heavier line.
• If required, show the hidden edges.
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Oblique Drawing
In oblique drawing, one surface of the object is parallel to the picture plane or to the plane
of the drawing paper. The view of this surface on that plane resembles an orthographic view.
Oblique drawing are preferred when there are circular or irregular surfaces.
Two kinds of oblique drawing are cavalier and cabinet

• Cavalier Drawing- has three axes: vertical, horizontal and the 30 degree cross-axis. The
dimension laid on the axes are in equal measure to those in the orthographic views.
• Cabinet Drawing – Has these axes: Horizontal, vertical and 45 degree cross-axis. Only the
dimension laid on its cross-axis is reduce to ½ or 2/3 that of the corresponding dimension
in the orthographic view.
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Rules for making Oblique Drawing
1. Position the circular or irregular surfaces parallel to the picture plane
2. Dimension to be laid in the cross-axis of cabinet drawing should be reduce to ½ or 2/3.
3. Avoid positioning the longest side of the object parallel to the picture plane.
4. If no orthographic views are given, always proportion the details of the drawing to those of the
actual object
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EXERCISE #5: PICTORIAL DRAWING
Direction:
 Create the isometric drawing of the given figure on the next page
 Put it on your plate
 Be guided with the principles of isometric drawing
 Follow the proper procedure in constructing isometric drawing.
 Triangle
 T-square
Materials needed

 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 1 hour
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EXERCISE #5: PICTORIAL DRAWING
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RUBRICS FOR EXERCISE #5: PICTORIAL DRAWING
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

on/before on/before days after the days after the days after the days onwards
the deadline the deadline set deadline set deadline set deadline after the set
deadline
(10%)

the directions of of the directions of directions of of the
direction the activity activities are the activities the activities activities are
(15%) are followed. not followed. are not are not not followed.
followed.. followed.
drawing any form of any form of noticeable from of all the
any form of
(25%) dirt and pen dirt/pen from of any of following:
dirt, pen
errors / paper errors/ paper the following: dirt/pen
errors and
folds and folds dirt/pen errors/ paper
paper folds
dirt/pen errors/ paper folds
errors and folds
paper folds
Drawing All the One drawing Two drawing Three All drawing
axes drawing axes axes is not axes are not drawing axes axes are not
are projected projected are not projected
(25%)
projected correctly correctly projected correctly
correctly correctly

dimensions dimensions dimensions dimensions dimensions are
(25%)
are correct are incorrect are incorrect are incorrect incorrect
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E. Other Technical Drawing
Assembly Working Plans
An assembly working plan is one that indicates how the individual parts of a machine or
products are assembled to make a complete unit. An assembly working plan serves the following
purpose:
1. It describes the shape of the assembled unit or product.

2. It shows how the parts of the assembled unit are positioned in relation to each other.
3. It identifies each component that forms part of the assembled product.
4. It provides parts list that describes and essential data concerning each part of the assembled
unit or product.
5. It provides, when necessary, reference information concerning the physical or functional
characteristics of the assembled unit
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Assembly Working Plan
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Detail Working Plans
A technical working plan of a single part of a machine or mechanism gives enough
information to allow the part to be made. It describes the shape and indicates the dimensions of
the object.
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F. Scaling
Scale is the measuring device that enables designer to represent accurately the size of an
object/structure in a technical drawing. The term scale describes the ratio of the drawing size
relative to the actual size of the object/structure. When you draw an object to scale, the drawing
represents a ratio of the object size. With scale, you can draw large objects that are too big to be
drawn full size at a reduce size or objects that too small to an enlarge size.
Common Scales
1. Metric scale: based on proportional ratio. It describes the ratio of the drawing
compared to the actual size of the object. The first number of the equation describes the
size of the drawing and the second number describes the actual size of the object being
drawn. Measurements are expressed in the smallest unit- millimeters. Metric scale can
be classified in the following categories:
a) Full scale – the ratio is equal. The drawing is the same size as the object. For example:
1:1 Full size
5:5 Full size
b) Reducing scale – the object is represented smaller in a drawing
1:2 drawing is half the size of the object
1:10 drawing is 1/10th the size of the object
1:50 drawing is 1/50th the size of the object
c) Enlarging scale – the object is represented larger in a drawing
2:1 drawing 2 times larger the object
4:1 drawing 4 times larger the object
2. Imperial scale- based on fractional ratio. For example:
1”=1” Full size
¼” = 1’-0”
1/8” = 1’-0”
3/8” = 1’-0”
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Typical Scales for Drawings
Residential Drawings Commercial Drawings

Site Plan 1”=20’ or 40’ 1”=20’ or 40’
Foundation Plan 1/4”= 1’-0” 1/8”=1’-0”
Floor Plan 1/4”= 1’-0” 1/8”=1’-0”
Elevations 1/4”= 1’-0” 1/8”=1’-0”
Building Sections 3/4”= 1’-0” 1/4"=1’-0”
Construction Details 3/4”= 1’-0” 1/2"=1’-0”
Interior Details 3/8”= 1’-0” to 1/2"=1’-0” 1/2"=1’-0”
Lighting/ Electrical/ 1/4"= 1’-0” 1/8”=1’-0”
HVAC/ Plumbing Plans
Example scale
If the scale is 1/4” is equal to 1’-0” then:
 2 feet is equal to 1/2 inch

 6” is equal to 1/8 inch
 5 feet is equal to 1 ¼ inch
 5 feet and 6 inches is equal to 1 and 3/8 inches
If the scale 1” is equal to 20’ then:
 40 feet is equal to 2 inches

 50 feet is equal to 2 and 1/2 inches
 2 feet and six inches is equal to 1/8 inches
 1 foot and three inches is equal to 1/16 inches
If the scale 3/4" is equal to 1’-0” then
 1/2 feet is equal to 3/8 inch

 2 feet is equal to 1 and 1/2 inches
 2 feet and 6 inches is equal to 1 and 7/8 inches
 1/4 feet is equal to 3/16 inch
 1 and 1/4 feet is equal to 15/16 inch
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Watch the following videos on YouTube to further enhance your understanding
 https://youtu.be/PrbjWgyZIFc or search on YouTube How to Read an Architect’s
Scale
 https://youtu.be/94fBiFHy5gM or search on YouTube How to Read an Architectural
Scale Beginner
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EXERCISE #6: SCALING
Direction:
 Find the equivalent scale of the following

 Copy it on your plate
 Submit the exercise to your instructor after answering
 Time allotted: 30 mins.
A. Scale: Equivalent B. Scale: Equivalent C. Scale: Equivalent

1/4":1’-0” 3/4":1’-0” 1/2":1’-0”
1/16’ 1/16’ 1/16’

1/8’ 1/8’ 1/8’
1/4' 1/4' 1/4'
1/2' 1/2' 1/2'
3/4' 3/4' 3/4'
1’ 1’ 1’
2’ 2’ 2’
3’ 3’ 3’
4’ 4’ 4’
5’ 5’ 5’
6’ 6’ 6’
7’ 7’ 7’
8’ 8’ 8’
9’ 9’ 9’
10’ 10’ 10’
11 1/16’ 11 1/16’ 11 1/16’
12 1/8’ 12 1/8’ 12 1/8’
13 ¼’ 13 ¼’ 13 ¼’
14 ½’ 14 ½’ 14 ½’
15 ¾’ 15 ¾’ 15 ¾’
16’-3” 16’-3” 16’-3”
17’-6” 17’-6” 17’-6”
18’-9” 18’-9” 18’-9”
240” 240” 240”
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REFERENCES
 CBLM in Technical Drafting NC II Interpret Technical Drawing by Glenn F. Salandanan
 Drafting Volume 1 German M. Manaois
 https://user.engineering.uiowa.edu/~swan/courses/53116/drafting_conventions.pdf
 https://hosting.iar.unicamp.br/lab/luz/ld/Arquitetural/livros/interior%20design%20stud
ent%20handbook.pdf
 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Assembly_drawing
 https://schoolworkhelper.net/scale-measurements-conversions/
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LESSON II
Draft Architectural Lay-outs and Details
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Prepare and set-up tools and materials for
drawing
 Lay-out architectural drawings and detail
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PREPARE AND SET-UP TOOLS AND MATERIALS FOR DRAWING
 Drawing tools, materials, and equipment are selected and prepared according to job
requirements
 Set-up procedure for working drawing is performed following job requirements
INTRODUCTION
There are a great variety of drafting materials and tools used in mechanical drawing. The
drafting materials and tools discussed in this Module include most of the basic ones but sufficient
enough for your initial understanding about mechanical drawing. Drawing instruments are used
for drawing and designing purposes. Their quality is very essential if you want to have good result.
Cheaper drawing tools and instruments do not only provide poor quality results but also do not
last long. You have to observe proper handling and care if you want them.
A. Drafting Instrument
Name MATERIALS,DESCRIPTION AND PICTURES/ILLUSTRATIONS

FUNCTION
Drafting Board - It is a portable drawing
surface.
- The surface must be perfectly
flat, smooth and soft enough to
easily draw lines with pencils.
- To use a T-square the board
edges must be straight and
smooth for the head of the T-
square.
Drafting Table A table with a top that can be
moved so that it slope at
different angles, used for
drawing or designing things on
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Marking Pen Two types of pens are used to
produce ink lines: the ruling
pen with adjustable blade and
the needle-in-tube type of pen.
We include the ruling pen here
only for information; it has
been almost totally replaced by
the needle-in-tube type.
Masking Tape - Used for fastening the drawing

paper on the drawing table
- A specially-prepared tape used
to adhere drawing media to the
working surface
Ruler - Instrument used in drawing

horizontal and vertical lines. ----
- The common unit of
measurement it used is
centimeter and inches.
T-square - Instrument used in drawing

horizontal lines. It also used in
guiding triangles when drawing
vertical lines.
Triangle - A thin, flat, right-angled piece

of plastic or metal with acute
angles of 45, or 30 and 60
used for drawing vertical or
inclined lines that are multiples
of 15
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Divider - It is used to create equal
distances, transfer
measurements and spacing
points or lines.
Used to transfer dimensions
Compass - This drawing instrument is

used when drawing arcs and
circles. It is used in a similar
way to a divider.
- It is composed of one with
the pen leg and the needle
point leg being held together
with a handle. This drawing
instrument can be used for
both penciling and inking.
Dusting Brush Used to brush loose graphite
and eraser dust from a drawing
Erasing Shield A metal plate with various slots

and openings used to protect
line work when a portion of the
drawing is to be erased
French Curve French curves (called irregular

curves) are used
for drawing smooth curved
lines other than arcs
or circles, lines such as ellipses,
parabolas, and
spirals. Transparent plastic
French curves come
in a variety of shapes and sizes.
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Protractor - It is a semi-circular
instrument divided into
180 equal parts, each of which
is called a degree.
- It is used to determine
gradations of the degrees
when measuring arcs, angles
and circles.
Triangular Scales This is a tool generally used
when reproducing a drawing
in an enlarged or reduced form
to some regular proportion. Its
main function is to reproduce
the measurements of an object
in full size, reduced size, and
enlarged size.
Drafting Media
The papers and films used to draw on are drafting media. While sketching may be done
on any size piece of paper or on a variety of types of paper, all forms of architectural drafting,
from technical sketching to mechanical drafting, are done on standard sizes and types of paper.
There are two main types of paper, tracing and vellum, and there are drafting films such as Mylar
and acetate. Tracing paper and drafting vellum are the two most widely used types of drafting
media.
 TRACING PAPER (also called TRACE) is a medium-grade white (or slightly yellow tinted)
transparent paper that takes pencil, ink and marker well. Trace is typically used for
sketching and developing ideas, developing initial and preliminary layouts and developing
space planning. It is an inexpensive paper and, since it is transparent, a new sheet can be
placed over a preliminary drawing to refine it. It is easier and neater to do this than to
erase and redraw lines on the original. Some designers use trace for presentations in the
early phase of a design project, then, when the designs are approved and fully developed,
they are transferred to vellum.
 DRAFTING VELLUM (also called TRACING VELLUM) is a high-grade white (or slightly
tinted) transparent paper that takes pencil well, and from which pencil lines can be easily
erased. Reproductions can be made directly from pencil drawings on drafting vellum.
Vellum also takes pen and ink well. On most papers, ink will bleed (that is spread and
absorb into the paper). Ink lines on vellum are crisp and solid as it does not absorb the ink
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readily; however, caution must be taken to not unintentionally smear the ink before it
dries.
 GRID or GRAPH PAPER is available in a variety of grid patterns. Most grid media used in
interior design has 4 squares per inch. This can represent 1/4" scale for drawing purposes.
It is used for planning, drawing, rough design sketching, technical sketches, or simply under
a sheet of trace as a guide.
Drafting Sheet Sizes

Most drafting media are available in three styles: rolls, plain sheets, and preprinted sheets
with borders and title blocks. There are also sheets available with non-photo blue (a light blue
color that does not reproduce when making blueprints) grids. According to ANSI (American
National Standards Institute) in the United States an:
 8.5 x 11-inch piece of paper is an architectural “A” size sheet. This is typically referred to
as letter size.
 The “B” size sheets are 11 x 17 and are typically referred to as a "tabloid" size sheet of
paper.
 The “C” size sheets are 18 x 24 inches
 The “D” size sheets are 24 x 36 inches.
Most drafting for interior design purposes is done on the B, C, and D size sheets. The
decision for choosing a size should be based on project requirements, the scale of the drawings,
and the scope and size of the final structure. Trace and vellum may be purchased on rolls that
require sizing the paper properly. Trace may be sized by measuring the length needed and using
a straight edge, T-square, or parallel rule to rip the paper off of the roll. Trace rips easily and
slightly rough edges are expected. Vellum from a roll should be measured to its proper length
and then using a straight edge and an X-acto knife on a proper cutting surface trim the paper to
its proper length. Scissors should never be used in cutting trace or vellum.
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B. Set-up Drawing Board
Guidelines in setting-up Drawing Board
 The bottom of the drawing paper should align with the top of the T-square
 Place the drawing paper close to the working edge of the drawing table and working
head of the T-square
 Drawing paper should be parallel to the top and side edge of the drawing board
 The T-square must slide across the drawing table surface
 If you are left handed, place the T-square in the right side
 Always fasten larger backing sheet of thicker drawing paper on the board first.
 When using the T-square press firmly the T-square against the working edge of the
drawing table.
Drawing Board
Watch the recommended video on YouTube to further enhance your understanding

 https://youtu.be/nA-mCsVLXy8 or search on YouTube Drawing with a T square & set
square
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C. Using Triangles and T-square
Illustrations below show the proper use of drawing lines and measuring angles using the T-
square and triangle.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXzpQiQG0KE or search on YouTube How To Use
30 by 60 Triangle Drawing Isometric Box - PipingWeldingNonDestructiveExamination-
NDT
D. Architectural lettering
Lettering is an aspect of note making. Notes are an integral part of a drawing and
lettering’s purpose is to make notes easy to read. Lettering is not the same as printing in capital
letters, which doesn’t provide the level of legibility needed for a set of construction drawings.
Printed letters can get especially blurred when the drawings are printed half-size. Height is
consistent, which is achieved by drawing guidelines. Letters are the entire height of the
guidelines; they don’t fall short. They may extend a bit above or below them; this is the case with
certain styles and with fractions (fractions are drawn slightly larger than whole numbers). There
are no gaps between the pencil lines. Spacing is consistent between words and within words. All
same-type letters should look identical. Vertical strokes should be vertical, horizontal strokes
should be horizontal, and angled strokes should all angle to the same degree. Numbers must
match the style of letters.
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Lettering Style
 There are many different lettering styles, but only a few are suitable for architectural
drafting.
 Avoid fancy styles, as they do not facilitate reading and are difficult to execute.
 While personalized styles were once a drafter’s hallmark, CAD has virtually eliminated this
practice.
 Designers now choose among different computer fonts; “City Blueprint” is one popular
choice.
 For manual drafting, a simple block lettering style with horizontal strokes slightly angled
is favored by many designers.
Lettering Techniques
 A drafting pencil and a vertical straightedge (such as that of a small triangle or lettering
guide) can be efficiently used to create letters.
 Slide the triangle or guide along the parallel bar to create vertical strokes and freehand
the others. While using a straightedge is slow going at first, with practice you’ll draw
letters almost as fast as you handwrite.
 Practice drawing words and sentences, rather than the alphabet, because words and
phrases will incorporate spacing.
 Make the strokes quickly; slow, labored-over strokes look shaky. Rotate the pencil while
drawing to obtain slightly different line weights. If smudging is a problem, use a harder
lead or keep a clean sheet of paper under your hand to protect the letters already drawn.
 When inking, use a 0.40 mm pen. Most notes are made with 1/8" tall letters. Drawing
titles are done with 1/4" letters. Only one lettering style should be used throughout a
project.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLOgTz26BBs or search on YouTube How to Do
Architectural Lettering
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Architectural lettering. Two styles are shown: the basic block and a variant of the basic block
(slanted horizontals). Either is appropriate for manual drafting.
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Lettering Used in Architectural Title Block
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EXERCISE #7: USING OF DRAFTING TOOLS
Direction:
 Draw an Architectural Title Block

 Copy the written words and the title box given on the next page
 All letters should be in capitalized form
 The size of the letters outside the title box is ¼” and for the letters inside the title
box is 1/8”
 Ruler
 T-square
 Triangles
Materials needed

Pencil Pc. 1 Grade: soft
 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 1.5 hours
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RUBRICS FOR EXERCISE #7: LETTERING AND TITLE BOX
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

on/before on/before days after the days after the days after days
the deadline the set deadline set deadline the set onwards
set by the deadline deadline after the set
teacher deadline
(10%)
Followed All the One direction Two directions Three Four

the directions of the of the directions direction of
direction of the activities are activities are of the the activities
(15%) activity not followed. not followed.. activities are not
are are not followed.
followed. followed.
Cleanliness The The output The output has The output The output
(25%) output is has few few erasure or has many has many
free from erasure or dirt and erasure or erasure or
any form dirt but not noticeable dirt and dirt and
of erasure clearly noticeable clearly
or dirt noticeable noticeable
Completene The The output is The output is The output The output
ss output is 80-90% 70-80% is 60-70% is 50-60%
90-100% complete complete complete complete
(25%)
complete
Lettering 90-100% 80-90% of the 70-80% of the 60-70% of 50-60% of

of the lettering are lettering are the lettering the lettering
(25%)
lettering legibly written legibly written are legibly are legibly
are legibly written written
written
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LAY-OUT ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND DETAIL
 Sheet requirement is accomplished following technical drawing standards
 Sheet requirement is reviewed based on technical drawing standards
 Sheet requirement is revised following technical drawing standards, if
necessary
INTRODUCTION
Architectural drafting is basically pictorial images of buildings, interiors, details, or other
items that need to be built. These are different from other types of drawings as they are drawn
to scale, include accurate measurements and detailed information, and other information
necessary to build a structure. These documents are graphic representations to communicate
how to do the construction, remodeling, or installation of a design project. These include
drawings for floor plans, elevations, sections, details, ceiling plans, finish schedules, and
mechanical information such as electrical, plumbing, air conditioning, and heating plans.
A. Dimensioning Guidelines in Floor Plan

Hierarchical dimension placement
Dimension lines are placed hierarchically in 2 to 3 levels of overall dimension; wall
dimension; and opening dimension. Overall dimensions are outermost dimension lines,
and measure from outside edge to outside edge. Wall dimensions are the next dimension
lines towards the plan, showing exterior wall or interior partition locations.
The closest dimension lines to the plan, opening dimensions, indicate window,
door, and other opening locations. These three hierarchical dimension lines are placed
1/2" from each other. The innermost dimension, the opening dimension, are 1” to 1-1/2”
away from the plan, never touching it.
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Dimension Technique
The text of the dimension is always written on the top or left of the dimension
line. Extension lines are used to bring the dimension line a distance from the object so it
is easily read and not confused as part of the object. The extension line starts about 1/16”
from the edge of the object, never toughing it. And it extends about 1/8” past the
dimension line. At the intersection of the extension line and the dimension line is a “tick.”
The tick mark on a dimension line is an important detail and crosses at a 45-degree angle
at the intersection of the dimension and extension lines. It is typically 1/8” long, however
this may vary with the size and scale of a drawing. Use your best judgment, but typically
a tick mark is the length of the overlap of the dimension and extension lines (for example
if you overlap the lines by 1/8” then the tick mark will be 1/8” in length). The height of
dimension text is typically between 3/16" to 1/8", but not below 3/32” when printed. This
assures its readability. Dimension text doesn’t touch the line.
Dimensioning wood/light-weight gauge steel frame buildings
 For opening dimension, dimension window/exterior door opening/interior

partition locations from the outside face of studs to the center of the openings/
interior partitions.
 For exterior wall dimension, dimension each wall location from the outside of stud
face to the outside of stud face.
 For interior wall dimension, dimension each wall location from the outside of stud
face to the center of the wall, and from the center of the wall to the center of
another interior wall.
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 For overall dimension, dimension overall wall locations from the outside of stud
face to outside of stud face.
 Dimension interior walls to structural elements including columns or existing
walls.
 Give angle or radius/diameter where necessary.
 Dimension built-in furniture/cabinetry.
 Dimension stairways.
Dimensioning concrete/ masonry buildings
 For opening dimension, dimension window/exterior door opening/interior

partition locations from the outside of wall facing to the edge of the openings.
 For wall dimension, dimension each wall location to the outside of faces. But when
pilasters or concrete columns are placed, dimension them to their centerline.
 For overall dimension, dimension overall wall locations from the outside of faces.
 Dimension interior walls to structural elements including columns or existing
walls.
 Give angle or radius/diameter where necessary.
 Dimension built-in furniture/cabinetry.
 Dimension stairways.
 All bathroom fixtures.
 Other appliances such as clothes washer, dryer, laundry tubs, water softener, hot
water tank, etc.
 Any built-in interior features.
 Dimensions.
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 Notations.
 Title and scale of the plan under the plan view
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B. Steps in Drafting Basic Floor Plan
Step 1: Choose what scale to be used.
Step 2: Sketch Exterior Walls
Step 3: Draw Reference Lines
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Step 4: Draw Interior Walls
Step 5: Locate Doors and: Add Windows
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Step 6: Place Cabinets, Kitchen appliances and bathroom Fixtures
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Step 8: Dimension the plan and label the rooms
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EXERCISE #8: SCALE AND DIMESION
Direction:
 Draw, dimension and scale the floor plan provided on the next page
 The scale to be use is 1/4” = 1’-0”
 Provide your own dimensions for the floor plan but observe realistic dimensions
 Follow the steps in constructing a floor plan specially the guidelines in
dimensioning
 30x60 Triangle
 T-square
Materials needed
Materials Quantity Description

Bond paper 1 Pc. Size: 8.5”x11”
Pencil 1 Pc. Grade: soft
Marking Pen 1 Pc. Size: 0.5 mm
 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 2 hours
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RUBRICS FOR EXERCISE #8: SCALE AND DIMESION
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

on/before on/before days after the days after the days after days
the deadline the set deadline set deadline the set onwards
set by the deadline deadline after the set
teacher deadline
(5%)
Followed All the One direction Two directions Three Four

the directions of the of the directions direction of
direction of the activities are activities are of the the activities
(10%) activity not followed. not followed.. activities are not
are are not followed.
followed. followed.
of the drawing is is free from free from any has has
drawing free from any form of form of noticeable noticeable
(10%) dirt and pen dirt/pen from of any from of all
any form
errors / paper errors/ paper of the the
of dirt,
folds and folds following: following:
pen errors
dirt/pen dirt/pen dirt/pen
and paper
errors and errors/ errors/
folds
paper folds paper folds paper folds
Dimension All the 1-5 dimension 5-10 10-15 16/more

lines dimension lines are not dimension dimension dimension
lines are properly lines is not line are not lines are not
(25%)
properly indicated properly properly properly
indicated indicated indicated indicated
Scale All parts One part is Two parts are Three parts Four parts
are not properly not properly are not are not
(25%)
properly scaled scaled properly properly
scaled scaled scaled
Dimensions All the 1-2 3-6 dimensions 7-10 11 or more

dimension dimensions are incorrect dimensions dimensions
(25%)
s are are incorrect are are
correct incorrect incorrect
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C. Kinds of Structural Drawings
1. Elevation Drawing
An interior elevation is a vertically projected surface inside a building. It provides
complimentary information of vertical elements that a plan view cannot describe such as heights
of interior elements; vertical materials; and other important vertical information that cannot be
shown in other drawings. It is a vertical surface or plane seen perpendicular to the viewer’s
picture plane. Separate elevation drawings are required for all different walls since elevations
drawn looking perpendicular to one side of the building will distort inclined walls of the other
side of the building, when a floor plan or object has an irregular shape. Typical interior elevations
show vertical locations of doors, windows, and other openings; profiles of objects; connection to
the floor, ceiling, and adjacent objects; material information; and vertical dimensions.
Decorative elements may be added on interior elevation drawings to indicate important
interior design features or to deliver the character of the space, based on the designer’s
judgment. Adding people can be an effective way to make the space more realistic and to give a
relative sense for heights of objects in the space.
Concept of interior elevations
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EXERCISE #9: INTERIOR ELEVATION DRAWINGS
Direction:
 Create the elevation drawing of the floor plan given on the next page
 Use the dimensions you have utilize in Exercise #8 as your reference
 Be guided in constructing an elevation drawing.
 Use the different elevation symbols whenever possible.
 Triangle
 T-square
Materials needed

Bond paper Pc. 1 Size: 8.5”x11”
 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 2 hours
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EXERCISE #9: INTERIOR ELEVATION DRAWINGS
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RUBRICS FOR INTERIOR EXERCISE #9: ELEVATION DRAWINGS
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
of the drawing is is free from free from any has noticeable has noticeable
drawing free from any form of form of from of any of from of all the
(10%) dirt and pen dirt/pen the following: following:
any form
errors / paper errors/ paper dirt/pen dirt/pen errors/
of dirt,
folds and folds errors/ paper paper folds
pen errors
dirt/pen folds
and paper
errors and
folds
paper folds
Elevation All One possible Two possible Three possible Four/more

symbols possible elevation elevation elevation possible
elevation symbol is not symbols are symbols are elevation
(20%)
symbols properly not properly not properly symbols are not
are used. used. used properly used
properly
used
Projected All the 1 line is not 2 lines are not 3 lines are not 3/more lines
lines lines are projected projected projected are not
projected projected
(15%)

lines dimension line are not lines are not lines are not dimension lines
lines indicated indicated indicated are not
(15%)
needed indicated
are
indicated
Scale All parts One part is Two parts are Three parts Four parts are
are not properly not properly are not not properly
(15%)
properly scaled scaled properly scaled
scaled scaled

dimension dimensions are incorrect dimensions are dimensions are
(20%)
s are are incorrect incorrect incorrect
correct
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2. Exterior Elevation
Label the important levels including the bottom of the footing, grade, finished floor line,
finished ceiling line, and roof line with the elevation datum symbol. There are two methods to
label these vertical dimensions in exterior elevation drawings. One is using a vertical dimension
line with horizontal lines that extend out from features lettered parallel to it. Each extension
indicates what the feature is with a note on it such as top plate, finished floor, etc. The other is
giving the elevation height of each feature from the elevation established for the finished grade
of the soil around the building. In this case, elevation datum symbol is associated with each
extension line to indicate each elevation height. Vertical distances in exterior elevations typically
start above the elevation of the bottom of the footing.
Concept of Exterior elevations
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EXERCISE #10: EXTERIOR ELEVATION DRAWING
Direction:
 Create the exterior elevation drawing of the floor plan given on the next page
 Follow the steps in constructing an elevation drawing.
 Use the different elevation symbols whenever possible.
 Triangle
 T-square
Materials needed

 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 2 hours
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EXERCISE #10: EXTERIOR ELEVATION DRAWING
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RUBRICS FOR EXERCISE #10: EXTERIOR ELEVATION DRAWING
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Cleanliness The drawing The drawing The drawing is The drawing The drawing
of the is free from is free from free from any has has noticeable
drawing any form of form of noticeable from of all the
any form of
(10%) dirt and pen dirt/pen from of any of following:
dirt, pen
errors / errors/ paper the following: dirt/pen errors/
errors and
paper folds folds dirt/pen paper folds
paper folds
and dirt/pen errors/ paper
errors and folds
paper folds
Elevation All possible One possible Two possible Three Four/more

symbols elevation elevation elevation possible possible
symbols are symbol is not symbols are elevation elevation
(20%)
properly properly not properly symbols are symbols are not
used used. used. not properly properly used
used
Projected All the lines 1 line is not 2 lines are not 3 lines are not 3/more lines
lines are projected projected projected are not
projected projected
(15%)

lines dimension line are not lines are not lines are not dimension lines
lines indicated indicated indicated are not
(15%)
needed are indicated
indicated
Scale All parts are One part is Two parts are Three parts Four parts are
properly not properly not properly are not not properly
(15%)
scaled scaled scaled properly scaled
scaled

dimensions dimensions are incorrect dimensions dimensions are
(20%)
are correct are incorrect are incorrect incorrect
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Civil Technology I
3. Section Drawings
A section drawing is a vertical- cut through of a space or object. Typical section drawings
can be drawn of an entire building, individual interior space, or object such as built-in cabinet.
Sections of spaces in interior drawings are sometimes confused with interior elevations
and details. Section drawings for spaces may illustrate similar items as elevation drawings. But
section drawings are different from elevation drawings in that they are primarily intended to
show the construction of the wall, floor, ceiling, or the object being cut through.
Sections aim to show relationships of how different parts are constructed together in a
space rather than the items attached to walls. So, a section drawing also presents the
construction elements that create the boundaries of spaces, while as an elevation drawing
focuses on the characteristics of the surfaces of the boundaries represented as single lines on the
drawing. When a cut-through line is very close to the objects, not inside the objects, it usually
gets to illustrate vertical shapes as shown on elevation drawings, causing confusion between a
section and elevation.
When sections are cut through small portions of a space or object, they are often referred
to as section details or details. However, a section drawing is different from these drawings in
that a section drawing typically refers to a drawing that cuts through a single space, many spaces
on a single floor, or an entire building. Detail drawings are not always drawn in section and may
include an enlarged drawing of the floor plan or elevation.
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EXERCISE #11: SECTION DRAWING
Direction:
 Create the section drawing of the floor plan given on the next page
 The scale to be use is 3/4” =1’-0”
 Follow the steps in constructing a section drawing.
 Use the different section symbols whenever possible.
 Triangle
 T-square
Materials needed

 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 2 hours
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EXERCISE #11: SECTION DRAWINGS
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RUBRICS FOR EXERCISE #11: SECTION DRAWINGS
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
of the drawing is is free from free from any has noticeable has noticeable
drawing free from any form of form of from of any of from of all the
any form
errors / errors/ paper dirt/pen dirt/pen errors/
of dirt, pen
paper folds folds errors/ paper paper folds
errors and
and dirt/pen folds
paper folds
errors and
paper folds
Section All possible One possible Two possible Three possible Four/more
symbols elevation elevation elevation elevation possible
symbols symbol is not symbols are symbols are elevation
(20%)
are properly not properly not properly symbols are not
properly used. used. used properly used
used
Projected All the 1 line is not 2 lines are not 3 lines are not 3/more lines
lines lines are projected projected projected are not
projected projected
(15%)

lines and dimension line/notes lines/notes are lines/notes are dimension
notes lines and are not not indicated not indicated lines/notes are
notes indicated not indicated
(15%)
needed are
indicated
Scale All parts One part is Two parts are Three parts Four parts are
are not properly not properly are not not properly
(20%)
properly scaled scaled properly scaled
scaled scaled

dimensions dimensions are incorrect dimensions are dimensions are
(20%)
are correct are incorrect incorrect incorrect
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4. Interior Detail Drawing
Interior detail drawings illustrate small portions of a space or object at a large scale. They
are intended to accurately show materials and finish application. Detail drawings are not always
drawn in section and may include an enlarged drawing of the floor plan or elevation. Section
details provide information on the location and construction of different parts, the relationships
of these parts to the surroundings, and the juncture of materials. Details are referenced from
plan, elevation, and section drawings.
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Civil Technology I
EXERCISE #12: INTERIOR DETAIL DRAWINGS
Direction:
 Create the detail drawing of the floor plan given on the next page
 The scale to be use is 1”:1’
 Use the different symbols whenever possible.
 Triangle
 T-square
Materials needed

 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 2 hours
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EXERCISE #12: INTERIOR DETAIL DRAWINGS
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RUBRICS FOR EXERCISE #12: INTERIOR DETAIL DRAWING
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
of the is free from is free from is free from has noticeable has noticeable
drawing any form of any form of from of any of from of all the
any form of
dirt, pen
errors / paper errors/ paper dirt/pen dirt/pen errors/
errors and
folds and folds errors/ paper paper folds
paper folds
dirt/pen folds
errors and
paper folds
Drawing All possible One possible Two possible Three possible Four/more
symbols drawing drawing drawing drawing possible
symbols are symbol is not symbols are symbols are drawing
(20%)
properly properly not properly not properly symbols are not
used used. used. used properly used
Projected All the lines 1 line is not 2 lines are 3 lines are not 3/more lines
lines are projected not projected are not
projected projected projected
(15%)

lines and dimension line/notes are lines/notes lines/notes are dimension
notes lines and not indicated are not not indicated lines/notes are
notes indicated not indicated
(15%)
needed are
indicated
Scale All parts are One part is Two parts Three parts Four parts are
properly not properly are not are not not properly
(20%)
scaled scaled properly properly scaled
scaled scaled

dimensions dimensions dimensions dimensions are dimensions are
(20%)
are correct are incorrect are incorrect incorrect incorrect
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E. Perspective Drawing
It is a pictorial view seen by the observer’s eyes. Anything we see is in fact a perspective
view. Picture Plane or PP is defined as an imaginary vertical plane where the perspective view is
assumed or imagined to be projected or drawn. The paper having a perspective view can also be
called the picture plane if it is held vertically in front of our eyes. An example of perspective
drawing is given below.
Definition of Terms
1. Horizon (H) – is the imaginary intersection of the sky and the open sea. Any edge or line of
an object parallel to the horizon is considered horizontal.
2. Eye Level (E) – imaginary horizontal plane which is in level with the observer’s eyes and the
horizon.
3. Ground level – (GL) – is the plane of the ground
4. Vanishing Point (VP) – is the imaginary point or intersection of lines projected from the
receding horizontal edges of an object
5. Point of Sight or Point of Vision – is the point of on the horizon or on the object which the
observer is directly looking at.
6. Station Point (SP) – is the observer’s eyes, not the point on the ground where the observer
stands.
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Principle in Perspective Drawing
1. The farther an object from our eyes, the smaller it appears.
2. The farther the color the lighter it appears.
3. Vertical lines or edge do not vanish in the horizon
4. If extended or prolonged, all the horizontal or receding lines or edges of an object seems
to vanish at the horizon
5. Equidistant object on the ground such as telegraph or light post seem to come closer to
each other as they recede to our view
6. All horizontal line and edges below the eye level and receding seems to go up and vanish
to the horizon.
7. All horizontal lines or edges above eye level and receding seem to go down and vanish to
the horizon
8. All horizontal line or edges which are not receding remain horizontal in the picture.
9. Never show hidden lines in the perspective.
Two kinds of Perspective Drawing

1. One Point Perspective or Parallel – one surface of the object is drawn parallel to the
picture plane.
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2. Angular or Two Point Perspective – no surface of the object is parallel to the picture plane
Positions in Perspective Drawing

1. Man’s Eye View
2. Worm’s Eye View
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3. Bird’s Eye View
Steps in Parallel Perspective Drawing
1. Draw Horizon
2.. Select a vanishing point along the horizon.
3. Position one side of the object parallel to PP.
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4. Draw projection lines from the corners to the VP
5. Estimate the dimension to be laid on the projection lines.
Steps in Angular Perspective Drawing

1. Draw Horizon
2. Select a vanishing point along the horizon.
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3. Draw a wide angle. It should not less than 120 degrees.
2. Draw the nearest vertical edge.

3. Estimate the length and width of the object.
4. Draw the details and finish the view.
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EXERCISE #13: PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
Direction:
 Create the angular perspective drawing of the given orthographic drawing on the
next page.
 The position of the perspective drawing is man’s eye view
 Be guided with the principles of perspective drawing
 Follow the guidelines in constructing perspective drawing.
 Triangle
 T-square
Materials needed

 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 1 hour
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EXERCISE #13: PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
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RUBRICS FOR EXERCISE #13: PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

on/before on/before days after days after days after the days onwards
the deadline the deadline the set the set set deadline after the set
deadline deadline deadline
(5%)
Followed All the One Two Three Four direction

the directions of direction of directions of directions of of the activities
direction the activity the activities the activities the activities are not
(5%) are followed. are not are not are not followed.
followed. followed.. followed.
of the is free from is free from is free from has noticeable has noticeable
drawing any form of any form of from of any of from of all the
any form of
dirt, pen
errors / errors/ paper dirt/pen dirt/pen errors/
errors and
paper folds folds errors/ paper paper folds
paper folds
and dirt/pen folds
errors and
paper folds
Drawing All the One drawing Two drawing Three drawing All drawing axes
axes drawing axes axes is not axes are not axes are not are not
are projected projected projected projected
(25%)
projected correctly correctly correctly correctly
correctly
Drawing All the One drawing Two drawing Three drawing All drawing
Views drawing view is not views are not views are not views are not
views are projected projected projected projected
(25%)
projected correctly correctly correctly correctly
correctly

dimensions dimensions dimensions dimensions are dimensions are
(25%)
are correct are incorrect are incorrect incorrect incorrect
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Civil Technology I
PROJECT #1: DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAY-OUT AND DETAILS
Direction:
 Draft a 35’x35’ floor plan of a house having the following rooms

o 1 living room
o 1 kitchen
o 2 bedrooms
o 1 bath room
 The scale to be use is ¼”=1’-0”
 Floor plan must include the following sections:
o Interior elevation of living room. Scale is ¼”=1’-0” (separate page)
o Exterior elevation of the front house. ¼”=1’-0” (separate page)
o Section drawing of the center of the house. Scale is ¼”=1’-0” (separate page)
o Detailed drawing of the bath room. Scale is 1/2”=1’-0” (separate page)
o Electrical plan of the building (separate page)
o Plumbing plan of the building (separate page)
 Construct the isometric drawing of your floor plan. Scale is ¼”=1’0”
 Triangle
 T-square
Materials needed

Bond paper Pcs. 8 Size: B (11x17”)
Pencil Pc. 1 Grade: soft
 Lab. Uniform
Time Allotted
 5 hours
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RUBRICS FOR PROJECT #1: DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAY-OUT AND DETAILS
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

on/before on/before the days after the days after days after days onwards
the deadline deadline set deadline the set the set after the set
deadline deadline deadline
(5%)

the directions of of the directions of directions of of the activities
direction the activity activities are the activities the activities are not
(5%) are followed. not followed. are not are not followed.
followed.. followed.
drawing any form of any form of noticeable from of all the
any form of
(15%) dirt and pen dirt/pen from of any following:
dirt, pen
errors / paper errors/ paper of the dirt/pen errors/
errors and
folds and folds following: paper folds
paper folds
dirt/pen dirt/pen
errors and errors/ paper
paper folds folds
Drawing All the One drawing Two drawing Three Four/more

sections drawing section is not sections are drawing drawing
sections are complete not complete sections are sections are not
(25%)
complete not complete complete
Drawing All the 1-5 drawing 6-10 drawing 11-15 16/more

guidelines drawing guidelines are guidelines drawing drawing
guidelines are not followed are not guidelines guidelines are
(25%)
followed followed are not not followed
followed
Drawing All the 1-5 drawing 6-10 drawing 11-15 16/more

dimensions drawing dimensions dimensions drawing drawing
dimensions are incorrect are incorrect dimensions dimensions are
(25%)
are correct are incorrect incorrect
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REFERENCES
 Spence, W. P. (1993). Architectural working drawings, NJ: Prentice Hall.

 Ankerson, K. S. (2003). Interior construction documents. NY: Fairchild Books &
Visuals.
 Kilmer, W. O, & Kilmer, R. (2003). Construction drawings and details for interiors.
NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 K-12 Mechanical Drafting Learning Module
 Drafting Volume 1 German M. Manaois
 Sutherland, M. (1989). Lettering for Architects and Designers (2nd ed.) New York:
Van Nostrand Rheinhold
 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=122374
 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=28515
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DRAFTING

A. Electrical Signs and Symbols

Architectural graphic symbols

Window symbols in plan view

Examples of window symbols in elevation view

Drawing Symbols for Cross- Reference

Door Number Symbol

Structural Signs and Symbol used in Floor Plan

Materials Unit Quantity Description

Personal Protective Equipment

Electrical Signs and Symbols

Plumbing Signs and Symbols

Structural Signs and Symbols

Submitted Submitted Submitted 1 Submitted 2 Submitted 3 Submitted 4

Followed All the One Two Three Four

Sign and All the One Two Three Four/more

Drawing All the One of the Two of the Three of Four or

NAME USE SYMBOL

Extension Line A thin line that extends

Cutting Plane A thick lines used to

Reference Line - A curve line with an

Materials Unit Quantity Description

Personal Protective Equipment

Submitted Submitted Submitted 1 Submitted 2 Submitted 3 Submitted 4

Followed All the One Two Three Four

Alphabet of All the One Two Three Four

2. Avoid repetition of dimensions.

3, Dimension lines should be parallel to the edge or line being measured.

9. Only metric measurements should appear in drawings.

21. Avoid crossing dimensions

Materials Unit Quantity Description

Personal Protective Equipment

Accomplish Accomplis Accomplish Accomplish Accomplish Accomplish

Promptness All the One Two Three Four/more

Steps in orthographic drawing

3. Proportion the views accordingly. Each view must about 1” apart.

Materials Unit Quantity Description

Personal Protective Equipment

Submitted Submitted Submitted 1 Submitted 2 Submitted 3 Submitted 4

Followed All the One direction Two Three Four direction

Dimension All the 1 dimension 2 dimension 3 dimension 4/more

Dimensions All the 1-2 3-6 7-10 11 or more

Three Axes of an Isometric drawing

Methods of Drawing Isometric View

• Draw the box or create lines.

• If required, show the hidden edges.

Two kinds of oblique drawing are cavalier and cabinet

Materials Unit Quantity Description

Personal Protective Equipment

Submitted Submitted Submitted 1 Submitted 2 Submitted 3 Submitted 4

Followed All the One direction Two Three Four direction

Dimensions All the 1-2 3-6 7-10 11 or more

1. It describes the shape of the assembled unit or product.

Residential Drawings Commercial Drawings

 2 feet is equal to 1/2 inch

 40 feet is equal to 2 inches

 1/2 feet is equal to 3/8 inch

 Find the equivalent scale of the following

A. Scale: Equivalent B. Scale: Equivalent C. Scale: Equivalent

1/16’ 1/16’ 1/16’

Name MATERIALS,DESCRIPTION AND PICTURES/ILLUSTRATIONS

Masking Tape - Used for fastening the drawing

Ruler - Instrument used in drawing

T-square - Instrument used in drawing