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Chapter 2-6
Chapter 2-6
respiratory system, digestive system, muscular system, lymphatic system, male reproductive
system, female reproductive system, nervous system, urinary system, blood circulatory system,
skeletal system, integumentary system.
hormone receptor, stabilize the membrane by forming hydrogen bond with water and acts as
antigen for cell identification.
make phospholipid bilayer stronger, more flexible and less permeable of water-soluble
substances
Lipid soluble substances and lipid insoluble substances (small molecule and ions, large molecule)
Both occurs through a selectively permeable membrane and moving of substance across a
membrane.
Passive active
Does not require energy Requires energy
Follows concentration of gradient Against concentration of gradient
Occurs until achieve dynamic equilibrium Involves accumulation and disposal of ions
or molecules
Water absorption from soil into root hair cell via osmosis.
Simple diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide from alveolus to blood capillaries
water
(CH2O)n
CHO H>O
Polysaccharides
Heat solution in benedict’s solution. Reducing sugar will reduce the blue copper (II) sulphate to a
brick red precipitate of copper (I) oxide which is insoluble in water.
Condensation
Hydrolysis
Source of energy
Food reserve
Support structure
CHON + phosphorus/Sulphur
Peptide bond
hydrophobic
CHO H>O
Heat insulator
Reserved heat
CHONP
AGCT
AGCU
DNA contains genetic code of organism for polypeptide synthesis to form protein
Chromosomes are formed from DNA polynucleotide chains that are wound together around a
protein called histone.
no
nucleosome
Acts rapidly
Some enzyme needs cofactors to work more efficiently: vitamin B and magnesium ion
R+S+S+RS+RCS+EISS+C+BC
Ph
Temperature
Substrate
Enzyme
Enzymes that combine with inert and insoluble substance to increase the resistance towards
changes in factors such as pH and temperature
Karyokinesis
Cytokinesis
55. Division involved by stages of cell division
Interphase
G1 S G2
Cell growth
DNA synthesis
Cell gather energy for final arrangement to enter next stage of cell division
Produce gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes of parent cells.
Ensures that the diploid number of chromosomes of organism that undergoes sex reproduction
lis always maintained from one generation to the next.
Meiosis Mitosis
Cell develops into gamete Cell develops into somatic cells
Involves two cell divisions Involves one cell division
Produces four haploid (n) daughter cells Produces two diploid (2n) daughter cells
Daughter cells are genetically different Daughter cells are genetically identical
Creates human cells with 23 chromosomes Creates human cells with 46 chromosomes
Each haploid cells contains half the number Each diploid cells contains same number of
of parent cell chromosomes. chromosomes and genetic content with
nucleus of parent cell.
Genetic variation increased Genetic variation does not change
Crossing over occurs in prophase No crossing over process occurred.
Purpose: Reproduction Purpose: Growth and development
Exchange of genetic material occurs Exchange of genetic material does not occur
Formation of synapsis occur to form bivalent No formation of synapsis
Compete with normal cells for nutrients, affecting the function of normal cells in surrounding.
47
The resulting zygote will have 92 chromosomes (46+46), which is double that of the parent’s
chromosomes. If this happens, the zygote produced will degenerate by itself.
Sister chromatid will fail to separate. One daughter nucleus will contain more than one
chromosome.
Tissue culture. Explants are placed in a sterile culture medium that contains nutrients and
growth hormones. Explants divide mitotically to form callus. This callus then forms
embryo/plantlets.
Cancer cells form when there is mutation in the DNA of normal cell. This causes mitotic cell
divisions to happen rapidly and without control.
76. Way to avoid cancer
Avoid exposure to radioactive rays and avoid eating food that contain carcinogens.
A method used to treat cancer. This method uses high-powered ionising radiation to kill cancer
cells. A high dose administration is administered to the target (tumour) to heal, control or
reduce symptoms of the patient. However, adjacent parts may also be exposed to radiation
which can lead to side effects.