7/9/2021

1. Parts of alimentary canal -6

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

2. Other organs in digestive system -3

Gallbladder, liver, pancreas

3. What secretes digestive juice into alimentary canal -3

Salivary, gastric, intestinal glands (mouth, stomach and intestine)

4. What is digestion
5. Difference between physical and chemical digestion -2

Physical digestion Chemical digestion

Mechanical breakdown of food to form The decomposition process of complex
small particles molecules into small molecules
Involves chewing and peristalsis Involves enzymes reaction
6. What does salivary gland secrete?

Saliva

7. What does saliva contain

Salivary amylase

8. pH of salivary amylase

6.5-7.5

9. function of saliva -2

Helps food to form bolus

Make it easier when swallowing

10. digestion process in mouth

Carbohydrate digestion

11. epiglottis action when swallowing

The epiglottis will close opening of trachea when swallowing

12. importance of epiglottis action in 11

Prevent food to enter trachea

13. how is food bolus moved in the oesophagus?

Via peristalsis action

14. What is peristalsis

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscle along alimentary canal

15. Peristalsis movement occurs from … to …

Oesophagus until enter stomach

16. Digestion process in stomach

Protein digestion

17.
18. Stomach wall adaptation

Epithelial lining on stomach wall

19. What forms gastric glands

Epithelial cells

20. Epithelial cells contain -3

Chief cells, parietal cells and mucous cell

21. Secretion of epithelial cells -3

Chief cells-Pepsinogen

Parietal cells-Hydrochloric acid

Mucous cells-Mucus

22. How is pepsinogen activated

By hydrochloric acid

23. What does activated pepsinogen become

Pepsin

24.

A: Mucous cell

B: Parietal cell
C: Chief cell

25. Function of hydrochloric acid -3

Kill bacteria in food

Stop enzymatic action of salivary amylase

Provide an acidic medium (1.5-2.0) for pepsin to act

26. Function of mucus -1

Protect wall of stomach from reaction of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes

27. What is gastric juice made up of -2

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin

28. Food is churned by what action

Peristaltic action

29. Content in stomach that is semi-fluid is called

Chyme

30. How does chyme enter duodenum?

Relaxation of sphincter muscle

31. Digestion process in small intestine -3

Protein, lipid and carbohydrate digestion

32. Parts of small intestine -3

Jejunum, duodenum, ileum

33. Function of duodenum -3

Receive chyme from stomach

Receive bile produced by liver via bile duct

Receive pancreatic juice produced by pancreas

CS BL PJP

34. Enzyme in pancreatic juice secreted by pancreas -3

Amylase, trypsin and lipase

LAT

35. Enzyme secreted from pancreas flows is secreted into

Duodenum, via pancreatic duct

36. Function of liver -1

Produce bile

37. Function of bile -3

Neutralise the acidic chyme

Prepare an alkali condition in duodenum for enzyme reaction

38. Where is bile stored -1

Gallbladder
39. Function of bile duct -1

Let bile flow into duodenum

40. What is digested in duodenum? -3

Starch, polypeptide and lipid

PLS

-SPaM

-PTP

-LLFG

41.
42. Function of glands on ileum wall (intestine)

Secrete intestinal juice

43. Contain of intestinal juice

Sucrase, maltase, Erepsin, lipase, lactase (SMELL)

44. pH value range of intestinal juice

7.6-8.6 (slightly alkali)

45.

MMG
SSGF
LLGG
LLFG
PEAa

46. Albumen suspension is

Egg white
 47. Importance of digestion process in human

The food consumed by human is in the form of large and complex molecules. The food needs to
be broken down into smaller and simpler form that can diffuse into blood vessels and be
transported to body cells.

48. Function of enzyme in small intestine digestion process -7

Enzyme Function
Trypsin Hydrolyses polypeptide to peptide
Amylase Hydrolyses starch to maltose
Sucrase Hydrolyses sucrose to glucose and fructose
Maltase Hydrolyses maltose to glucose
Erepsin Hydrolyses peptides to amino acid
Lactase Hydrolyses lactose to glucose and galactose
Lipase Hydrolyses lipids to fatty acid and glycerol

TPP/ASM/SS+GF /MMG/ EPA/LL+GG/LL+FG

49. Adaptation of ileum and villus in absorption of food digestion -3

Ileum, villus and microvillus

50. Function of ileum

Nutrient absorption

51. Adaptation of ileum

Folded internal layer and surface covered by tiny projections called villi

52. Singular of villi

Villus

53. Adaptation of villi -5

One cell thick epithelial cell wall -accelerate nutrient absorption

Goblet cells -secrete mucus to aid digestion

Network of blood capillaries -transport digestive products to whole body

Lacteal -carried droplets of fatty acid and glycerol

Secretion of intestinal juice by intestinal gland -contains digestive enzyme

54. Adaptation on villus epithelial

Tiny projection found on surface of epithelial called microvillus

Increase rate of nutrient absorption

55. Adaptation of microvillus

 P
Q
R
S

56.

P: lacteal
Q: epithelial cells
R: blood capillaries
S: lymph vessel

57. Method of food absorption in ileum

58. Human circulatory system involved in nutrient assimilation -2

Blood circulatory system and lymphatic system

59. Definition of assimilation process in cells

Use of nutrient in the form of complex compound or structure of compound

60. Vein to transport blood to liver

Hepatic portal vein

61. How is vein in 59 is formed

Combination of blood capillaries in the small intestine

62. Why lacteal combination occurs?

To form bigger lymph vessels in the lymphatic system

63. Flow of lymph vessel content

Enter thoracic duct then flow into left subclavian vein

64. Liver cirrhosis 肝硬化

Caused by alcoholic drinks, hepatitis and toxic substances

65. How liver function failure occurred?

Replacement of liver cells to scarred cells

66. Hepatitis 肝炎

Caused by viral inflammation, toxic substances and autoimmune reaction

67. Role of liver

Regulator that controls quantity of nutrients to enter blood circulatory system

68. Function of liver -3

Metabolism of digested food, detoxification and storage of nutrients

69. Example of liver activity

70. Assimilation process in liver -2

Amino acid and glucose

71. What amino acid synthesis into? -2

Plasma protein and enzymes

72. Can excess amino acid be stored in body

No

73. Action for excess amino acid

Deamination

74. What happen when glucose supply is insufficient

Amino acid is converted to glucose

75. Function of glucose into liver

Cellular respiration when is required by body

76. Action for excess glucose

Glucose is converted into glycogen

77. In what situation glycogen will be converted back to glucose

Inefficiency of glucose

When glucose level in blood decreases and when body needs energy

78. In what situation excess glucose is converted to fat

When glycogen supply is reaches a maximum level

79. Assimilation process in cells -3

Amino acid, glucose and lipid

80. Function of amino acid in cells (not liver) -3

Synthesis new protoplasm

Repair damaged tissues

81. Oxidation of glucose process

Cellular respiration

82. Product of glucose oxidation

Carbon dioxide, energy and water

83. Storage of excess glucose in cells

Kept in muscle cells as glycogen

84. Uses of energy produced

Cell processes: Protein synthesis

85. Examples of lipid -2

Phospholipid, cholesterol

86. Function of lipid

Primary components to build plasma membrane

87. Storage of excess fat

Kept in adipose tissues found underneath skin as stored energy

88. Product of fat oxidation

Energy

89. When will fat oxidation occur?

Insufficient glucose

90. Function of large intestine -2

Absorption of water and vitamins

Formation of faeces

91. What moves into large intestine via peristalsis action -5

Undigested food, dead cells, epithelial cells, fibre and water.

WUFED

92. Parts of large intestine -5

Colon, rectum, anus, caecum, appendix

CRACA

93. Substances absorbed in large intestine -3

Water, metabolic byproducts of some bacteria and mineral salts

94. Formation of faeces

Remaining waste of semisolid after water absorption

95. Contain of faeces -2+examples

Dead cells -from inner layer of intestine

Waste products -bile pigments, bacteria and toxic substances

96. What aids the movement of faeces to anus?

Mucus

97. Duration for faeces to enter rectum

12 to 24 hours

98. When will the faeces be accumulated?

When pressure in rectum increases and trigger the need to expel faeces from body

99. Defaecation process

Contraction of rectum muscle to expel faeces from anus

100. Explain importance of water absorption and vitamins in large intestine

Water -helps to form semi-solid faeces, enables body to retain water

Vitamin -maintains health

101. Effect of antibiotics on large intestinal bacteria’s population

Bacteria in large intestine becomes antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotics can cause increase in mutation

Lead to high cost in medical need

102. Food classes -7

Carbohydrates, protein, lipid, vitamins, fibre, mineral salts and water.

CLWFMVP
103.

104.
105. Cause of obesity

Storage of excess fat

Imbalanced food intake and energy use

106. Effects of obesity -4

Diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis, hypertension), heart attack

(myocardial infarction), stroke

107. How to treat obesity -4

Reduce intake of carbohydrates and fat, increase intake of vegetables and fruits, regular physical
activities and weight-loss management.

108. Gastric bypass surgery

Surgical procedures to reduce body weight by reducing size of stomach

109. Short-term side effect of gastric bypass surgery -6

Nausea, vomit, acid reflux, expanded oesophagus, certain food prohibitions and risk of infection.

110. Long-term side effect of gastric bypass surgery -5

Dizziness, low blood sugar, malnutrition, stomach ulcer, defaecation problem

111. Most important food class for defaecation process

Fibre

112. Diet of high fibre content

Vegetables and fruits

113. Role of fibre -5

Stimulate peristalsis

Absorb and expel toxic substances

Smoothen bowel movement

Regulate glucose absorption especially for diabetes mellitus patient

Increase beneficial microorganism population in large intestine

114. Health issues related to defaecation

Constipation, colon cancer, rectum cancer, haemorrhoid

115. Justify the aid of water in defaecation process -2

Ensure faeces stay soft

Aid process of defaecation

116. Eating habit problem issue

Gastritis, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, muscle dysmorphia

117.
118. Explain why some people cannot drink milk

Intestinal juice of individual does not contain or lack of lactase to digest milk sugar, lactose in the
small intestine. As a result, the bacteria in the large intestine will digest the lactose to yield fatty
acids and methane which causes diarrhoea and bloating. Individual is advised to drink lactose-
free milk.

119. Effect of eating too many oranges

Acid in oranges reduces pH value in duodenum, which slows down starch digestion.

120. Explain why diet rich in fat is not good to health

Diet with high content of fat and oily food may cause high blood pressure and lead to
cardiovascular diseases.

Excess fat will be deposited in arterial wall, atherosclerosis, causing block arteries.

Lumen of artery becomes narrow. Makes it difficult for blood flow. Causing increased blood
pressure, hypertension.

Arterial lumen that becomes narrow is the coronary artery (artery in heart), this may cause heart
attack due to lack of oxygen supply to cardiac muscles.
If cholesterol hardens and clogs the coronary artery, heart attack or coronary thrombosis (lack of
oxygen supply to heart) may occur, resulting in damage to parts of heart. Turn fatal (cause
death) if pumping of heart stops.

Excess cholesterol may also lead to gallstone formation

121. Food to reduce weight and risk of getting cardiovascular disease. Explain.

Food with less carbohydrates.

-less carbohydrate will be converted to fat

Food with less fat and cholesterol.

-less cholesterol will deposit on arterial walls blocking the arteries. Blood flow in heart not
blocked