4/9/2021

1. types of tissues in organism

muscle tissue, connective tissue, epithelial tissue, nerve tissue

2. types of tissues in plants

meristem tissue, permanent tissue

3. organ system in human body

respiratory system, digestive system, muscular system, lymphatic system, male reproductive
system, female reproductive system, nervous system, urinary system, blood circulatory system,
skeletal system, integumentary system.

4. main system in plant

shoot system and root system

5. function of glycoprotein and glycolipid -3

hormone receptor, stabilize the membrane by forming hydrogen bond with water and acts as
antigen for cell identification.

6. function of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer

make phospholipid bilayer stronger, more flexible and less permeable of water-soluble
substances

7. factors to determine whether molecule can pass through plasma membrane

molecule size, ion charge and polar molecule

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS A PLASMA MEMBRANE

Lipid soluble substances and lipid insoluble substances (small molecule and ions, large molecule)

Fatty acid, glycerol, fat soluble vitamins and steroid compounds

9. Examples of passive transport

Osmosis, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

10. Examples of active transport

Proton pump, sodium-potassium pump

11. Similarities between 9&10 -2

Both occurs through a selectively permeable membrane and moving of substance across a
membrane.

12. Differences between 9&10 -3

Passive active
Does not require energy Requires energy
Follows concentration of gradient Against concentration of gradient
Occurs until achieve dynamic equilibrium Involves accumulation and disposal of ions
 or molecules

13. Example of passive transport in organism

Water absorption from soil into root hair cell via osmosis.

Simple diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide from alveolus to blood capillaries

Reabsorption of water via osmosis through renal tubule in kidney

Fructose absorption via facilitated diffusion in villus

14. Example of active transport in organism

Reabsorption of glucose through renal tubule in kidney

Absorption of glucose and amino acid in villus

Absorption of mineral ions into root hair cells

Transport of sucrose from leaf into phloem tissue

15. Examples of inorganic compounds

water

16. Examples or organic compounds -4

Protein, carbohydrate, lipids and nucleic acid

17. Element of carbohydrates

(CH2O)n

18. Element of protein

CHON + phosphorus and Sulphur

19. Element of lipid

CHO H>O

20. Types of carbohydrates and example

Monosaccharides -glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides -maltose, lactose, sucrose

Polysaccharides

21. Carbohydrates that have reducing power

Glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose and lactose

22. What mean with having reducing power

Ability to transfer hydrogen or electron to other compounds.

23. How to determine if is reducing sugar

Positive result shown in Benedict’s test

Heat solution in benedict’s solution. Reducing sugar will reduce the blue copper (II) sulphate to a
brick red precipitate of copper (I) oxide which is insoluble in water.

24. Process to form monosaccharides

Condensation

25. Process to break down monosaccharides

Hydrolysis

26. Importance of carbohydrate

Source of energy

Food reserve

Support structure

27. Element make up protein

CHON + phosphorus/Sulphur

28. Bond between dipeptide

Peptide bond

29. Importance of protein -3

Promote cell growth

Repair damaged cells

Synthesis of enzyme, hormone, antibodies and haemoglobin

30. Lipid hydrophobic/hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

31. Elements make up lipid

CHO H>O

32. Types of lipid

Fat, wax, phospholipid and steroids

33. Similarities of saturated fat and unsaturated fat -3

Elements consists of C H and O

Contains glycerol and fatty acid

Contain nonpolar molecules

34. Differences of saturated fat and unsaturated fat -4

Saturated fat Unsaturated fat

Fatty acid consists of single bond between Fatty acids consist at least one double
carbon atoms only bonds between carbon atoms
 Solid in room temperature
Do not form chemical bonds for additional
hydrogen atoms because all bonds
between carbon atoms are saturated
Source: Animal fat and butter
Liquid in room temperature
Presence of double bond can accept extra
hydrogen atoms because carbon atoms are
unsaturated
Source: Olive and fish oil

35. Importance of lipid

Acts as liner of internal organs protection

Heat insulator

Reserved heat

36. Elements form nucleic acid

CHONP

37. Nucleotide consists?

Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group

38. Types of nucleic acid

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA ribonucleic acid

39. Sugar contained in types of nucleic acid

AGCTU adenine guanine cytosine thymine uracil

40. Nitrogenous base for DNA

AGCT

41. Nitrogenous base for RNA

AGCU

42. Types of RNA involved in protein synthesis process

mRNA =messenger RNA

rRNA =ribosomal RNA
tRNA =transfer RNA

43. Importance of nucleic acid -3

Carrier of hereditary information

Determinant of characteristics of organism

DNA contains genetic code of organism for polypeptide synthesis to form protein

44. AUG -methionine

45. CGA -arginine
46. UAC -tyrosine
47. How is a chromosome formed?
Chromosomes are formed from DNA polynucleotide chains that are wound together around a
protein called histone.

48. Does histone carry genetic information

no

49. DNA molecule + histone protein =?

nucleosome

50. What is a nucleosome?

Intertwined to form chromosome structure

51. General characteristics of enzyme -8

Acts rapidly

Small amount and quantity, reusable

Structure remains unchanged and not damaged after a reaction

Reaction of enzyme is specific

Reaction catalysed by enzyme are reversible

Enzyme activity can be stopped or slowed down by enzyme inhibitor

Some enzyme needs cofactors to work more efficiently

Biological catalyst to speed up biochemical reaction

R+S+S+RS+RCS+EISS+C+BC

52. Factors affect the mechanism of enzyme action

Ph

Temperature

Substrate

Enzyme

53. What is an immobilized enzyme?

Enzymes that combine with inert and insoluble substance to increase the resistance towards
changes in factors such as pH and temperature

54. Stages of cell division

Karyokinesis

Cytokinesis

55. Division involved by stages of cell division

Karyokinesis -division of nucleus

Cytokinesis -division of cytoplasm

56. Phases consisted in cell cycle
Interphase and M phase
57. Longest cell cycle

Interphase

58. Phases of interphase

G1 S G2

59. Phases of m phase

Mitosis and cytokinesis

60. What happen in G1 phase -3

Cell growth

Formation of cell components

Synthesis of protein used in cell cycle.

61. What happen in S phase -3?

DNA synthesis

Replication of DNA in nucleus

Chromosomes multiplies into two sister chromatids

62. What happen in G2 phase -2

Cell remain metabolically active and continue grow

Cell gather energy for final arrangement to enter next stage of cell division

63. What happen in M phase -2?

Mitosis and cytokinesis

64. Importance of meiosis -2

Produce gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes of parent cells.

Ensures that the diploid number of chromosomes of organism that undergoes sex reproduction
is always maintained from one generation to the next.

Produces genetic variation in the same species.

65. Comparison and contrast between meiosis and mitosis

Meiosis
Cell develops into gamete
Involves two cell divisions
Produces four haploid daughter cells
Daughter cells are genetically different
Creates human cells with 23 chromosomes
Each haploid cells contains half the number
of parent cell chromosomes.
Mitosis
Cell develops into somatic cells
Involves one cell division
Produces two diploid daughter cells
Daughter cells are genetically identical
Creates human cells with 46 chromosomes
Each diploid cells contains same number of
chromosomes and genetic content with

Genetic variation increased
Crossing over occurs in prophase
Purpose: Reproduction
Exchange of genetic material occurs
Formation of synapsis occur to form bivalent
nucleus of parent cell.
Genetic variation does not change
No crossing over process occurred.
Purpose: Growth and development
Exchange of genetic material does not occur
No formation of synapsis

66. Types of tumours

Benign tumour and Malignant tumour.

67. Factors cause of cancer -5

Carcinogen, chemical substance, radiation, genetic factors, viruses and bacteria.

68. How does cancer cell affect normal cell?

Compete with normal cells for nutrients, affecting the function of normal cells in surrounding.

69. How cancer cell is spread to other body parts

Blood vessels and lymph vessels

70. Number of chromosomes of down syndrome individual

47

71. Effect of down syndrome

Slanted eye, protruding tongue, mental retardation.

72. What happen if reproductive organ cannot produce haploid cells

The resulting zygote will have 92 chromosomes (46+46), which is double that of the parent’s
chromosomes. If this happens, the zygote produced will degenerate by itself.

73. What will happen if spindle fibre fails to develop

Sister chromatid will fail to separate. One daughter nucleus will contain more than one
chromosome.

74. Technique to breed plant in short time. Explain.

Tissue culture. Explants are placed in a sterile culture medium that contains nutrients and
growth hormones. Explants divide mitotically to form callus. This callus then forms
embryo/plantlets.

75. Explain formation of cancer cells.

Cancer cells form when there is mutation in the DNA of normal cell. This causes mitotic cell
divisions to happen rapidly and without control.

76. Way to avoid cancer

Avoid exposure to radioactive rays and avoid eating food that contain carcinogens.

77. Function of centriole

To form spindle fibre.

78. Explain radiotherapy (RT)

A method used to treat cancer. This method uses high-powered ionising radiation to kill cancer
cells. A high dose administration is administered to the target (tumour) to heal, control or
reduce symptoms of the patient. However, adjacent parts may also be exposed to radiation
which can lead to side effects.