CELL AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY

1. Which of the following statements about homeostasis is true?

a) Each regulated parameter can change over a narrow range that is compatible with life.
b) Energy is needed to keep a regulated parameter at a relatively constant level.
c) The internal environment of the body is kept relatively constant despite continual changes in
the external environment.
d) All of the choices about homeostasis are true.
2. Most of the water in the body is contained within the intracellular fluid.
3. A feedback system is a cycle of events in which a parameter of the internal environment is
monitored, evaluated, and changed.
4. The three basic components of a feedback system are a receptor, a control center, and an
effector.
5. Histone proteins form a supportive framework for the 'DNA.
6. Centrosome non membranous structure composed of two rod like centrioles. Helps distribute
chromosomes to daughter cells during cell reproduction and initiates formation of cilia.
7. Cilia and Flagella hair-like projections attached to basal bodies beneath cell membrane.
Propel fluids over cellular surface and enable certain cells to move.
8. Vesicles membranous sacs that contain various substances being transported within the cell.
9. Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, and microtubules thin rods and tubules that provide
support to cytoplasm and help move objects within the cytoplasm; make up cytoskeleton.
10. Nuclear envelope porous double membrane separating nuclear contents from cytoplasm that
maintains shape of the nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.
11. Exergonic reaction chemical reaction in which the products end up with less energy than the
reactants.
12. Endergonic reaction chemical reaction in which energy is obtained from some source, and
stored in some form.
13. Enzymes proteins that speed up chemical reactions while themselves remaining unchanged. They
lower the required amount of activation energy needed for a chemical reaction.
14. Substrate the substance being acted on by an enzyme.
15. Cell Cycle the repetition of cellular growth and reproduction. Generally divided into two major
periods; Interphase and Mitosis
16. Mitosis the period during which the DNA of the nucleus of the cell is separated into two daughter
cells. The actual division of the cell into two is called cytokinesis.
17. G1 phase follows mitosis, represents the time in which the cell is synthesizing its structural
proteins and enzymes and growing.
18. S phase synthesis of DNA, proteins and centrioles.
19. G2 phase microtubule proteins form spindle apparatus; chromatin begins condensing.
20. Prophase duplicated chromosomes coil, nucleus and nucleolus disappear, spindle apparatus is
completed, chromosomes move to center of the cell.
21. Metaphase centromeres line up on metaphase plate.
22. Anaphase centromeres split, chromatids move to opposite spindle poles.
23. Telophase chromosomes uncoil, nucleus and nucleoli form, spindle apparatus is dismantled,
cytokinesis is completed.
24. Cytokinesis cleavage furrow is formed by contracting microfilaments; the cell's cytoplasm is
divided by cleavage.
25. Ribosomal RNA part of ribosomes.
26. Transfer RNA molecules of tRNA exist free in the cytoplasm of cells and ferry amino acids to
the ribosomes using protein synthesis.
27. Messenger RNA receives the genetic code in DNA and carries the code into the cytoplasm. The
genetic info is thus transferred from the DNA molecule to the mRNA molecule, and the mRNA
uses the genetic info to synthesize a protein.
28. Transcription synthesis of mRNA using the base sequence of DNA to determine the base
sequence of mRNA.
29. Translation synthesis of protein using the codon sequence of mRNA to direct the amino acid
sequence of the protein.
30. The plasma membrane of cells is composed primarily of lipids known as phospholipids.
31. The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
is referred to as Diffusion.
32. Water molecules move across the plasma membrane from a region of low solute concentration to
a region of high solute concentration in the process of Osmosis.
33. Facilitated diffusion takes the place in the plasma membranes with the assistance of proteins.
34. When chemical substances are moved from a region of low concentration to a region that is
already high in concentration, the process is known as Active Transport.
35. Endocytosis can imply phagocytosis when particulate matter is taken into the cell, but when
droplets of fluid are taken in the process is known as Pinocytosis.
36. A nucleus is present in all human cells except red blood cells.
37. Proteins providing a supportive framework for the DNA in chromosomes are composed of
histone.
38. The dense mass within the nucleus containing ribonucleic acid is referred to as nucleolus.
39. The phase of the cell cycle during which the cell divides to form two daughter cells is called
Mitosis.
40. The phase of interphase in which the DNA replicates in preparation for mitosis is S phase.
41. G1 the phase of interphase when the cell synthesizes its structural proteins and enzymes.
42. During the G2 phase of interphase, the cell prepares for mitosis and proteins organize themselves
into a series of fibers called spindles.
43. A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled variable and sends input to a
control center.
44. Effectors in feedback systems include muscles and glands.
45. A positive feedback system serves to enhance a controlled variable.
46. A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled variable.
47. The four major elements that constitute 96% of the body's mass include
a) oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
b) calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur
 c) sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron
d) oxygen, phosphorus, magnesium, and carbon
48. The number of _____ in the nucleus of an atom is an atom's atomic number.
a) quarks b) protons c) neutrons d) electrons