ANATOMY – CELLS REVIEWER
generally composed of one or more substances, called
1. basic living unit of all organisms
2. Within cells, specialized structures that perform specific
functions
3. an organelle containing the cell’s genetic material
4. living material surrounding the nucleus
5. The cytoplasm is enclosed by the
6. Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli;
site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
7. Site of protein synthesis
8. Has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis
9. Site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification
10. Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in
secretory vesicles
11. Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the
Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis
12. Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell
13. Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP
synthesis
14. Supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and forms
components of cilia and flagella
15. Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell
division
16. Move substances over surfaces of certain cells
17. Propel sperm cells
18. Increase surface area of certain cells
19. Functions of the Cell
20. Cells synthesize various types of molecules, including
proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
21. The chemical reactions that occur within cells are
collectively called cell metabolism. Energy released
during metabolism is used for cell activities.
22. Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals
that allow them to communicate with one another.
23. Encloses the cytoplasm and forms the boundary between
material inside the cell and material outside it.
24. Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of
the individual.
25. The outermost component of a cell.
26. Substances outside the cell
27. Substances inside the cell
28. Supports the cell contents, acts as a selective barrier that
determines what moves into and out of the cell, and plays
a role in communication between cells.
29. The major molecules that make up the cell membrane
30. model of cell structure is called the
31. The polar, phosphate-containing ends of the
phospholipids are
32. The nonpolar, fatty acid ends of the phospholipids are
33. ______________ within the phospholipid membrane
gives it added strength and flexibility
34. ______________________ and carrier molecules are
involved with the movement of substances through the
cell membrane.
35. Are part of an intercellular communication system that
enables cell recognition and coordination of the activities
of cells
36. Cell membranes are ____________ ___________,
meaning that they allow some substances, but not others,
to pass into or out of the cells
37. Movement through the cell membrane may be
38. Does not require the cell to expend energy; mechanisms
include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
39. Does require the cell to expend energy, usually in the
form of ATP; mechanisms include active transport,
secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
40.
solutes, dissolved in the predominant liquid or gas, which
is called the solvent
41. Solutes, such as ions or molecules, tend to move from an
area of higher concentration of a solute to an area of
lower concentration of that same solute in solution.
42. The difference in the concentration of a solute in a
solvent between two points divided by the distance
between the two points.
43. An important means of transporting substances through
the extracellular and intracellular fluids in the body
44. acts as a barrier to most water-soluble substances
45. consist of large protein molecules that extend from one
surface of cell membranes to the other
46. channels that constantly allow ions to pass through
47. channels limit the movement of ions across the
membrane by opening and closing
48. A measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis
across a selectively permeable membrane.
49. the diffusion of water (a solvent) across a selectively
permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, from a
region of higher water concentration to one of lower
water concentration
50. the force required to prevent the movement of water
across a selectively permeable membrane
51. Lower concentration of solutes and a higher
concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm of the
cell.
52. Hypo means
53. The concentrations of various solutes and water are the
same on both sides of the cell membrane. The cell
therefore neither shrinks nor swells.
54. Iso means
55. Hyper means
56.  The solution usually has a higher concentration of
solutes and a lower concentration of water relative to the
cytoplasm of the cell.
57. cell shrinkage is also called
58. proteins within the cell membrane
59. It moves large, water-soluble molecules or electrically
charged ions across the cell membrane
60. Carrier-mediated transport mechanisms exhibit
_____________; that is, only specific molecules are
transported by the carriers.
61. three kinds of carrier mediated transport:
62. a carrier-mediated transport process that moves
substances across the cell membrane from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of
that substance; movement is with the concentration
gradient, metabolic energy in the form of ATP is not
required.
63. a carrier-mediated process that moves substances across
the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration
to those of higher concentration against a concentration
gradient
64. a genetic disorder that affects the active transport of Cl−
into cells
65. moves Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells
66. Involves the active transport of one substance, such as
Na+, across the cell membrane, establishing a
concentration gradient.
67. the diffusing substance moves in the same direction as
the transported substance
68. the diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite to
that of the transported substance
69. Large water-soluble molecules, small pieces of matter,
and even whole cells can be transported across cell
membranes in membrane-bound sacs called
_____________
70. the uptake of material through the cell membrane by the
formation of a vesicle
71. This organelle invaginates (folds inward) to form a
vesicle containing the material to be taken into the cell.
72. When a specific substance binds to the receptor
molecule, endocytosis is triggered, and the substance is
transported into the cell. This process is
called________________________
73. Examples of molecules that can be taken into a cell by
receptor-mediated endocytosis.
74. Used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested.
Cell-eating
75. An important means by which white blood cells take up
and destroy harmful substances that have entered the
body.
76. Distinguished from phagocytosis in that much smaller
vesicles are formed, and they contain liquid rather than
particles.
77. Membrane-bound sacs that accumulate materials for
release from the cell.
78. The secretory vesicles move to the cell membrane, where
the membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell
membrane, and the material in the vesicle is eliminated
from the cell. This process is called the
79. a little nut or the stone of a fruit
80. large organelle usually located near the center of the cell
81. The nucleus is bounded by this, which consists of outer
and inner membranes with a narrow space between them
82. At many points on the surface of the nucleus, the inner
and outer membranes come together to form
________________ , through which materials can pass
into or out of the nucleus.
83. The nuclei of human cells contain how many pairs of
chromosomes
84. the chromosomes are loosely coiled and collectively
called _____________
85. a condensed region of the nucleus not bounded by a
membrane and consisting mostly of RNA and protein
86. consists of inner and outer membranes, which become
fused at the nuclear pores
87. diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are
found within the nucleus
88. produced within the nucleolus, to form large and small
ribosomal subunits
89. organelles where proteins are produced, may be attached
to other organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum
90. Ribosomes that are not attached to any other organelle
91. It means a network
92. a series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that
extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the
cytoplasm
93. site for lipid synthesis and participates in detoxification
of chemicals within cells
94. ER with ribosomes attached to it
95. ER without ribosomes is called
96. consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-
bound sacs
97. A small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores
materials within cells.
98. collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and
lipids manufactured by the ER
99. They pinch off from the margins of the Golgi apparatus
and move to the cell membrane
100. Membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi
apparatus. They contain a variety of enzymes that
function as intracellular digestive systems.
101. small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes
that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen
peroxide
102. Chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide
103. A by-product of fatty acid and amino acid breakdown
and can be toxic to a cell.
104. It is continuous with the nuclear envelope
105. The main energy source for most chemical reactions
within the cell
106. small organelles with inner and outer membranes
separated by a space
107. Folds that project like shelves into the interior of the
mitochondria.
108. major sites of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
within cells
109. Mitochondria carry out what type of respiration?
110. A series of chemical reactions that require O2 to break
down food molecules to produce ATP
111. consists of proteins that support the cell, hold organelles
in place, and enable the cell to change shape
112. Protein structure of the cytoskeleton:
113. Hollow structures formed from protein subunits that
perform a variety of roles, such as helping support the
cytoplasm of cells, assisting in cell division, and forming
essential components of certain organelles, such as cilia
and flagella.
114. Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that
structurally support the cytoplasm.
115. Fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in
diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than
microfilaments. They provide mechanical support to the
cell.
116. A specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus,
where microtubule formation occurs.
117. The centrosome contains ____________
118. a small, cylindrical organelle composed of nine triplets;
each triplet consists of three parallel microtubules joined
together
119. It projects from the surface of cells; cylindrical
structures that extend from the cell; composed of
microtubules, organized in a pattern
120. Their coordinated movement transports mucus, in which
dust particles are embedded
121. Flagellum means
122. Have a structure similar to that of cilia but are much
longer, and they usually occur only one per cell.
123. specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are
supported by microfilaments
124. mikros,_______________ + villus, ____________
125. do not actively move as cilia and flagella do; numerous
on cells that have them and they increase the surface area
of those cell
126. Composed of nine triplets of microtubules. Each triplet
contains one complete microtubule fused to two
incomplete microtubules.
127. assembled to synthesize proteins, including the transport
proteins of the cell membrane
128. DNA contains the information that directs protein
synthesis.
129. Protein synthesis is also called
130. Influences the structural and functional characteristics of
the entire organism because it directs protein synthesis.
131. consists of nucleotides joined together to form two
nucleotide strands
132. They function as chemical “letters” that form chemical
“words.”
133. a sequence of nucleotides (making a word) that provides
a chemical set of instructions for making a specific
protein
134. Gene expression involves two steps:
135. Through________________, the cell makes a copy of
the gene necessary to make a particular protein
136. The copy, which is __________________, travels from
the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where the
information in the copy is used to construct a protein by
means of translation
137. Specialized molecules that carry the amino acids to the - each set of chromosomes has reached an opposite pole
ribosome of the cell, and the cytoplasm begins to divide.
138. converting that copied information into a protein 166. In this stage:
139. first step in gene expression, - chromosomes in each of the daughter cells become
140. Transcription takes places in? organized to form two separate nuclei.
141. serve as a template to determine the number and - The nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form, and the
sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA cytoplasm continues to divide to form two cells.
142. DNA nucleotides pair only with specific RNA 167. Any swelling that occurs within the body, usually
nucleotides: involving cell proliferation.
168. Programmed cell death, is a normal process by which
143. The information in mRNA is carried in groups of three cell numbers within various tissues are adjusted and
nucleotides called ________, which specify a particular controlled.
amino acid. 169. The Cellular Aspects of Aging:
144. There are _____ possible mRNA codons, but only __
amino acids
145. acts as a signal to end the translation process
146. the synthesis of proteins based on the information in 170. One hypothesis of aging suggests the existence of a
mRNA cellular clock that, after a certain passage of time or a
147. Where does translation occur? certain number of cell divisions, results in the death of a
148. The process of translation requires two types of RNA in given cell line
addition to the mRNA: 171. Another hypothesis suggests that there are “death
genes,” which turn on late in life, or sometimes
prematurely, causing cells to deteriorate and die
149. a series of three nucleotides of tRNA that pairs with the 172. Through time, DNA is damaged, resulting in cell
codon of the mRNA degeneration and death.
150. An enzyme associated with the ribosome causes the 173. DNA is also susceptible to direct damage, resulting in
formation of a ___________ between the amino acids mutations that may result in cellular dysfunction and,
bound to the tRNAs and As the process continues, a ultimately, cell death. One of the major sources of DNA
________________ is formed. damage is apparently this, which are atoms or molecules
151. The cell life cycle includes two major phases: with an unpaired electron
174. Mitochondrial DNA may be more sensitive to
free-radical damage than is nuclear DNA. May result in
152. A non-dividing phase; where cells spends most of its life loss of proteins critical to mitochondrial function.
cycle performing its normal functions.
153. During this, the DNA (located in chromosomes in the
cell’s nucleus) is replicated
154. At the end of interphase, a cell has
155. The DNA is dispersed throughout the nucleus as thin
threads called
156. The formation of daughter cells from a single parent
cell. The new cells necessary for growth and tissue repair
are formed through this
157. the sex cells necessary for reproduction are formed
through
158. Each cell of the human body, except for sex cells,
contains how many chromosomes?
159. The 23rd chromosome is called the
160. The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called
161. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells with the
same amount and type of DNA as the parent cell.
162. mitosis is divided into four stages:

163. In this stage:

- chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes.
- each chromosome is made up of two genetically
identical strands of chromatin, called chromatids which
are linked at one point by a specialized region called the
centromere
- microtubules called spindle fibers extend from the
centrioles to the centromere
- centrioles divide and migrate to each pole of the cell.
- the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

164. In this stage:

- chromosomes align near the center of the cell.
165. In this stage:
- The chromatids separate, and it’s now called
chromosomes
- Each of the two sets of 46 chromosomes is moved by
the spindle fibers toward the centriole at one of the poles
of the cell