intro to cells

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1. what is cell theo- the scientific principle that all living things are composed
ry? of cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and cells only
arise from pre-existing cells

2. challenges to the striated muscle challenges the theory that a cell has one
cell theory nucleus
giant algae challenges the theory that cells must be
simple in structure and small in size
aseptate fungal hyphae challenges the theory that a cell
is a single unit

3. functions of life metabolism, response, homeostasis, growth, reproduc-

tion, excretion, nutrition

4. explain why small larger surface area to volume ratio can act more effi-
cells are more effi- ciently
cient than big cells diffusion pathways are shorter - takes less time and
energy
concentration gradients are easier to generate

5. advantages of makes it possible to complete functions that individual

cells differentiat- cells can't complete alone
ing the cell uses less energy because it only has to do one
specific job
functions are performed faster

6. describe how new newly formed cells get signals that tell them to deacti-
formed cells be- vate or activate certain genes. active genes are pack-
come specialized ages in an expanded form while inactive genes are
condensed.

7. how many differ- 220

ent distinct high-
ly specialized cell
types have been
recognized by hu-
mans?

8. stem cell

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an unspecialized cell that can continuously divide and
replicate, and have the ability to differentiate into spe-
cialized cell types

9. prokaryote a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and mem-

brane bound organelles

10. glycoproteins proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to

them; sugar attached to the outer surface of the mem-
brane

11. eukaryote a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound

organelles

12. amphipathic having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic

region

13. hydrophilic attracted to water

14. microscope device that produces magnified images of structures

that are too small to see with the unaided eye

15. hydrophobic not attracted to water

16. steroid lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings

17. cytoplasm a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are
suspended

18. organelle a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function
within the cell

19. nucleus a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and respon-
sible for growth and reproduction

20. nuclear envelope layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a
cell

21. polypeptide a polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together

by peptide bonds.

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22. nucleolus found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

23. chromatin stringlike material visible within the nucleus; consists of

DNA tightly coiled around proteins

24. vacuoles temporary storage compartments in cells, sometimes

used to store waste

25. isotonic when the concentration of two solutions is the same; no

net water flow

26. lysosome cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down
certain materials in the cell

27. endosymbiosis a theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated

theory from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial
eukaryotic cell.

28. cytoskeleton a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the
cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

29. mitosis cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei
containing the same number of chromosomes

30. centrioles a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal

cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development
of spindle fibers in cell division

31. cytokinesis in ani- two new daughter cells are formed

mal cells

32. ribosomes site of protein synthesis

33. cytokinesis in divide from inside out using a cell plate in middle of cell
plant cells

34. rough endoplas- a membrane-enclosed cellular organelle with ribo-

mic reticulum somes attached to its outer surface

35. interphase
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period of the cell cycle between cell divisions where all
the DNA in the nucleus is replicated

36. smooth endoplas- an endomembrane system where lipids are synthe-

mic reticulum sized, calcium levels are regulated and toxic substances
are broken down

37. chromatids two identical chromosomes that split and contain the
same genetic material

38. golgi apparatus a system of membranes that modifies and packages

proteins for export by the cell

39. cyclin-dependant enzymes used in cyclin; a protein kinase that is active

kinases (Cdks) only when attached to a particular cyclin.

40. chloroplast an organelle found in plant and algae cells where pho-
tosynthesis occurs

41. carcinogens substances that cause cancer; malignant tumors

42. mitochondria powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP
production

43. mutagens a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and
causes a mutation

44. cell wall a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells
of plants and some other organisms

45. oncogenes genes that cause cancer

46. cell membrane thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters
and leaves the cell

47. metastasis the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

48. plant cell contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole

49. genome

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the complete instructions for making an organism, con-
sisting of all the genetic material in that organism's
chromosomes

50. animal cell does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small
vacuole

51. phospholipid a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of

biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head
and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail

52. cholesterol a lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell

membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the
synthesis of other biologically important steroids

53. cell membrane help move molecules through the cell membrane and
proteins take part in biological reactions

54. cell membrane attach to proteins in membrane to serve as identification

carbohydrates tags so cells can distinguish one type of cell from anoth-
er.

55. selectively perme- a property of cell membranes that allows some sub-
able stances to pass through, while others cannot

56. fluid mosaic mod- a model, displaying a plasma membrane with compo-
el nents constantly in motion, sliding past one another
within the lipid bilayer

57. diffusion the process by which molecules move from an area of

higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

58. isotonic solution a solution in which the concentration of solutes is essen-

tially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

59. hypotonic solu- a solution in which the concentration of solutes is less

tion than that of the cell that resides in the solution

60. hypertonic solu- a solution in which the concentration of solutes is

tion greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
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61. passive transport the movement of substances across a cell membrane

without the use of energy by the cell

62. channel proteins provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to
cross the membrane by acting like a tunnel or channel

63. carrier protein a protein that transports substances across a cell mem-
brane by changing their shape

64. active transport energy-requiring process that moves material across a

cell membrane from low to high concentration

65. endocytosis process by which a cell takes material into the cell by
infolding of the cell membrane

66. exocytosis process by which a cell releases large amounts of ma-

terial

67. osmosis the passive movement of water through a selectively

permeable membrane

68. concentration gra- a difference in the concentration of a substance across

dient a distance

69. facilitated diffu- passive transport of ions or polar molecules across a

sion membrane by protein channels

70. integral protein a type of membrane protein that is permanently at-

tached to the biological membrane; embedded

71. peripheral protein a protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane

or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the
lipid bilayer

72. glycoprotein short sugar chains attached to proteins

73. proliferation an increase in number, multiplication

74. regeneration replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of

cells
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75. euchromatin The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that

is available for transcription; they are the active genes

76. heterochromatin Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted

during interphase and is generally not transcribed; they
are the inactive genes

77. induced pluripo- an adult stem cell that has been treated to allow it to
tent differentiate into a wider variety of tissue

78. plasmids small rings of DNA found naturally in some bacterial

cells in addition to the main bacterial chromosome. can
contain genes for antibiotic resistance, or other "contin-
gency" functions.

79. cytokinesis division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter

cells

80. plasma membrane a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the

boundary of the cells

81. centrosome a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells

that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is
important during cell division

82. peroxisome a microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen

from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then
degrading hydrogen peroxide

83. transmembrane proteins that recognize a particular molecule and help

(polytonic) it to move across the membrane; it is dependent on
concentration gradient

84. osmolarity measure of total concentration of solute particles

85. sodium-potassi- a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport

um pump sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the
cell

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86. vesicles small membrane sacs that specialize in moving prod-
ucts into, out of, and within a cell

87. aquaporin A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein,

that act as pores to facilitates the passage of water
through channel proteins.

88. plasmolysis this happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while
the cell wall remains intact

89. hydrolysis the chemical breakdown of a compound due to a reac-

tion with water

90. diploid an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or

twice the haploid number, 2 sets of chromosomes

91. meiosis cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually

reproducing organisms

92. haploid gametes sperm and egg (sex cells)

93. Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation using is swan neck

flask experiments

94. genetic codes the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that car-
ries the genetic information in living cells

95. aerobic a process that requires oxygen

96. somatic pertaining to the body

97. centromere region of a chromosome where the two sister chro-

matids attach

98. spindle micro- the filaments responsible for moving chromosomes dur-
tubules ing cell division

99. G1 phase the first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consist-
ing of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis

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begins; increasing volume of cytoplasm, organelles pro-
duced, proteins synthesized

100. S phase a phase in interphase in which DNA is replicated

101. G2 phase the second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, con-
sisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis
occurs, same process as G1 phase

102. G0 phase a nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the
cell cycle, sometimes reversibly; cell does nothing.

103. prophase the first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the
chromosomes become visible and the centrioles sepa-
rate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the
nucleus

104. supercoil a coil of coils; a circular molecule of DNA can coil upon
itself to form

105. metaphase chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

106. anaphase phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate

and move to opposite ends of the cell

107. telophase phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromo-

somes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin;
DNA uncoils

108. contractile protein myosin and actin inside the plasma membrane at the
(microfilaments) equator pulls the plasma membrane inward

109. cyclin one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate

the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells; activate cyclin-depen-
dent kinases, which control cell cycle processes through
phosphorylation

110. tumor suppressor anti-oncogenes; genes code for proteins that repress
cell cycle progression and promote apoptosis

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111. Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that stimulate the cell cycle and pro-
mote cell growth and proliferation

112. polymer a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical

monomers linked together

113. haploid an organism or cell having only one complete set of

chromosomes

114. unipotent describes the condition of being committed to a single

specialized cell type

115. pluripotent cells that are capable of developing into most, but not
all, of the body's cell types

116. multipotent cell with limited potential to develop into many types of
differentiated cells

117. totipotent stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type
of cell

118. photosynthetic this cell is able to carry out all the life functions; its main
unicell food source comes from photosynthesis

119. binary fission a kind of asexual reproduction, the most common form
of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria

120. intercellular between the cells of a structure

121. extracellular situated or taking place outside a cell or cells

122. scenedesmus a photosynthetic unicellular organism that contains

chlorophyll pigments allow organic molecules to be pro-
duced via photosynthesis

123. binary fission DNA is replicated semi-conservatively

(process) 2 DNA loops attach to the membrane
membrane elongates and pinches off

124. free ribosomes synthesizes proteins to function in the cytoplasm

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125. flagellum used to move the cell

126. cilia used to either move the cell or move the fluids next to
the cell

127. general functions sites of hormone-binding, enzymatic action, cell adhe-

of membrane sion, cell-to-cell communication, channels for passive
transport, pumps for active transport

128. phospholipid bi- composed of glycerol, hydrophobic and hydrophilic re-

layer gions cause the phospholipids to align as a bilayer if
there is water present

129. phagocytosis intake of food/solids

130. pinocytosis intake of liquids

131. primary active direct ATp

transport

132. secondary active energy is derived from built up concentration from pre-
transport vious ATP

133. cell cycle all stages in the life cycle of a cell

134. 3 metabolic reac- protein synthesis, DNA replication, increase in the num-
tions that occur ber of mitochondria and/or chloroplast
during interphase

135. 4 processes in- growth, asexual reproduction, tissue repair, embryonic

volving division by development
mitosis

136. apoptosis the death of cells which occurs as a normal and con-
trolled part of an organism's growth/development

137. telomere the end of DNA molecule- prevents chromosomes from

accidentally attaching to each other

138. histones
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protein that organizes chromosomes and around which
DNA wraps

139. tumor a mass of unspecialized cells that pile up because of

abnormal growth

140. ancogenes signals for what the cells need to do. they can become
cancerous after mutating. if this occurs, apoptosis does
not happen and the cells keep reproducing uncontrol-
lably

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