DISHA DELPHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

(2021-22)
TERM – 2

Biology Lab Manual

Class XII | Practical File
Name :

Class & Section:

Roll No.:

Instructions to Follow:

1. Students are supposed to prepare Biology practical file in Biology practical manual of
any publication.
2. All the diagrams should be drawn by pencil on plane sheet. They need to be properly
labeled.
3. Students are supposed to start every experiment from new page.
4. Index needs to be properly filled.
5. You are supposed to note down the entire content in manual as provided by school.
6. Use only blue pen to write the content.
7. All the work done should be neat and clean.
8. Observation table should be on ruled sheet, with proper boundaries, using pen.
9. Write all the experiment sequentially as provided.
10. We will not accept untidy, incomplete work.
11. Suggested Practical Manual: Comprehensive, Classmate, Elite.
 CLASS XII BIOLOGY PRACTICALS
(TERM-II 2021-22)
INDEX
S.NO. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT DATE SIGN

3 Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.

Collect water from two different water bodies around you

4 and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living
organism

Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and
study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water
5
holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in
them.

SPOTTING: EXPERIMENT - 4
Ascaris
Entamoeba
Plasmodium
Fungus Ringworm
EXPERIMENT - 5
Opuntia
Calotropis
Camel
Hemichinus
EXPERIMENT – 6
Labeo
Crocodylus
Lotus
Hydrilla
Experiment : 3

Aim : To study Mitosis in Onion Root tip

Material Required: Onion bulb, conical flask/ glass bottles, corked tube, petridishes, scissors,
forceps, needles, methyl alcohol, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, acetocarmine, distilled
water, spirit lamp, microscope, slides, coverslips, blotting paper.
Theory:Production of all cells involves the division of pre-existing cells. There are mainly two types
of cell divisions mitosis and meiosis. Somatic cells or body cells are divided by mitosis. By
increasing the number of cells. It helps in growth. The germ cells or reproductive cells divide
by meiosis when they form gamete in animals and spores in plants.
Meiosis is reduction division as it produces four daughter cells each with half the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell. It enables a sexually reproducing species to maintain its
chromosome number constant, generating after generation.
Each cell division consist of two events Karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
Method:
1. First we will take a medium sized bulb of onion and by means of a sharp blade trim off the old
roots from its base.
We will place the onion on a conical flask/ glass bottle full of water. Its base should touch
the water. We will keep it for a week to grow the roots.
3. Now we will cut 5mm off the tips of roots and put them into a vial containing a mixture of 1:3
acetic acid and methanol. Keep for one hour. This process is known as fixation.
4. We will remove 2 or 3 root tips. Hydrolyze them by warming to 600 C in 1 N Hydrochloric acid for 15
minutes.
5. Remove the root tips, wash them thoroughly in water.
6. On a slide place a drop of acetocarmine. We will put one hydrolyzed root tip in a drop and
place a coverslip on the root.
7. We will gently squash the root by tapping the coverslip with the blunt end of a pencil or
needle until the cells separate and spread out into a very thin layer. No air bubbles should be
there under the coverslip.
8. We will warm the slide gently over a flame for a few seconds.
9. Now we will observe under microscope to locate the dividing cells.

Observation: Rectangular cells with pink nucleus are seen scattered under low power of the
microscope.
Under high power following stages become distinct.
1. Interphase: It refers to non-dividing phase of cell cycle. There is a distinction between
nuclear envelope and nucleolus. Chromatin fibers appear in the form of a network
within the nucleus.
2. Prophase: At the end of prophase nuclear membrane and nucleolus start
disintegration and disappear. Chromatin material shortens and condenses into
thread like structures known as chromosomes.
3. Metaphase: Each chromosome get attached to the spindle fibers at its centromere. It
becomes arranged at the equator of the spindle. A bipolar spindle develops in the cell
and chromosomes become thick and two chromatids of each chromosome become
clear.
4. Anaphase: The two sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from the centromere
and move towards the opposite poles. The daughter chromosomes appear V, J, L and I
shapes, depending upon the position of centromere.
5. Telophase: The spindle disappears, daughter chromosomes uncoil in order to form
chromatin fibers at the two poles. Cytokinesis occurs by cell plate formation between the
two daughter nuclei. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappears and two daughter nuclei
appear at opposite poles.
Precautions:
1. We should warm slide gently above flame of the spirit lamp.
2. Keep the base of the onion bud in contact of water while growing the roots.
3. Keep root tips in the morning between 8 to 10 a.m.
Experiment No. : 4 - To study different water samples for pH and presence of any living

organisms

Aim: To collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for

pH.

Material Required : Water samples, Test tubes, pH paper.

Theory: Acidity and alkalinity varies widely amongst the water bodies. Acidic pH of water kills the
organisms present at lower trophic level in the food chain, affecting the whole ecosystem of
water body. Knowing the pH of a water sample makes it easy to correlate the vegetation
characteristics or the type of plants that can be grown in the area near the water source.
Procedure
1. First we will take water samples in different test tubes.
2. We will dip a small piece of pH paper in each of the water samples.
3. Then we will match colour of pH paper with the colour scale given on pH paper booklet.
Observation
S.No. Water Sample pH
1. Pond Water
2. Tap water

Precautions:
1. Use clean and dried test tubes
2. Before comparing the colour with the colour scale dry the pH papers
3. Match the colour carefully and determine pH accurately.

Aim: (B) : To study the water sample from different water bodies and study different organisms found in
it.

Material Required: Slides, coverslips, water samples, microscope

Theory: Addition of certain substances such as organic, inorganic or biological degrades the quality
of water so as a result of it, becomes unfit for use and causes pollution. Surface water
contains suspended particles, organic substances and living organisms which include Bacteria,
Algae, Fungi, Protista and Viruses.

Method:
1. First we will take two drops of water sample on a slide.
2. Now we will cover it with coverslip.
3. We will observe it under microscope.
Observation:
1. A number of microscope were seen in water sample.
2. Microscopic organisms include Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Amoeba, Bacteria, Spirogyra etc.
a. Bacteria: It is a microscopic, unicellular, without nuclear membrane. It lack memberane
bound orgnaelles.
b. Amoeba: It is a unicellular and uninucleate. It is irregular in shape and keeps on
changing shape due to formation of pseudopodia.
c. Chlamydomonas: It is a unicellular, oval, green in colour with two flagella at anterior end.
d. Volvox : It is a colony of Chlamydomonas cells held together by gelatinous sheath.
e. Spirogyra: It is a fresh water, green water, green algae. It has long multicellular filaments
Experiment No : 5 – Study of Physical Properties and pH of different Soils

Aim: (A) To study the texture and moisture content of different soils.

Material Required: Sample of soil, measuring cylinder, glass rod, water, weighing balance, burner,
wire gauge, Tongs

Procedure: a. Study of soil texture

1. We will collect a sample of garden soil.
2. We will fill half of the measuring cylinder with soil and add equal amount of water in it.
3. We will allow it to stand undisturbed for nearly 1 hour.
4. The soil particles will settle down in different layers according to their sizes.
5. We will observe and note down the thickness of each layer in the observation table.
6. In similar manner we will record relative percentage of different types of soil particles
present in soil samples.
Observation:
Heavy particles settle down first and lighter ones afterwards. Humus floats on the water
surface. We will observe these layers carefully and record observation in table.
Relative
S. Soil Samples Colour Soil Class
Percentage
No.
Sand Silt Clay
1. Garden Soil Dark Brown
2 Roadside Light Brown
Soil
Precautions:
1. We will pack the soil samples separately and brought them to the laboratory.
2. We will carefully measure the thickness of layers formed by different particles in the
cylinder and their relative percentage should be accurately calculated.

Aim (B): To study moisture content of soil: Procedure:

1. We will take small amount of soil from a sample in a dry crucible and weigh it.
2. We will record the weight in observation table.
3. Now we will heat the crucible on a burner to dry the soil and then cool it.
4. We will weight the crucible again to record the weight of dry soil.
5. We will repeat the process for each soil sample.

Observation
S.N Soil Initial Weight (x) Final Weight (y) Moisture Content (y-
o. Samples gm gm x)gm
1. Garden Soil 50 gm
2. Roadside 50 gm
Soil

Precautions:
1. We will pack the soil samples separately and brought them to the laboratory.
2. We will carefully measure the thickness of layers formed by different particles in the cylinder
and their relative percentage should be accurately calculated.
Aim(C) : To study the water holding capacity of garden soil and roadside soil.

Material Required: Soil sample, funnels, measuring cylinders, filter papers, beakers, balance, oven etc.

Theory: The maximum amount of water retained by a soil per unit of its dry weight after the
gravitational flow has ceased is known as water holding capacity of a soil. It varies in
different soil type as it depends on the type of soil and on type of soil particles and porosity
of the soil.

Procedure
1. First we will take two funnels and line them with filter paper and label them as A and B.
2. We will place the beakers on measuring cylinders.
3. We will take 100 gm oven dried sample each of the garden soil and roadside soil.
4. We will put the garden soil in funnel A and roadside soil in funnel B.
5. We will pour 100 ml of water in both funnels.
6. We will note down the volume of filtered out water in measuring cylinder when dripping of
water stops from the funnel.

Observation:
Volume Volume of water Volume of Water holding
Weight
S.No Soil Type of water collected in water retained capacity of the soil in
of Soil
. poured(Y measuring cylinder in the soil (Y-Z) % (Y- Z)/Xx100
(X)
) (Z)
1 Garden Soil 50 100 ml
gm
2 Roadside 50 100 ml
Soil gm

Conclusion:
Garden soil has higher water holding capacity than the roadside soil, as roadside soil has
larger quantities of sand and silt.

Precautions:
1. Carefully record the volume of collected water in the measuring cylinder.
2. Weigh the soil samples accurately.
3. Pour water slowly and gently on the soil in the funnel.

Aim(D): To study pH of different soil samples and correlate with the plants growing in them.

Material Required: Soil sample, Test tube, test tube stand, pH paper booklets, neutral litmus
solution, funnel, filter paper

Theory: pH is the measure to test the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on the scale of 0-14.
Procedure
1. We will take 10g soil with 50 ml distilled water, shake it well and allow it to stand.
2. We will put a drop of soil filtrate solution on pH paper, match the colour of paper with
colour scale on the booklet.

Observation
S.No Soil sample pH
.
1. Garden Soil
2. Roadside
Soil

Conclusion:
1. Leguminous crops prefer alkaline soils on the other hand beetroot prefers neutral soil and
tomato potato and other field crops prefer acidic soil.
2. pH of the soil also determines type of soil organisms and it also controls the solubility of nutrients.

Precautions
1. Different droppers should be used for different soil samples.
2. Do not touch the pH papers with hand.
3. Before taking reading with pH meter wash the probe with distilled water.
 Spotting
Experiment No. -4
I. Ascaris:
1. It is Ascaris lumbricoides.
2. It causes Ascariasis.
3. Patient feel abdominal discomfort and Colic pains.
4. Patient suffers from diarrhea, vomiting and slight temperature
5. They may block the intestine and appendix.

II. Entamoeba:
1. It is Entamoeba histolytica.
2. It causes Amoebic dysentery, Amoebiasis.
3. As a result of infection patient passes out stool with blood
and mucus, abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence and
bowel irregularity with headache.
4. Entamoeba feeds on RBC by damaging wall of large
intestine and reaching the blood capillaries.

III. Plasmodium:
1. It is Plasmodium vivax.
2. It causes malaria.
3. Symptoms appear after 14 days of infection.
4. Patient suffers from chills, shivering and high temperature.
5. The patient become anaemic.

IV. Ringworm:
1. It is caused by Trichophyton species.
2. It causes disease Athlete’s foot.
3. It forms lesions on skin.
4. It also infects nails of hand and feets.
5. As a result skin becomes dry & whitish in colour.
 Experiment No. - 5

V. Opuntia:
1. They are erect, xerophytic plants.
2. They grow in places with scarcity of water.
3. Their roots are extensive and deep.
4. Stomata are deep seated or sunken.

VI. Calotropis:
1. It is commonly called giant milkweed.
2. It grows in open habitats.
3. Its flowers blooms in umbel like clusters.
4. Milky white sap(latex) exudes whenever stems or leaves are cut.

VII. Camel:
1. It is valuable beast of burden in desert.
2. It is without horns.
3. They lose so little water that they can cover 90% of the
loss by using metabolic water.
4. They have adaptation that minimizes dehydration.

VIII. Hemichinus:
1. It is very common animal found in desert.
2. Body is small in size, globular in shape, covered by hard
and short spines.
3. The limbs are short and thin.
4. It is omnivorous, feeding on insects.

Experiment No. - 6
IX. Labeo:
1. It is a fresh water bony fish found in rivers and
streams of Northern India.
2. It’s body is covered by scales.
3. Body is divided into head, trunk and tail.
4. It is omnivore and extensively used in aquaculture.
5. Body is compressed laterally to reduce friction.

X. Crocodylus:
1. It is found in rivers.
2. It is carnivores.
3. Their limbs are short and digits are webbed.
4. They are largest reptiles.
5. Adult crocodiles range in size from three feet to more feet,
than 20 and can weigh more than a ton.
XI. Lotus.
1. It is one of the most dramatic pond ornaments.
2. Their root stem is poorly developed.
3. Their stem is slender, flexible.
4. Their leaves are large, flat with their upper surface coated
with wax.

XII. Hydrilla:
1. It is found in submerged community.
2. It has long slender, branching stems emerging from rhizomes.
3. Leaves are typically arranged in whorls.
4. Leaves are delicate, translucent, lacking midrib.