Muscular System

Muscular System
 Major Functions
body movement
maintenance of posture
production of body heat
communication
constriction of organs and
blood vessels
heart beat
 Major Properties
Excitable or Irritable
Contractible
Extensible
Elasticity
Adaptability
Types of Muscle Movements
Adduction
Abduction
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
 ADDUCTION is bending a part towards the midline.

ABDUCTION is bending a part away from the midline.

FLEXION decrease the angle of the joint
bringing the 2 bones closer together.
EXTENSION increases the angle
between the 2 bones.
ROTATION – limb pivots or revolves around a single axis.
 Other Muscular Movements
hyperextension inversion
circumduction eversion
dorsiflexion protraction
plantar flexion retraction
supination elevation
pronation depression
dilator constriction
opposition
 Three Major Muscle Types
SKELETAL SMOOTH CARDIAC

attached on wall of hollow

location Wall of the heart
skeleton organs
striations present absent present

nucleus multiple nuclei single nucleus single nucleus

mode of
voluntary involuntary involuntary
control
Skeletal Muscle

approximately 40% of
body weight
attached to the bones
striated muscle
 Structure of the Skeletal
Muscle
epimysium (fascia) – connective tissue
sheath that surround each skeletal muscle
muscle fasciculi – numerous visible bundles
of muscles
perimysium – loose connective tissue that
surrounds the muscle fasciculi
 Structure of the Skeletal
Muscle
endomysium – loose connective tissue that
surrounds each muscle fiber
muscle fiber – single cylindrical cell with
several nuclei located at the periphery
– largest, longest human muscle cells are up to
30 cm long and 0.15 cm in diameter, may
contain several thousand nuclei
 The Muscle Cell
sarcoplasm – cytoplasm
sarcolemma – cell membrane
T (transverse) tubules – many tube-like invaginations along the
surface of sarcolemma
sarcoplasmic reticulum – smooth endoplasmic reticulum;
connected to the sarcolemma through the T tubules
myofibril – threadlike structure that extends from one end of the
muscle fiber to another
– actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments
 The Muscle Cells
sarcomeres – repeating units of actin and myosin along the
myofibril; basic structural and functional unit of skeletal
muscles
– Z disk – sarcomere extends from one Z disk to another;
network of protein fibers forming an attachment site for actin
myofilaments
– I band – light bands (actin and myosin)
– A band – darker, central region (actin and myosin)
– H zone – second light zone (myosin)
– M line – dark staining band; myosin filaments are anchored
 Membrane Potentials

muscle fibers, like other cells in the body have

electrical properties
a cell membrane is usually polarized, with an
excess of negative charges on the inside of the
membrane
outside of the cell membrane is positively charged
compared with the inside of the cell
 Myasthenia Gravis
chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease
that causes weakness in the skeletal
muscles and it first symptom is the eyelid
drooping and or blurred or double vision.
antibodies (immune proteins) block, alter, or
destroy the receptors for acetylcholine at the
neuromuscular junction, which prevents the
muscle from contracting.
 Strongest Muscles in the Body
Tongue
Heart
Masseter
Soleus
Gluteus Maximus
Muscles of the Uterus
 Tongue
helps in the mixing process of
foods
it binds and contorts itself to
form letters
contains linguinal tonsils that
filter out germs
even when a person sleeps, the
tongue is constantly pushing
saliva down the throat.
 Heart
the hardest working muscle is the
heart
pumps out 2 ounces (71 grams) of
blood at every heartbeat
daily the heart pumps at least
2,500 gallons (9,450 liters) of
blood
has the ability to beat over 3 billion
times in a person’s life
 Masseter
strongest muscle based on its
weight
with all muscles of the jaw
working together it can close
the teeth with a force as great
as 55 pounds (25 kilograms) on
the incisors or 200 pounds
(90.7 kilograms) on the molars
 Gluteus Maximus
the largest muscle in the
human body
large and powerful because it
has the job of keeping the
trunk of the body in an erect
posture
it is the chief antigravity
muscle that aids in walking up
stairs
 Soleus
muscle that can pull with the
greatest force
very important for walking,
running, and dancing
considered a very powerful
muscle along with calf muscles
because it pulls against the
force of gravity to keep the body
upright
 Muscles of the Uterus
its muscles are deemed
strong because they contract
to push a baby through the
birth canal
the pituitary gland secretes
the hormone oxytocin, which
stimulates the contractions
 Muscles of the Uterus
its muscles are deemed
strong because they contract
to push a baby through the
birth canal
the pituitary gland secretes
the hormone oxytocin, which
stimulates the contractions
TRIVIA QUESTION
TRIVIA QUESTION:
Why do you think your walk changes when
intoxicated? People who are drunk stagger as they
walk. Why is that? Is the alcohol affecting the
voluntary muscles or is it affecting the nervous
system?