Language, Imagery and Style

Here are some of the aspects of language we should consider:

· Vocabulary: the selection of one word or a group of words rather than another.

· Grammar: the use of tense, mood and modality for stylistic purposes.

· Syntax (sentence/paragraph structure): the use of sentences which are long or short, complete or
incomplete, complex or simple.

· Coherence and cohesion means: the use of certain means that hold discourse together.

Language Aspects

A. Kind of diction (=vocabulary, lexis)

· general or specific

· abstract or concrete

· formal or informal

· Latinate (bookish of Romanic origin, usually polysyllabic) or Anglo-Saxon (usually monosyllabic)

· common words or jargon

· referential (denotative) or emotive (connotative)

B. Length of sentences (measured in number of words, an average sentence comprises 7-9 words)

C. Kinds of sentences

· grammatical: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex

· rhetorical: loose (disconnected elements of a syntactical structure), periodic (repeated elements of a

syntactical structure), balanced , antithetical (juxtaposed clauses)

· functional: statement, question, command, exclamation

D. Variety of sentence patterns

· inversions

· sentence openers (words, phrases or clauses, which are not part of the subject cluster)

E. Means of articulating sentences (coherence devices)

F. Paragraphing

· length (measured in number of words and number of sentences)

· kind of movement or development in paragraphs

· use of transitional devices

 Coherence and cohesion

These signals act as markers of cohesion in a text:

· words and phrases co-refer (i.e. refer to other entities). Pronouns such as ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘they’, ‘it’ refer
back to people or things already mentioned,

· words like ‘the’, ‘this’, etc. refer to earlier mentions of things,

· verbs that have already been used are repeated in condensed, substitute forms, e.g. He thought he had
missed the train. If so (missed the train) he would have to walk,

· connective words and phrases primarily signal directions, e.g.

consequence: therefore, because of this;

ordering: firstly, finally;

continuation: furthermore, then;

simultaneity: meanwhile, in the meantime;

concession: admittedly, yet;

opposition: nevertheless, in spite of this.

Grammar

In examining a piece of prose, look out for these grammatical features:

Tense – most narrative is written in the simple past tense but other tenses are sometimes used to create
different effects. (e.g. Generic Present, etc.)

Mood can be reflected through the use of grammar – the declarative mood is the most common, but
the use of imperatives and interrogatives can influence the pace and change the focus.

Modality (the use of modal verbs) also contributes to the overall impression the text produces through
the changes in tone and atmosphere.

Syntax

Sentences can be divided into three basic kinds:

1. Simple sentences have one main clause (one subject and one verb).

2. Compound sentences have two (or more) main clauses, i.e. two subjects and two verbs which are
linked by coordinating words or conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, either, neither).

3. Complex sentences, like compound sentences, consist of two or more clauses but these are linked
together by subordination using words such as because, when, although. This kind of sentence is the
most complicated and in prose usually signals a fairly sophisticated style.

In answer to this first question, a sentence may perform various functions. For example:

· declarative sentences state things (make statements, if you prefer),

· interrogative sentences ask questions,

· imperative sentences issue commands,

· exclamatory sentences always end with an exclamation mark and contain exclamations.
Here are some general pointers:

· declarative sentences could be used to create a sense of drama,

· interrogative sentences may produce a questioning, probing effect in the prose,

· imperative sentences could be used to create an attacking, critical or offhand effect,

· exclamatory sentences could heighten drama, express shock or communicate surprise,

· short, simple sentences could be used to give the sense of action speeding up, or a sense of
breathlessness,

· longer, compound sentences could produce a slowing effect on the narrative,

· complex sentences might create a contemplative, philosophical mood.

Home Activity 1:

- The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway:

Vocabulary: the great fish, It was too good to last, Bad luck to your mother, chop of the teeth, the
clicking, thrusting all-swallowing jaws

Grammar: most narrative is written in the simple past tense, sentence without verb (Bad luck to your
mother)

Syntax: there are simple declarative sentences to create a sense of drama

Coherence: “he”, “the shark”, “it”

- The Sea House by Esther Freud

Vocabulary: a large padded envelope, scrawled a message, Suffolk

Grammar: direct speech, quotations

Syntax: complex sentences might create a contemplative philosophical mood, exclamatory

sentences could heighten drama, express shock or communicate surprise

Coherence: whether, “…”, “RING ME”

- Araby by James Joyce

Vocabulary: sash, my heart leaped, foolish blood, Her image accompanied, my body was like a harp,
her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires

Grammar: most narrative is written in the simple past tense, passive voice, past perfect

Syntax: short, simple sentences could be used to give the sense of action speeding up, or a sense of
breathlessness

Coherence: “she”, “her”, “within”, ”yet”

- Morality Play by Barry Unsworth

Vocabulary: death, crouch over him, bitter cold, great need, sin, open-breeched to the winds of
heaven, ill-luck, bitter December weather

Grammar: complex sentences might create a contemplative, philosophical mood, interrogative

sentences may produce a questioning, probing effect in the prose,
Syntax: most narrative is written in the simple past tense, past perfect continuous, future simple,
past perfect, present simple

Coherence: “whether”, “though”

Home Activity 2:

Name of the device Definition Example Effect

and its translation
1) alliteration The repetition of a “Come…dragging the to attract the reader’s
(аллитерация) particular consonant lazy languid line attention to certain
sound in the first along” words, to convey
syllables of a series of auditory images
words and/or
phrases.
2) Assonance The repetition of “I'm reminded to line serve to produce the
(созвучие) similar vowel sounds the lid of my eye" effect of euphony
in the first syllables of (благозвучие) a sense
a series of words of ease and comfort.
and/or phrases.
3) Cacophony the opposite to “Beware the May be used on
euphony – Jabberwock, my son! purpose by the writer
juxtaposition of words The jaws that bite, the to complicate the
producing a harsh claws that catch!” reader’s access to the
sound. meanings conveyed.
4) Onomatopoeia Direct onomatopoeia Animal sounds: hiss, is used to create
(звукоподражание) means a reflection of caw, moo. Mechanical particularly vivid
direct sounds from sounds: click, clang, imagery—it is as if
nature. Indirect buzz. Impact sounds: you are in the text
onomatopoeia is smack, boom, thump. itself, hearing what
based on verbs which Natural sounds: the speaker of the
are formed from the splash, drip, rustle. poem is hearing.
sounds of nature.
5) Graphon (графон) is a graphical fixation "The b-b-b-b-bas-tud- serves to indicate
of phonetic he seen me c-c-c-c- blurred incoherent or
peculiarities of com-ing" in R. P. careless
pronunciation with Warren's Sugar Boy's pronunciation caused
the violation of the speech or "You don't by temporary (child
accepted spelling. mean to thay that age, intoxication, etc.)
thith ith your firth or by permanent
time" (D.C.) show the factors (social,
physical defects of the territorial,
speakers - the educational, etc.).
stumbling of one and
the lisping of the
other.

Home Activity 3:

1) “…I ref-use his money altogezzer.” (Ch. Dickens) –

2) “…on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of the remaining twilights that summer with Miss
Maudie Atkinson on her porch.” (Harper Lee) –
3) “He misses our father very much. He was s-l-a-i-n in North Africa”. (J.D. Salinger) –
 4) “When Will’s ma was down here keeping house for him – she used to run in to see me, real
often!” (S. Lewis) – emphasis
5) “Shuttleworth, I – I want to speak to you in – in strictest confidence – to ask your advice. Yet –
yet it is upon such a serious matter that I hesitate – fearing –” (W. Queux) – repetition

1) “Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge…puff, the train came into the
station.” (A. Saxton) – onomotopoeia

2) “Luscious, languid and lustful, isn’t she?” “Those are not the correct epithets. She is – or rather was –
surly, lustrous and sadistic” (E. Waugh) – alliteration

3) “What is that?” “A ninsek,” the girl said.” (Harper Lee) - graphon

4) “There must be Jods thrown down and trumpets blown.” (J. Keats) - assonance

5) “Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him.” (St. Barstow) –

Home Activity 4:

Graphical devices Phonetic devices

It was a brutally hot 75 degrees Fahrenheit. The
April spring sun boiled blood and sent birds
exploding. I’m sorry that I’m mowing my lawn on
THE SURFACE OF THE SUN. (…and so on!)
Dogs are canines that people domesticated a long
time ago, primarily for practical reasons. Even
though dogs descended from wolves, they are
tame and can be kept in households. Since they
are tame, people have various reasons for
owning a dog, such as companionship.
When public money brings windfalls to a few,
why should the state not take a share?
“Stop beating the dog!”
“Little old lady got mutilated late last night.”
She seems to beam rays of sunshine with her
eyes of green.
Out of some subway scuttle, cell or loft
A bedlamite speeds to thy parapets,
Tilting there momentarily, shrill shirt ballooning,
A jest falls from the speechless caravan
Bacon sizzled on the pan. She woke to the sound
of chirping. The tires screeched as he slammed
on the brakes.
"Thquire!... Your thervant! Thith ith a bad pieth
of bithnith, thith ith..."

Part II

Lexical stylistic devices

 Metaphor (метафора) is based on similarity and association (перенос наименования на

основе сходства).
 Metonymy (метонимия) reflects the actually existing relations between two objects and is
based on association and contiguity.
 Irony (ирония) is the clash of two diametrically opposite meanings within the same context
which is sustained in oral speech by intonation.
 Antonomasia is the use of a proper name for an idea.
  Hyperbole (гипербола) is a deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.
 Epithet (эпитет) is the most subjective stylistic device, which expresses a characteristic of an
object, both existing and imaginary.

Semantically, there should be differentiated two main groups, the biggest of them being affective
(or emotive proper). These epithets serve to convey the emotional evaluation of the object by the
speaker. The second group – figurative, or transferred epithets – is formed by metaphors,
metonymies and similes expressed by adjectives.

 Oxymoron (оксюморон) joins two antonymous words into one syntagm most frequently
attributive, (‘loving hatred’) or adverbial (‘shouted silently’).
 Allusion (аллюзия) is reference to a famous historical, literary, mythological, biblical or
everyday life character or event, commonly known.
 Zeugma (also syllepsis ‘зевгма’) is based on the interaction of a free meaning and a
phraseological meaning of a word or between the meanings of two homonyms.
 Semantically-false chain (семантически ложная цепочка) is a variation of zeugma, it is
formed by a number of homogeneous members, which are semantically disconnected, but
attached to the same verb.
 Pun (also ‘paronomasia’ – каламбур, игра слов) is based on polysemy and the use of
homonyms.
 Violation of a phraseological unit (нарушение структуры фразеологизма) may have
different syntactical patterns

Home Activity 1

Name of the device Definition Example Effect

and its translation
Metaphor (метафора) It’s a literary figure If music be the food of The Metaphor Effect is
of speech that uses love, play on (William the way in which we
an image, story or Shakespeare) tend to understand
tangible thing to and remember more
represent a less easily such
tangible thing or metaphorical language
some intangible as it activates our
quality or idea. imagination.
Metonymy It is a figure of I need to decide if I Metonymy enables
(метонимия) speech in which a will go Greek in writers to express a
thing or concept is college next year. word or thought in a
not called by its own (Greek is metonymy different way by using
name, but by the for sorority or a closely related word
name of something fraternity or thought.
intimately associated membership)
with that thing or I met him at the
concept. reception when he
took me for a spin
during a slow song.
(Spin is metonymy for
dance)

Irony is the clash of

Irony (ирония) two diametrically For example, a Dramatic irony can
 opposite meanings character stepping out create suspense or
within the same into a hurricane and tension for the
context which is saying, “What nice audience. Dramatic
sustained in oral weather we're irony can stimulate
speech by having!” strong emotions in a
intonation. reader because the
reader knows what
awaits a character and
may see the character
act against his or her
own well-being.
Antonomasia Antonomasia is the Mary Shelley's Victor Antonomasia can
use of a proper Frankenstein's provide someone with
name for an idea. inability to give the a strong epithet which
monster a true name further celebrates and
is apparent in his memorializes their
constant use of great deeds
antonomasia: “I
beheld the wretch—
the miserable monster
whom I had created”
“the approach of the
demoniacal corpse to
which I had so
miserably given life”
Hyperbole (гипербола) Hyperbole is a I'm so hungry that I When using
deliberate could eat a horse. hyperbole, the
exaggeration or That purse looks like it intended effect is to
overstatement. cost a million dollars. emphasize the
I Love You to the magnitude of
moon and back. something through
exaggerated
comparison
Epithet (эпитет) Epithet is the most For example, in the To describe their
subjective stylistic name Alexander the characters and
device, which Great, “the Great” is settings more vividly,
expresses a an epithet. in order to give richer
characteristic of an meanings to the text
object, both existing
and imaginary.
Oxymoron A figure of speech in “Small crowd” Oxymorons can
(оксюморон) which apparently “Old news” support a lighthearted
contradictory terms “Open secret” mood or tone, as well
appear in as emphasize conflict.
conjunction The juxtaposition of
two opposing words
can also: Add dramatic
effect.
Allusion (аллюзия) is reference to a His smile is like Allusions can give a
famous historical, kryptonite to me. ... deeper meaning to a
literary, She felt like she had a story by referring to
mythological, biblical golden ticket. ... another piece of work
or everyday life That guy is young, that most are familiar
 character or event, scrappy, and hungry… with. If a character
commonly known within a story uses an
allusion (refers to
another piece of
work), it can give
deeper insight on
what kind of person
they are.
Zeugma ( ‘зевгма’) a figure of speech in “She broke his car and Zeugmas will either
which a word applies his heart.” confuse the reader or
to two others in inspire them to think
different senses more deeply, but if
they're well written
they will achieve the
latter.
Semantically-false is a variation of “A Governess wanted. producing an amusing
chain (семантически zeugma, it is formed She must possess or entertaining effect
ложная цепочка) by a number of knowledge of
homogeneous Romanian, Italian,
members, which are Spanish, German,
semantically Music and Mining
disconnected, but Engineering.’’
attached to the same
verb. Men, pals, red plush
seats, white marble
tables, waiters in
white aprons. Miss
Moss walked through
them all.
Pun (also a play on words You have dancing creating comic effect.
‘paronomasia’ – shoes with nimble
каламбур, игра слов) soles; I have a soul of
lead … So stakes me to
the ground I cannot
move…”

Shakespeare has
exploited the words
“sole” and “soul.”
Both sound the same,
though they have
different meanings

Violation of a Restoring the literal Little John was born The inner mechanism
phraseological unit original meaning of with a silver spoon in of this device lies in
(нарушение the word, which lost his mouth which was the literal
структуры some of its semantic rather curly and large. interpretation of the
фразеологизма) independence and After a while and a elements of a
strength in a cake he crept phraseological unit,
phraseological unit nervously to the door though the ways to
or cliche. of the parlour. achieve it are different
Home Activity 2

Home Activity 3

1) “I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love make up my
sum”. – hyperbole. This quote expresses Hamlet’s love perfectly by saying how much he truly
loves her. It also shows the sadness in his speech by showing how he won’t have the love he
used to have.
2) “The sun stepped out of the clouds and smiled momentarily”. – personification. gives things life
or some similarity with human beings
3) “Is life worth living? It depends on the liver!” – pun. to make the reader laugh
4) “He could feel the steel going right through him”. – metonymy. steel instead of dagger or knife
aristocracy instead of the aristocrats
5) “All the world´s a stage and all the men and woman merely players”. – metaphor.
6) “She possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart”. – zeugma
7) “Many women try to look their horrid best”. – oxymoron
8) “The earth was made for Dombey and Son to trade in and the sun and moon were formed to
give them light; rivers and seas were made to float their ships”. – allusion. irony
9) “He knew the necessity of keeping as clear as possible from that poisonous many-headed
serpent, the tongue of people”. – metaphor.
10) “An ugly gingerbread brute of a boy with a revolting grin and as far as I was able to ascertain, no
redeeming qualities of any sort”. – epithet.
11) “Another person who makes both ends meet is an infant who sucks his toes”. - Violation of
phraseological units
12) “Then there’s that appointment with Mrs. What’s-her-name for her bloody for her bloody awful
wardrobe”. – hyperbole. Antonomasia
13) “... he’s a hard man to talk to. Impossible if you don’t share his fixations, of which Holly is one.
Some others are: ice hockey, Weimaraner dogs, ‘Our Gal Sunday’ (a soap serial), and Gilbert and
Sullivan – he claims to be related to one or the other, I can’t remember which”. – Semantical
false chain
14) “She saw around her multitudes of red lips, powdered cheeks, and cold, hard eyes”. –
synecdoche
15) “He saved her life and three dollars in her pocket.” – Zeugma
16) “Their bitter-sweet union did not last long.” – oxymoron
17) “An enormous grand piano grinned savagely at the curtains as is it would grab them, given the
chance.” – hyperbole
18) “She wore a pink hat, the size of a button.” – irony, meiosis
19) “We were fellow strangers.” – oxymoron
20) “A bulldog two years old for sale. Will eat anything. Very fond of children.” – pun
21) “They were wet to the skin and all were scared to death.” – tried hyperbole

Syntactical stylistic devices

 Inversion (инверсия) is a very common device in English due to the fixed word order.
 Rhetorical question (риторический вопрос) is a statement in the form of a question, it
presupposes the possible answer.
 Apokoinu construction is characteristic of irregular oral speech, it presents a blend of two
clauses into one, which is achieved at the expense of the omission of the connecting word
and double syntactical function acquired by the unit occupying the linking position between
both former clauses.
 Ellipsis (эллипсис) is the omission of one of the main members of the sentence.
 Ellipsis (эллипсис) is the omission of one of the main members of the sentence.
 Detachment (also ‘isolated members of the sentence’ обособление).
 Aposiopesis (also break-in-the-narrative ‘умолчание’) is a norm of excited oral speech.
 Suspense (напряжение) holds the reader in tense anticipation, is often realized through the
separation of predicate from subject or subject from predicative, by the deliberate
introduction between them of a phrase, clause or sentence (frequently parenthetic)
 Repetition (also reiteration ‘повтор’).
· ordinary repetition offers no fixed place for the repeated unit – the model is as such:
aa…,..a.a.,.aaa..,…a., etc.
· anaphora/anaphoric repetition models differently: a….,a…..,a…..
· epiphora/epiphoric repetition: …..a,……a,…….a.
· framing: a….a, b…..b.
· anadiplosis/catch repetition: ….a, a…...
· chain repetition: …a, a….b, b…..c, c…., d…..
· morphological repetition a morpheme is repeated mainly to achieve humorous effect (e.g.
‘She unchained, unbolted and unlocked the door’)
· tautology or pleonasm repetition of ideas (e.g. ‘It was a clear starry sky, and not a cloud
was to be seen’; ‘He was the only survivor; no one else was saved’)
 Parallelism (also parallel constructions) is a type of repetition when the whole structure of
the sentence is involved.
 Chiasmus (also reversed parallelism ‘хиазм’) includes into its pattern two sentences, the
second of which necessarily repeats the structure of the first in a reversed manner, so that
the general formula of chiasmus is as such: SPO OPS (subject-predicate-object object-
predicate-subject).
 Polysyndeton (многосоюзие) is a kind of repetition when conjunctions and connecting
words are repeated.
 Asyndeton (бессоюзие) is a type of syntactical connection, which offers no conjunctions or
connecting words.
  Gap-sentence link (примыкание) is a peculiar type of connection of sentences in which the
connection is not immediately seen and it requires an effort to grasp the interrelation
between the parts of the utterance.

Home Activity 4

Name of the device and Definition Example Effect

its translation
Inversion (инверсия) is any of several Never again will you do the main function of
grammatical that. inversion in prose or
constructions where Never a day had she poetry is to help
two expressions switch missed her lessons. writers achieve stylistic
their canonical order of Rarely have I eaten effect, like laying an
appearance, that is, better food. emphasis on a
they invert particular point, or
changing the focus of
the readers from a
particular point.
Rhetorical question is a statement in the Is rain wet? the writer lets the
(риторический form of a question, it You didn't think I reader fill in the gap
вопрос) presupposes the would say yes to that, with their own mind,
possible answer. did you? creating a rhetorical
Do you want to be a effect. Rhetorical
failure for the rest of questions often help
your life? convey the writer's
perspective and get
readers to agree with
them. As a result, they
are useful when the
writer is trying to
persuade the reader.
Apokoinu construction is characteristic of "There was no breeze a psychological effect
irregular oral speech, it came through the produced by the
presents a blend of door". ( E. Hemingway) relative rarity of the
two clauses into one, "There was a door led construction
which is achieved at into the kitchen". ( E.
the expense of the Hemingway)
omission of the "This is the sword
connecting word and killed him." ( Routledge
double syntactical Dictionary of Language
function acquired by and Linguistics)
the unit occupying the
linking position
between both former
clauses.
Ellipsis (эллипсис) is the omission of one "After school I went to the ellipsis leaves the
of the main members her house, which was a reader to imagine the
of the sentence few blocks away, and consequences.
then came home."
Detachment (also ‘Daylight was dying, it presents parts of the
‘isolated members of the moon rising, gold utterance significant
the behind the poplars.' from the author's point
sentence’обособление) 'I want to go,' he said, of view in a more or
miserable.' less independent
 ‘She was lovely: all of manner.
her-delightful.’
Aposiopesis (also is a norm of excited "Get out, or else—!" Aposiopesis is used in
break-in-the-narrative oral speech. literature for dramatic
‘умолчание’) effects. It can show
that a character is
overwhelmed with
emotion. Or, it can
allow the reader to fill
in horrors or threats
with their own
imaginations.
Suspense an uneasy feeling that An author builds ensures the reader will
(напряжение) a reader gets when suspense by having have enough interest
they don't know what two teenagers enter an to continue reading
is going to happen old, eerie house on throughout the piece.
next. Halloween night. The
author adds to the
suspense when the
teenagers hear a
strange creaking noise
from upstairs in the
house. An author can
build suspense through
what they allow the
readers to know.
Repetition (also Repetition is a literary Let it snow, let it snow, helps to emphasise
reiteration ‘повтор’) device that involves let it snow. how tightly the
intentionally using a "Oh, woeful, oh character is trapped
word or phrase for woeful, woeful, woeful and, for the reader,
effect, two or more day!” helps create a sense of
times in a speech or "And miles to go fear and tension.
written work. before I sleep, and
miles to go before I
sleep."
Parallelism (also is a type of repetition “Reading maketh a full to emphasize ideas or
parallel constructions) when the whole man, conference a themes, suggest
structure of the ready man, and writing connections, or
sentence is involved. an exact man” (Francis highlight contrasts, all
Bacon, “Of Studies”). while adding rhythm to
the structure of their
expression.
Chiasmus (also a rhetorical or literary "Let us never negotiate used to create a
reversed parallelism figure in which words, out of fear, but let us stylized writing effect,
‘хиазм’) grammatical never fear to in which the second
constructions, or negotiate." -John F. part of a sentence is a
concepts are repeated Kennedy. mirror image of the
in reverse order. "We shape our first.
buildings, and
afterward our buildings
shape us." -Winston
Churchill.
"We were elected to
 change Washington,
and we let Washington
change us." -John
McCain.
Polysyndeton is a kind of repetition “I wore a sweater, and creates a powerful
(многосоюзие) when conjunctions and a hat, and a scarf, and rhetorical effect in
connecting words are a pair of boots, and writing. Polysyndeton
repeated. mittens,” creates a rhythmic
cadence, sometimes
speeding the tempo up
and sometimes slowing
it down.
Asyndeton is a type of syntactical Used between words Asyndeton can create a
(бессоюзие) connection, which and phrases within a sense of accelerated or
offers no conjunctions sentence. For example: slowed rhythm,
or connecting words. “Are all thy conquests, emotional distress or
glories, triumphs, excitement, or
spoils, Shrunk to this emphasis on certain
little measure?” (Julius ideas by deleting
Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1, conjunctions like and,
by William but, or, and as.
Shakespeare)
Used between
sentences or clauses.
For example: “Without
looking, without
making a sound,
without talking”
Gap-sentence link is a peculiar type of "She and that fellow It may serve to signal
(примыкание) connection of ought to be the the introduction of
sentences in which the sufferers, and they inner represented
connection is not were in Italy." speech; it may be used
immediately seen and to indicate a subjective
it requires an effort to evaluation of the facts;
grasp the interrelation it may introduce an
between the parts of effect resulting from a
the utterance. cause which has
already had verbal
expression. In all these
functions GSL displays
an unexpected
coupling of ideas.

Home Activity 5
Home Activity 6
1) “Slowly he walked again along the river-an evening of clear, quiet beauty, all harmony and comfort,
except within his heart.” –inversion

2) “Pleasure’s a sin, and sometimes sin’s a pleasure.” - Chiasmus

3) “The principle production of those towns are soldiers, sailors, Jews, chalk, shrimps, officers and dock-
yard-men.” – parallelism, asyndeton

4) “Little by little, bit by bit, and day by day, and year by year the baron got the worst of some disputed
questions.” – parallelism

5) “It was an afternoon to dream. And she took out Jon’s letters.” - gap-sentence link

6) “Him, of all things! Him! Never!” - ellipsis

7) “There isn’t going to be room for nice people any more. It’s ended, it’s all over, it’s dead.” –
parallelism

8) “Money is what he’s after, money.” – framing repetition

9) “My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here” – anaphora repetition

10) “How could Jon, with his heart of gold, leave his family?” – rhetorical question

11) “Bella soaped his face and rubbed his face, and soaped his hands and rubbed his hands, and
splashed him, and rinsed him, and towelled him, until he was as red as beetroot.” - Polysyndeton

12) “I told her: ‘You’ve always acted the free woman, you’ve never let anything stop you from –’ ..That
made her snore” - Aposiopesis

13) “She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia Briganza’s boy. Around the
mouth.” – suspense, detachment

14) “There was a whisper in my family that it was love drove him out, and not love of the wife he
married.” - apocoinu construction

15) “No one seemed to take proper pride in his work: from plumbers who were simply thieves to, say,
newspapermen (he seemed to think them a specially intellectual class) who never by any chance gave a
correct version of the simplest affair.” - suspense