ORGANISASI

SELULER
 BAGAIMANA
MEMPELAJARI SEL
MIKROSKOP, parameter:
❖ Magnification (perbesaran)→ rasio ukuran
obyek vs ukuran sebenarnya
❖ Resolution → ukuran kejelasan gambar
❖ Contrast → perbedaan kecerahan antara
area terang dan gelap dari gambar

Mikroskop electron → mengamati organel sel

❖ SEM→3D, perbesaran 2juta, permukaan
sample
❖ TEM→2D, perbesaran 50 juta, struktur internal
sample
MIKROSKOP ELEKTRON
 PERBEDAAN SEL PROKARYOT DAN
EUKARYOT
PROKARYOT
❖ Ukuran : 0.1-10 μm
❖ DNA bentuk nukleoid, di
sitoplasma, circulair
❖ tanpa organel bermembran
❖ sintesis RNA & protein satu tempat
❖ sitoplasma tanpa sitoskeleton &
gerak sitoplasmik
❖ Umumnya uniseluler
EUKARYOT
❖ Ukuran : 10-100μm
❖ DNA di nukleoplasma,kloroplas,
mitokondria, benang halus
❖ ada organel bermembran
❖ sintesis RNA (nukleus) & protein
(sitoplasma)
❖ ada gerak sitoplasmik
(endo/eksositosis)
❖ Umumnya multiseluler dgn
diferensiasi
SEL PROKARYOT
 SEL PROKARYOT
Sel Prokaryot → no “true nucleus” and other membrane-enclosed organelles, include
bacteria and archaea (two domains but quite similar), cell wall (peptidoglycan)
MEMBRAN PLASMA
❖ Selective barrier → oksigen, nutrisi
termasuk ekskresi limbah
❖ Fosfolipid bilayer, beberapa
protein di permukaan atau
terbenam membran
❖ Hydrophobic part & membrane
proteins → bagian interior
membran, hydrophilic parts →
other side
❖ Carbohydrate side chains→
attached to proteins or lipids on
the outer surface
SEL EUKARYOT
 STRUKTUR SEL EUKARYOT

Secara fungsional dibedakan atas :

❖ Fungsi perlindungan (dinding sel, membrane sel,
sitoskeleton)
❖ Fungsi reproduksi (nucleus)
❖ Fungsi sintesis, prossesing & penyimpanan (reticulum
endoplasma, ribosom, kompleks golgi, lisosom, vakuola)
❖ Fungsi penghasil energi (kloroplas, mitokondria)
 NUKLEUS
❖ Kebanyakan gen terdapat di nucleus
❖ Diselubungi membrane ganda lipid
bilayer
❖ Kompleks pori nucleus → regulasi keluar
masuk protein, RNA or makromolekul
❖ Dilapisi lamina inti → jaring filamen
protein (filamen intermediet)
→pertahankan bentuk nucleus
❖ Nukleolus → sintesis rRNA→ protein
imported from cytoplasm + rRNA→
subunits of ribosomes → sitosol
❖ mRNA & subunits ribosomes→ exit via
nuclear pores
 RIBOSOME: PROTEIN FACTORIES

❖ Made of rRNA and protein→ protein synthesis; Not considered organelles→ not
membrane bounded
❖ Cells that have high rate of protein synthesis →numbers of ribosomes→ pancreas
❖ Free ribosomes (suspended in cytosol) & bound ribosomes (attached to the outside of
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope)
❖ Free ribosomes→ cytoplasmic protein, bound ribosomes→ proteins that are destined for
insertion into membranes, for packaging within certain organelles such as lysosomes
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:
BIOSYSNTHESIS FACTORY
❖ Terdiri dari membrane tubula & kantong sisterna
❖ Membran ER→ pisahkan kompartemen internal (lumen
ER) atau ruang sisterna dari sitosol
❖ Membran ER “continuous with” membrane nucleus→
space antar membrane “continuous with” lumen ER
❖ Smooth ER→ sintesis lipid termasuk steroid dan fosfolipid,
metabolisme karbohidrat, detoksifikasi obat & racun
(liver cell) penyimpanan ion calcium
❖ Rough ER →sintesis insulin (sel pancreas), pengolahan
protein (glikoprotein)→ dilapisi membrane → vesikel →
ER transisi
GOLGI APPARATUS: SHIPPING & RECEIVING CENTER

❖ products of the ER, such as proteins, are

modified and stored and then sent to other
destinations
❖ Group of flattened membranous sacs,
cisternae→ cis face and trans face

❖ A vesicle that buds from the ER→ cis face

by fusing a Golgi membrane→ trans face
(on the opposite side)
❖ Products of the endoplasmic reticulum are
usually modified during their transit from the
cis region to the trans region
 LISOSOM

❖ A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes → digest macromolecule (acidic

environment)
❖ Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membrane are made by rough ER and then
transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing
 LISOSOM

❖ Phagocytosis (engulfing
smaller organism or food
particles) or autophagy
(damage organelle
surrounded by a double
membrane-fuse with
lysosome)→ hydrolyze
❖ Product→ small organic
released & reuse in cytosol
 VAKUOLA

❖ large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
❖ Food vacuoles → formed by phagocytosis; contractile vacuoles →pump excess
water out of cell
❖ In seed→storage cell; central vacuole→ repository of inorganic ions, including
potassium and chloride
THE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN
OF MITOCHONDRIA &
CHLOROPLAST

Mitochondria and chloroplasts display

similarities with bacteria that led to the
endosymbiont theory
❖ Structural features
❖ Contain ribosome & circulair DNA
❖ autonomous
MITOCHONDRIA: CHEMICAL
ENERGY CONVERSION

❖ Single large or hundreds depend

on cell’s level metabolic activity
❖ Double membrane→ inner
membrane infoldings → cristae
❖ Inner membrane divides
mitochondria → intermembrane
space & mitochondrial matrix
❖ Matrix contains → enzymes, DNA,
ribosomes
CHLOROPLAST: CAPTURE OF LIGHT
ENERGY

❖ Contains chlorophyl , enzymes &

other molecules that function in
photosynthesis
❖ Inside the chloroplast is another
membranous system in the form of
flattened, interconnected sacs →
thylakoids, each stack→ granum
❖ Stroma (fluid outside thylakoid)→
DNA, ribosomes & enzymes
❖ The membranes of the chloroplast
divide the chloroplast space into
three compartments: the
intermembrane space, the stroma,
and the thylakoid space
PEROXISOMES: OXIDATION

❖ Bounded by a single membrane

❖ Contain enymes→H2O2 as by
product → convert to water
❖ Some peroxisomes use oxygen to
break fatty acids down into smaller
molecules that are transported to
mitochondria
 CYTOSKELETON

❖ three types of molecular structures:

microtubules (thickest), microfilaments
(thinnest), and intermediate filaments
(middle range)
PERBANDINGAN FLAGELA DAN CILIA