THE GROWING FETUS below sperm count infertile or cannot

Fertilization penetrate the ovum? Because

- Union of sperm and ovum 20million below is not enough to
- Ampulla: site of fertilization secrete the right amount of
4 parts of the fallopian tube hyaluronidase to penetrate the thick
- Interstitial covering of the ovum. Basta pag tuon
- Isthmus mo aron kasabot kay lisud ienglish
- Ampulla HAHAAH
- Infundibulum;
Fimbriae; Flapping Molar pregnancy – 2 or more sperm in
movement 1 ovum
Also called:
Fecundation Chromosomes given by:
Nidation Egg cell – X
Impregnation Sperm cell – X or Y

*Ovum – Product of Ovulation XX – Female

*Zygote – Product of fertilization XY – Male

2months/64days – to achieve sperm

From Insemination
maturity; new sperms are formed
90seconds – Cervix
Chlomide – Fertility pill
5minutes- Fallopian tube
Parts of the sperm:
The ovum
- Head – has sperm binding
2 protective layer
sites
Zona Pellucida (inner)
- Body
Corna Radiata (outer)
- Tail – for motility
Life span: 24-48hrs/1-2days
Lifespan: 48-72hours/2-3days
Structure: Thick structure/coverings
Capacitation – Final process of every
sperm undergoes; changes structure;
The sperm
releases sperm binding sites
Normal sperm count: 20-200million per
Specie-specific reaction – antigen-
ml
antibody reaction/ magnetic reaction;
Aspermia - Low sperm count; 20million
brings sperm to ovum
below
Hyaluronidase – Penetrating enzyme of
Gynosperm – sperm carrying X
the sperm
Androsperm – sperm carrying Y

*it takes only 1 sperm to penetrate the

egg cell but why is having 20million
Implantation
8-10days – travel period of the zygote to
the upper part of the uterus; fertilization
to implantation; cell division
Cell division:
Cleavage – 2 cell structure
Morula – 16-50 cell structure
Blastosyst – Implantation structure
- Ebryoblast – inner; turns to a
fetus
- Trophoblasts – outer; turns
into placenta and chorionic
villi
Placenta Previa – when the ovum
implants itself on the lower part of the
uterus
Small recap:
Ovulation – ovum – lifespan of 2 days
Fertilization – zygote – travels 8-10 days
w/ cell division
Implantation – embryo – after 5-8weeks
becomes~
Pregnancy – fetus
Delivery – conceptus
Embryonic structures/ fetal
structures
A. Dicidua – The thickened endometrial
lining implanted with embryo
3 sections:
- Basal- Immediately under the
embryo
- Capsularis- stretched
endometrium to
encapsulate embryo
- Vera- the remaining
parts
Trophoblast – responsible for the
hormone HCG (Human chorionic
gonadotropin)
Factors for false pregnancy:
- Pills
- Antipsychotic drugs
*After ovulation, the graafian follicle
becomes corpus luteum, secreting
progesterone for only 8-10days. But
because of fertilization, there is a
blastocyst with trophoblast the secretes
HCG that is responsible for the corpus
luteum to live up to 2months
Corpus luteum – progesterone
producer for the first 2 months
Placenta – progesterone producer after
2months, up to 40 weeks
Induced – if 41weeks pregnant; given
oxytocin
B. Chorionic Villi – developed
trophoblast, also called probing fingers
Parts:
Central layer – fetal capillaries
Outer layer
 Syncytial layer –
hormone production
 Langhan’s layer –
immunity up to
 20weeks
C. Placenta
-grown chorionic villi
-group of cotyledons – 20-30
-transmission of antibodies; IgG
Retained Placental Fragment –
bleeding for mommy
FUNCTIONS:
Immunity – only IgG can pass through
the placenta; maternal tramsfer of
antibodies, antibody transfer from the
mother to the fetus through the placenta
Respiration – mother to the child-
oxygen, child to the mother – carbon
dioxide, through the placenta
Endocrine - secretes hormones:
 HCG
 Diagnostic test,
detected during
pregnancy testing,
either urine or blood
 ensures the CL to
grow up to
2months
 Placental
recognition
 Reverse
Peristalsis –
morning sickness,
nausea, vomiting
* Hyperemesis
gravidarum is the
medical term for severe
nausea and vomiting
during pregnancy.
 Estrogen – Helps uterus
grow, no influence with the
fallopian tube
 Progesterone – Most
important hormone during
pregnancy; smooth muscle
relaxation
 HPL (human placental
lactogen) – growth
ensuring hormone,
ensures the growth of the
baby through; anti-insulin
effect
Nutrition – given nutrition through the
HPL
Excretion – excretes metabolic waste
Immunoglobulins – IgM, IgA, IgG, IgD,
IgE.
IgG – the only immunoglobulin that can
pass the placenta
D. Amniotic fluid
-Formed from the amniotic villi
Amniotic sack – Chorion & amnion
FUNCTIONS:
 Protection- pressure from the
outside will not affect the baby
because of the caution from
amniotic fluid
 Temperature- there is a slow
change in temperature in a fluid
environment; temperature
regulation
 Muscle development- Gives
baby space to move and develop
muscles
Oligohydramnios – less amniotic fluid;
-300ml
Polyhydramnios- too much amniotic
fluid; +2000ml
Normohydramnios- Normal volume of
amniotic fluid; 500-1000ml
  Prevents cord pressure- cord
can be freely floating
 Diagnostic test – 15ml can be
taken with an aid of an ultrasound
for diagnostic test;
amniocentesis
PROM (premature rupture of
membranes)- rupture prior to labor
process
Risks of PROM:
Umbilical cord prolapse – when the
cord drops through the open cervix into
the vagina before your baby moves into
the birth canal
Chorioamnionitis - bacteria infects the
chorion and amnion (the membranes
that surround the fetus) and the amniotic
fluid (in which the fetus floats); prone to
preterm labor
Nitrazine paper – yellow
When used:
Remains yellow- acidic (urine)
Turns yellow – alkaline (amniotic fluid)
E. Umbilical cord
-AVA- 2 arteries and 1 vein
-21inches long
Risk for:
Shorter: abruptio placentae – placenta
can be prone to early separation; result
to severe bleeding
Longer: Umbilical cord coil – umbilical
cord wraps around the baby’s neck
-Wharton’s jelly – Protections against
blood vessel compression; surrounding
the arteries and veins
ENC or essential newborn care
(Unang yakap law) – cord should be
cut only when the pulsation stops; 1-
3mintutes after delivery
-No nerve supply- walay sakit inig cut
ANOMALIES OF THE PLACENTA
 Succenturiata – Has one or
more accessory lobes;
another placenta
 Circumvallate – chorion on
the fetal side of the side of the
placenta;
 Battledore – the cord is
attached marginally instead
centrally
 Velamentous cord –
common on multifetal; the
cord instead of inserting
directly to the placenta
 Vasa previa – cord presents
itself in the cervical area
 Accreta – deep attachment
into the myometrium; risk for
severe bleeding
 Increta –
myometrium
 Percreta –
perimetrium
ADULT CIRCULATION
Deoxygenated blood from the upper
extremities enters the Superior vena
cava, deoxygenated blood from lower
extremities enters the inferior vena cava
both going into the right atrium down
through the tricuspid valve and the right
ventricle to the pulmonic valve then
pulmonary vein into the lungs. From the
lungs where gas exchange takes place,
goes through the pulmonary vein to the
left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle and
aortic valve eventually to the aorta,
supplying the upper extremities, goes
through ascending aorta, supplying the
lower extremities and to the placenta,
goes through the descending aorta
right atrium - tricuspid valve - right
ventricle - pulmonic valve - pulmonary
vein – lungs – pulmonary vein – left
atrium – mitral valve – left ventricle –
aortic valve – aorta – descending aorta -
placenta
FETAL CIRCULATION
Accessory structure:
Ductus venosus
Ductus arteriosus
Foramen ovale
From the placenta, blood supplies the
baby through the umbilical vein, will go
to the ductus venosus or fetal liver, both
blood going through ductus venusos and
fetal liver will go to the inferior vena cava
and go to the right atrium. From the right
atrium, blood goes two ways. 1.) formen
ovale to the left atrium to the left
ventricle and to the aorta. 2.) to the right
ventricle to the pulmonary artery. From
the pulmonary artery you can go both
ways again through another accessory
structure called ductus arteriosus and
the lungs. 1.) from the pulmonary artery
going to the lungs for the purpose to
supply the lungs as a tissue since there
is no gas exchange, and then to the
aorta2.) from the pulmonary artery going
through the ductus arteriosus to the
aorta and systemic circulation to the
umbilical vein back the placenta to
repeat the cycle again.
Placenta – umbilical vein 1.) ductus
venosus- inferior vena cava 2.) fetal liver
– inferior vena cava – right atrium 1.)
foramen ovale – left atrium – left
ventricle – pulmonary vein - aorta 2.)
right ventricle – pulmonary vein 1.) lungs
– aorta 2.) ductus arteriosus – aorta –
systemic circulation – umbilical vein –
placenta
MILESTONES
4
 Body is shaped like a C; head
almost touches the tail
 Spinal cord is formed
 Cyctic or budlike

8
 Abdomen is prominent
 Extremities is already formed
 Organogenesis is complete;
organs are formed
 heartbEIGHT
12
 Doppler – heartbeat sound
 Outward inspection – abortion
to identify the gender
16
 ST- SixTeen - Can identify Sex
through ultrasound
 STethoscope
20
 B – Brown fat – metabolized
when cold; makes heat
 E – Sleep – sleep cycles are
now determinable
 N – nilihok; quickening
 T – Tae; Meconium
 E – Cheese – vernix caseosa;
prevent the baby from over
immersion from the fluid
24
 Christmas LIGHTS – pupils
react to light; accommodation
 Christmas carols – babies can
hear
 Christmas Gift – IgG; transmit
immunoglobulin G
28
 ∞ - 2 eyes open
- 2 lungs mature
- 2 testes descend
32 – Moro reflex; startle reflex
36- Vertex; good attitude; the chin
touches the chest
40- Painful kick
TERMS RELATED TO PREGNANCY
Gravida – Number pregnancy “kapila
namambdos”; Twins counted as 1
Parity – number of deliveries “kapila na
gawas sa bilat” counted only when
20weeks or more
Term – Born at 37weeks
Preterm – born before 37weeks
Abortion – number of pregnancy loss
before age of viability – 20-24AOG
Livebirth – number of living children
Obstetric history – GTPALM
COMPUTATION & FORMULA
Computation for EDD (Expected date
of deliver)/ EDC (Expected date of
confinement)
 LMP (last menstrual period) –
count back 3months and add y
days from the first day of your last
period
JFMAMJJASOND
 Single Coitus – add 9 months
from the day you had iyot
 Date of quickening
 Primigravid (first time
prganant) +22weeks
 Multigravid (not first
pregnancy) +24weeks
 UTZ; Ultrasound
If taken 1st Trimester + or -5Days
2nd Trimester + or -10days
rd
3 Trimester + or -3weeks
st
*only rely on the 1 trimester UTZ
COMPUTATION FOR AOG
a.) Batholomew’s Rule – uses body
landmarks to determine the AOG

b.) MCDONALDS rule – fundic

height is equivalent to AOG in
weeks, provided: the mother is
between 20 to 30 weeks pregnant
N.CM = N.WEEKS
25centimeters = 25weeks